PAPER- V

4. Latest Operating System for

Computer System with special
reference to Windows 10.

24-01-2022

PRESENTED BY:
Er. MAVI KAPOOR
B.E. (CSE) M.A. (PUB. ADMn.) M.B.A. (HRM)
CITY MISSION MANAGER (SD&I)
CITY MISSION MANAGEMENT UNIT KATHUA
 What is an Operating System?
• Computer System = Hardware + Software
• Software = Application Software + System
Software(OS)
• An Operating System is a system Software
that acts as an intermediary/interface
between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
• Operating system goals:
➢ Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
➢ Make the computer system convenient to use
➢ Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner
The Structure of Computer Systems
Operating System Mode
 Operating System Mode
❖The User Mode is concerned with the actual
interface between the user and the system.
❖It controls things like running applications
and accessing files.
❖The Kernel Mode is concerned with
everything running in the background.
❖It controls things like accessing system
resources, controlling hardware functions
and processing program instructions.
❖System calls are used to change mode
from User to Kernel.
Kernel
➢ Kernel is a software code that reside in central core of OS.
It has complete control over system.
➢ When operation system boots, kernel is first part of OS to
load in main memory.
➢ Kernel remains in main memory for entire duration of
computer session. The kernel code is usually loaded in to
protected area of memory.
➢ Kernel performs it’s task like executing processes and
handling interrupts in kernel space.
➢ User performs it’s task in user area of memory.
➢ This memory separation is made in order to prevent user
data and kernel data from interfering with each other.
➢ Kernel does not interact directly with user, but it interacts
using SHELL and other programs and hardware.
Kernel cont…
➢ Kernel includes:-
1. Scheduler: It allocates the Kernel’s processing time to
various processes.
2. Supervisor: It grants permission to use computer
system resources to each process.
3. Interrupt handler : It handles all requests from the
various hardware devices which compete for kernel
services.
4. Memory manager : allocates space in memory for all
users of kernel service.
➢kernel provides services for process management, file
management, I/O management, memory management.
➢System calls are used to provide these type of services.
System Call
➢System call is the programmatic way in which a
computer program/user application requests a service
from the kernel of the operating system on which it is
executed.
➢Application program is just a user-process. Due to
security reasons , user applications are not given access
to privileged resources(the ones controlled by OS).
➢When they need to do any I/O or have some more
memory or spawn a process or wait for
signal/interrupt, it requests operating system to
facilitate all these. This request is made through
System Call.
➢System calls are also called software-interrupts.
Starting an Operating System(Booting)
Evolution Of Operating System

• Operating system does major roll

between User and Computer
Hardware.
• It provides an environment to
user to do his activities without
thinking about mechanisms
which are running in computer
hardware.
Evolution Of Operating System

• Therefore we can define computer

operating system is Software
that manage computer
hardware.
• Different companies are making
operating systems in nowadays
and Microsoft is a major company
through those companies.
• Microsoft introduced Windows
operating system for IBM
compatible computers in 1985.
• It is the first step of Windows
operating system.
• Microsoft named their operating
system as Windows by considered
about it graphical block user
interfaces.
Examples of MS Windows
• Some examples include versions
of Microsoft Windows
(like Windows 11, Windows
10, Windows 8, Windows 7,
Windows Vista, and
Windows XP).
Personal Computers Versions
Windows 1.01 Windows 2.01 Windows 3.0
[20-11-1985]
Windows NT Windows 95 Windows 98

Windows 2000 Windows Me Windows XP

Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows 8

Windows 10 Windows 11
[05-10-2021]
Windows 1
• Introduced by Microsoft on November 20
1985.
• 16 bit operating system that need only less
than 1 MB memory.
• First operating system which was designed
using graphical user interface.
• Designed for IBM compatible computers.
• As well as this OS designed to use mouse
to do click, drag and drop, move and lots
of activities.
Windows 2
• Launched on December 9 1987.
• 16 bit Operating System.
• This version mainly focused on Speed and
Graphics of the OS.
• As well as this OS allowed the user to use key
board shortcuts.
• There are new features 16-color VGA graphics, It
allowed application windows to overlap each
other and minimize and maximize windows.
• Also the first windows version of MS Word and
MS Excel ran on Windows 2.0.
Windows 3
• Launched on may 22 1990.
• It was a major upgrade of windows history.
• Enhanced features including improved icons.
• Supported 256 colors bringing a more modern
and colorful interfaces.
• Also this version introduced the ability to run
MS-DOS programme in windows.
• Windows introduced different managers to
support to users for their tasks such as Program
manager, File Manager, Control Panel and Print
manager etc.
• Networking support feature.
Windows 10
• Released on July 29 2015.
• The Windows 10 came with lots of
new features such as support for
universal apps, an expansion of
the Metro-style apps, as well as
user can transit mouse oriented
interface and touch based
interface, and this include their
traditional start button.
Windows 10
• Windows 10 requires 32 GB free
space of Hard disk and Minimum
4 GB RAM memory to run
smoothly.
• Also Microsoft designed this to
compatible with both Touch and
Mouse based devises.
• Windows 10 supports latest
DirectX 12 technology.
Windows 10
• Microsoft improve the windows
security with integrated Windows
Defender Antivirus system and Multi
factor authentication system for user
login.
• Microsoft introduced Microsoft Edge
Web Browser through Windows 10 it
is faster than their previous Internet
explorer web browser.
Functions of Operating System
 1. Process Management
• A process is a program in execution.
• A process needs certain resources, including CPU time,
memory, files, and I/O devices to accomplish its task.
• Simultaneous execution leads to multiple processes. Hence
creation, execution and termination of a process are the
most basic functionality of an OS
• If processes are dependent, than they may try to share
same resources. thus task of process synchronization
comes to the picture.
• If processes are independent, than a due care needs to be
taken to avoid their overlapping in memory area.
• Based on priority, it is important to allow more important
processes to execute first than others.
2. Memory management
• Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address.
• It is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O
devices.
• Main memory is a volatile storage device. When the computer made
turn off everything stored in RAM will be erased automatically.
• In addition to the physical RAM installed in your computer, most
modern operating systems allow your computer to use a virtual memory
system. Virtual memory allows your computer to use part of a
permanent storage device (such as a hard disk) as extra memory.
• The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connections with memory management:
➢ Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by
whom.
➢ Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes
available.
➢ Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed.
3. File Management
• A file is a collection of related information defined
by its creator.
• File systems provide the conventions for the
encoding, storage and management of data on a
storage device such as a hard disk.
• The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connections with file management:
✦ File creation and deletion.
✦ Directory creation and deletion.
✦ Support of primitives for manipulating files and
directories.
✦ Mapping files onto secondary storage.
✦ File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.
4. Device Management or I/O Management
• Device controllers are components on the motherboard (or on
expansion cards) that act as an interface between the CPU and the
actual device.
• Device drivers, which are the operating system software components
that interact with the devices controllers.
• A special device (inside CPU) called the Interrupt Controller handles the
task of receiving interrupt requests and prioritizes them to be forwarded
to the processor.
• Deadlocks can occur when two (or more) processes have control of
different I/O resources that are needed by the other processes, and they
are unwilling to give up control of the device.
• It performs the following activities for device management.
➢ Keeps tracks of all devices connected to system.
➢ Designates a program responsible for every device known as
Input/output controller.
➢ Decides which process gets access to a certain device and for how
long.
➢ Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way.
5. Security & Protection
• The operating system uses password protection
to protect user data and similar other
techniques.
• It also prevents unauthorized access to programs
and user data by assigning access right
permission to files and directories.
• The owners of information stored in a multiuser
or networked computer system may want to
control use of that information, concurrent
processes should not interfere with each other.
6. User Interface Mechanism
• A user interface (UI) controls how you
enter data and instructions and how
information is displayed on the screen
• There are two types of user interfaces
1. Command Line Interface
2. Graphical user Interface
1. Command-line interface
• In a command-line interface, a user types
commands represented by short keywords or
abbreviations or presses special keys on the
keyboard to enter data and instructions
2. Graphical User Interface
• With a graphical user interface (GUI), you
interact with menus and visual images
History of Operating System
❖The First Generation (1940's to early 1950's)
➢No Operating System
➢All programming was done in absolute machine language, often
by wiring up plug-boards to control the machine’s basic
functions.
❖The Second Generation (1955-1965)
➢First operating system was introduced in the early 1950's.It was
called GMOS
➢Created by General Motors for IBM's machine the 701.
➢Single-stream batch processing systems
❖The Third Generation (1965-1980)
➢Introduction of multiprogramming
➢Development of Minicomputer
❖The Fourth Generation (1980-Present Day)
➢Development of PCs
➢Birth of Windows/MaC OS
Types of Operating Systems
1. Batch Operating System
2. Multiprogramming Operating
System
3. Time-Sharing OS
4. Multiprocessing OS
5. Distributed OS
6. Network OS
7. Real Time OS
8. Embedded OS
1. Batch Operating System
• The users of this type of operating system does not
interact with the computer directly.
• Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like
punch cards and submits it to the computer operator
• There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the
same requirement and group them into batches.
 1. Batch Operating System cont..

Advantages of Batch Operating System:

➢ Processors of the batch systems know how long the job
would be when it is in queue
➢ Multiple users can share the batch systems
➢ The idle time for the batch system is very less
➢ It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
➢The computer operators should be well known with batch
systems
➢Batch systems are hard to debug
➢It is sometimes costly
➢The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any
job fails
Examples of Batch based Operating System:
IBM's MVS
2. Multiprogramming Operating System:
• This type of OS is used to execute more than one jobs
simultaneously by a single processor.
• It increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the
CPU always has one job to execute.
• Multiprogramming operating systems use the mechanism
of job scheduling and CPU scheduling.
3. Time-Sharing Operating Systems
• Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work
smoothly.
• These systems are also known as Multi-tasking Systems.
• The task can be from a single user or different users also.
• The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
• After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task.
3. Time-Sharing Operating Systems cont..
• Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
➢Each task gets an equal opportunity
➢Fewer chances of duplication of software
➢CPU idle time can be reduced
• Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
➢Reliability problem
➢One must have to take care of the security and
integrity of user programs and data
➢Data communication problem
• Examples of Time-Sharing Oss
Multics, Unix, etc.
4. Multiprocessor operating systems
• Multiprocessor operating systems are also known as
parallel OS or tightly coupled OS.
• Such operating systems have more than one processor
in close communication that sharing the computer bus,
the clock and sometimes memory and peripheral
devices.
• It executes multiple jobs at the same time and makes
the processing faster.
• It supports large physical address space and larger
virtual address space.
• If one processor fails then other processor should
retrieve the interrupted process state so execution
of process can continue.
• Inter-processes communication mechanism is provided
and implemented in hardware.
5. Distributed Operating System
• Various autonomous interconnected computers
communicate with each other using a shared
communication network.
• Independent systems possess their own memory unit and
CPU.
• These are referred to as loosely coupled systems.
• Examples:- Locus, DYSEAC
6. Network Operating System
• These systems run on a server and provide the
capability to manage data, users, groups, security,
applications, and other networking functions.
• These types of operating systems allow shared
access of files, printers, security, applications, and
other networking functions over a small private
network.
• The “ other" computers arc called client computers,
and each computer that connects to a network
server must be running client software designed to
request a specific service.
• popularly known as tightly coupled systems.
 6. Network Operating System
Advantages of Network Operating System:
➢ Highly stable centralized servers
➢ Security concerns are handled through servers
➢ New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily
integrated into the system
➢ Server access is possible remotely from different locations
and types of systems
Disadvantages of Network Operating System:
➢ Servers are costly
➢ User has to depend on a central location for most
operations
➢ Maintenance and updates are required regularly
Examples of Network Operating System are:
Microsoft Windows Server 2003/2008/2012, UNIX, Linux,
Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc.
7. Real-Time Operating System
• These types of OSs serve real-time systems.
• The time interval required to process and
respond to inputs is very small.
• This time interval is called response
time.
• Real-time systems are used when there
are time requirements that are very strict
like
➢ missile systems,
➢ air traffic control systems,
➢ robots, etc.
8. Embeded Operating System
• An embedded operating system is one that is built into the
circuitry of an electronic device.
• Embedded operating systems are now found in automobiles,
bar-code scanners, cell phones, medical equipment, and
personal digital assistants.
• The most popular embedded operating systems for consumer
products, such as PDAs, include the following:
➢ Windows XP Embedded
➢ Windows CE .NET:- it supports wireless communications,
multimedia and Web browsing. It also allows for the use of
smaller versions of Microsoft Word, Excel, and Outlook.
➢ Palm OS:- It is the standard operating system for Palm-
brand PDAs as well as other proprietary handheld devices.
➢ Symbian:- OS found in “ smart” cell phones from Nokia and
Sony Ericsson
Popular types of OS
• Desktop Class
❖Windows
❖OS X
❖Unix/Linux
❖Chrome OS
• Server Class
❖Windows Server
❖Mac OS X Server
❖Unix/Linux
• Mobile Class
❖Android
❖iOS
❖Windows Phone
Desktop Class Operating Systems:-
• Platform: the hardware required to run a
particular operating system
▫ Intel platform (IBM-compatible)
 Windows
 DOS
 UNIX
 Linux
▫ Macintosh platform
 Mac OS
▫ iPad and iPhone platform
 iOS
Ms-DOS
• Single User Single Tasking OS.
• It had no built-in support for networking, and
users had to manually install drivers any time
they added a new hardware component to their
PC.
• DOS supports only 16-bit programs.
• Command line user interface.
• So, why is DOS still in use? Two reasons are its
size and simplicity. It does not require much
memory or storage space for the system, and it
docs not require a powerful computer.
Microsoft Windows
• The graphical Microsoft operating system designed for Intel-
platform desktop and notebook computers.
• Best known, greatest selection of applications available.
• Current editions include Windows 7, 8, 8.1 and 10.
Mac OS
• User-friendly, runs on Mac hardware. Many applications
available.
• Current editions include: Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave,
Catalina & Big Sur—Version XI(Released in Nov 2020)
Linux
• Linux: An open-source, cross-platform operating
system that runs on desktops, notebooks, tablets,
and smartphones.
▫ The name Linux is a combination Linus
(the first name of the first developer) and
UNIX (another operating system.
• Users are free to modify the code, improve it, and
redistribute it,
• Developers are not allowed to charge money for the
Linux kernel itself (the main part of the operating
system), but they can charge money for
distributions (distorts for short).
Google Chrome OS
• Chrome OS. Is a popular thin client
operating system.
• Thin client A computer with minimal
hardware, designed for a specific task. For
example, a thin web client is designed for
using the Internet.
Server Operating Systems
• Windows Server
▫ Familiar GUI interface for those
experienced with Windows
• UNIX
▫ Very mature server capabilities, time-
tested, large user community, stable
• Linux
▫ Free, customizable, many free services
and utilities available
Windows Server
UNIX
Tablet and Phone Operating Systems
• System-on-chip (SoC): An operating system
that comes preinstalled on a chip on a portable
device such as a smartphone.
• Popular SoC operating systems:
▪ iOS: for iPad, iPhone
▪ Android: for a variety of tablets and
phones
• Downloadable applications (apps) from an App
store, for example:
▪ Apple App Store
▪ Google Play Store
 iOS on the iPhone and iPad
• The Apple-created operating system for
Apple tablets and phones.
• The current stable version, iOS 14, was
released to the public on September 16,
2020.
 Android
• Android, a popular OS for smartphones and
tablets, is based on Linux Kernel.
▫ Developed by Google
• Current versions include:
▫ Android 8 Oreo
▫ Android 9 Pie
▫ Android 10
▫ Android 11 (released on Sep, 2020)
Advantage of Linux Operating System
1. Open Source
As it is open-source, its source code is easily available.
Anyone having programming knowledge can customize the operating system.
One can contribute, modify, distribute, and enhance the code for any purpose.
2. Security
The Linux security feature is the main reason that it is the most favourable
option for developers.
It is not completely safe, but it is less vulnerable than others.
Each application needs to authorize by the admin user.
Linux systems do not require any antivirus program.
3. Free
Certainly, the biggest advantage of the Linux system is that it is free to use.
We can easily download it, and there is no need to buy the license for it.
It is distributed under GPL (General Public License).
Comparatively, we have to pay a huge amount for the license of the other OS
Advantage of Linux Operating System
4. Lightweight
The requirements for running Linux are much less than
other operating system
In Linux, the memory footprint and disk space are also
lower.
Generally, most of the Linux distributions required as little
as 128MB of RAM around the same amount for disk
space.
5. Stability
Linux is more stable than other operating systems.
Linux does not require to reboot the system to maintain
performance levels.
It rarely hangs up or slow down. It has big up-times.
 Advantage of Linux Operating System
6. Performance
Linux system provides high performance over different networks.
It is capable of handling a large number of users simultaneously.
7. Flexibility
Linux operating system is very flexible.
It can be used for desktop applications, embedded systems, and
server applications too.
It also provides various restriction options for specific computers.
We can install only necessary components for a system.
8. Software Updates
In Linux, the software updates are in user control.
We can select the required updates.
There a large number of system updates are available.
These updates are much faster than other operating systems.
So, the system updates can be installed easily without facing any
issue.