GnuCOBOL Quick Reference

For Version 3.2 - Final [15 January 2024 at 19:30 GMT.], for 3.3 and 4.0 (partial & tentative only).

Gary L. Cutler ([email protected]).

For updates Vincent B. Coen ([email protected]).
This manual documents GnuCOBOL 3.2 - Final, 15 January 2024 at 19:30 GMT. build.
Document Copyright 2009-2014 Gary L. Cutler, FSF (Free Software Foundation).
Updates: Copyright 2014-2024 Vincent B. Coen, Gary L. Cutler & FSF.
The authors and copyright holders of the COBOL programming language itself
used herein:
FLOW-MATIC (trademark for Sperry Rand Corporation) Programming for
the Univac(R) I & II. Data Automation Systems copyrighted 1958, 1959,
by Sperry Rand Corporation; IBM commercial translator form F28-8013,
copyrighted 1959 by IBM; FACT DSI27A5260-2760, copyrighted 1960 by
Minneapolis-Honeywell, have specifically authorised the use of this material in
whole or in part of the COBOL specifications. Such authorisation extends to
the reproduction & use of COBOL specifications in programming manuals or
similar publications.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under
the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License [FDL], Version 1.3 or any
later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license
is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual
provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all
copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual
under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting
derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to
this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into
another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except
that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free
Software Foundation.
GnuCOBOL 3.2 - Final [15 January 2024 at 19:30 GMT.] Quick Reference i

Table of Contents

1 CDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION Syntax . . . . . . . . 9

3 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION Syntax . . . . . . . . 11

4 DATA DIVISION Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5 PROCEDURE DIVISION Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

6 Intrinsic Functions Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

7 Built-In Subroutines Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

8 GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . . . . . 111

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GnuCOBOL 3.2 - Final [15 January 2024 at 19:30 GMT.] Quick Reference 1

1 CDF
When the compiler is operating in Fixed Format Mode, all CDF statements must begin in
column eight (8) or beyond.
There are two types of supported CDF statements in GnuCOBOL — Text Manipulation
Statements and Compiler Directives.
The CDF text manipulation statements COPY and REPLACE are used to introduce new
code into programs either with or without changes, or may be used to modify existing
statements already in the program. Text manipulation statements are always terminated
with a period.
CDF directives, denoted by the presence of a ">>" character sequence as part of the state-
ment name itself, are used to influence the process of program compilation.
Compiler directives are never terminated with a period.

CDF CALL-CONVENTION Statement Syntax

>>CALL-CONVENTION { COBOL }
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ { EXTERN }
{ STDCALL }
{ STATIC }

CDF COPY Statement Syntax

COPY copybook-name
~~~~
[ IN|OF library-name ]
~~ ~~
[ SUPPRESS PRINTING ]
~~~~~~~~
[ REPLACING { Phrase-Clause | String-Clause }... ] .
~~~~~~~~~

CDF COPY Phrase-Clause Syntax

{ ==pseudo-text-1== } BY { ==pseudo-text-2== }
{ identifier-1 } ~~ { identifier-2 }
{ literal-1 } { literal-2 }
{ word-1 } { word-2 }

CDF COPY String-Clause Syntax

[ LEADING|TRAILING ] ==partial-word-1== BY ==partial-word-2==

~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~

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CDF REPLACE Statement (Format 1) Syntax

REPLACE [ ALSO ] { Phrase-Clause | String-Clause }... .

~~~~~~~ ~~~~

CDF REPLACE Statement (Format 2) Syntax

REPLACE [ LAST ] OFF .

~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~

CDF REPLACE Phrase-Clause Syntax

{ ==pseudo-text-1== } BY { ==pseudo-text-2== }
~~

CDF REPLACE String-Clause Syntax

[ LEADING|TRAILING ] ==partial-word-1== BY ==partial-word-2==

~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~

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GnuCOBOL 3.2 - Final [15 January 2024 at 19:30 GMT.] Quick Reference 3

CDF >>DEFINE Directive Syntax

>>DEFINE [ CONSTANT ] cdf-variable-1 AS { OFF }

~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ { ~~~ }
{ literal-1 [ OVERRIDE ] }
{ ~~~~~~~~ }
{ PARAMETER [ OVERRIDE ] }
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~

CDF >>IF Directive Syntax

>>IF CDF-Conditional-Expression-1
~~~~ [ Program-Source-Lines-1 ]

[ >>ELIF CDF-Conditional-Expression-2
~~~~~~ [ Program-Source-Lines-2 ] ]...

[ >>ELSE
~~~~~~ [ Program-Source-Lines-3 ] ]

>>END-IF
~~~~~~~~

CDF-Conditional-Expression Syntax

{ cdf-variable-1 } IS [ NOT ] { DEFINED }

{ literal-1 } ~~~ { ~~~~~~~ }
{ SET }
{ ~~~ }
{ CDF-RelOp { cdf-variable-2 } }
{ { literal-2 } }

CDF-RelOp Syntax

>= or GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO

~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~
> or GREATER THAN
~~~~~~~
<= or LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO
~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~
< or LESS THAN
~~~~
= or EQUAL TO
~~~~~
<> or EQUAL TO (with "NOT")
~~~~~

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CDF >>SET Directive Syntax

>>SET { [ CONSTANT ] cdf-variable-1 literal-1 ] }

~~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~ }
{ SOURCEFORMAT AS FIXED|FREE|VARIABLE|XOPEN|XCARD|CRT|TERMINAL|COBOLX }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ }
{ NOFOLDCOPYNAME }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ FOLDCOPYNAME AS UPPER|LOWER }
~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

CDF >>SOURCE Directive Syntax

>>SOURCE FORMAT IS { FIXED|FREE|VARIABLE|XOPEN|XCARD|CRT|TERMINAL|COBOLX }

~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~

CDF >>TURN Directive Syntax

>>TURN { exception-name-1 [ file-name-1 ]... }...

~~~~~~
{ OFF }
{ ~~~ }
{ CHECKING ON [ WITH LOCATION ] }
~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~

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GnuCOBOL 3.2 - Final [15 January 2024 at 19:30 GMT.] Quick Reference 5

CDF >>D Directive Syntax

>>D
~~~

CDF >>DISPLAY Directive Syntax

>>DISPLAY source-text [ VCS = version-string ]

~~~~~~~~~ ~~~

CDF >>PAGE Directive Syntax

>>PAGE [ comment-text ]
~~~~~~

CDF >>LISTING Directive Syntax

>>LISTING {ON}
~~~~~~~~~ {OFF}

CDF >>LEAP-SECONDS Directive Syntax

>>LEAP-SECONDS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The >>LEAP-SECONDS CDF directive is syntactically recognized but is otherwise
non-functional.

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6 GnuCOBOL 3.2 - Final [15 January 2024 at 19:30 GMT.] Quick Reference

CDF $ Directives Syntax

$ (Dollar) Directives - Active.

These directives are active and have the same function as ones starting with >>:

$DEFINE
$DISPLAY ON|OFF
$IF
$ELIF
$ELSE
$ELSE-IF
$END
$SET

It is recommended to use the standard directives only instead of the MF

directives (when possible) as these have a higher chance for being portable.

$ (Dollar) Directives - Not Active.

These are NOT active and will produce a warning message:

$DISPLAY VCS ...

Recognised but otherwise ignored.

@OPTIONS options-text

Additional Micro-Focus directives accepted :

ADDRSV | ADD-RSV literal-1

ADDSYN | ADD-SYN literal-1 = literal-2
ASSIGN "EXTERNAL" | "DYNAMIC"
BOUND
CALLFH literal-1
COMP1 | COMP-1 "BINARY" | "FLOAT"
FOLDCOPYNAME | FOLD-COPY-NAME AS "UPPER" | "LOWER"
MAKESYN | MAKE-SYN
NOBOUND | NO-BOUND
NOFOLDCOPYNAME | NOFOLD-COPY-NAME | NO-FOLD-COPY-NAME
OVERRIDE literal-1 = literal-2
REMOVE literal-1
SOURCEFORMAT | SOURCE-FORMAT "FIXED" | "FREE" | "VARIABLE"
SSRANGE "2"
NOSSRANGE | NO-SSRANGE

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CDF Predefined Compilation Variables Syntax

GnuCOBOL defines compilation variables when various conditions are true.

If the condition associated with a variable is false, the variable is not defined.

DEBUG The -d debug flag is specified.

EXECUTABLE Module being compiled contains the main program.
GCCOMP The size of a COMP item is determined according to the GnuCOBOL scheme,
where for a picture of length:
1 - 2, item = 1 byte
3 - 4, item = 2 bytes
5 - 9, item = 4 bytes
10 - 18, item = 8 bytes.

GNUCOBOL GnuCOBOL is compiling the source unit.

HOSTSIGNS A signed packed decimal item’s value may be considered NUMERIC if
sign = X"F".
IBMCOMP The size of a COMP item is determined according to the IBM scheme,
where for a PICTURE of length :
1 - 4, item = 2 bytes
5 - 9, item = 4 bytes
10 - 18, item = 8 bytes.

MODULE The element being compiled does not contain the main program.
NOHOSTSIGNS A signed packed decimal item’s value may NOT be considered
NUMERIC if sign = X"F".
NOIBMCOMP The size of a COMP item is NOT determined according to the IBM scheme.
NOSTICKY-LINKAGE
Sticky linkage (linkage section items remaining allocated between
invocations) is NOT active.
NOTRUNC Numeric data items are truncated according to their internal
representation.
P64 Pointers are greater than 32 bits.
STICKY-LINKAGE
Sticky linkage (linkage section items remaining allocated between
invocations) is active.
TRUNC Numeric data items are truncated according to their PICTURE clauses.

These, while still supported may well be removed in the future and should not be
used. See GCCOMP and GNUCOBOL instead:

OCCOMP The size of a COMP item is determined according to the GnuCOBOL scheme,
where for a PICTURE of length :
1 - 2, item = 1 byte
3 - 4, item = 2 bytes
5 - 9, item = 4 bytes

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8 GnuCOBOL 3.2 - Final [15 January 2024 at 19:30 GMT.] Quick Reference

10 - 18, item = 8 bytes.

OPENCOBOL GnuCOBOL is compiling the source unit.

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GnuCOBOL 3.2 - Final [15 January 2024 at 19:30 GMT.] Quick Reference 9

2 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION Syntax


IDENTIFICATION DIVISION Syntax

[{ IDENTIFICATION } DIVISION. ]
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ } ~~~~~~~~
{ ID }
~~
{ PROGRAM-ID. } { program name } .
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ } { literal-1 } [ AS { literal-2 } ] [ Type-clause ] .
{ FUNCTION-ID. } { literal-3 } [ AS literal-4 ] .
~~~~~~~~~~~ { function-name } .
{ OPTIONS. }
~~~~~~~
[ DEFAULT ROUNDED MODE IS {AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ {NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{NEAREST-EVEN }
{NEAREST-TOWARDS-ZERO }
{PROHIBITED }
{TOWARDS-GREATER }
{TOWARDS-LESSER }
{TRUNCATION }]
[ ENTRY-CONVENTION IS {COBOL }
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ {EXTERN }
{STDCALL }]
[ AUTHOR. comment-1. ]
~~~~~~
[ DATE-COMPILED. comment-2. ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ DATE-MODIFIED. comment-3. ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ DATE-WRITTEN. comment-4. ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ INSTALLATION. comment-5. ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ REMARKS. comment-6. ]
~~~~~~~
[ SECURITY. comment-7. ]
~~~~~~~~
The AUTHOR, DATE-COMPILED, DATE-MODIFIED, DATE-WRITTEN, INSTALLATION, REMARKS
and SECURITY paragraphs are supported by GnuCOBOL only to provide compatibility with
programs written for the ANS1974 (or earlier) standards. As of the ANS1985 standard,
these clauses have become obsolete and should not be used in new programs.

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PROGRAM-ID Type Clause Syntax

IS [ COMMON ] [ INITIAL|RECURSIVE PROGRAM ]

~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~

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3 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION Syntax


ENVIRONMENT DIVISION Syntax

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ CONFIGURATION SECTION. ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ SOURCE-COMPUTER. Compilation-Computer-Specification . ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ OBJECT-COMPUTER. Execution-Computer-Specification . ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ SPECIAL-NAMES. Program-Configuration-Specification . ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ REPOSITORY. Function-Specification... . ]
~~~~~~~~~~
[ INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ FILE-CONTROL. General-File-Description... . ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ I-O-CONTROL. File-Buffering Specification... . ]
~~~~~~~~~~~

CONFIGURATION SECTION Syntax

CONFIGURATION SECTION.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ SOURCE-COMPUTER. Compilation-Computer-Specification . ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ OBJECT-COMPUTER. Execution-Computer-Specification . ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ SPECIAL-NAMES. Program-Configuration-Specification . ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ REPOSITORY. Function-Specification... . ]
~~~~~~~~~~

SOURCE-COMPUTER Syntax

SOURCE-COMPUTER. computer-name [ WITH DEBUGGING MODE ] .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~

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OBJECT-COMPUTER Syntax

OBJECT-COMPUTER. [ computer-name ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ MEMORY SIZE IS integer-1 WORDS|CHARACTERS ]
~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
[ PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ SEGMENT-LIMIT IS integer-2 ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ CHARACTER CLASSIFICATION IS { locale-name-1 } ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ { LOCALE }
{ ~~~~~~ }
{ USER-DEFAULT }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ SYSTEM-DEFAULT }
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.
The MEMORY SIZE and SEGMENT-LIMIT clauses are syntactically recognized but are other-
wise non-functional.

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SPECIAL-NAMES Syntax

SPECIAL-NAMES.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ CALL-CONVENTION integer-1 IS mnemonic-name-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ CONSOLE IS CRT ]
~~~~~~~ ~~~
[ CRT STATUS IS identifier-1 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~
[ CURRENCY SIGN IS literal-1 ]
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~
[ CURSOR IS identifier-2 ]
~~~~~~
[ DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMA ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~
[ EVENT STATUS IS identifier-3 ]
~~~~~ ~~~~~~
[ LOCALE locale-name-1 IS literal-2 ]...
~~~~~~
[ NUMERIC SIGN IS TRAILING SEPARATE ]
~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ SCREEN CONTROL IS identifier-4 ]
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ device-name-1 IS mnemonic-name-2 ]...

[ feature-name-1 IS mnemonic-name-3 ]...

[ Alphabet-Clause ]...

[ Class-Definition-Clause ]...

[ Switch-Definition-Clause ]...

[ Symbolic-Characters-Clause ]...
.
The EVENT STATUS and SCREEN CONTROL clauses are syntactically recognized but are oth-
erwise non-functional.

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REPOSITORY Syntax

REPOSITORY.
~~~~~~~~~~
FUNCTION { function-prototype-name-1 [ AS literal-1 ] }...
~~~~~~~~ { ~~ }
{ intrinsic-function-name-1 [ AS literal-2 ] }
{ ~~ }
{ intrinsic-function-name-2 INTRINSIC }
{ ALL INTRINSIC ~~~~~~~~~ }
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~

SPECIAL-NAMES Alphabet-Clause Syntax

ALPHABET alphabet-name-1 IS { ASCII }

~~~~~~~~ { ~~~~~ }
{ EBCDIC }
{ ~~~~~~ }
{ NATIVE }
{ ~~~~~~ }
{ STANDARD-1 }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ STANDARD-2 }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ Literal-Clause... }

SPECIAL-NAMES ALPHABET Literal-Clause Syntax

literal-1 [ { THRU|THROUGH literal-2 } ]

{ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ {ALSO literal-3}... }
~~~~

SPECIAL-NAMES Class-Definition-Clause Syntax

CLASS class-name-1 IS { literal-1 [ THRU|THROUGH literal-2 ] }...

~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~

SPECIAL-NAMES Switch-Definition-Clause Syntax

switch-name-1 [ IS mnemonic-name-1 ]

[ ON STATUS IS condition-name-1 ]
~~
[ OFF STATUS IS condition-name-2 ]
~~~

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SPECIAL-NAMES-Symbolic-Characters-Clause Syntax

SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS
~~~~~~~~
{ symbolic-character-1... IS|ARE integer-1... }...

[ IN alphabet-name-1 ]
~~

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INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION Syntax

[ INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ FILE-CONTROL. ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ SELECT-Statement... ]

[ I-O-CONTROL. ]
~~~~~~~~~~~
[ MULTIPLE-FILE-Statement ]

[ SAME-RECORD-Statement ]

I-O-CONTROL MULTIPLE FILE Syntax

MULTIPLE FILE TAPE CONTAINS

~~~~~~~~
{ file-name-1 [ POSITION integer-1 ] }...
~~~~~~~~
.
The MULTIPLE FILE TAPE clause is obsolete and is therefore recognized but not functional.

I-O-CONTROL SAME AREA Syntax

SAME { SORT-MERGE } AREA FOR file-name-1... .

~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ SORT }
{ ~~~~ }
{ RECORD }
~~~~~~
The SAME SORT-MERGE and SAME SORT clauses are syntactically recognized but are otherwise
non-functional.

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GnuCOBOL 3.2 - Final [15 January 2024 at 19:30 GMT.] Quick Reference 17

SELECT Statement Syntax

SELECT [ [ NOT ] OPTIONAL ] file-name-1

~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ ASSIGN { TO } [{ EXTERNAL }] [{ DISC|DISK }] [{ identifier-1 }] ]
~~~~~~ { USING } { ~~~~~~~~ } { ~~~~ ~~~~ } { word-1 }
{ DYNAMIC } { DISPLAY } { literal-1 }
~~~~~~~ { ~~~~~~~ }
{ KEYBOARD }
{ ~~~~~~~~ }
{ LINE ADVANCING }
{ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ PRINTER }
{ ~~~~~~~ }
{ RANDOM }
{ ~~~~~~ }
{ TAPE }
~~~~
[ COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ FILE|SORT ] STATUS IS identifier-2 [ identifier-3 ] ]
~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~
[ LOCK MODE IS { MANUAL|AUTOMATIC } ]
~~~~ { ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ EXCLUSIVE [ WITH { LOCK ON MULTIPLE RECORDS } ] }
~~~~~~~~~ { ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ LOCK ON RECORD }
{ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~ }
{ ROLLBACK }
{ ~~~~~~~~ }
[ ORGANIZATION Clause ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ ORGANISATION Clause ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ RECORD DELIMITER IS STANDARD-1 ]
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
[ RESERVE integer-1 AREAS ]
~~~~~~~
[ SHARING WITH { ALL OTHER } ]
~~~~~~~ { ~~~ }
{ NO OTHER }
{ ~~ }
{ READ ONLY }
~~~~ ~~~~
The COLLATING SEQUENCE, RECORD DELIMITER, RESERVE and ALL OTHER clauses are syn-
tactically recognized but are otherwise non-functional.

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ORGANIZATION SEQUENTIAL Clause Syntax

[ ORGANIZATION|ORGANISATION IS ] RECORD BINARY SEQUENTIAL

~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
[ ACCESS MODE IS SEQUENTIAL ]
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~

ORGANIZATION LINE SEQUENTIAL Clause Syntax

[ ORGANIZATION|ORGANISATION IS ] LINE SEQUENTIAL

~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
[ ACCESS MODE IS SEQUENTIAL ]
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
[ PADDING CHARACTER IS literal-1 | identifier-1 ]
~~~~~~~
The PADDING CHARACTER clause is syntactically recognized but is otherwise non-functional.

ORGANIZATION RELATIVE Clause Syntax

[ ORGANIZATION|ORGANISATION IS ] RELATIVE
~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ ACCESS MODE IS { SEQUENTIAL } ]
~~~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ DYNAMIC }
{ ~~~~~~~ }
{ RANDOM }
~~~~~~
[ RELATIVE KEY IS identifier-1 ]
~~~~~~~~

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ORGANIZATION INDEXED Clause Syntax

[ ORGANIZATION|ORGANISATION IS ] INDEXED
~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ ACCESS MODE IS { SEQUENTIAL } ]
~~~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ DYNAMIC }
{ ~~~~~~~ }
{ RANDOM }
~~~~~~
[ RECORD KEY IS { [ data-name-1 ]
~~~~~~
{ [ record-key-name-1 ]
[ =|{SOURCE IS} data-name-2 ] ... ] }
~~~~~~
[ ALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS { [ data-name-3 ]
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~
{ [ record-key-name-2 ]
[ =|{SOURCE IS} data-name-4 ] ... ] }
~~~~~~
[ WITH DUPLICATES ] ]...
~~~~~~~~~~
[ SUPPRESS WHEN ALL literal ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ SUPPRESS WHEN SPACES | ZEROES ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~

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4 DATA DIVISION Syntax


DATA DIVISION Syntax

DATA DIVISION.
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ FILE SECTION.
~~~~ ~~~~~~~
{ File/Sort-Description [ { FILE-SECTION-Data-Item } ]... }... ]
{ { 01-Level-Constant } }
{ { 78-Level-Constant } }
{ 01-Level-Constant }
{ 78-Level-Constant }
[ WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ { WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION-Data-Item } ]... ]
{ 01-Level-Constant }
{ 78-Level-Constant }
[ LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ { LOCAL-STORAGE-SECTION-Data-Item } ]... ]
{ 01-Level-Constant }
{ 78-Level-Constant }
[ LINKAGE SECTION.
~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ { LINKAGE-SECTION-Data-Item } ]... ]
{ 01-Level-Constant }
{ 78-Level-Constant }
[ REPORT SECTION.
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
{ Report-Description [ { Report-Group-Definition } ]... }... ]
{ { 01-Level-Constant } }
{ { 78-Level-Constant } }
{ 01-Level-Constant }
{ 78-Level-Constant }
[ SCREEN SECTION.
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ { SCREEN-SECTION-Data-Item } ]... ]
{ 01-Level-Constant }
{ 78-Level-Constant }

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File/Sort-Description Syntax

FD|SD file-name-1 [ IS EXTERNAL|GLOBAL ]

~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~
[ BLOCK CONTAINS [ integer-1 TO ] integer-2 CHARACTERS|RECORDS ]
~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ CODE-SET IS alphabet-name-1 ]
~~~~~~~~
[ DATA { RECORD IS } identifier-1... ]
~~~~ { ~~~~~~ }
{ RECORDS ARE }
~~~~~~~
[ LABEL { RECORD IS } OMITTED|STANDARD ]
~~~~~ { ~~~~~~ } ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
{ RECORDS ARE }
~~~~~~~
[ LINAGE IS integer-3 | identifier-2 LINES
~~~~~~
[ LINES AT BOTTOM integer-4 | identifier-3 ]
~~~~~~
[ LINES AT TOP integer-5 | identifier-4 ]
~~~
[ WITH FOOTING AT integer-6 | identifier-5 ] ]
~~~~~~~
[ RECORD { CONTAINS [ integer-7 TO ] integer-8 CHARACTERS } ]
~~~~~~ { ~~ }
{ IS VARYING IN SIZE }
{ ~~~~~~~ }
{ [ FROM [ integer-7 TO ] integer-8 CHARACTERS }
{ ~~ }
{ DEPENDING ON identifier-6 ] }
~~~~~~~~~
[ RECORDING MODE IS recording-mode ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ { REPORT IS } report-name-1... ]
{ ~~~~~~ }
{ REPORTS ARE }
~~~~~~~
[ VALUE OF implementor-name-1 IS literal-1 | identifier-7 ] .
~~~~~ ~~
The BLOCK CONTAINS, DATA RECORD, LABEL RECORD, RECORDING MODE and VALUE OF
clauses are syntactically recognized but are obsolete and non-functional. These clauses
should not be coded in new programs.

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FILE-SECTION-Data-Item Syntax

level-number [ identifier-1 | FILLER ] [ IS GLOBAL|EXTERNAL ]

~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ BLANK WHEN ZERO ]
~~~~~ ~~~~
[ JUSTIFIED RIGHT ]
~~~~
[ OCCURS [ integer-1 TO ] integer-2 TIMES
~~~~~~ ~~ UNBOUNDED
~~~~~~~~~
[ DEPENDING ON identifier-2 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ STEP identifier-6 ]
[ ASCENDING|DESCENDING KEY IS identifier-3 ]
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
[ INDEXED BY identifier-4 ] ]
~~~~~~~
[ PICTURE IS picture-string ]
~~~
[ REDEFINES identifier-5 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ SIGN IS LEADING|TRAILING [ SEPARATE [CHARACTER] ] ]
~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ SYNCHRONIZED|SYNCHRONISED [ LEFT|RIGHT ] ]
~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ USAGE IS data-item-usage ] . [ FILE-SECTION-Data-Item ]...
~~~~~
The LEFT and RIGHT (SYNCHRONIZED) clauses are syntactically recognized but are oth-
erwise non-functional.

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WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION-Data-Item Syntax

level-number [ identifier-1 | FILLER ] [ IS GLOBAL | EXTERNAL ]

~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ BASED ]
~~~~~
[ BLANK WHEN ZERO ]
~~~~~ ~~~~
[ JUSTIFIED RIGHT ]
~~~~
[ OCCURS [ integer-1 TO ] integer-2 TIMES
~~~~~~ ~~ UNBOUNDED
~~~~~~~~~
[ DEPENDING ON identifier-2 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ ASCENDING|DESCENDING KEY IS identifier-3 ]
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
[ INDEXED BY identifier-4 ] ]
~~~~~~~
[ PICTURE IS picture-string ]
~~~
[ REDEFINES identifier-5 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ SIGN IS LEADING|TRAILING [ SEPARATE CHARACTER ] ]
~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ SYNCHRONIZED|SYNCHRONISED [ LEFT|RIGHT ] ]
~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ USAGE IS data-item-usage ]
~~~~~
[ VALUE IS [ ALL ] literal-1 ] . [ WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION-Data-Item ]...
~~~~~ ~~~
The LEFT and RIGHT (SYNCHRONIZED) clauses are syntactically recognized but are oth-
erwise non-functional.

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LOCAL-STORAGE-SECTION-Data-Item Syntax

level-number [ identifier-1 | FILLER ] [ IS GLOBAL|EXTERNAL ]

~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ BASED ]
~~~~~
[ BLANK WHEN ZERO ]
~~~~~ ~~~~
[ JUSTIFIED RIGHT ]
~~~~
[ OCCURS [ integer-1 TO ] integer-2 TIMES
~~~~~~ ~~ UNBOUNDED
~~~~~~~~~
[ DEPENDING ON identifier-2 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ ASCENDING|DESCENDING KEY IS identifier-3 ]
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
[ INDEXED BY identifier-4 ] ]
~~~~~~~
[ PICTURE IS picture-string ]
~~~
[ REDEFINES identifier-5 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ SIGN IS LEADING|TRAILING [ SEPARATE CHARACTER ] ]
~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ SYNCHRONIZED|SYNCHRONISED [ LEFT|RIGHT ] ]
~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ USAGE IS data-item-usage ]
~~~~~
[ VALUE IS [ ALL ] literal-1 ] . [ LOCAL-STORAGE-SECTION-Data-Item ]...
~~~~~ ~~~
The LEFT and RIGHT (SYNCHRONIZED) clauses are syntactically recognized but are oth-
erwise non-functional.

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LINKAGE-SECTION-Data-Item Syntax

level-number [ identifier-1 | FILLER ] [ IS GLOBAL|EXTERNAL ]

~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ ANY LENGTH ]
~~~ ~~~~~~
[ ANY NUMERIC ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ BASED ]
~~~~~
[ BLANK WHEN ZERO ]
~~~~~ ~~~~
[ JUSTIFIED RIGHT ]
~~~~
[ OCCURS [ integer-1 TO ] integer-2 TIMES
~~~~~~ ~~
[ DEPENDING ON identifier-3 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ ASCENDING|DESCENDING KEY IS identifier-4 ]
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
[ INDEXED BY identifier-5 ] ]
~~~~~~~
[ PICTURE IS picture-string ]
~~~
[ REDEFINES identifier-6 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ SIGN IS LEADING|TRAILING [ SEPARATE CHARACTER ] ]
~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ SYNCHRONIZED|SYNCHRONISED [ LEFT|RIGHT ] ]
~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ USAGE IS data-item-usage ] . [ LINKAGE-SECTION-Data-Item ]...
~~~~~
The LEFT and RIGHT (SYNCHRONIZED) clauses are syntactically recognized but are oth-
erwise non-functional.

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Report-Description (RD) Syntax

RD report-name [ IS GLOBAL ]
~~ ~~~~~~
[ CODE IS literal-1 | identifier-1 ]
~~~~
[ { CONTROL IS } { FINAL }... ]
{ ~~~~~~~ } { ~~~~~ }
{ CONTROLS ARE } { identifier-2 }
~~~~~~~~
[ PAGE [ { LIMIT IS } ] [ { literal-2 } LINES ]
~~~~ { ~~~~~ } { identifier-3 } ~~~~
{ LIMITS ARE }
~~~~~~
[ literal-3 | identifier-4 COLUMNS|COLS ]
~~~~~~~ ~~~~
[ HEADING IS literal-4 | identifier-5 ]
~~~~~~~
[ FIRST DE|DETAIL IS literal-5 | identifier-6 ]
~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~
[ LAST CH|{CONTROL HEADING} IS literal-6 | identifier-7 ]
~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ LAST DE|DETAIL IS literal-7 | identifier-8 ]
~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~
[ FOOTING IS literal-8 | identifier-9 ] ] .
~~~~~~~

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Report-Group-Definition Syntax

01 [ identifier-1 ]

[ LINE NUMBER IS { integer-1 [ [ ON NEXT PAGE ] } ]

~~~~ { ~~~~ ~~~~ }
{ +|PLUS integer-1 }
{ ~~~~ }
{ ON NEXT PAGE }
~~~~ ~~~~
[ NEXT GROUP IS { [ +|PLUS ] integer-2 } ]
~~~~ ~~~~~ { ~~~~ }
{ NEXT|{NEXT PAGE}|PAGE }
~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~
[ TYPE IS { RH|{REPORT HEADING} } ]
~~~~ { ~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ PH|{PAGE HEADING} }
{ ~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ CH|{CONTROL HEADING} FINAL|identifier-2 }
{ ~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ }
{ DE|DETAIL }
{ ~~ ~~~~~~ }
{ CF|{CONTROL FOOTING} FINAL|identifier-2 }
{ ~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ }
{ PF|{PAGE FOOTING} }
{ ~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ RF|{REPORT FOOTING} }
~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
. [ REPORT-SECTION-Data-Item ]...

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REPORT-SECTION-Data-Item Syntax

level-number [ identifier-1 ]

[ BLANK WHEN ZERO ]

~~~~~ ~~~~
[ COLUMN [ { NUMBER IS } ] [ +|PLUS ] integer-1 ]
~~~ { ~~~~~~ } ~~~~
{ NUMBERS ARE }
~~~~~~~
[ GROUP INDICATE ]
~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ JUSTIFIED RIGHT ]
~~~~
[ LINE NUMBER IS { integer-2 [ [ ON NEXT PAGE ] } ]
~~~~ { +|PLUS integer-2 ~~~~ ~~~~ }
{ ~~~~ }
{ ON NEXT PAGE }
~~~~ ~~~~
[ OCCURS [ integer-3 TO ] integer-4 TIMES
~~~~~~ ~~
[ DEPENDING ON identifier-2 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ STEP integer-5 ]
~~~~
[ VARYING identifier-3 FROM { identifier-4 } BY { identifier-5 } ]
~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { integer-6 } ~~ { integer-7 }
[ PICTURE IS picture-string ]
~~~
[ PRESENT WHEN condition-name ]
~~~~~~~ ~~~~
[ SIGN IS LEADING|TRAILING [ SEPARATE CHARACTER ] ]
~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ { SOURCE IS literal-1|identifier-6 [ ROUNDED ] } ]
{ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ SUM OF { identifier-7 }... [ { RESET ON FINAL|identifier-8 } ] }
{ ~~~ { literal-2 } { ~~~~~ ~~~~~ } }
{ VALUE IS [ ALL ] literal-3 { UPON identifier-9 } }
~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~
. [ REPORT-SECTION-Data-Item ]...

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SCREEN-SECTION-Data-Item Syntax

level-number [ identifier-1 | FILLER ]

~~~~~~

[ AUTO | AUTO-SKIP | AUTOTERMINATE ] [ BELL | BEEP ]

~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~
[ BACKGROUND-COLOR|BACKGROUND-COLOUR IS integer-1 | identifier-2 ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ BEFORE TIME | BASED ]
~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ BLANK LINE|SCREEN ] [ ERASE EOL|EOS ]
~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~
[ BLANK WHEN ZERO ] [ JUSTIFIED RIGHT ]
~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~
[ BLINK ] [ HIGHLIGHT | LOWLIGHT ] [ REVERSE-VIDEO ]
~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ COLUMN NUMBER IS [ +|PLUS ] integer-2 | identifier-3 ]
~~~ ~~~~
[ CONSTANT | EMPTY CHECK ]
~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~
[ FOREGROUND-COLOR|FOREGROUND-COLOUR IS integer-3 | identifier-4 ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ { FROM literal-1 | identifier-5 } ]
{ ~~~~ }
{ TO identifier-5 }
{ ~~ }
{ USING identifier-5 }
{ ~~~~~ }
{ VALUE IS [ ALL ] literal-1 }
~~~~~ ~~~
[ FULL | LENGTH-CHECK ] [ REQUIRED | EMPTY-CHECK ] [ SECURE | NO-ECHO ]
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ LEFTLINE ] [ OVERLINE ] [ UNDERLINE ]
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
[ LINE NUMBER IS [ +|PLUS ] integer-4 | identifier-6 ]
~~~~ ~~~~
[ NO-ECHO | NO UPDATE ]
~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~
[ OCCURS integer-5 TIMES ]
~~~~~~
[ PICTURE IS picture-string ]
~~~
[ PROMPT [ CHARACTER IS literal-2 | identifier-7 ]
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
[ SCROLL DOWN | SCROLL UP | SIZE | TIME OUT ]

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~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~

[ SIGN IS LEADING|TRAILING [ SEPARATE CHARACTER ] ]

~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ UPDATE ]
~~~~~~
. [ SCREEN-SECTION-Data-Item ]...

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01-Level-Constant Syntax

01 constant-name-1 CONSTANT [ IS GLOBAL ]

~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~
{ AS { literal-1 } }
{ { arithmetic-expression-1 } }
{ { { BYTE-LENGTH } OF { identifier-1 } } }
{ { { ~~~~~~~~~~~ } { usage-name } } }
{ { { LENGTH } } }
{ ~~~~~~ }
{ FROM CDF-variable-name-1 }
~~~~

66-Level-Data-Item Syntax

66 identifier-1 RENAMES identifier-2 [ THRU|THROUGH identifier-3 ] .

~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~

77-Level-Data-Item Syntax

77 identifier-1 [ IS GLOBAL|EXTERNAL ]
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ BASED ]
~~~~~
[ BLANK WHEN ZERO ]
~~~~~ ~~~~
[ JUSTIFIED RIGHT ]
~~~~
[ PICTURE IS picture-string ]
~~~
[ REDEFINES identifier-5 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ SIGN IS LEADING|TRAILING [ SEPARATE CHARACTER ] ]
~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ SYNCHRONIZED|SYNCHRONISED [ LEFT|RIGHT ] ]
~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ USAGE IS data-item-usage ]
~~~~~
[ VALUE IS [ ALL ] literal-1 ] .
~~~~~ ~~~
The LEFT and RIGHT (SYNCHRONIZED) clauses are syntactically recognized but are oth-
erwise non-functional.

78-Level-Constant Syntax

78 constant-name-1 VALUE IS ( literal-1 )

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~~~~~
{ arithmetic-expression-1 }

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88-Level-Data-Item Syntax

88 condition-name-1 { VALUE IS } {literal-1 [ THRU|THROUGH literal-2 ]}...

{ ~~~~~ } ~~~~ ~~~~~~~
{ VALUES ARE }
~~~~~~

[ WHEN SET TO FALSE IS literal-3 ] .

~~~~~

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5 PROCEDURE DIVISION Syntax


PROCEDURE DIVISION Syntax

PROCEDURE DIVISION [ { USING Subprogram-Argument ... } ]

~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ { ~~~~~ }
{ CHAINING Main-Program-Argument...}
~~~~~~~~
[ RETURNING identifier-1 ] .
[ DECLARATIVES. ] ~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ Event-Handler-Routine... . ]

[ END DECLARATIVES. ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~
General-Program-Logic

[ Nested-Subprogram... ]

[ END PROGRAM|FUNCTION name-1 ]

~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~

PROCEDURE DIVISION Subprogram-Argument Syntax

[ BY { REFERENCE [ OPTIONAL ] } ] identifier-1

{ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ }
{ VALUE [ [ UNSIGNED ] SIZE IS { AUTO } ] }
~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~ }
{ DEFAULT }
{ ~~~~~~~ }
{ integer-1 }

PROCEDURE DIVISION Main-Program-Argument Syntax

[ BY REFERENCE ] [ OPTIONAL ] identifier-1

~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~

PROCEDURE DIVISION RETURNING Syntax

RETURNING identifier-1
~~~~~~~~~

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DECLARATIVES Syntax

section-name-1 SECTION.

USE { [ GLOBAL ] AFTER STANDARD { EXCEPTION } PROCEDURE ON { INPUT } }

~~~ { ~~~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~ } { ~~~~~ } }
{ { ERROR } { OUTPUT } }
{ ~~~~~ { ~~~~~~ } }
{ { I-O } }
{ FOR DEBUGGING ON { procedure-name-1 } { ~~~ } }
{ ~~~~~~~~~ { ALL PROCEDURES } { EXTEND } }
{ { ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ } { ~~~~~~ } }
{ { REFERENCES OF identifier-1 } { file-name-1 } }
{ }
{ [ GLOBAL ] BEFORE REPORTING identifier-2 }
{ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ }
{ AFTER EC|{EXCEPTION CONDITION} }
~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
The AFTER EXCEPTION CONDITION and AFTER EC clauses are syntactically recognized but
are otherwise non-functional.

LENGTH OF Syntax

LENGTH OF numeric-literal-1 | identifier-1

~~~~~~

Reference Modifier (Format 1) Syntax

identifier-1 [ OF|IN identifier-2 ] [ (subscript...) ] (start:[ length ])

~~ ~~

Reference Modifier (Format 2) Syntax

intrinsic-function-reference (start:[ length ])


Arithmetic-Expression Syntax

Unary-Expression-1 { **|^ } Unary-Expression-2

{ *|/ }
{ +|- }

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Unary-Expression Syntax

{ [ +|- ] { ( Arithmetic-Expression-1 ) } }
{ { [ LENGTH OF ] { identifier-1 } } }
{ { ~~~~~~ ~~ { literal-1 } } }
{ { { Function-Reference } } }
{ Arithmetic-Expression-2 }

Class-Condition Syntax

identifier-1 IS [ NOT ] { NUMERIC }

~~~ { ~~~~~~~ }
{ ALPHABETIC }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ ALPHABETIC-LOWER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ ALPHABETIC-UPPER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ OMITTED }
{ ~~~~~~~ }
{ class-name-1 }

Sign-Condition Syntax

identifier-1 IS [ NOT ] { POSITIVE }

~~~ { ~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEGATIVE }
{ ~~~~~~~~ }
{ ZERO }
~~~~

Relation-Condition Syntax

{ identifier-1 } IS [ NOT ] RelOp { identifier-2 }

{ literal-1 } ~~~ { literal-2 }
{ arithmetic-expression-1 } { arithmetic-expression-2 }
{ index-name-1 } { index-name-2 }

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RelOp Syntax

{ EQUAL TO }
{ ~~~~~ }
{ EQUALS }
{ ~~~~~~ }
{ GREATER THAN }
{ ~~~~~~~ }
{ GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO }
{ ~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ }
{ LESS THAN }
{ ~~~~ }
{ LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO }
{ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ }
{ = }
{ > }
{ >= }
{ < }
{ <= }

Combined Condition Syntax

[ ( ] Condition-1 [ ) ] { AND } [ ( ] Condition-2 [ ) ]

{ ~~~ }
{ OR }
{ ~~ }

Negated Condition Syntax

NOT Condition-1
~~~

ACCEPT FROM CONSOLE Syntax

ACCEPT { identifier-1 } [ FROM mnemonic-name-1 ]

~~~~~~ ~~~~
{ OMITTED }
~~~~~~~

[ END-ACCEPT ]
~~~~~~~~~~

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ACCEPT FROM COMMAND-LINE Syntax

ACCEPT identifier-1
~~~~~~
FROM { COMMAND-LINE }
~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ ARGUMENT-NUMBER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ ARGUMENT-VALUE }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
[ ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
[ END-ACCEPT ]
~~~~~~~~~~

ACCEPT FROM ENVIRONMENT Syntax

ACCEPT identifier-1
~~~~~~
FROM { ENVIRONMENT-VALUE }
~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ ENVIRONMENT { literal-1 } }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~ { identifier-1 } }
[ ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
[ END-ACCEPT ]
~~~~~~~~~~

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ACCEPT Data-Item Syntax

ACCEPT { identifier-1 }
~~~~~~
{ OMITTED }
~~~~~~~
[{ FROM EXCEPTION-STATUS }]
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[{ FROM CRT ] [ MODE IS BLOCK ]}
~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~

[ AT { | LINE NUMBER { integer-1 } | } ]

~~ { | ~~~~ { identifier-2 } | }
{ | COLUMN|COL|POSITION|POS NUMBER { integer-2 }
{ | ~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~ { identifier-3 }
{ }
{ { integer-3 } }
{ { identifier-4 } }

[ WITH [ Attribute-Specification ]...

~~~~
[ LOWER|UPPER ]
~~~~~ ~~~~~
[ SCROLL { UP } [ { integer-4 } LINE|LINES ] ]
~~~~~~ { ~~ } { identifier-5 }
{ DOWN }
~~~~
[ TIMEOUT|TIME-OUT AFTER { integer-5 } ]
~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ { identifier-6 }
[ CONVERSION ]
~~~~~~~~~~
[ UPDATE ]
~~~~~~
[ SIZE { integer-6 } ]
~~~~ { identifier-7 }
[ CONTROL { literal-8 } ]
~~~~~~~ { identifier-8 }
[ { COLOUR } IS { integer-9 } ]
{ COLOR } { identifier-9 }
~~~~~~

[ ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
[ END-ACCEPT ]

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~~~~~~~~~~
The FROM CRT, MODE IS BLOCK and CONVERSION clauses are syntactically recognized but
are otherwise non-functional.

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ACCEPT FROM DATE/TIME Syntax

ACCEPT identifier-1 FROM { DATE [ YYYYMMDD ] }

~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ }
{ DAY [ YYYYDDD ] }
{ ~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ DAY-OF-WEEK }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TIME }
{ ~~~~ }
{ MICROSECOND-TIME }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
[ END-ACCEPT ]
~~~~~~~~~~

ACCEPT FROM Screen-Info Syntax

ACCEPT identifier-1
~~~~~~
FROM { LINES|LINE-NUMBER }
~~~~ { ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ COLS|COLUMNS }
{ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ ESCAPE KEY }
~~~~~~ ~~~
[ END-ACCEPT ]
~~~~~~~~~~

ACCEPT FROM Runtime-Info Syntax

ACCEPT identifier-1
~~~~~~
FROM { EXCEPTION STATUS }
~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ }
{ USER NAME }
~~~~ ~~~~
[ END-ACCEPT ]
~~~~~~~~~~

ACCEPT OMITTED Syntax

ACCEPT OMITTED
~~~~~~

1. For console : See 6.17.1.1 (ACCEPT FROM CONSOLE Syntax)

2. For Screen : See 6.17.1.4 (ACCEPT screen-data-item Syntax)

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[ END-ACCEPT ]
~~~~~~~~~~

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ACCEPT FROM EXCEPTION STATUS Syntax

ACCEPT exception-status-pic-9-4 FROM EXCEPTION STATUS

~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~

[ END-ACCEPT ]
~~~~~~~~~~

ADD TO Syntax

ADD { literal-1 }...

~~~ { identifier-1 }

TO { identifier-2
~~
[ ROUNDED [ MODE IS {AWAY-FROM-ZERO } ] ] }...
~~~~~~~ ~~~~ {~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{NEAREST-EVEN }
{~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{NEAREST-TOWARD-ZERO }
{~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{PROHIBITED }
{~~~~~~~~~~ }
{TOWARD-GREATER }
{~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{TOWARD-LESSER }
{~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{TRUNCATION }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~ ~~~~~
[ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ END-ADD ]
~~~~~~~

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ADD GIVING Syntax

ADD { literal-1 }...

~~~ { identifier-1 }

[ TO identifier-2 ]
~~
GIVING { identifier-3
~~~~~~
[ ROUNDED [ MODE IS { AWAY-FROM-ZERO } ] ] }...
~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-EVEN }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-TOWARD-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ PROHIBITED }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-GREATER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-LESSER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TRUNCATION }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~ ~~~~~
[ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ END-ADD ]
~~~~~~~

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ADD CORRESPONDING Syntax

ADD CORRESPONDING identifier-1

~~~
TO identifier-2
~~
[ ROUNDED [ MODE IS { AWAY-FROM-ZERO } ] ]
~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-EVEN }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-TOWARD-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ PROHIBITED }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-GREATER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-LESSER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TRUNCATION }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~ ~~~~~
[ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ END-ADD ]
~~~~~~~

ALLOCATE Syntax

FORMAT 1. ALLOCATE a "BASED" ITEM.

ALLOCATE identifier-1
~~~~~~~~
[{ INITIALIZED } ] [ RETURNING identifier-3 ]
[{ ~~~~~~~~~~~ } ] ~~~~~~~~~
[{ INITIALISED } ]
[{ ~~~~~~~~~~~ } ]

FORMAT 2. ALLOCATE a memory block.

ALLOCATE arithmetic-expression-1 CHARACTERS

~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
[{ INITIALIZED } [ TO { identifier-2}] ] RETURNING identifier-3

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[{ ~~~~~~~~~~~ } [ ~~ { }] ] ~~~~~~~~~
[{ INITIALISED } [ { literal-1 }] ]
[{ ~~~~~~~~~~~ } ]

ALTER Syntax

ALTER procedure-name-1 TO PROCEED TO procedure-name-2

~~~~~ ~~

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CALL Syntax

CALL [ { STDCALL } ] { literal-1 }

~~~~ { ~~~~~~~ } { identifier-1 }
{ STATIC }
{ ~~~~~~ }
{ mnemonic-name-1 }

[ USING CALL-Argument... ]
~~~~~
[ RETURNING|GIVING identifier-2 ]
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~
[ ON OVERFLOW|EXCEPTION imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
[ NOT ON OVERFLOW|EXCEPTION imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
[ END-CALL ]
~~~~~~~~

CALL Argument Syntax

[ BY { REFERENCE } ]
{ ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ CONTENT }
{ ~~~~~~~ }
{ VALUE }
~~~~~

{ OMITTED }
{ ~~~~~~~ }
{ [ UNSIGNED ] [ SIZE IS { AUTO } ] [ { literal-2 } }
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~ } { identifier-2 }
{ DEFAULT }
{ ~~~~~~~ }
{ integer-1 }

CANCEL Syntax

CANCEL { literal-1 }...

~~~~~~ { identifier-1 }

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CLOSE Syntax

CLOSE { file-name-1 [ { REEL|UNIT [ FOR REMOVAL ] } ] }...

~~~~~ { ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ WITH LOCK }
{ ~~~~ }
{ WITH NO REWIND }
~~ ~~~~~~
The REEL, LOCK and NO REWIND clauses are syntactically recognized but are otherwise non-
functional, except for the CLOSE...NO REWIND statement, which will generate a file status
of 07 rather than the usual 00 (but take no other action).

COMMIT Syntax

COMMIT
~~~~~~

COMPUTE Syntax

COMPUTE { identifier-1
~~~~~~~
[ ROUNDED [ MODE IS { AWAY-FROM-ZERO } ] }...
~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-EVEN }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-TOWARD-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ PROHIBITED }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-GREATER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-LESSER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TRUNCATION }
~~~~~~~~~~
= | EQUAL arithmetic-expression-1
~~~~~
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~ ~~~~~
[ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ END-COMPUTE ]
~~~~~~~~~~~

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CONTINUE Syntax

CONTINUE
~~~~~~~~

{ identifier-1 }
CONTINUE AFTER { literal-1 } SECONDS
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ { arithmetic-expression-1 } ~~~~~~~

DELETE Syntax

DELETE file-name-1 RECORD

~~~~~~
[ INVALID KEY imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~
[ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ END-DELETE ]
~~~~~~~~~~

DISPLAY UPON Device Syntax

DISPLAY { literal-1 }...

~~~~~~~ { identifier-1 }
[ UPON mnemonic-name-1 ]
~~~~
[ WITH
NO ADVANCING ]
~~ ~~~~~~~~~
[ ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
[ END-DISPLAY ]
~~~~~~~~~~~

DISPLAY UPON COMMAND-LINE Syntax

DISPLAY { literal-1 }...

~~~~~~~ { identifier-1 }
UPON { ARGUMENT-NUMBER|COMMAND-LINE }
~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
[ ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
[ END-DISPLAY ]

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~~~~~~~~~~~

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DISPLAY UPON ENVIRONMENT-NAME Syntax

DISPLAY { literal-1 }... UPON { ENVIRONMENT-VALUE }

~~~~~~~ { identifier-1 } ~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ ENVIRONMENT-NAME }
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
[ END-DISPLAY ]
~~~~~~~~~~~

DISPLAY Data-Item Syntax

DISPLAY identifier-1 [ UPON CRT|CRT-UNDER ]

~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
OMITTED
~~~~~~~
[ AT { | LINE NUMBER { integer-1 } | } ]
~~ { | ~~~~ { identifier-2 } | }
{ | COLUMN|COL|POSITION|POS NUMBER { integer-2 }
{ | ~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~ { identifier-3 }
{ }
{ { integer-3 } }
{ { identifier-4 } }

[ WITH [ Attribute-Specification ]...

~~~~
[ SCROLL { UP } [ { integer-4 } LINE|LINES ] ]
~~~~~~ { ~~ } { identifier-5 }
{ DOWN }
~~~~
[ SIZE { integer-5 }
~~~~ { identifier-6 } ]
[ CONTROL { literal-7 } ]
~~~~~~~ { identifier-7 }
[ COLOR { IS } { integer-8 } ]
COLOUR { IS } { identifier-8 } ]
~~~~~~
[ NO ADVANCING ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~

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[ END-DISPLAY ]
~~~~~~~~~~~
The UPON CRT, UPON CRT-UNDER and CONVERSION clauses are syntactically recognized but
are otherwise non-functional. They are supported to provide compatibility with COBOL
source written for other COBOL implementations.

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DISPLAY data-item (Microsoft format) Syntax

DISPLAY [position-spec] {identifier-2 | literal-1} ...

~~~~~~~

[ WITH [ Attribute-Specification ]...

~~~~
[ ERASE { SCREEN|LINE } ]
[ SCROLL { UP } [ { integer-3 } LINE|LINES ] ]
~~~~~~ { ~~ } { identifier-3 }
{ DOWN }
~~~~
[ SIZE { integer-4 }
~~~~ { identifier-4 } ]
[ END-DISPLAY ]
~~~~~~~~~~~

where position-spec is
{ (position-spec-num, position-spec-num) }
{ (,position-spec-num) }
{ (position-spec-num,) }

where position-spec-num is
{ identifier-1 } [{ + } integer-1 ]
{ integer-2 } [{ - } ]

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DIVIDE INTO Syntax

DIVIDE { literal-1 } INTO { literal-2 } GIVING { identifier-3

~~~~~~ { identifier-1 } ~~~~ { identifier-2 } ~~~~~~

[ ROUNDED [ MODE IS { AWAY-FROM-ZERO } ] ] }...

~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-EVEN }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-TOWARD-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ PROHIBITED }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-GREATER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-LESSER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TRUNCATION }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ REMAINDER identifier-4 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~ ~~~~~
[ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ END-DIVIDE ]
~~~~~~~~~~
For further clarification, the following examples are provided to be used with
the various flavours of the DIVIDE statement when using BY, INTO and GIVING.

--------------------------------------+---+-----+--------------+-------------------+
DIVIDE Operation | A | B | C | D |
--------------------------------------+---+-----+--------------+-------------------+
DIVIDE A INTO B | A | B/A | | |
--------------------------------------+---+-----+--------------+-------------------+
DIVIDE A INTO B GIVING C | A | B | B/A | |
--------------------------------------+---+-----+--------------+-------------------+
DIVIDE A BY B GIVING C | A | B | A/B | |
--------------------------------------+---+-----+--------------+-------------------+
DIVIDE A INTO B GIVING C REMAINDER D | A | B | Integer(B/A) | Integer remainder |
--------------------------------------+---+-----+--------------+-------------------+

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DIVIDE INTO GIVING Syntax

DIVIDE { literal-1 } INTO { literal-2 } GIVING { identifier-3

~~~~~~ { identifier-1 } ~~~~ { identifier-2 } ~~~~~~

[ ROUNDED [ MODE IS { AWAY-FROM-ZERO } ] ] }...

~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-EVEN }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-TOWARD-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ PROHIBITED }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-GREATER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-LESSER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TRUNCATION }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ REMAINDER identifier-4 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~ ~~~~~
[ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ END-DIVIDE ]
~~~~~~~~~~

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DIVIDE BY GIVING Syntax

DIVIDE { literal-1 } BY { literal-2 } GIVING { identifier-3

~~~~~~ { identifier-1 } ~~ { identifier-2 } ~~~~~~

[ ROUNDED [ MODE IS { AWAY-FROM-ZERO } ] ] }...

~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-EVEN }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-TOWARD-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ PROHIBITED }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-GREATER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-LESSER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TRUNCATION }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ REMAINDER identifier-4 ]
~~~~~~~~~
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~ ~~~~~
[ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ END-DIVIDE ]
~~~~~~~~~~

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ENTRY Syntax

ENTRY [ call-convention-phrase ] literal-1

~~~~~
[ linkage-phrase ]

[ USING ENTRY-Argument ... ]

~~~~~

Format 2 (Special purpose and for GO TO )

ENTRY FOR GO TO literal-3

~~~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~

ENTRY-Argument Syntax

[ BY { REFERENCE } ] { OMITTED }
{ ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ CONTENT } ] { [ size-phrase ] { identifier-1 } }
{ ~~~~~~~ } { literal-2 } }
{ VALUE } ] { [ size-phrase ] { identifier-1 } }
~~~~~ { literal-2 } }

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EVALUATE Syntax

EVALUATE Selection-Subject-1 [ ALSO Selection-Subject-2 ]...

~~~~~~~~ ~~~~
{ { WHEN Selection-Object-1 [ ALSO Selection-Object-2 ] }...
~~~~ ~~~~
[ imperative-statement-1 ] }...
[ WHEN OTHER
~~~~ ~~~~~
imperative-statement-other ]

[ END-EVALUATE ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~

EVALUATE Selection Subject Syntax

{ TRUE }
{ ~~~~ }
{ FALSE }
{ ~~~~~ }
{ expression-1 }
{ identifier-1 }
{ literal-1 }

EVALUATE Selection Object Syntax

{ ANY }
{ ~~~ }
{ TRUE }
{ ~~~~ }
{ FALSE }
{ ~~~~~ }
{ partial-expression-1 }
{ }
{ { expression-2 } [ THRU|THROUGH { expression-3 } ] }
{ { identifier-2 } ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ { identifier-3 } }
{ { literal-2 } { literal-3 } }

EXAMINE Syntax

EXAMINE { identifier } TALLYING

~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
{ ALL|LEADING|UNTIL FIRST } literal-1 REPLACING BY literal-2
~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~

EXAMINE { identifier } REPLACING { ALL|FIRST|LEADING|UNTIL FIRST }

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~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~

literal-3 BY literal-4
~~

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EXHIBIT Syntax

EXHIBIT [CHANGED][NAMED] [position-spec] [ERASE] {identifier-1 | literal-1} ...

~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~
[UPON mnemonic-name-1]
~~~~

where position-spec is

{(position-spec-num, position-spec-num)}
{(, position-spec-num) }
{(position-spec-num, ) }

where position-spec-num is

{identifier-2} [{+} integer-2]

{integer-1 } [{-} ]

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EXIT Syntax

EXIT [ { PROGRAM } [ { RETURNING } ] { identifier-1 } ]

~~~~ [ { GIVING } ] { literal-1 } ]
{ FUNCTION } ]
{ ~~~~~~~~ } ]
{ PERFORM [ CYCLE ] } ]
{ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ } ]
{ SECTION } ]
{ ~~~~~~~ } ]
{ PARAGRAPH } ]
~~~~~~~~~

FREE Syntax

FREE { [ ADDRESS OF ] identifier-1 }...

~~~~ ~~~~~~~

GENERATE Syntax

GENERATE { report-name-1 }
~~~~~~~~ { identifier-1 }

GOBACK Syntax

GOBACK [ { RETURNING|GIVING { literal-1 } ]

~~~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ { identifier-1 }

Simple GO TO Syntax

GO TO procedure-name-1
~~
GO TO ENTRY literal-3
~~ ~~~~~

GO TO DEPENDING ON Syntax

GO TO {procedure-name-1} ...
~~
DEPENDING ON identifier-1
~~~~~~~~~
GO TO ENTRY {literal-3} ...
~~ ~~~~~
DEPENDING ON identifier-1
~~~~~~~~~

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IF Syntax

IF conditional-expression
~~
THEN { imperative-statement-1 }
{ NEXT SENTENCE }
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ ELSE { imperative-statement-2 } ]
~~~~ { NEXT SENTENCE }
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ END-IF ]
~~~~~~

INITIALIZE Syntax

INITIALIZE|INITIALISE identifier-1...
~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
[ WITH FILLER ]
~~~~~~
[ { category-name-1 } TO VALUE ]
{ ALL } ~~~~~
~~~
[ THEN REPLACING { category-name-2 DATA BY
~~~~~~~~~ ~~
[ LENGTH OF ] { literal-1 } }... ]
~~~~~~ { identifier-1 }

[ THEN TO DEFAULT ]
~~~~~~~

INITIATE Syntax

INITIATE report-name-1
~~~~~~~~

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INSPECT Syntax

INSPECT { literal-1 }
~~~~~~~ { identifier-1 }
{ function-reference-1 }

[ TALLYING { identifier-2 FOR { ALL|LEADING|TRAILING { literal-2 } }

~~~~~~~~ ~~~ { ~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ { identifier-3 } }
{ CHARACTERS }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ | { AFTER|BEFORE } INITIAL { literal-3 } | ] }... ]
| ~~~~~ ~~~~~~ { identifier-4 } |

[ REPLACING { { { ALL|FIRST|LEADING|TRAILING { literal-4 } }

~~~~~~~~~ { { ~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ { identifier-5 } }
{ CHARACTERS }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }

BY { [ ALL ] literal-5 }
~~ { ~~~ }
{ identifier-6 }

[ | { AFTER|BEFORE } INITIAL { literal-6 } | ] }... ]

| ~~~~~ ~~~~~~ { identifier-7 } |

[ CONVERTING { { literal-7 } TO { literal-8 }

~~~~~~~~~~ { identifier-8 } ~~ { identifier-9 }

[ | { AFTER|BEFORE } INITIAL { literal-9 } | ] ]

| ~~~~~ ~~~~~~ { identifier-10 } |

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MERGE Syntax

MERGE sort-file-1
~~~~~
{ ON { ASCENDING } KEY identifier-1... }...
{ ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ DESCENDING }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ WITH DUPLICATES IN ORDER ]
~~~~~~~~~~
[ COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~
USING file-name-1 file-name-2...
~~~~~
{ OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS procedure-name-1 }
{ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ [ THRU|THROUGH procedure-name-2 ] }
{ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ GIVING file-name-3... }
{ ~~~~~~ }
The DUPLICATES clause is syntactically recognized but is otherwise non-functional.

Simple MOVE Syntax

MOVE { literal-1 } TO identifier-2...

~~~~ { identifier-1 } ~~

MOVE CORRESPONDING Syntax

MOVE CORRESPONDING identifier-1 TO identifier-2...

~~~~ ~~~~ ~~

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MULTIPLY BY Syntax

MULTIPLY { literal-1 } BY { identifier-2

~~~~~~~~ { identifier-1 } ~~

[ ROUNDED [ MODE IS { AWAY-FROM-ZERO } ] ] }...

~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-EVEN }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-TOWARD-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ PROHIBITED }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-GREATER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-LESSER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TRUNCATION }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~ ~~~~~
[ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ END-MULTIPLY ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~

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MULTIPLY GIVING Syntax

MULTIPLY { literal-1 } BY { literal-2 } GIVING { identifier-3

~~~~~~~~ { identifier-1 } ~~ { identifier-2 } ~~~~~~

[ ROUNDED [ MODE IS { AWAY-FROM-ZERO } ] ] }...

~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-EVEN }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-TOWARD-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ PROHIBITED }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-GREATER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-LESSER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TRUNCATION }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~ ~~~~~
[ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ END-MULTIPLY ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~

OPEN Syntax

OPEN { { INPUT } [ SHARING WITH { ALL OTHER } ] file-name-1

~~~~ { ~~~~~ } ~~~~~~~ { ~~~ }
{ OUTPUT } { NO OTHER }
{ ~~~~~~ } { ~~ }
{ I-O } { READ ONLY }
{ ~~~ } ~~~~ ~~~~
{ EXTEND }
~~~~~~
[ { REVERSED } ] }...
{ ~~~~~~~~ }
{ WITH { NO REWIND } }
{ { ~~ ~~~~~~ } }
{ { LOCK } }
~~~~
The NO REWIND, and REVERSED clauses are syntactically recognized but are otherwise non-
functional.

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Procedural PERFORM Syntax

PERFORM procedure-name-1 [ THRU|THROUGH procedure-name-2 ]

~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ { [ WITH TEST { BEFORE } ] { VARYING-Clause } } ]
{ ~~~~ { ~~~~~~ } { UNTIL conditional-expression-1 } }
{ { AFTER } ~~~~~ }
{ ~~~~~ }
{ UNTIL EXIT|FOREVER }
{ ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ { literal-1 } TIMES }
{ { identifier-1 } ~~~~~ }

Inline PERFORM Syntax

PERFORM
~~~~~~~
[ { [ WITH TEST { BEFORE } ] { VARYING-Clause } } ]
{ ~~~~ { ~~~~~~ } { UNTIL conditional-expression-1 } }
{ { AFTER } ~~~~~ }
{ ~~~~~ }
{ UNTIL EXIT|FOREVER }
{ ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ { literal-1 } TIMES }
{ { identifier-1 } ~~~~~ }

imperative-statement-1

[ END-PERFORM ]
~~~~~~~~~~~

VARYING Syntax

VARYING identifier-2 FROM { literal-2 } [ BY { literal-3 } ]

~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { identifier-3 } ~~ { identifier-4 }
[ UNTIL conditional-expression-1 ]
~~~~~
[ AFTER identifier-5 FROM { literal-4 } [ BY { literal-5 } ]
~~~~~ ~~~~ { identifier-6 } ~~ { identifier-7 }
[ UNTIL conditional-expression-2 ] ]...
~~~~~

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Sequential READ Syntax

READ file-name-1 [ { NEXT|PREVIOUS } ] RECORD [ INTO identifier-1 ]

~~~~ { ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ } ~~~~
[ { IGNORING LOCK } ]
{ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ }
{ WITH [ NO ] LOCK }
{ ~~ ~~~~ }
{ WITH KEPT LOCK }
{ ~~~~ ~~~~ }
{ WITH IGNORE LOCK }
{ ~~~~~~ ~~~~ }
{ WITH WAIT }
~~~~
[ AT END imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~
[ NOT AT END imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~
[ END-READ ]
~~~~~~~~

Random READ Syntax

READ file-name-1 RECORD [ INTO identifier-1 ]

~~~~ ~~~~
[ { IGNORING LOCK } ]
{ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ }
{ WITH [ NO ] LOCK }
{ ~~ ~~~~ }
{ WITH KEPT LOCK }
{ ~~~~ ~~~~ }
{ WITH IGNORE LOCK }
{ ~~~~~~ ~~~~ }
{ WITH WAIT }
~~~~
[ KEY IS identifier-2 ]
~~~
[ INVALID KEY imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~
[ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ END-READ ]
~~~~~~~~

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READY TRACE Syntax

READY TRACE
~~~~~ ~~~~~

RELEASE Syntax

RELEASE record-name-1 [ FROM { literal-1 } ]

~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { identifier-1 }

RESET TRACE Syntax

RESET TRACE
~~~~~ ~~~~~

RETURN Syntax

RETURN sort-file-name-1 RECORD

~~~~~~
[ INTO identifier-1 ]
~~~~
AT END imperative-statement-1
~~~
[ NOT AT END imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~
[ END-RETURN ]
~~~~~~~~~~

REWRITE Syntax

REWRITE record-name-1
~~~~~~~
[ FROM { literal-1 } ]
~~~~ { identifier-1 }

[ WITH [ NO ] LOCK ]
~~ ~~~~
[ INVALID KEY imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~
[ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ END-REWRITE ]
~~~~~~~~~~~

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ROLLBACK Syntax

ROLLBACK
~~~~~~~~

SEARCH Syntax

SEARCH table-name-1
~~~~~~
[ VARYING index-name-1 ]
~~~~~~~
[ AT END imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~
{ WHEN conditional-expression-1 imperative-statement-2 }...
~~~~
[ END-SEARCH ]
~~~~~~~~~~

SEARCH ALL Syntax

SEARCH ALL table-name-1

~~~~~~ ~~~
[ AT END imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~
WHEN conditional-expression-1 imperative-statement-2
~~~~
[ END-SEARCH ]
~~~~~~~~~~

SET ENVIRONMENT Syntax

SET ENVIRONMENT { literal-1 } TO { literal-2 }

~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ { identifier-1 } ~~ { identifier-2 }

SET Program-Pointer Syntax

SET program-pointer-1 TO ENTRY { literal-1 }

~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ { identifier-1 }

SET ADDRESS Syntax

SET [ ADDRESS OF ] { pointer-name-1 }...

~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ { identifier-1 }

TO [ ADDRESS OF ] { pointer-name-2 }
~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ { identifier-2 }

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SET Index Syntax

SET index-name-1 TO { literal-1 }

~~~ ~~ { identifier-2 }

SET UP/DOWN Syntax

SET identifier-1 { UP } BY [ LENGTH OF ] { literal-1 }

~~~ { ~~ } ~~ ~~~~~~ ~~ { identifier-2 }
{ DOWN }
~~~~

SET Condition Name Syntax

SET condition-name-1... TO { TRUE }

~~~ ~~ { ~~~~ }
{ FALSE }
~~~~~

SET Switch Syntax

SET mnemonic-name-1... TO { ON }
~~~ ~~ { ~~ }
{ OFF }
~~~

SET ATTRIBUTE Syntax

SET identifier-1 ATTRIBUTE { { BELL } { ON }...

~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ { ~~~~ } { ~~ }
{ BLINK } { OFF }
{ ~~~~~ } ~~~
{ HIGHLIGHT }
{ ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ LEFTLINE }
{ ~~~~~~~~ }
{ LOWLIGHT }
{ ~~~~~~~~ }
{ OVERLINE }
{ ~~~~~~~~ }
{ REVERSE-VIDEO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ UNDERLINE }
~~~~~~~~~

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SET LAST EXCEPTION Syntax

SET LAST EXCEPTION TO { OFF }

~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~

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File-Based SORT Syntax

SORT sort-file-1
~~~~
{ ON { ASCENDING } KEY identifier-1... }...
{ ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ DESCENDING }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ WITH DUPLICATES IN ORDER ]
~~~~~~~~~~
[ COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~

{ INPUT PROCEDURE IS procedure-name-1 }

{ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ [ THRU|THROUGH procedure-name-2 ] }
{ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ USING file-name-1 ... }
~~~~~

{ OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS procedure-name-3 }

{ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ [ THRU|THROUGH procedure-name-4 ] }
{ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ }
{ GIVING file-name-2 ... }
~~~~~~
The DUPLICATES clause is syntactically recognized but is otherwise non-functional.

Table SORT Syntax

SORT table-name-1
~~~~
{ ON { ASCENDING } KEY identifier-1... }...
{ ~~~~~~~~~ }
{ DESCENDING }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ WITH DUPLICATES IN ORDER ]
~~~~~~~~~~
[ COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~
The DUPLICATES clause is syntactically recognized but is otherwise non-functional.

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START Syntax

START file-name-1
~~~~~
[ { FIRST } ]
{ ~~~~~ }
{ LAST }
{ ~~~~ }
{ KEY { IS EQUAL TO | IS = | EQUALS } identifier-1 }
~~~ { ~~~~~ ~~~~~~ }
{ IS GREATER THAN | IS > }
{ ~~~~~~~ }
{ IS GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO | IS >= }
{ ~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ }
{ IS NOT LESS THAN }
{ ~~~ ~~~~ }
{ IS LESS THAN | IS < }
{ ~~~~ }
{ IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO | IS <= }
{ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ }
{ IS NOT GREATER THAN }
~~~ ~~~~~~~

[ WITH {SIZE} arithmetic-expression ]

~~~~
[ {LENGTH} arithmetic-expression ]
~~~~~~

[ INVALID KEY imperative-statement-1 ]

~~~~~~~
[ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ END-START ]
~~~~~~~~~

STOP Syntax

STOP { RUN [ { RETURNING|GIVING { literal-1 } } ] }

~~~~ { ~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ { identifier-1 } } }
{ { } }
{ { WITH { ERROR } STATUS [ { literal-2 } ] } }
{ { { ~~~~~ } { identifier-2 } } }
{ { { NORMAL } } }
{ ~~~~~~ }
{ literal-3 }

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STRING Syntax

STRING
~~~~~~
{ { literal-1 } [ DELIMITED BY { SIZE } ] }...
{ identifier-1 } ~~~~~~~~~ { ~~~~ }
{ literal-2 }
{ identifier-2 }
INTO identifier-3
~~~~
[ WITH POINTER identifier-4 ]
~~~~~~~
[ ON OVERFLOW imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~~
[ NOT ON OVERFLOW imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ END-STRING ]
~~~~~~~~~~

SUBTRACT FROM Syntax

SUBTRACT { literal-1 }... FROM { identifier-2

~~~~~~~~ { identifier-1 } ~~~~

[ ROUNDED [ MODE IS {AWAY-FROM-ZERO } ] ] }...

~~~~~~~ ~~~~ {~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{NEAREST-EVEN }
{~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{NEAREST-TOWARD-ZERO }
{~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{PROHIBITED }
{~~~~~~~~~~ }
{TOWARD-GREATER }
{~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{TOWARD-LESSER }
{~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{TRUNCATION }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~ ~~~~~
[ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ END-SUBTRACT ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~

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SUBTRACT GIVING Syntax

SUBTRACT { literal-1 }... FROM identifier-2

~~~~~~~~ { identifier-1 } ~~~~

GIVING { identifier-3
~~~~~~
[ ROUNDED [ MODE IS { AWAY-FROM-ZERO } ] ] }...
~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-EVEN }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-TOWARD-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ PROHIBITED }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-GREATER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-LESSER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TRUNCATION }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~ ~~~~~
[ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ END-SUBTRACT ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~

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SUBTRACT CORRESPONDING Syntax

SUBTRACT CORRESPONDING identifier-1 FROM identifier-2

~~~~~~~~ ~~~~
[ ROUNDED [ MODE IS { AWAY-FROM-ZERO } ] ]
~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-EVEN }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ NEAREST-TOWARD-ZERO }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ PROHIBITED }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-GREATER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TOWARD-LESSER }
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ }
{ TRUNCATION }
~~~~~~~~~~
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~ ~~~~~
[ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~
[ END-SUBTRACT ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~

SUPPRESS Syntax

SUPPRESS PRINTING
~~~~~~~~

TERMINATE Syntax

TERMINATE report-name-1...
~~~~~~~~~

TRANSFORM Syntax

TRANSFORM identifier-1 CHARACTERS FROM { literal-1 } TO { literal-2 }

~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ { identifier-2 } ~~ { identifier-3 }

UNLOCK Syntax

UNLOCK filename-1 RECORD|RECORDS

~~~~~~

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UNSTRING Syntax

UNSTRING identifier-1
~~~~~~~~
DELIMITED BY { [ ALL ] literal-1 } [ OR { [ ALL ] literal-2 } ]...
~~~~~~~~~ { ~~~ } ~~ { ~~~ }
{ identifier-2 } { identifier-3 }

INTO { identifier-4
~~~~ [ DELIMITER IN identifier-5 ] [ COUNT IN identifier-6 ] }...
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~
[ WITH POINTER identifier-7 ]
~~~~~~~
[ TALLYING IN identifier-8 ]
~~~~~~~~
[ ON OVERFLOW imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~~
[ NOT ON OVERFLOW imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~~
[ END-UNSTRING ]
~~~~~~~~~~~~

WRITE Syntax

WRITE record-name-1
~~~~~
[ FROM { literal-1 } ]
~~~~ { identifier-1 }

[ WITH [ NO ] LOCK ]
~~ ~~~~
[ { BEFORE } ADVANCING { { literal-2 } LINE|LINES } ]
{ ~~~~~~ } { { identifier-2 }
{ AFTER } { PAGE }
~~~~~ { ~~~~ }
{ mnemonic-name-1 }

[ AT END-OF-PAGE|EOP imperative-statement-1 ]
~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~
[ NOT AT END-OF-PAGE|EOP imperative-statement-2 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~
[ INVALID KEY imperative-statement-3 ]
~~~~~~~
[ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-statement-4 ]
~~~ ~~~~~~~
[ END-WRITE ]
~~~~~~~~~

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6 Intrinsic Functions Syntax


ABS Function Syntax

ABS(number)
~~~

ACOS Function Syntax

ACOS(cosine)
~~~~

ANNUITY Function Syntax

ANNUITY(interest-rate, number-of-periods)
~~~~~~~

ASIN Function Syntax

ASIN(sine)
~~~~

ATAN Function Syntax

ATAN(tangent)
~~~~

BIT-OF Function Syntax

BIT-OF (argument-1)
~~~~~~

BIT-TO-CHAR Function Syntax

BIT-TO-CHAR {argument-1)
~~~~~~~~~~~

BYTE-LENGTH Function Syntax

BYTE-LENGTH(string)
~~~~~~~~~~~

CHAR Function Syntax

CHAR(integer)

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~~~~

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COMBINED-DATETIME Function Syntax

COMBINED-DATETIME(days, seconds)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

CONCATENATE Function Syntax

CONCAT | CONCATENATE (argument-1 [, argument-2 ]...)

~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~

CONTENT-LENGTH Function Syntax

CONTENT-LENGTH argument-1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

CONTENT-OF Function Syntax

CONTENT-OF pointer-1 { length }

~~~~~~~~~~

COS Function Syntax

COS(angle)
~~~

CURRENCY-SYMBOL Function Syntax

CURRENCY-SYMBOL
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

CURRENT-DATE Function Syntax

CURRENT-DATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~

DATE-OF-INTEGER Function Syntax

DATE-OF-INTEGER(integer)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

DATE-TO-YYYYMMDD Function Syntax

DATE-TO-YYYYMMDD(yymmdd [, yy-cutoff [, yy-execution-time ]])

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

DAY-OF-INTEGER Function Syntax

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DAY-OF-INTEGER(integer)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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DAY-TO-YYYYDDD Function Syntax

DAY-TO-YYYYDDD(yyddd [, yy-cutoff [, yy-execution-time ]])

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

E Function Syntax

E
~

EXCEPTION-FILE Function Syntax

EXCEPTION-FILE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

EXCEPTION-LOCATION Function Syntax

EXCEPTION-LOCATION
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

EXCEPTION-STATEMENT Function Syntax

EXCEPTION-STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

EXCEPTION-STATUS Function Syntax

EXCEPTION-STATUS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

EXP Function Syntax

EXP(number)
~~~

EXP10 Function Syntax

EXP10(number)
~~~~~

FACTORIAL Function Syntax

FACTORIAL(number)
~~~~~~~~~

FORMATTED-CURRENT-DATE Function Syntax

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FORMATTED-CURRENT-DATE ( argument-1 )
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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FORMATTED-DATE Function Syntax

FORMATTED-DATE ( argument-1, argument-2 )

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

FORMATTED-DATETIME Function Syntax

FORMATTED-DATETIME ( argument-1, argument-2, argument-3, argument-4 )

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

FORMATTED-TIME Function Syntax

FORMATTED-TIME ( argument-1, argument-2, argument-3 )

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

FRACTION-PART Function Syntax

FRACTION-PART(number)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

HEX-OF Function Syntax

HEX-OF {argument-1)
~~~~~~

HEX-TO-CHAR Function Syntax

HEX-TO-CHAR {argument-1)
~~~~~~~~~~~

HIGHEST-ALGEBRAIC Function Syntax

HIGHEST-ALGEBRAIC(numeric-identifier)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

INTEGER Function Syntax

INTEGER(number)
~~~~~~~

INTEGER-OF-DATE Function Syntax

INTEGER-OF-DATE(date)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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INTEGER-OF-DAY Function Syntax

INTEGER-OF-DAY(date)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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INTEGER-OF-FORMATTED-DATE Function Syntax

INTEGER-OF-FORMATTED-DATE ( argument-1, argument-2 )

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

INTEGER-PART Function Syntax

INTEGER-PART(number)
~~~~~~~~~~~~

LENGTH Function Syntax

LENGTH(string)
~~~~~~

LENGTH-AN Function Syntax

LENGTH-AN(string)
~~~~~~~~~

LOCALE-COMPARE Function Syntax

LOCALE-COMPARE(argument-1, argument-2 [ , locale ])

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

LOCALE-DATE Function Syntax

LOCALE-DATE(date [, locale ])
~~~~~~~~~~~

LOCALE-TIME Function Syntax

LOCALE-TIME(time [, locale ])
~~~~~~~~~~~

LOCALE-TIME-FROM-SECONDS Function Syntax

LOCALE-TIME-FROM-SECONDS(seconds [, locale ])
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

LOG Function Syntax

LOG(number)
~~~

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LOG10 Function Syntax

LOG10(number)
~~~~~

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LOWER-CASE Function Syntax

LOWER-CASE(string)
~~~~~~~~~~

LOWEST-ALGEBRAIC Function Syntax

LOWEST-ALGEBRAIC(numeric-identifier)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

MAX Function Syntax

MAX(number-1 [, number-2 ]...)

~~~

MEAN Function Syntax

MEAN(number-1 [, number-2 ]...)

~~~~

MEDIAN Function Syntax

MEDIAN(number-1 [, number-2 ]...)

~~~~~~

MIDRANGE Function Syntax

MIDRANGE(number-1 [, number-2 ]...)

~~~~~~~~

MIN Function Syntax

MIN(number-1 [, number-2 ]...)

~~~

MOD Function Syntax

MOD(value, modulus)
~~~

MODULE-CALLER-ID Function Syntax

MODULE-CALLER-ID
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

MODULE-DATE Function Syntax

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MODULE-DATE
~~~~~~~~~~~

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MODULE-FORMATTED-DATE Function Syntax

MODULE-FORMATTED-DATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

MODULE-ID Function Syntax

MODULE-ID
~~~~~~~~~

MODULE-PATH Function Syntax

MODULE-PATH
~~~~~~~~~~~

MODULE-SOURCE Function Syntax

MODULE-SOURCE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

MODULE-TIME Function Syntax

MODULE-TIME
~~~~~~~~~~~

MONETARY-DECIMAL-POINT Function Syntax

MONETARY-DECIMAL-POINT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

MONETARY-THOUSANDS-SEPARATOR Function Syntax

MONETARY-THOUSANDS-SEPARATOR
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

NUMERIC-DECIMAL-POINT Function Syntax

NUMERIC-DECIMAL-POINT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

NUMERIC-THOUSANDS-SEPARATOR Function Syntax

NUMERIC-THOUSANDS-SEPARATOR
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

NUMVAL Function Syntax

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NUMVAL(string)
~~~~~~

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NUMVAL-C Function Syntax

NUMVAL-C (string [, symbol ]

~~~~~~~~
[, LOCALE locale-name-1 ] [, ANYCASE ])

NUMVAL-F Function Syntax

NUMVAL-F(char)
~~~~~~~~

ORD Function Syntax

ORD(char)
~~~

ORD-MAX Function Syntax

ORD-MAX(char-1 [, char-2 ]...)

~~~~~~~

ORD-MIN Function Syntax

ORD-MIN(char-1 [, char-2 ]...)

~~~~~~~

PI Function Syntax

PI
~~

PRESENT-VALUE Function Syntax

PRESENT-VALUE(rate, value-1 [, value-2 ])

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RANDOM Function Syntax

RANDOM[(seed)]
~~~~~~

RANGE Function Syntax

RANGE(number-1 [, number-2 ]...)

~~~~~

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REM Function Syntax

REM(number,divisor)
~~~

REVERSE Function Syntax

REVERSE(string)
~~~~~~~

SECONDS-FROM-FORMATTED-TIME Function Syntax

SECONDS-FROM-FORMATTED-TIME(format,time)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

SECONDS-PAST-MIDNIGHT Function Syntax

SECONDS-PAST-MIDNIGHT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

SIGN Function Syntax

SIGN(number)
~~~~

SIN Function Syntax

SIN(angle)
~~~

SQRT Function Syntax

SQRT(number)
~~~~

STANDARD-DEVIATION Function Syntax

STANDARD-DEVIATION(number-1 [, number-2 ]...)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

STORED-CHAR-LENGTH Function Syntax

STORED-CHAR-LENGTH(string)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

SUBSTITUTE Function Syntax

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SUBSTITUTE(string, from-1, to-1 [, from-n, to-n ]...)

~~~~~~~~~~

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SUBSTITUTE-CASE Function Syntax

SUBSTITUTE-CASE(string, from-1, to-1 [, from-n, to-n ]...)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

SUM Function Syntax

SUM(number-1 [, number-2 ]...)

~~~

TAN Function Syntax

TAN(angle)
~~~

TEST-DATE-YYYYMMDD Function Syntax

TEST-DATE-YYYYMMDD(date)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

TEST-DAY-YYYYDDD Function Syntax

TEST-DATE-YYYYDDD(date)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

TEST-FORMATTED-DATETIME Function Syntax

TEST-FORMATTED-DATETIME ( argument-1, argument-2 )

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

TEST-NUMVAL Function Syntax

TEST-NUMVAL(string)
~~~~~~~~~~~

TEST-NUMVAL-C Function Syntax

TEST-NUMVAL-C(string[,symbol])
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

TEST-NUMVAL-F Function Syntax

TEST-NUMVAL-F(string)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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TRIM Function Syntax

TRIM(string [, LEADING|TRAILING ])
~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~

UPPER-CASE Function Syntax

UPPER-CASE(string)
~~~~~~~~~~

VARIANCE Function Syntax

VARIANCE(number-1 [, number-2 ]...)

~~~~~~~~

WHEN-COMPILED Function Syntax

WHEN-COMPILED
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

YEAR-TO-YYYY Function Syntax

YEAR-TO-YYYY(yy [, yy-cutoff [, yy-execution-time ]])

~~~~~~~~~~~~

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BOOLEAN-OF-INTEGER function Syntax

BOOLEAN-OF-INTEGER(argument-1 argument-2)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This option is not yet implemented.
The included file NEWS will indicate when it is.

CHAR-NATIONAL Function Syntax

CHAR-NATIONAL(argument-1)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This option is not yet implemented.
The included file NEWS will indicate when it is.

DISPLAY-OF Function Syntax

DISPLAY-OF(argument-1 [ argument-2] )
~~~~~~~~~~
This option is not yet implemented.
The included file NEWS will indicate when it is.

EXCEPTION-FILE-N Function Syntax

EXCEPTION-FILE-N
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This option is not yet implemented.
The included file NEWS will indicate when it is.

EXCEPTION-LOCATION-N Function Syntax

EXCEPTION-LOCATION-N
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This option is not yet implemented.
The included file NEWS will indicate when it is.

INTEGER-OF-BOOLEAN Function Syntax

INTEGER-OF-BOOLEAN(argument-1)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This option is not yet implemented.
The included file NEWS will indicate when it is.

NATIONAL-OF Function Syntax

NATIONAL-OF(argument-1 [argument-2] )

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~~~~~~~~~~~
This option is not yet implemented.
The included file NEWS will indicate when it is.

STANDARD-COMPARE Function Syntax

STANDARD-COMPARE(argument-1 argument-2 [ordering-name-1] [argument-4] )

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This option is not yet implemented.
The included file NEWS will indicate when it is.

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7 Built-In Subroutines Syntax


C$CALLEDBY Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$CALLEDBY" USING prog-name-area

~~~~ ~~~~~

C$CHDIR Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$CHDIR" USING directory-path, result

~~~~ ~~~~~

C$COPY Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$COPY" USING src-file-path, dest-file-path, 0

~~~~ ~~~~~

C$DELETE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$DELETE" USING file-path, 0

~~~~ ~~~~~

C$FILEINFO Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$FILEINFO" USING file-path, file-info

~~~~ ~~~~~

C$GETPID Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$GETPID"
~~~~

C$JUSTIFY Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$JUSTIFY" USING data-item, "justification-type"

~~~~ ~~~~~

C$MAKEDIR Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$MAKEDIR" USING dir-path

~~~~ ~~~~~

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C$NARG Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$NARG" USING arg-count-result

~~~~ ~~~~~

C$PARAMSIZE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$PARAMSIZE" USING argument-number

~~~~ ~~~~~

C$PRINTABLE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$PRINTABLE" USING data-item [ , char ]

~~~~ ~~~~~

C$SLEEP Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$SLEEP" USING seconds-to-sleep

~~~~ ~~~~~

C$TOLOWER Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$TOLOWER" USING data-item, BY VALUE convert-length

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

C$TOUPPER Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "C$TOUPPER" USING data-item, BY VALUE convert-length

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL AND Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_AND" USING item-1, item-2, BY VALUE byte-length

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL CHANGE DIR Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_CHANGE_DIR" USING directory-path

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL CHECK FILE EXIST Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_CHECK_FILE_EXIST" USING file-path, file-info

~~~~ ~~~~~

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CBL CLOSE FILE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_CLOSE_FILE" USING file-handle

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL COPY FILE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_COPY_FILE" USING src-file-path, dest-file-path

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL CREATE DIR Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_CREATE_DIR" USING dir-path

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL CREATE FILE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_CREATE_FILE" USING file-path, 2, 0, 0, file-handle

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL DELETE DIR Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_DELETE_DIR" USING dir-path

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL DELETE FILE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_DELETE_FILE" USING file-path

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL EQ Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_EQ" USING item-1, item-2, BY VALUE byte-length

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL ERROR PROC Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_ERROR_PROC" USING function, program-pointer

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL EXIT PROC Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_EXIT_PROC" USING function, program-pointer

~~~~ ~~~~~

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CBL FLUSH FILE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_FLUSH_FILE" USING file-handle

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL GC FORK Built-In Subroute Syntax

CALL "CBL_GC_FORK" USING Child-PID

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL GC GETOPT Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_GC_GETOPT" USING BY REFERENCE SHORTOPTIONS LONGOPTIONS LONGIND

~~~~ ~~~~~
BY VALUE LONG-ONLY
BY REFERENCE RETURN-CHAR OPT-VAL

CBL GC HOSTED Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_GC_HOSTED" USING ARG-1 ARG-2

~~~~ ~~~~~

Note replaces CBL_OC_HOSTED which is kept as a legacy item.


CBL GC NANOSLEEP Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_GC_NANOSLEEP" USING nanoseconds-to-sleep

~~~~ ~~~~~

Note replaces CBL_OC_NANOSLEEP which is kept as a legacy item.


CBL GC PRINTABLE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_GC_PRINTABLE" USING data-item [ , char ]

~~~~ ~~~~~

Note replaces C$PRINTABLE which is kept as a legacy item.


CBL GC WAITPID Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_GC_WAITPID" USING ARG-1

~~~~ ~~~~~
RETURNING RET-STATUS
~~~~~~~~~

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CBL GET CSR POS Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_GET_CSR_POS" USING cursor-locn-buffer

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL GET CURRENT DIR Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_GET_CURRENT_DIR" USING BY VALUE 0,

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~
BY VALUE length,
~~~~~
BY REFERENCE buffer
~~~~~~~~~

CBL GET SCR SIZE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_GET_SCR_SIZE" USING no-of-lines, no-of-cols

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL SET SCR SIZE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_SET_SCR_SIZE" USING no-of-lines, no-of-cols

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL IMP Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_IMP" USING item-1, item-2, BY VALUE byte-length

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL NIMP Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_NIMP" USING item-1, item-2, BY VALUE byte-length

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL NOR Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_NOR" USING item-1, item-2, BY VALUE byte-length

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL NOT Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_NOT" USING item-1, BY VALUE byte-length

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

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CBL OPEN FILE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_OPEN_FILE" USING file-path, access-mode, 0, 0, handle

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL OR Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_OR" USING item-1, item-2, BY VALUE byte-length

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL READ FILE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_READ_FILE" USING handle, offset, nbytes, flag, buffer

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL READ KBD CHAR Build-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_READ_KBD_CHAR" USING char RETURNING status-code.

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~

CBL RENAME FILE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_RENAME_FILE" USING old-file-path, new-file-path

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL SET CSR POS Build-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_SET_CSR_POS" USING cursor-locn-buffer

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL TOLOWER Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_TOLOWER" USING data-item, BY VALUE convert-length

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL TOUPPER Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_TOUPPER" USING data-item, BY VALUE convert-length

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL WRITE FILE Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "CBL_WRITE_FILE" USING handle, offset, nbytes, 0, buffer

~~~~ ~~~~~

CBL XOR Built-In Subroutine Syntax

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CALL "CBL_XOR" USING item-1, item-2, BY VALUE byte-length

~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~

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SYSTEM Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL "SYSTEM" USING command

~~~~ ~~~~~

X"91" Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL X"91" USING return-code, function-code, binary-variable-arg

~~~~ ~~~~~

X"E4" Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL X"E4"
~~~~

X"E5" Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL X"E5"
~~~~

X"F4" Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL X"F4" USING byte, table

~~~~ ~~~~~

X"F5" Built-In Subroutine Syntax

CALL X"F5" USING byte, table

~~~~ ~~~~~

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8 GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright c 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
https://fsf.org/

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and
useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom
to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or non-
commercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications
made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document
must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public
License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because
free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals
providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for
works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms
of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in
duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”,
below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and
is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work
in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or
a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into
another language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document
that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document
to the Document’s overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that
could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The
relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related
matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.

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The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as
being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released
under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is
not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant
Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover
Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under
this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented
in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for
revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images com-
posed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing
editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to
a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to
thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image
format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is
not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without
markup, Texinfo input format, LaTEX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly
available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed
for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF
and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited
only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or pro-
cessing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript
or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following
pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the
title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page”
means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the
beginning of the body of the text.
The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document
to the public.
A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title either
is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in
another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such
as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve
the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that
this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to
be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties:
any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no
effect on the meaning of this License.

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2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or
noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license
notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and
that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies
you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.
If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions
in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly
display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of
the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires
Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher
of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put
the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the
rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque
copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which
the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network
protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If
you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time
you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well
before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you
with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions
of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely
this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of
it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

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A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the
Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any,
be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as
a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for
authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five
of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer
than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the
publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other
copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public
permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form
shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover
Texts given in the Document’s license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item
stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version
as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Docu-
ment, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document
as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as
stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to
a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in
the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
“History” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published
at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the
version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title
of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the
contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and
in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the
section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included
in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict in
title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

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If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify
as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at
your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These
titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but
endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of
peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up
to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified
Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement
made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but
you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that
added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission
to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified
Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License,
under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you
include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license
notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical
Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant
Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section
unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or
publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment
to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined
work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the vari-
ous original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any
sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You
must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released
under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various
documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you
follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
other respects.

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You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individu-
ally under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted
document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent
documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called
an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When
the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other
works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document,
then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover
Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they
must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations
of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with
translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may
include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions
of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the
license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you
also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of
those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and
the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “His-
tory”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require
changing the actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly
provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or
distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular
copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder
explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright
holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days
after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if
the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the
first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the
notice.

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Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties
who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have
been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free
Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit
to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
See https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document
specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version”
applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that
specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by
the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future
versions of this License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a
version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide
Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities
for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of
such a server. A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license pub-
lished by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal
place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that
license published by that same organization.
“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part
of another Document.
An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works
that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and
subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts
or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under
CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is
eligible for relicensing.

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