RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE AND

TECHNOLOGIES – NUZVID

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS LAB MANUAL

Subject code: ME-20ME3183

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge and Technologies
Nuzvid , Eluru District - 521202
 LIST OF EXPERIMENT

1. Determination of performance A. Plotting of power vs torque curve at full

load.
characteristics of Four Stroke Petrol B. Determination Of Specific Fuel
Engine Consumption @ 80 Partial Loads.
2. Determination of performance A. Recording A Graph Of Output Power At Full
characteristics of Four Stroke Diesel Load
B. Measure The Fuel Consumption At A Speed
Engine
Of 2500 Rpm
A. Plotting Of Power Vs Torque Characteristic
[Link] of performance Curve [Measurements Against Speed]
characteristics of Four Cylinder Diesel B. Plotting Of Fuel Consumption Characteristic
Curve At Constant Speed Of 2500 Rpm
Engine [Measurements Against Load]
C. Creation Of Heat Balance Sheet At Full
Load
A. Plotting Of Power Curve At Full Load For
Diesel Engine Speed At 1200-2400 Rpm And
Compression Ratio Is 19:1
B. Determine The Volumetric Efficiency And Air
Ratio For Diesel Engine (Speed @ 1200-2400
4. Determination of performance And C.R Is 19:1)
characteristics of Variable Compression C. Determine The Power, Exhaust Gas
Four Stroke Single Cylinder Engine Temperature And Specific Fuel Consumption
(Multi-Fuel Engine) Depending On Compression Ratio For Petrol
Engine (Speed @ 1800 Rpm And Compression
Ratio Of 7:1 , 8:1, 8.5:1, 9.:51
D. Determine The Influence Of The Ignition
Point On Power, Exhaust Gas Temperature And
Specific Fuel Consumption On Petrol Engine.
(Speed @ 1800 Rpm Compression Ratio 8:1)
5. Performance test on vapor A. Determine The Cop Of V.C.R System And
compression refrigeration test rig Dependency Of Cop On The Load
B. Influence Of Super Heating Setting At The
Expansion Valve On Efficiency Of The System
6. Determination of performance A. Determine The Cop Of Vapour Absorption
characteristics of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
Refrigeration System
A. Change Of State Of Air Due To Heating
B. Changing The State Of Air Due To Cooling
C. Change Of State Of Air Due To Humidification
7. Performance test on air conditioning
D. Change The State Of Air Due To De-
test rig Humidification
E. Determining The Heating Power
F. Determining The Contact Factor
G. Determining The Steam Enthalpy
A. Studying The Characteristics Of Flame
8. Flame propagation and stability Stability And Methods To Improve The Stability
Limits
B. Determination Of Flame Speed Based On
Cone Method
 C. Determination Of Relation Between Flame
Speed And Air-Fuel Ratio
Determine The Co-Efficient Of Heat Transfer ,
9. Cross Flow Heat Exchanger Reynolds Number And Nusselt Number For
A. Single Pipe Heater
B. Pipe Bundle
C. Finned Tube

Thermal Engineering Lab

“No existence is possible without conversion of energy”

Thermal engineering is a constituent subdiscipline of Mechanical engineering that deals

with the planning and designing of heating and cooling systems as well as with the
maintenance of these heating and cooling systems. Engineers well versed with thermal
engineering understand the principles of heat transfer and thermodynamics. As industries
cannot function without machines, and machines are created on the basic principles of
energy transfer and reactions, it is important that the industry employs engineers who can
deal with the internal workings of the machines and create as well as maintain the optimal
performances of machines according to the fundamentals of thermal engineering. Thermal
engineering deals with the design of machines that minimize the heat produced in industrial
processes to minimize the energy loss in the processes. These cooling systems should be
cost effective, compact in size and easily utilized with maximum performance. As cooling
systems are utilized in most advanced systems and machines, thermal engineers apply
thermodynamics to the design of machines and processes in different industries. Thermal
engineers not only deal with machines and their performances but also with industrial
processes that employ heat transfer methods. Thermal engineers also create refrigeration
systems, high performance heating systems for commercial purposes. Thermal
engineering thus is an important field of engineering that not only has applications in the
manufacturing industry but other industries such as power and nuclear energy industry.
Thermal engineers are adept professionals who can be placed at various job roles
according to the roles and responsibilities that the industry demands them to fulfil.
 EXPERIMENT NUMBER-1
SINGLE CYLINDER
4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE

CONTENTS
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] the experiment
[Link] values
[Link] graphs
[Link] data
Aim of the experiment:-
To determine the Power curve and Torque curve at full load for a 4-Stroke
Petrol Engine.

To determine specific fuel consumption at 80% partial load.

Principle:-
This Petrol Engine is basically a spark ignition engine.4-Strokes (2
complete revolutions of crank 720°) produces a power stroke. Combustion of
petrol and air drives the piston enabling reciprocating motion getting converted
into useful rotary motion at crank output. Here output shaft is given to a motor
so that we can measure the output power.

Description of the unit

The CT 100.20 engine is an air-cooled, single cylinder, 4-stroke petrol engine
with external fuel mixture formation. The flywheel fitted with fan blades is used
to cool the engine. The engine is started using the braking device in the CT 110
with the asynchronous motor operating as a starter motor.

The engine is fitted with a temperature sensor to measure the exhaust gas
temperature. This is connected to the CT 110 test stand, as are the connections
for measuring the intake pressure, forthe ignition and the fuel supply. The
engine can be installed in the Test Stand for Small Combustion Engines with
just a few steps. Power is transmitted between the engine and braking device
via a claw coupling
Theory:
Formulae used:
Procedure:-
[Link] the engine was warmed up, operate it at full throttle.

[Link] load to the engine by adjusting the torque knob.

[Link] the speed adjusting knob at this maximum.

[Link] the measured value of speed, torque on the displays calculate the fuel
consumption using the scale on the measuring tube and a stop watch.

[Link] move to the next measuring point, reduce the speed and record the
displayed values.

[Link] the same procedure for series of speeds.

[Link] find the specific fuel consumption, keep the speed constant and change
the load and determine consumption using measuring tube ,stop watch for each
set of readings.

Measurement and evaluation

Load Speed Torque Power Fuel

consumption
Full in rpm in Nm In kw in cm3/s
throttle
Sample graph:

Determination of specific fuel consumption at 80% partial load

Measurements and evaluations

Load Speed Torque Time for consumption of 1

in rpm in Nm cm of fuel in measuring tube
80% full
throttle
Sample graph:
 EXPERIMENT NUMBER-2
FOUR STROKE
DIESEL ENGINE

CONTENTS
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] setup
[Link] data
[Link]
[Link] graphs
[Link] data
Objective of the experiment:
a) To perform an experiment on Four Stroke diesel engine and to plot the
power and torque characteristic curve

Introduction:
The CT 400.02 is a 4-cylinder four stroke diesel engine, as used in cars.
The CT 400.02 can be used to perform basic measurements on the engine. The
following variables can be recorded:
– Cooling circuit temperatures
– Oil temperature
– Exhaust gas temperature
– Fuel temperature
– Cooling circuit flow rate
– Air consumption
– Speed

– Torque
– Fuel consumption
The CT 400.02 is only intended to be used for training and experimental purposes. It
is not a trainer for continuous load operation of industrial engines.
Description:
The test engine is a 4-cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The cylinders are arranged in
a series. The engine can reach a power output of 47 kW at 3000 rpm.
Experimental set up:
CT 400.02 4-cylinder four stroke diesel engine
CT 400 test stand
Theory:
Procedure:
1. Make the engine warm up for operating the engine
2. Set the speed and the torque values by using adjusting knob on CT 400
3. Operate the Starter/Brake button
4. Record the values of speed, torque and specific fuel consumption
5. After that, move to the next measuring point, set the speed at next higher
value by adjusting corresponding knob on CT 400.
6. Again measure the values of torque and specific fuel consumption
7. Repeat this procedure for different speeds of the engine
8. Plot torque versus speed, power versus speed and specific fuel consumption
versus speed curves

Observation Table:
T Time M n dv/dt T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
index Torque Spee Air Air Oil Water waterOtl Fuel
d flow Tempe Tempera Inlet et temperatu
rate rature ture temperat temperat re
ure ure

h:min:s Nm 1/mi cbm/ 0

C C
0 0
C 0
C 0
C
n min

T6 Exhaust dv/dt P Fuel Specifi efficie Therm Volum Air ratio

gas water mecha consum c fuel ncy al etric
temperature flow nical ption consum power efficien
rate power ption cy

0
C I/min kW Kg/h g/KW % Kj/kg
Experimental curves:
Power and torque characteristic curve for diesel engine:

Corrected measured data taking account of air turbulence:

Efficiency and specific fuel consumption depending on speed:

b) Aim of the experiment:
To plot the consumption characteristic curve at 2500 1/min
Theory:
Procedure:
1) `Make the engine runts at 2500 1/min and set the torque value
2) Record the corresponding readings for the given torque
3) After that, vary the torque by keeping the speed as constant and record the
readings
4) Repeat this procedure for different torques by keeping speed as constant
5) Plot the efficiency and specific fuel consumption at n=constant=2500 1/min
depending on load
t Time M n Speed dv/dt T1 Air T2 Oil T3 T4 T5 fuel
index Torque air flow tempera tempera water water tempera
rate ture ture inlet outlet ture
tempera tempera
ture ture
h:min:s Nm 1/min cbm/mi 0
C C
0 0
C 0
C 0
C
n

Observation Table

T6 dv/d P Fuel Specific efficien Therm Volumetr Air

Exhaust t mechanic consumpti fuel cy al ic ratio
temperatu wat al power on consumpti power efficienc
re er on y
flow
rate
0
C I/mi kW kg/h g/kW % kj/kg
n

Experimental curves:
Efficiency and specific fuel consumption at n=cost. = 2500 1/min depending on
load(corrected)
c) Aim of the experiment: To create the heat balance at full load
Procedure:
1. Run up the engine to a stationary and warm operating condition.
2. Record all relevant values on the test stand manually or using the PC.
3. If the CT 400.09 and CT 400.16 are available, the measured values should
be recorded using the indicated pressure measurement accessories.
4. If the CT 159.02 is available, the exhaust gas values should be recorded. For
the exhaust gas measurement, the measuring probe should only be held in
the exhaust gas flow for a short time as temperatures are very high.
 EXPERIMENT NUMBER-3
FOUR CYLINDER
DIESEL ENGINE

CONTENTS
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] setup
[Link] data
[Link]
[Link] graphs
[Link] data
 Contents

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] set up
[Link] data
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] tables
[Link] curves
10. Plant layout
Objective of the experiment:
b) To perform an experiment on Four Stroke diesel engine and to plot the
power and torque characteristic curve

Introduction:
The CT 400.02 is a 4-cylinder four stroke diesel engine, as used in cars.
The CT 400.02 can be used to perform basic measurements on the engine. The
following variables can be recorded:
– Cooling circuit temperatures
– Oil temperature
– Exhaust gas temperature
– Fuel temperature
– Cooling circuit flow rate
– Air consumption
– Speed
– Torque
– Fuel consumption
The CT 400.02 is only intended to be used for training and experimental purposes. It
is not a trainer for continuous load operation of industrial engines.
Description:
The test engine is a 4-cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The cylinders are arranged in
a series. The engine can reach a power output of 47 kW at 3000 rpm.
Experimental set up:
CT 400.02 4-cylinder four stroke diesel engine
CT 400 test stand
Theory:
Procedure:
9. Make the engine warm up for operating the engine
[Link] the speed and the torque values by using adjusting knob on CT 400
[Link] the Starter/Brake button
[Link] the values of speed, torque and specific fuel consumption
[Link] that, move to the next measuring point, set the speed at next higher
value by adjusting corresponding knob on CT 400.
[Link] measure the values of torque and specific fuel consumption
[Link] this procedure for different speeds of the engine
[Link] torque versus speed, power versus speed and specific fuel consumption
versus speed curves

Observation Table:
T Time M n dv/dt T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
index Torque Spee Air Air Oil Water waterOtl Fuel
d flow Tempe Tempera Inlet et temperatu
rate rature ture temperat temperat re
ure ure

h:min:s Nm 1/mi cbm/ 0

C C
0 0
C 0
C 0
C
n min

T6 Exhaust dv/dt P Fuel Specifi efficie Therm Volum Air ratio

gas water mecha consum c fuel ncy al etric
temperature flow nical ption consum power efficien
rate power ption cy

0
C I/min kW Kg/h g/KW % Kj/kg

Experimental curves:
Power and torque characteristic curve for diesel engine:
Corrected measured data taking account of air turbulence:

Efficiency and specific fuel consumption depending on speed:

b) Aim of the experiment:

To plot the consumption characteristic curve at 2500 1/min
Theory:
Procedure:
6) `Make the engine runts at 2500 1/min and set the torque value
7) Record the corresponding readings for the given torque
8) After that, vary the torque by keeping the speed as constant and record the
readings
9) Repeat this procedure for different torques by keeping speed as constant
10)Plot the efficiency and specific fuel consumption at n=constant=2500 1/min
depending on load
 Observation Table

T6 dv/ P Fuel Specific efficien Therm Volumet Air

Exhaust dt mechani consumpt fuel cy al ric rati
temperat wat cal ion consumpt power efficienc o
ure er power ion y
flo
w
rate
0
C I/mi kW kg/h g/kW % kj/kg
n

Experimental curves:
Efficiency and specific fuel consumption at n=cost. = 2500 1/min depending on
load(corrected)

c) Aim of the experiment: To create the heat balance at full load

Procedure:
5. Run up the engine to a stationary and warm operating condition.
6. Record all relevant values on the test stand manually or using the PC.
7. If the CT 400.09 and CT 400.16 are available, the measured values should
be recorded using the indicated pressure measurement accessories.
8. If the CT 159.02 is available, the exhaust gas values should be recorded. For
the exhaust gas measurement, the measuring probe should only be held in
the exhaust gas flow for a short time as temperatures are very high.
 EXPERIMENT NUMBER-4
FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE

CONTENTS
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] setup
[Link] data
[Link]
[Link] graphs
[Link] data
Aim of Experiment

a) Recording a graph of output power at full load

Introduction:
The experimental module contains a Diesel engine with a power output of approx.
5,5kW. During the experiments, full and partial load characteristic curves can be
recorded, amongst other items. To perform the experiments, the engine is placed in
the CT 110 Test Stand for Small Combustion Engines.

Other engines available for performing experiments are

• 4-Stroke Petrol Engine (CT 100.20),

• 2-Stroke Petrol Engine (CT 100.21),

• 4-Stroke Diesel Engine with Water Cooling

In addition accessories are available,

e.g.,

• Electronic Indicating System with a Spark Plug Pressure Transducer and

• Exhaust Gas Calorimeter

Description:
The CT 100.22 / CT 100.24 engine is an aircooled, single cylinder, 4-stroke diesel
engine. The flywheel fitted with fan blades is used for cooling the engine. The engine
is started using the asynchronous motor in the CT 110 as a starter motor. The engine
is equipped with a temperature sensor for the measurement of the exhaust gas
temperature. This is connected to the CT 110 test stand as are the connections for
electrical shut down and the fuel supply. The engine can be placed in the test stand CT
110 with only a few actions. Power is transmitted between the engine and braking
device via a dog coupling.
Theory:
Performing the Experiment

To record the output power curve related to the full load characteristic
curves, with the engine running the speed regulator is set to the
maximum amount of fuel as in Fig. 1.2 Using the dynamometer on the
CT 110 test stand, the engine is then loaded by turning the speed
potentiometer to maximum.

By reducing the speed set on the potentiometer in steps, torque values are
displayed on the CT 110 test stand from which the output power curve
van be drawn up.

Formulae:
P = (M.2.П.N)÷60
the output power can be calculated and can be plotted as a curve on a
graph for the different speeds.

Measuring values
 Plotted as a curve on a graph, these values provide the change in torque of the engine

N in rpm Md in Nm

Sample graph:

The output power is against speed.

N in rpm P in W
b)Aim of Experiment
Measuring the fuel consumption.

Performing the Experiment

 The fuel consumption measurement was performed at a speed of 2500min-1
 To record the fuel consumption curve, the engine speed is adjusted using
the speed potentiometer on the CT110 test stand whilst the engine load is 0
(torque display at 0).
 The load on the engine is then increased in evenly spaced steps using the
speed regulator (Fig. 1.2) on the engine whilst the speed is maintained
constant, i.e. the speed is readjusted on the test stand.
 Measured values for the fuel consumption are recorded. The consumption
is measured at the measuring tube on the test stand using a stop watch.
For each value set for the torque, the time that it takes until the liquid level drops from one mark to
the next is measured on the stopwatch

Measurement Values
The measured values recorded are shown in Tab. [Link] volumetric flow rate V ˙ is given as
specific fuel consumption be against the output power P.

Md in Nm t in s
Measured values at n=2500min-1 with v˙=5.1 cm3/t

The conversion is performed using the formula

�
be = �

m =V˙ρ fuel

The density ρ of the fuel is taken as 0.83 g/[Link] each centimeter drop of the
liquid level on the scale on the measuring tube signifies a Δmfuel of 4.233g. the results
calculated from the measured values are given in Tab. 1.4 the related graph in Fig.1.4

P in w m˙ in kg/h be in g/kwh

Sample graph:
 EXPERIMENT NUMBER-5
VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIEGERATION SYSTEM

CONTENTS
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] the experiment
[Link] values
[Link] graphs
[Link] data
EXPERIMENT 1: THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE SYSTEM

In this experiment, the log p-h diagram of the process is to be

plotted in a steady state. To do so, the evaporation is charged with water, which has a
flow temperature of 150C. in addition, the refrigeration capacity of the system is to be
calculated in this operating state. The calculation is done with the help of the
temperature change of the water across the evaporator.

In addition, the thermal output of the system and the coefficient of performance are to
be calculated.

Introduction:
Refrigeration engineering offers a wide range of applications in machinery and plant
manufacturing, as well as in many other technical specialist disciplines. The most
commonly used cooling system is the compression refrigeration system. The ET 400
Refrigeration Circuit with Variable Load trainer is a fully functional compression
refrigeration system. The refrigeration system operates with a water-charged
evaporator and an air-charged condenser. The evaporator can be subjected to
varying loads with the help of the water circuit. For this purpose, the flow
temperature of the water can be individually adusted with the help of a heater and
a suitable temperature control system. The components are clearly arranged on the
unit, making it easy to demonstrate the refrigeration circuit. Furthermore, the
components used in ET 400are commonly used refrigeration components, which can
also be found in industrial applications. This ensures the trainer is highly relevant to
actual practice. The unit includes a variety of temperature and pressure
measurement points. Temperatures and pressures can be read off the system
directly via digital displays

Learning objectives:
 To be able to plot the thermodynamic cycle of the system.
 To be able to calculate the refrigeration capacity, thermal output and coefficient
of performance.

Exercises :
 Record all relevant measuring values required to plot the thermodynamic cycle.
 Calculate the refrigeration capacity of the system.
 Calculate the refrigerant mass flow of the system.
 

 Use the refrigerant mass flow coefficient of performance the system flow to
calculate the thermal output of the system.
Calculate the coefficient of performance of the system

Performing the experiment

 Turn on the system at the main switch.
  Turn on the condenser fans.
 Turn the pump on. Set a water flow rate of 30L/h at the corresponding valve.
 Turn the heating on. Set the target temperature of the eater to 150C
 Turn the compressor on.
 Wait until the system reaches a steady state.
 This is the case when the compressor’s intake pressure remains constant.
 Note down all relevant measured values required to do the exercises.

Measured values
Temp Measurement Pressure Measured Volume Measured Electric Measured
in 0C in bar flow in L/h output value in
w

T1 P1 Vw P el
T2 P2
T3
T4

Refrigeration capacity

First of all, the refrigeration capacity of the system is to be determined. This is

done with the temperature change and mass flow of the water across the evaporator.

Q.0= mw.(T5-T6).CP

Q.0= -----------

Mass flow

The refrigerant mass flow can be calculated using the calorifically determined
refrigerant capacity and the enthalpy difference of the refrigerant across the
evaporator. First of all, enthalpy difference has to be determined with the help of log
p-h diagram.

M R = Q.0/Δh0

M R = ---------

Thermal output

The thermal output of the system can be calculated using the mass flow
and the enthalpy difference of the refrigerant across the condenser.
 QC = m R. Δ h C

QC= …………

Coefficient of performance

ɛ = Q.0/P el

ɛ = ………..

Experiment 2: Dependency of the coefficient of performance on the water flow

rate

Learning objectives:

 Getting to know the dependency of the refrigeration capacity on the water flow
rate.

Exercises:

 Record all relevant measuring values for evaluating the experiment. Enter the
measuring values in a table of measuring values.
 Plot the thermodynamic cycles at a water flow rate of 10L/h in a log p-h
diagram.
 Calculate the refrigeration capacity at a water flow rate of 10L/h and 30L/h.
 Calculate the coefficient of performance at a water flow rate of 10L/h and
30L/h.
Conducting the experiment

 Wait until the system reaches a steady state. This is the case when the
compressor’s intake pressure remains constant.
 Note down all relevant measured values required to do the exercises.
 Set a water flow rate of 10L/h at the control valve.
 Wait once again for the steady state.
 Note down all relevant measured values required to do the exercises.
 Set a water flow rate of 5L/h at the control valve.
 Wait once again for the steady state.
Measured values

Temp Measurement Pressure Measured Volume Measured Electric Measured

in 0C in bar flow in L/h output value in
w

T1 P1 Vw P el
T2 P2
T3
T4
T5
T6

T1 P1 Vw P el
T2 P2
T3
T4
T5

Sample calculations:

Refrigeration capacity

at 30L/h

Q.0= mw.(T5-T6).CP

Q.0= …………

At 10L/h

Q.0= mw.(T5-T6).CP

Q.0= …………

Coefficient of performance30L/h

ɛ = Q.0/P el , ɛ = ………. at 10L/h

ɛ = Q.0/P el , ɛ = ………..

3) Experiment 3: Changing the superheating at the TEV

This experiment is intended to show what influence the

superheating setting at the expansion valve has on the efficiency of the system process.
To do so, the system is run to the steady state with low superheating and high
superheating respectively.

The refrigeration capacity ad coefficient and coefficient of performance of both

processes are to be compared with each other.

Learning objectives

 To be able to describe the effect of superheating on the system process

qualitatively and quantitatively.
Exercises:

 Plot the thermodynamic cycle with minimum and maximum superheating in a

log p-h diagram.
 Compare the refrigeration capacity and coefficient of performance for low and
high superheating.
Performing the experiment

 Turn on the system at the main switch.

 Turn on the condenser fans.
 Set superheating to the highest possible value at the expansion valve. Turn the
adjusting screw clockwise to the limit stop.
 Turn the heating on. Set the target temperature of the eater to 150C
 Turn the compressor on.
Conducting the experiment

 Wait until the system reaches a steady state. This is the case when the
compressor’s intake pressure remains constant.
 Note down all relevant measured values required to do the exercises.
 Reduce the superheating by approx..5 full revolutions at the expansion valve.
 Wait once again for the steady state.
 Note down all relevant measured values required to do exercises.
Measured values
Temp Measurement Pressure Measured Volume Measured Electric Measur
in 0C in bar flow in L/h output ed value
in w

High superheating

T1 P1 Vw Pel
T2 P2
T3
T4
T5
T6

T1 P1 Vw Pel
T2 P2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Low superheating

Sample calculations

Refrigeration capacity

At high superheating

Q.0= mw.(T5-T6).CP

Q.0= …………

At low superheating

Q.0= mw.(T5-T6).CP

Q.0= …………

Coefficient of performance

At high superheating

ɛ = Q.0/Pel

ɛ = ………..

At low superheating

ɛ = Q.0/Pel

ɛ = ………..
 EXPERIMENT NUMBER-6
VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIEGERATION SYSTEM (ET480)

CONTENTS
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] the experiment
[Link] values
[Link] graphs
[Link] data
Aim of Experiment
To determine the coefficient of performance (COP) for a vapor absorption refrigeration system
And plot graph between COP and ΔT.

INTRODUCTION:
In refrigeration engineering are mainly two different types of systems found:

– Compression refrigeration systems

– Absorption refrigeration systems

Absorption refrigeration systems are powered by thermal energy while compression

refrigeration systems require a mechanical drive.

Unit description
Principle
In VARS, the refrigerant expelled from an aqueous solution by supplying heat energy. The vapour is
then condensed in a downstream condenser. In a hydrogen atmosphere, the refrigerant evaporates
and absorbs heat from the environment to the cooled. The gaseous refrigerant then comes into
contact with water & again goes into solution. Water has a property that it can absorb large
quantities of NH3 gas when it is cold. This ammonia can be expelled again at higher temperature. It
absorbs large amount of heat in the presence of an auxiliary gas.
Technical Data
Refrigerant - Ammonia and water

Auxillary gas - hydrogen

Electric heater - 125w (heated with propane gas or electric power)

Counter heater - 50w

Temperature measure range -50 to 200 deg Celsius

Electric power measure range – 0 to 150w

Propane gas pressure required – 30 to 50 mbar

Electric power supply 230v 50Hz

Rated power consumption 0,3kw

Weight approximately . 47kg

Formulae
COP = P2/P1 where P2Counter heater power and P1Elastic heater power
Performing the experiment
1. Switch ON the mains and set the mains switch to “1”.
2. Read off & recorded the available measured values.
3. Switch ON the electric heater. Read off & recorded the measured values at
regular intervals (5 mints).
4. Observe the change in the recorded temperatures. The stationary state is reached
when changes became small (without a counter heater, this will be approx. 60
mints after the start of the experiment).
5. Read off & recorded the measured values of stationary state.
6. Started the electric counter heater & set it to 5W.
7. Read the values & recorded them at regular intervals until a steady state was
achieved.
8. Repeated the same procedure for 10W, 25W of the counter heater & tabulated
the readings.
9. Switch off the electric heater and electric counter heater.
10. Set the main switch to “0”.

Measured values
The measured values shown below were taken during an experiment in which the
absorption refrigeration system was switched off over night before the start of the experiment.

The experiment was conducted in a closed room at a room temperature TA of around 20.50c

Note: Different experiment conditions will result in different measured values.

Tab. 1.1 shows the available measured values on reaching the stationary states, depending on the
power P2 of the connected counter heater.

The temperatures T1 to T4 along with the power P1 of the electric heater are measured.

Comments P2 T1 T2 T3 T4 P1
W 0
C 0
C 0
C 0
C W
Start of experiment 0 21.8 20.6 20.3 20.0 111
Stationary states 0 144.1 -12.4 26.1 28.0 109
ʺ 5 144.8 -5.8 27.8 30.0 102
ʺ 10 144.3 10.7 29.6 30.6 99
ʺ 25 144.4 19.3 29.0 29.3 100
Evaluation of the experiment
The cooling effect originates at the evaporator. The temperature difference ΔT
available for cooling is therefore the difference between the room temperature TA and Evaporator

temperature T2:

ΔT = TA – T2
The set power P2 of the electric counter heater is a guage for the cooling effect. This cooling effect
represents the benefit. The cost is the power of the electric heater P1.

The coefficient of performance ɛ can therefore be defined as follows:

ɛ = �2/�1

In the example of the stationary state with counter heater, power P2 = 5w, this gives:

ΔT =TA – T2 = 20.50C+5.80C = 26.30C

And ɛ = �2/�1 = 5/102 = 0.05

the other values are calculated in the same way.

Observation table
Comments P2 T1 T2 T3 T4 P1 ɛ
W 0
C 0
C 0
C 0
C W -
Start of
experiment
Stationary states
ʺ
ʺ
ʺ
ʺ

Graph shows the relationship between ɛ and ΔT

Sample graph
 EXPERIMENT NUMBER-7
FLAME PROPOGATION AND STABILITY UNIT

CONTENTS
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] the experiment
[Link] values
[Link] graphs
[Link] data
SOLTEQ® EQUIPMENTFORENGINEERINGEDUCATION

EXPERIMENTALMANUAL

FLAME
PROPAGATIONAND
STABILITY UNIT

MODEL:GE02

[Link].
NO.3, JALAN TPK 2/4, TAMAN PERINDUSTRIAN KINRARA,
47100PUCHONG,SELANGORDARULEHSAN,MALAYSIA.

TEL:603-80758000FAX:603-80755784

E-
MAIL:solution@[Link]
WEBSITE:[Link]
 EXPERIMENT NUMBER-8
CROSS FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
CONTENTS
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] the experiment
[Link] values
[Link] graphs
[Link] data
AIM
To determine the coefficient of Heat transfer and Nusselt number and Reynolds number for
(1) Pipe heater (2) Pipe bundle (3) Finned pipe

Introduction:
The transfer of heat by convection plays an important role in many areas of industry.
Convection includes the transfer of heat by contact and conduction. A further area Is the
transfer of heat by radiation. Heat transfer by convection can be subdivided into natural and
forced convection. In the case of forced convection ,the fluid to be heated is blown or
pumped past the heated surface by a pump or fan, whilst in the case of natural convection,
flow is only achieved based on differences in the density of the heated fluid.

Unit description:
For detailed instructions use of the program refer to its Help function.
Theory:
Heat Transfer Wall – Medium

The ability to transfer heat from one medium to the wall or vice versa is described by the
coefficient of heat transfer. The amount of heat transferred is given by:
The formula specifies the amount of heat Q transferred in the time t. Along with the
coefficient of heat transfer and the wall area A, the temperature difference ΔT between the
temperature of the medium and wall is the critical factor in the transfer of heat.

The general equation for the heat flow is as follows:

Or in the specific case of the hot wall side with medium 1 (red) and for the cold side with
medium 2 (blue)

Because the heat is supplied electrically using heater elements on the WL 310 and there is
only one flowing medium, only the side
For overflowed cylindrical individual bodies
Performing the experiment
The duct is operated with the desired heater. The heater and the associated measured values
are depicted as shown in Fig in manual operation, the measured values must be logged by
hand. The heater power must be entered on the control and display unit. Flow rate and Re
and Nu must be calculated. If a PC with appropriate data acquisition is available, then the
measured Values can be saved in a file. When the button “Take Data Point” is Operated, the
current measured values and calculated values for flow rate, Re and Nu are saved by
appending them to file. The PC can regulate the Heater temperature by changing the heater
power (set the selector switch on The control and display unit to PC and enter the target
value for temperature T2 on the data acquisition screen; to start with a value of 1800C is
recommend.

Evalution of results

Heater T1 T2 P dp w Re Nu Time
of day
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
Sample graphs