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Mathematics For Physics 2023. Chapter 3

1) The document discusses heat transfer equations and problems involving heat transfer in rods. It presents the general heat equation and sets up the heat transfer equation. 2) Several example problems are given involving heat transfer in rods of different conditions, including rods with no heat source, rods with insulated ends, and rods with heat sources. 3) The problems are solved using separation of variables and the solutions involve determining coefficients based on initial and boundary conditions. Exercises are provided to solve similar heat transfer problems.

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Tuyết Vân
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93 views17 pages

Mathematics For Physics 2023. Chapter 3

1) The document discusses heat transfer equations and problems involving heat transfer in rods. It presents the general heat equation and sets up the heat transfer equation. 2) Several example problems are given involving heat transfer in rods of different conditions, including rods with no heat source, rods with insulated ends, and rods with heat sources. 3) The problems are solved using separation of variables and the solutions involve determining coefficients based on initial and boundary conditions. Exercises are provided to solve similar heat transfer problems.

Uploaded by

Tuyết Vân
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MATHEMATICS

FOR PHYSICS
Physics Teacher Education
HEAT TRANSFER’S EQUATION
Chapter 3
3

3.1. Set up the heat transfer’s equation


Considering an isotropic heat transfer medium, the
temperature at each point in the medium at time t is
u(x,y,z,t). Heat transfer from a place of high temperature to
an area of low temperature, i.e. has a direction parallel to
the gradient of the temperature function :

K called the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the


medium
4

3.1. Set up the heat transfer’s equation


- Let V be any region whose boundary is S. Heat is
transferred out of the V region through the S surface in a
unit time.

According to the theorem Ostrogradski-


Gauss:
5

3.1. Set up the heat transfer’s equation


- Suppose in V there is a heat source with density F(x,y,z,t).
Amount of heat generated by the source in a unit of time.

- The amount of heat required for the volume V to change


by an amount from u1 to u2.
6

3.1. Set up the heat transfer’s equation


According to the law of conservation of
energy we have:

Here:
7

3.2. Problem classification


Problem 1: Temperature distribution in a uniform bar
without a heat source, surrounded by insulation, placed
along the x-axis, and whose temperature at the two ends x
= 0, x = l is always zero.
u 2  u 2 0  x  l
a 2 Region 
t x t  0

Boundary u(0, t)  0 Initial


 u(x,0)  f (x)
condition: u(l, t)  0 condition:
Using Method of separating variables
Step1: u( x, t )  X ( x)T (t ) (2).
X '' T'
Substitute (2) into (1) we have: XT  a X T 
' 2 ''
 2
X aT

X '' T ' 
 X ''
 p 2
X  0 3 
 2  const   p  
2

X aT T ' a 2 p 2T  0 ( 4 )
Step2: Find a solution satisfying the boundary condition

The partial solution of the equation satisfying the boundary


condition
Step3: Find a solution satisfying the initial condition

Using initial conditions we have

Performing the transformation we have


EX 1: Given a rod of length L inside with no heat
source, the two ends keep the temperature zero. u(x,0)
= x if 0  x  L/2, u(x,0) = L-x if L/2  x  L.
Problem 2: Finite bar, no heat source, two insulated
ends.

Temperature distribution in a uniform bar with no heat source,


surrounded by insulation, placed along the x-axis, two ends x = 0,
x = l insulated.
u  2
u 0  x  l
Solve the equation : a 2
(1) ; Region : 
t x t  0
2

Initial condition: u( x,0)  f ( x; )

 u
 x  0
 x0
Boundary condition: 
 u  0
  x xl
Problem 2: Finite bar, no heat source, two insulated
ends.
Using Method of separating variables
The solution of equation (1) has the form:
2 2
 na   na 
    t nx    t nx
 u( x, t )  u0 ( x, t )  un ( x, t )  a0   ane  l 
cos   ane  l 
cos
n1 n1 l n0 l
Using the initial condition :
l
Here 1
n  0  a0   f ( x)dx
l0

nx nx
 l
with 2
n  1,2,3... an cos  f (x)  an   f (x) cos dx
n1 l l0 l
problem 3: Finite rod, no heat source, two ends with
heat exchanger

u 2 2u
Solving equation: a 2
t x

0  x  l
In region: 
t  0

Boundary condition: u ( 0 , t )  U 1

u ( l , t )  U 2
Initial condition: u ( x ,0 )  f ( x )
EX2 (Problem 2): Find the temperature distribution in a
uniformly distributed bar with no heat source. Know the
initial temperature: u(x,0)=U0 and the two insulation
ends.
EX3 (Problem 3): Find the temperature distribution in a
uniformly distributed bar, the temperature at the x = 0
end is equal to 0 (u(0,t)=0), the temperature at the x = L
end is equal to At (u(x,L) )=At). Knowing the initial
temperature u(x,0) = Ax/L (A=constant).
Problem 4: Finite bar, with heat source

u 2 2u
Solving Equation:  a 2  g(x, t)
t x

0  x  l
Region 
t  0

Boundary condition: u ( 0 , t )  0

u ( l , t )  0
Initial condition: u ( x ,0 )  f ( x )
Problem 4: Finite bar, with heat source

EX4: Finding the temperature distribution in a


uniformly distributed bar where the heat source depends
on the coordinates defined by: g(x,t) = x+1, knowing the
initial temperature: u(x,0)= Ax and The two ends of the
rod keep the temperature at 0.

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