Nanotechnology: Creation of

Tomorrow’s
Tomorrow s Miracle Materials
 Outline
Introduction
 NanoHistory
 NanoTechnology
 Advanced instruments for nanotechnology
 F t
Features off nanometer
t scalel materials
t i l

Chemistry of Nanomaterials
 Approaches to make nanomaterials
 Examples of nanomaterials

Applications of Nanomaterials

S f
Safety issue
i off Nanomaterials
N i l
 History of Industrial Revolution

 Fi
Firstt iin 18th century
t – Mechanization,
M h i ti using
i mechanic
h i
instead of labor force.

 Second in 19th century – Electrification. Mechanics

started to use electricityy

 Third in 20th century – Computer

 Fourth industrial revolution NOW – Nanotechnology:

moving
i ffrom micrometer
i t scalel tto nanometer
t scale
l
devices
Nanotechnology

is already making today’s products:

Lighter
g
Stronger
Faster
Smaller
M
More D
Durable
bl

Video:Top 3 Nano Technology 2017 (nano

(nano
nano--coating)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIVtXdYYncQ
< 5 Å < 10 Å

1 nm = 10 Å 1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m
 What is “N ano”?
1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m
Nanomaterial 1-
1-100 nm
Human
Nebula Cat
Hairr
Ha Virus Protein Bulkyball Atom
Ant Cell

10∞ 103 100 10-11 10-22 10-33 10-66 N

Nano-World
W ld 10-99 10-10
10 10-12
12
Light km m dm cm mm μm nm Å pm
Year

Radio wave Microwave IR Visibl Light

Visible Li ht X R
UV X-Ray
Human Eye Optical Microscope
Telescope
Magnifying Glass Electron Microscope

Football Dust Mite Egg Red Blood Amino

Quantum
Q t m Acid
A id
cell DNA
Earth Blue Whale mirage
How small is Nano - small?

Units in nanometers (µm)

What is nanometer scale devices?
 Nanomaterials are commonly defined as
materials with an average grain size less than
100 nanometer.
1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m
 The average width of a human hair is on the
order of 100,000 nanometers (0.1 mm).

A typical carbon-carbon bond length = 0.12 – 0.15 nm

Compared to Human Hair
Relative sizes
Atomic nuclei ~ 10-15
15 meters

= 10-5 nanometers

Atoms ~ 10-10 meters = 0

0.1
1 nanometers

Nanoscale ~ 1 to 100 nanometers

Everyday world ~ 1 meter

= 1010 nanometers
What is Nanotechnology?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13jsXD
Ov1cw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXcfm1
ttps // youtube co / atc c
0bvZo
Nano the Next Dimension
Nano,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCpkq
_AeX50

 Uploaded on Mar 9 9, 2008

 Nanosciences and nanotechnologies represent a formidable challenge for the
research community and industry. World-class infrastructure, new fundamental
knowledge, novel equipment for characterisation and manufacturing, multi-
disciplinary education and training for innovative and creative engineering, and a
responsible attitude to societal demands are required.

This documentary film provides a glimpse of some of the many activities that are
being carried out in Europe in these fast-growing fields of research and technological
development.
Nano Science
 Nano Science can be defined as the study of
phenomena and manipulation of materials at
Atomic, Molecular and Macromolecular scales
where properties differ significantly from those at
a larger scale.

 Generally nanotechnology deals with structures

sized between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least
one dimension

 Nano Science is the study and understanding of

properties of Nano Particles.
What is Nanotechnology?
 Nanotechnology: the ability to
understand,
d t d control, t l manipulate
i l t
at the level of individual atom or
molecules, as well as the
supermolecular
l l llevell iinvolving
l i
clusters of molecules(ranging
from 1-100 nm)) in order to
create materials , devices,
systems with fundamentally new
properties
p p and functions
because of their small structures.
 Exploitation of novel properties
and phenomena developed at
the nano-scale.
 A multi-discipline science. It includes knowledge from
biology chemistry
biology, chemistry, physics and other disciplines
disciplines.
History of NANO
NANO-Science
Science

 1959 Prof.
P f R.
R FFeynman ffrom C California
lif i IInstitute
tit t off
Technology first proposed “There is plenty of room
at the bottom, the final question as to whether,
ultimately
lti t l -- in
i the
th greatt future
f t -- we can arrange the
th
atoms the way we want; the very atoms, all the way
down! …”
 1974 First
Fi t Molecular
M l l Electronic
El t i Device
D i was Patented,
P t t d
and Norio Taniguchi first defined nanotechnology
 1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscopic (STM) was
invented
 1986 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was invented
 1991 Carbon Nanotubes was Discovered

Video: History of Nanoscience

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGn45ly20C0
 Transmission Electron Microscopy
透射電鏡

At present, the highest resolution

realised
li d is
i 0.8
0 8 Å with
ith microscopes
i TEM image of Fe3O4 nanocrystals ith diameters of 8 ±
nanocr stals with
1.0 nm, and SAD pattern (insertion); (b) HRTEM image of
Fe3O4 nanocrystals (provided by Prof. P. Li).
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY
原子力顯微鏡
 The atomic force microscope
(AFM) is a very high-resolution
type of scanning probe
microscope, with resolution up to
nanometer

CdS Nanoparticles
 Examples of Nano-technology in Natural World:
Lotus Effect

Water droplets on lotus are Spherical

The leaf covers with tiny bump

The leaf is waxy, and contains
nano-sized wax crystals which is
highly hydrophobic.
hydrophobic
Formation of air cushion.
Self-Cleaning
f g achieved by
y rolling
g of
f
the spherical water droplet.

Source: http://lotus-shower.isunet.edu/the_lotus_effect.htm
 Other Examples

Photonic Crystal on Butterfly

Magnetism in Bee N -reflective

Non-
Non fl i Moth
M h Eye
E
蛾
 Historical Development of Nanotechnology

•1956
1956:: Discovery
Di of
f porous silicon
ili

• 1960
1960:: Feynman
y delivers lecture to the American Physical
y Society
y
entitled “There is plenty of room at the bottom.”
•
1970’s:: Quantum wells discovered at Bell Labs.
1970’s

•1980’s:
1980’ss: Nanoscale silicon, clusters and C60,
1980
scanning tunneling microscopy and photonic crystals
discovered.
•1990’s:
1990 s: Carbon nanotubes
nanotubes, semiconductor nanowires
discovered; quantum dot lasers.

•1996
1996--present
present:: U.S. National Nanotechnology
Initiative;
I iti ti d
demonstration
t ti of f nanoscale
l transistors,
t i t Scanning Tunneling Microscope Image
of a Single
Single--Walled Carbon Nanotube
sensors and fuel cells.
Features of nanometer scale materials

A number of physical
phenomena (物理現象)
become noticeably
pronounced as the size
of the system
decreases when
compared to C60, also known as the buckyball, is the
simplest of the carbon structures known as
macroscopic systems fullerenes.

Kroto, Curl, and Smalley were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for their roles in the discovery of this class of compounds
Video: Fullerenes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqwSoNuukm4
 Special Properties of Nano
Nano--materials

Size Matters because reducing size alters the following

properties:
Optical (e.g. color, transparency)
Electrical (e.g. conductivity)
Physical (e.g. hardness, melting point, diffusion rate)
Chemical (e.g. reactivity, reaction rates)

 Size-dependent properties are the major reason that

nanoscale objects have amazing potential
Optical Properties Example: Gold
Bulk gold appears yellow in color
Nanosized gold appears red in color
The particles are so small that electrons are
not free to move about as in bulk gold
Because this movement is restricted, the
particles react differently with light

“Bulk” gold looks yellow 12 nanometer gold particles look

red
• You could cut a block of gold into smaller and smaller pieces, and it
would still have the same color, melting temperature, etc.
• But at certain ranges
g of the nanoscale,, gold
g p
particles behave differently.
y
• The image below shows how silver nanoparticles of different shapes
and sizes give different colors.

Silver and Gold particles have different colors depending on size and shape.
Optical Properties Example: Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
 Large ZnO particles
Block UV light
Scatter visible light
Appear white
 Nanosized ZnO p
particles Nanoscale ZnO
sunscreen is
Block UV light “Traditional” ZnO clear
sunscreen is white
So small compared to the
wavelength of visible light that
they don’t scatter it
Appear clear
 Application
pp to sunscreen
Zinc oxide nanoparticles
Physical Properties Change:
Melting Point of a Substance

Melting Point (Microscopic Definition)

Temperature at which the atoms, ions, or
molecules in a substance have enough energy
to overcome the intermolecular forces that hold
them in a “fixed” position in a solid.

 Surface atoms require less

energy to move because they
are in contact with fewer
atoms of the substance
In contact with 3 atoms

In contact with 7 atoms

 As a sample is made larger, a smaller fraction of
the atoms (or molecules) are on the surface
 Atoms on the surface have fewer neighbors than
those on the interior
 Physical Properties Example:
M lti Point
Melting P i t off a Substance
S b t
At the macroscale At the nanoscale

The majority of …almost all on the …split between the inside and
the atoms i id off the
inside th object
bj t the surface of the object
are…

Changing an …has a very small …has a big effect on the

object’s size… effect on the percentage of atoms on the
percentage of atoms surface
on the surface
The melting …doesn’t
doesn t depend on … is lower for smaller particles
point… size
Special Properties of Nano Material
(1) Size Effect (2) Surface Effect (3) Quantum Effect (4) Tunneling Effect

Sizes 100nm 10nm 1nm

Particle Number 1 piece 103 pieces 106 pieces
Total Surface Area (1002x6x1) nm2 (102x6x103) nm2 (12x6x106) nm2

When the particles are nano size, the total

surface area increases.
Increase in a Surface Area to Volume ratio

Nano Materials have a relatively larger Surface area when

compared to the same volume or mass of the material produced
in a larger form.
form

Let us consider a Sphere of radius “r”

=4πr2
Its Surface Area =4π
4/3πr3
Its volume= 4/3π
S f
Surface Area
A to t Volume
V l R
Ratio
ti = 3/
3/r
Thus when the radius of the Sphere decreases, its Surface to
increases.
Volume ratio increases.
Physical Property of Nanomaterials
 Small particles (<100
( 100 nm) are
‘invisible’, thus can form
transparent coatings/films.
 Nanoparticles
N ti l h have a very
high surface area to volume
ratio. This provides a
tremendous driving force for
diffusion.
 Small
S ll particles
ti l are very
weight efficient: Surfaces can
be modified with minimal Polymer nanoparticles
material. (Provided by Prof. P. LI)
 Better physical properties as
compared d to bbulk
lk material
i l
Weight Efficient and Uniform Coverage

 Large spherical particles

do not cover much
surface area
area.
 Nanoparticles with equal
mass provides
id ththorough h
coverage (1 x 106 times
more coverage))
Better Physical Properties
 Continuous connections
between large numbers of
grains make the material
more stretchable
t t h bl and d
ductile so it doesn't easily
crack.
crack
 Made of tight clusters of
very small particles,
resulting in overlapping
electron clouds that induce
quantum effects, possibly
resulting in more efficient
A fractured
actu ed su
surface
ace o
of a 4400 nm
conduction of light or particle polystyrene latex film.
electricity.
Special Properties of Nano Material
(1) Size Effect (2) Surface Effect (3) Quantum Effect (4) Tunneling Effect

Quantum Confinement
• In Nano Crystals,
y , the Electronic energy
gy levels are not continuous as in the
bulk..
bulk
• They are discrete (finite density of states) because of the confinement of the
electronic Wave function to the physical dimensions of the particles
particles..
•This phenomenon is called Quantum confinement and therefore Nano
Crystals are also referred to as quantum dots (QDs)
(QDs)..

Quantum effect is defined as the continuous energy band

changes to discrete energy levels
levels.

When the pparticles are in nano

nano--size,, the energy
gy band
will become discrete.
Energy Bands
Electronic properties as a function of
cluster size

Each band has a width that reflects the interaction between atoms,
with a bandgap between the conduction and the valence bands that
reflects the original separation of the bonding ad antibonding states.
states
Quantum confinement effect of Au nanocrystals

Discrete
Energy Level
 Quantum Effect of Gold Nanoparticles
What happened when gold reduced from bulk scale to nanoscale
nanoscale??

Size dependent properties of Gold

Nanoparticles
Quantum Effect of Gold Nanoparticles

 As the size of the crystal decreases, the difference in bandgap

energy between the highest valence band and the lowest
conduction band increases.
increases
 More energy is then needed to excite the Au nanocrystals, and
concurrently more energy is released when the excitons
concurrently,
(excited electrons ) returns to its ground state, resulting in a
color shift from longer to shorter wavelength in the emitted
light.
 Because of the high level of control possible over the size of
the nanocrystals produced, gold nanoparticles can be size-
tuned to emit any color of light.
Special Properties of Nano Material
(1) Size Effect (2) Surface Effect (3) Quantum Effect (4) Tunneling Effect
Tunneling
g effect:
effect: When the p
particles are in nano
nano--size,, current can be
produced when atoms are very close to each other.

When atoms are very close, their electron clouds are overlapping,
thus electron is easier to transfer to another atom

e-
e- e-
e-
e-
e-
Unique properties of nanomaterials
 Si
Size effect
ff t (nano-scale,
( l changing
h i physical
h i l and
d chemical
h i l
reactivities)

 Surface effect (weight efficient, large surface area,

enhanced chemical reactivity, y fast diffusion))

 Quantum effects (better conduction of light).

 Tunneling effect (Better electron transfer, and conduction

off electricity)
l t i it )
 Atoms, Molecules

Top-
Top-Down
Bottom-
Bottom -Up
Bulk Materials
Nano-
Nano -material

Chemistry of Nanomaterials:
Approaches
pp to make nanomaterials
Approaches
pp to Make Nanomaterials –
Top-down approach
 Top-down approach– Breaking
down matter into basic building
blocks without atomic-level
atomic level control
control.
 These approaches often use the
traditional workshop or micro-
fabrication methods
 Externally controlled tools are used
p materials into
to cut, mill and shape
the desired shape and order.
 Physical, chemical or thermal
methods are also frequently used .
Top down approaches
Top-down
Nanoparticles are • By Energy Sources
Formed using - Laser 激光
- Gas phase - Plasma 等离子
q
- Liquid p
phase - Sputtering 噴射
- Solid phase - Electron beam
- Microwave
- Hydrothermal
 N
Nanopowders
d
 Nanopowder – Basic building blocks (less than
100 nm in diameter) which can form more
complex nanostructures.
 Nanopowders can improve properties of
materials:
Stronger and less breakable ceramics
Conducting electrons, ions, heat, or light more readily
then conventional materials.
Improving magnetic and catalytic properties.
Examples of Nanopowders
 ZIRCONIA BASED  CERIA BASED
 Yttrium
Yttrium-stabilized
stabilized Zirconia
Zirconia, the  Cerium oxide based ceramic
most commonly used electrolyte electrolytes, exhibit ionic
material for solid oxide fuel cells, conductivities that are 3 to 5 times
oxygen generation systems, higher than yttrium-stabilized Zirconia
and oxygen sensors. for fabrication methods based on
colloidal processing, 50 to 80 nm
particle size).

Different Metal Nanopowders

Nanofabrication - Top-down approach
 Photolithography and electron beam lithography are the
most common top-down
top down approaches that are used
extensively in the semiconductor industry to fabricate
integrated electronic circuitry.

 lithographic patterning techniques using short-

g optical sources.
wavelength

 Lithography in nano-electronics
construction
lithographic patterning
techniques

Photo--Resist
Photo The size and resolution of printing
d
depends
d on th
the wavelength
l th off
electromagnetic radiation

D
Deep-ultraviolet
lt i l t lith
lithography
h 193
193nm
Extreme-ultraviolet lithography 13nm
Lithography X-ray
X ray lithography 1nm

石版印刷術
Approaches to Make Nanomaterials:

Bottoms-up:
B tt A
Arranging
i smaller
ll components
t iinto
t
more complex assemblies.
Bottoms up Approach: Dendrimers
Bottoms-up
 Dendrimers are synthetic 3-dimensional
macromolecules
l l ththatt are prepared
d iin a step-wise
t i
fashion from simple branched monomer units, the
nature and functionality of which can be easily
controlled
t ll d andd varied.
i d

Regular, highly
branched monomers,
leading to a
monodisperse, tree-
like or generational
structure, < 50 nm
Synthesis of Dendrimer
 Divergent method: the molecule is assembled from
the core to the periphery
 Convergent
g method: the dendrimer is synthesized
y
beginning from the outside and terminating at the
core.
Dendrimer Nanoparticles as Targeted Delivery
Vehicles for anticancer therapy
 D
Dendrimers
di are off particular
ti l iinterest
t t ffor
cancer applications because of their
defined and reproducible size.
 More importantly, because it is easy to
attach a variety of other molecules to the
surface of a dendrimer. Such molecules
could
ld iinclude
l d tumor-targeting
t t ti agents t
(including but not restricted to monoclonal
antibodies), imaging contrast agents to
pinpoint
i i t ttumors, drug
d molecules
l l for
f
delivery to a tumor, and reporter
molecules that might detect if an
anticancer drug is working
working.

National Cancer Institute: Video Journey Into Nanotechnology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxSX6YJTS2I
Molecular self
self-assembly
assembly
 Molecular self
self-assembly
assembly is the assembly of molecules
without guidance or management from an outside source
using principles of molecular recognition.

 There are two types of self-assembly:

Intramolecular self
self-assembly
assembly (within the same molecule)
Intermolecular self-assembly (between molecules)

 Most often the term molecular self-assembly refers

intermolecular self-assembly, while intramolecular is
more commonly called folding.
folding
Molecular self
self-assembly
assembly

Self--Assembling
Self
 Amphiphilic polymer: (Polystyrene)962-b-PEO227

Morphological transitions with adding water in the DMF/water system for initial copolymer
concentration of 00.1
1 wt %:
(a) a pure sphere morphology at 2.75 wt % water;
(b) a mixed spheres and rods at 3.14 wt % water;
(c) a mixed spheres and long rods at 3.54 wt % water;
(d) a pure wormlike morphology at 4.17 wt % water;
(e) a mixed wormlike and vesicles at 4.24 wt % water; Pictures provided by Prof. P. Li
(f) a pure vesicle morphology at 4.52 wt % water.
Video: Nanotechnology for Treating Cancer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Qwy
MWM0Jjg jg

Nanotechnology
N t h l ffor T
Targeted
t dCCancer
Therapy
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBjWwlnq3cA
Carbon nanotubes
 Carbon nanotubes are
tiny strips of graphite
sheet rolled into tubes a
few nanometers in
diameter and up to
hundreds of micrometers
(microns) long.
 It is the strongest
material

Video: Carbon Nanotubes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19nzPt62UPg
Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
 Considered
C id d to
t be
b the
th
building blocks of
future nanoscale
electronic and
mechanical devices.
 Single wall CNT
 Multiwall CNT
The Lotus Leaf Effect
The leaves of Lotus plants
p
have the unique ability to avoid
getting dirty.
dirty.
They are coated with wax
crystals around 1 nanometre in
diameter and have a special
rough surface.
Droplets falling onto the leaves
form beads and roll off taking dirt
with
ith th
them, meaningi th
the lleaves
are self
self--cleaning.
cleaning.
Surface Nanostructures of Lotus Leaf
 Self Cleaning Property

The decreased contact area between a piece of

debris and a rough surface. Particle is cushioned
by air.

Scale bar: 100 m

Decreased contact area between liquid

droplet and surface and air

Scale bar: 10 m

Particles adhere to the surface of the droplet

and are removed from the leaf when the droplet
rolls off.
Scale bar: 20 m
Lotus effect – Self cleaning
Vid : Lotus
Video:
Video L t 'Self-
'Self
'S lf-Cleaning,
Cl i Waterproof’
W t f’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EeJz7iPPy1Y

 Very small interfacial area between particle and rough

surface.
f
 Adhesion is minimized.
 Particle is ``captured''
captured by the water droplet and removed
from the leaf.
 Leaf surface is not only free from dust
dust, but also free of
contamination from microbes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHcd_4ftsNY
Applications of Lotus effect

Lotusan Paint

Self Cleaning Textile

Self Cleaning Glass
Surface contact angle
How does it work?

This type
yp of gglass is g
given a
nanocrystalline coating which
makes it super
super--hydrophobic,
meaning water forms beads
and slide from the glass
surface.
Self Cleaning Glass
Scientists have mimicked nature at the nanoscale to
create glass surfaces that are ‘self-
‘self-cleaning’ like the Lotus
leaf.
Self cleaning glass Normal glass

No more Spiderman window cleaner!

N more scrubbing
No bbi off
shower screens!
 Silver nanoparticles

 Synthesis of Colloidal Silver

Silver nitrate (AgNO3) + sodium borohydride (NaBH4)

Applications
 Silver nanoparticles undergo a size dependent
interaction with HIV-1, with nanoparticles exclusively in
the range of 1
1–10
10 nm attached to the virus.
ir s
 Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent

Journal of Chemical Education, 84, 322-325, (2007).

http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/nanolab/silver/index.html
 Coating with Silver Nanoparticles
Nano-silver
N
Nano- il bi
bind
d on protein
t i
molecules or interrupt the
metabolism process and cell
growth

 納米抗菌口罩對吸附在納米抗菌層
的細菌、真菌、衣原體能迅速抑制
或殺滅 減少飛沫引起的疾病傳染
或殺滅，減少飛沫引起的疾病傳染
機會。而普通口罩無殺菌功效。
 納米消毒凝膠是以納米銀為原料的新型
外用消毒凝膠劑，它具有廣譜、強效、
快速殺菌的特點，又由于殺菌的銀離子
可反復利用，其殺菌作用更持久。新型
的凝膠劑型又具有無毒 無味 無刺激
的凝膠劑型又具有無毒、無味、無刺激、
無油膩感的優點。
Antimicrobial Products of Silver Nanoparticles
Applications of Nanomaterials

Chemical Industry: Automotive Industry:

 Fillers  Light
g weight
g construction
 Coating Systems  Painting
based on Nano  Catalysts
composites  Sensors
 Magnetic fluids
Applications of Nanomaterials

Medicine Electronic Industry:

 Drugg delivery
y systems
y  Data memoryy
 Active agents  Displays
 Medical rapid tests  Laser diodes
 Antimicrobial agents  Glass fibers
and coatings
coatings.  Filters
 Agents in cancer  Conductive, antistatic
therapy. coatings.
Applications of Nanomaterials

Energy Sources Cosmetics

 Fuel cells  Sun p
protection
 Solar cells creams
 Batteries  Tooth paste
 capacitors.
Safety of Silver Nanoparticles

 Exposure to silver nanoparticles has been

associated with "inflammatory, oxidative,
genotoxic, and cytotoxic consequences";
 The silver particulates primarilyy accumulate in
the liver, but have also been shown to be toxic in
other organs including the brain.
 Nano-silver applied to tissue-cultured human
cells leads to the formation of free radicals,
raising concerns of potential health risks.
Safety Issues

 Although researchers can now engineer

nanostructures to direct the intracellular or in
vivo biodistribution, but the final metabolic fate is
still unknown.

 Strategies for avoiding secondary unintentional

behaviours are lacking.
Nanotoxicology
 With the rapid development of nanotechnology
applications
li ti and
d materials,
t i l nanotoxicology
t i l i emerging
is i
as an important sub-discipline of nanotechnology as well
as toxicology
 Currently, there is a common assumption that the small
size of nanostructures allows them to easily enter tissues,
cells, organelles, and functional biomolecular structures
(i.e. DNA, ribosomes) since the actual physical size of an
engineered nanostructure is similar to many biological
molecules (e.g. antibodies, proteins) and structures (e.g.
viruses)"
 The entry of the nanostructures into vital biological
systems may cause damage
damage, which could subsequently
cause harm to human health.
 Overall behavior of nanostructures can be summed
only in general terms:

 Nanostructures can enter the body via six principle
routes: intra venous (靜脈), dermal (皮膚),
subcutaneous(皮下) inhalation (吸入)
subcutaneous(皮下), (吸入), intraperitoneal (腹
膜內), and oral (口服);
 Absorption
p can occur where the nanostructures first
interact with biological components (proteins, cells)
 They can distribute to various organs (器官)in the body
and may remain the same structurally,
structurally be modified
modified, or
metabolized (新陳代謝) or excreted (排泄);
 They enter the cells of the organ and reside in the cells
for an unknown amount of time before leaving to move to
other organs or to be excreted.
Health Implication
 Inhibition
 Ai
Air pollution
ll ti with
ith nano-particles
ti l
 Asthma (氣喘) or chronic obstructive lung disease (慢性肺
病)

 Digestion
DDrug and
d th
the ffood
d additive
dditi
 Bowel disease and enter blood circulation system
 Organs such as liver(肝), spleen (脾) and kidneys (臀)

 Dermal Exposure
p
 Sunscreen and cosmetics product (15-50 nm TiO2 and
ZnO)
 Deeply penetration under the human skin
• Progression
g of studies required
q
to fully assessing the impact of
physicochemical nanostructure
properties.
ti

• Studies in animal models will

identify the organs of interest, in
turn leadingg to identifying
y g the
best cell types for studies, and to
focused studies on how these
cells
ll molecularly
l l l respond d tto th
the
nanostructures.
Each property (as listed) of
the nanostructure could
influence the biological
response.
response

With a systematic and thorough

quantitative analysis of the
pharmacokinetics – absorption,
distribution,, metabolism,
m m, and
excretion of nanoparticles, we
can associate these responses to
specific
p types,
yp surface chemistry,
y
size, shape, aggregation and
composition, then we would be
able to correlate the toxic
responses to the properties of
the nanostructures.


What is Nanotechnology? What applications can it be used for?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOqEk440JZ8