a a * ¢ s woe an ©OeRVSFSSD NOTINOINAAKOD “us Definition, scope and importance of environment - need for public awareness. E system and Energy flow - ecological succession. Types of biodiversity: genetic, sp oe aud ecosystem diversity - values of biodiversity, India as a mega-diversity nation ness spots of biodiversity - threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildife, man. wildlife conflicts - endangered and endemic species of India - conservation biodiversity : In-situ and ex-situ. Contents 4.4 Definition, Scope and Importance of Environment 1.2 Need of Public Awareness 4.3 Structure of Atmosphere 4.4 Ecosystems (Structure and Function) 4.5 Structure and Components of an Ecosystem 4.6 Energy Flow in Ecosystem 4.7 Functions of Ecosystem 4.8 Ecosystem Types 1.9 Biodiversity 1.10 Values of Biodiversity 1.11 Hot-spots of Biodiversity 1.12 Threats to Biodiversity 1.13 Conservation of Biodiversity Two Marks Questions with AnswersEnvronmental Sownces: and Sustainebity (1-4) Enwronment and Bodlversty © 1.2.2 institutions in Environment / NGOs . ‘Non-Government Scientific groups and ¢ Organisation (NGOs) have played a major role in the environmental movement ‘© Environmental groups have 2 wide range of interests. Small groups are organised to fight local problems other deal with a specific issue on a national scale '* Over the past decades, more international environmental NGOs have emerged including powerful bodies such as Friends of Earth, Greenpeace and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWE), Through environmental groups individuals can influence national and international policies '* The media have been used as powerful mstrument in public awareness of many ‘environmental issues, but the media is usually reactive rather than innovative & 1.23 Environmental Education ‘© Environmental study and education is important in order to preserve environment ‘Scope of environmental studies |. Environmental studies creates awareness and sensitivity to the total environment and problems associated with it 2 To participate actively in environment protection and umprovement 3. Developing skills to identify and solve environmental problems Environmental Sciences and Sustanabilty (1 Environment and Blodhrarsty or «The multilayered gaseous envelope that surrounds the earth is called air or atmosphere ‘The physiochemical stracture of atmosphere consists of five concentric layers These layers are 1. Troposphere (10 km above earth) 2. Stratosphere (18 t0 50 km) 3. Mesosphere (SI to 85 km) 4, Thermosphere / Ionosphere (upto 500 km) 5. Exosphere 41, Troposphere : 1 Troposphere isthe lowest layer of the atmosphere 1t extends from 10 to 18 kms «© It-contains 75 % of the atmospheric mass. It also contains moisture “There gradual reduction in temperature within troposphere from 15 to ~ $6°C «The chemical constituents of troposphere are: O3, CO,» H i 2, Stratosphere : $ —« Suatosphere exten rom If to 50 kms above car's surface. 8 Suratosphere is characterized by temperature range of -$5°Ct0 35°C Swatosphere is rich in ozone (O) gas and fee from morsture and clouds «+ tratosphere prevents earth from ultraviolet radiation of the sun. 3, Mesosphere = -Mesosphere extends from 50 to 85 kms above earls surface, «The mesosphere possesses characteristics of low temperature ~ 92 °C and reduced atmospheric pressure ‘© Mesosphere contains N, and less ozone gas, 4, Thermosphere «The thermosphere extends upto 450 10 $00 kms above earth surface. ‘The thermosphere possesses charactenstic of gradual increase in temperature Upto iEnvronmental Sconces and Sustenabity 1-6) 5. Exosphere «The exosphere extends from 1600 km 10 3000 kms above earth's surface @ 1.3.1 Functions of Atmosphere * Important functions of atmosphere are 1. Atmosphere absorbs Infra-red (IR) radiations thereby mat 2. Atmosphere contains several gaseous such as oxyge ‘which are very important for sustaining life on earth. TECHRUCAL PUBLICATIONS? a pat or owe [Link], ANNA UNIVERSITY, TRICHY Enevcrment and Broctversey 1 balance on earth yxide and nitrogen. 5.8, comenszearzon Environmental Sciences and Susteinabiity (1-7) Envsonmart snd Biocbversly 1.4 Ecosystems (Structure and Function) '« Ecology is study of interactions among organisms with their environment. ‘© The environment consists of both biotic components (living organisms) and abiotic ‘components (non-living organisms) ‘© The terms ecosystems is combination of two words, where ‘eco’ implies the environment and'system’ implies an intercting,inter-dependent complex. Definitions of Ecosystem 1. An ecosystem is a group of plants and animals along with physical environment with which i 2. An ecosystem is a community of different species interacting with one another and with ity of living organisms (plams, animals and microbes) in 12 components of their environment (things like air, water and Example : Grassland ecosystem, aquatic ecosystem, dessert ecosystem ee, ® 1.4.1 Scope and importance of Ecosystem ‘Scope of Ecosystem TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS? an up token S.R. COMMUNICATION, OPP. ANNAUNTVERSETY TRICHY[Link], ANNA UNIVERSITY, TRICHY Enwronmental Sciences and Sustainabilty (1-2) Enoronment and Broaversty D 1.1 Definition, Scope and Importance of Environment ® 1.1.1 Definitions Environment ‘© The environment is defined as, “the whole phy and other organisms live”. Environmental studi organisms. Environmental science -al and biological system in which man wolves every issue that affects living + Environmental science is a study that deals with the functioning of nature and interconnections between various things inthe nature ‘© Various interacting components of environment are biology, geology, chemistry, physics, engineering, sociology, health and economies. Positive and inning 1s needed to balance them. Therefore, environmental science s esse iplinary approach © 1.1.2 scope © Our natural landscape consists of forest, river, desert, rocks, minerals and soil. These rater, air to survive and other day-t0- life is linked with surrounding environment. We ne‘ day activities which are part of environment ‘© Human beings are greatly depend on nature or environment. Therefore environmental resources like water, trees, minerals, food, energy, land must be preserved in their natural form. © Now a days, because of technological advancements more foods can be grown by using fertilizers and pesticides, also construction of dams leads to environmental degradation, ‘© Most environmental resources like-water, minerals, petroleum products, wood etc are being extracted continuously. Ecologists and environmental scientists have recognised that sf these resources are consumed in this way it will degrade and deplete natural environment. * A distinguishing characteristic of many environmental resources 1s that they are non- producible - If the natural resource 1s exhausted, it 1s not possible to reproduce them in conginal form If we continue to extract them, they may not be available for future generations. TECHUCAL PUBUCATIONS® rupee 8.R. commnrcarron Environmental Sclences and Sustanabiily (1-3) Environment and Bloaiversty SEE Eevieomerl aod Bloveraty © 11.3 importance y products of emperature. dry rivers ses unhealthy y Spreading awareness to F safeguarding of environment ig exhaust expect Government: important role One immediate thing we environment through their perceptions of of the natural ‘atmosphere, ecome concerned with all living organi ‘examination of the nature with international jodity prices, structural adjustments subsidies on products prepared from Many environmentalist have contributed jews in the interest of protecting nature, ‘wildlife, ecosystem, agnculture and environment laws. Few of them are Charles Darwin, Salim-Ali, Indira Gandhi, $.[Link]), Madhav Gadgil, M.C. Mehta, Medha Patkar, Sundarlal Bahuguna * People can participate by forming pressure groups, watch dog (observer), advisory council, ‘eforeing environmental laws, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® on ra koma ‘[Link] TION; OF FANN ASE SERS oeEnvronmentel Soences anc Sustanabaty (1-8) Environment and Bodwversty eee recognised that if these resources are consumed in this way it will degrade and deplete natural environment + A Gistinguishing characteristic of many environmental resources is that they are non- producible If the natural resource is exhausted, it is not possible to reproduce them in onganal form ‘+ If we continue to extract them. they may not be available for future generations Importance of Ecosystem + Environmental studies involve multiisciplinary approach. Environmental resources play a smultifunctonal role as they command market prices. ‘© Any scarce natural resource (rarely available) will cost more as its supply i less eg. wood, water ‘+ Huge amount of nature's clean water is being polluted and wasted. Waste by products of ‘chemucal process pollute weter and gases are polluting ait * Deforestanion (cutting of trees) leads to increasing environment temperature, dry rivers, “unavailabutty of fresh aur ‘¢ The accumulated effect of all above factors causes unhealthy atmosphere to human beings by giving variety of diseases © The misuse or waste of natural resources can be stopped by spreading awareness to proverve the nature oF environmen ‘+ All must cominbute for safeguarding of environment and by preventing environmental Garay & 1.42 Classification of Ecosystem ‘+ Un the basis of imterference and noninterference by man, there exists two types of 1. Natural ecosystem. 2. Anificial ecosystem. ‘© It operates under natural condition. There is no interference by man at all. It can be NT SS aeeeaeee eo ©) 1.24 Aquatic Ecosystem aquatic ecosystem. In aquanc ‘¢ The organisms found in aquatic environment are determined by quality of water such as clay, salinity, oxygen content and rate of flow B 134.1 Types of Aquatic Ecosystem + The aquatic ecosystems may be classified as - 1. Fresh water ecosystems - Examples : Rivers, pond, lake, streams, wetland 2. Marine ecosystems : Examples : Marine or ocean, estuary B 1.842 Pond Ecosystem «+ A pond isa freshwater aquatic ecosystem, where water emmain in the same area for a longer penod © As the pond fill contains several Characteristic features of pond ecosystem 11. Most pond are temporary that has water only in monsoon season 2. Ihasa stagnant (standing) water body 3. The medium contains less nutrients 4. Most pond become dry after the rains are over and are covered by terrestrial plants for the the monsoon season, a large number of food chains are formed. It of algae, aquatic plants, insect, fishes and birds rest of year 5. Pond get polluted easity due to limited amount of water Structure and functions of pond ecosystem + The two components of pond ecosystems are 1. Abiotic components 2. Bionic components 1. Abiotic components Examples : Light, tempersture, chemical environment such as dissolved and parnculate matter. oxygen. pH. phosphorous ERR PRB ers moe 5.R. COMMUNICATION Se lll CE RR Oe Ee ee on — 2. Biotic components ‘a. Producers : These are green photosynthetic organisms. They are of two types 1] Phytoplankton : These are microscopic aquatic plants, which freely float on surface of water. Examples : Algae, volvox, pandorina, cosmanum. I Microphytes : These are large loating plants and submerged plants Examples : Hydrila, jussiaca, wolf, demma b. Consumers : 1] Primary consumers (Zooplanktons) : Microscopic animals which can freely float con the surface of water. Examples : Protozoa, very smal Il] Tertiary con: Examples : Large fish like game fish. ‘e. Decomposers : They decompose the dead plant and animal matter and their nutrients ‘Examples : Fungi, bacteria and flagellates B 1.843 Lake Ecosystem 1 1s the algae, which «A lake is a giant permanent pond. A large amount of is plant materia derives energy from ‘Types of lake water from magma after voleanic eruptions, Salt ich. Fenn PUBLICATIONS? eet omer [Link], OPP ANNA UNIVERSITY, TRICHYCoeractoretc feature rent ond Beret ——e score 4 i = eosystem of river & shallow = structure and function _ fresh water body 1, Abiotic components ae 2 " Nes © ‘emperature, light ope 2 Labeis.a permanent waterbody it 3. Food chasms are inter linked with x Producers: Phytol water grasses, aquatic masses and a lankton, algae (1 aOo [Link], ANNA UNIVERSITY, TRICHY Enecrmenty Sources ans Sateneniny (1-28) Enwonmer and Bodversty Envronmental Sconces and Sustamabity (1-27) 8 Provide more food resources. 10, Provide more medicinal resources and pharmaceutical drugs. {i Secondary consumerycarnivares : They feed on herbivores Examples : Hemng sab mackerel ete {af Tertiary consumers : They are top consumers. They feed on small fishes U1, Offer environments for recreation and tourism. @ 1.9.2 Types of Biodiversity ‘© There are three basic types of biodiversity ~ 1. Genetic diversity 2 Species diversity 3. Beosystem diversity or community diversity 1.9.3 Gonotic Diversity Genetic diversity is a measure of variety available for the same genes within individual ‘+ Vanctes of life on the earth exists over thousands of years to fulfill the needs of mankind. caleeeeaies Sars 5 of plants and ammals they must be classified and based on variation between genes Le. functional units of hereditary metic variability is essential for a healthy breeding population of « aman being 1s different from all other, thousands of rice varieties are ‘© Biodiversity may be described in terms of genes, species and ecosystems, corresponding t0 three fundamental and hierarchically related levels of biological organization survival, security, equality and dignity ofthe worlds communities. 7 © 1.2.1 importance of Biodiversity ii nth, ae of other species. |. Increase ecosystem productivity; each species in an ecosystem has a specific role to play 2. Supports larger number of plant species and, therefore. a greater variety of crops. ynumunities and ecological iles jonally different kinds of non of communities, and 1s, S;[Link], OPP ANNA UNIVERSITY, TRICHYEnvironmental Sciences and Sustannebity (1-28) Enwronment and Bloswversty ‘+ No simple relationship exists between the diversity of an ecosystem and ecological yy + There is no simple relanonshup within any the resulting change in the system's processes. © For example, the loss of a species from a particular area or region (local extinction ‘exinpation) may have litle or no effect on net primary productivity of competitors take is place in the community ‘+ The converse may be true in other cases. For example, if herbivorous such as zebra ani wild beasts are removed from the Afncan savanna, net pnmary productwity of the ecosystem decreases, between a change in 1. Define the term biodiversity What are its values 7 2. What is meant by genetic diversity ? Species diversity and ecosystem diversity, 1.10 Values of Biodiversi A ach biodiversity is the wealth of any nation Biodiversity provides yanety of ‘environmental survives and ecosystem essential for human life. Each organism has its own ‘significance in the biosphere © The valuc of biodiversity is classified into various categories depending on its use, such as - 1) Consumptive use il) Productive use st) Social use iv) Ethical use V) Aesthetic vi), Option value B 1.10.1 Consumptive Use ‘© Consumptive use is direct utilization of various species by the modem society. The major Sources are - Food, medicinal plants, fuel ete. These products are directly supplied by biodiversity, Examples 1) Food - Seasonal fruits, vegetable, food grains, sea food, chicken, duck. }b) Medicinal plants - Bamboo, eucaliptas, np, honey comb, herbs «¢) Fuel - Fuel wood, timber, fodder, coal, petroleum, natural gs, biomass, TORU PORUCATIONS® on oie one OELYDINANHOD “¥°S , Environment | (5-29) Bevan, Envronmenal Scences and Sustanabity @ 1.10.2 Productive Use © Most commercial produets are 5 prociet may be derived from plants, animal synthesized ftom natural products of biodiversity. The Examples : Silk, wool, leather. tu plants. © 1.10.3 Social Values @ Social values of biodiversity Many people valu sentiments. Examples, ‘©. Holy plants - Banyan, peepa, lotus etc. © Holy animals - Cow, peacock, snake ete Values versity is related to conservation of life. Pl ‘on our planet. No one has right to «© India's rich heritage and culture tells us to worship animals, P! ‘Some communities have mssion of preserving animals life @ 1.10.5 Aesthetic Values ‘© Biodiversity is a beautiful and wonderful wonder, joy and recrea good source of earning, Examples 4) Neem and mango leaves are used during festivals and fair aestheucs 1i) Ornamental plants, flowers are used for decoration Lt RT tit) Elephants, horses and camels are used for ceremonial purposes. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® on up trust or aroun‘[Link], ANNA UNIVERSITY, TRICHY ‘Envronmentel Sciences and Sustanablity (4-30) ‘Envronment and Biodiversity @ 1.10.6 Option Values «The potential use of biodiversity is proseully not known to us, this future possible we 8 termed as option value. Any specific species of biodiversity may be found very useful for any particular purpo reserved and exists + Rarely found medicinal plant may be used for medicinal purpose for any Environmental Sciences and Susteinabity (1-31) Environment and Blodiversty 43. No single species can dominate hence there is an opportunity for many species 10 coexist. 4. The rate of outcrossing among plants i higher in tropics (D 1.11.3 Area of Hot-spot «Twenty five numbers of hotspots are identified and selected for the conservation of Example chronic disease aoa ns « Thetoal are ofthe hotspots cover about 14% of he ttl land surface onthe cath 1 Define he term biodiversity What are its values ? SeNo.| ___ Hotspots Plant species | Endemic plants 2. Whatare the values of biodiversity 7 1 ‘Tropical Andes 45,000 20,000 3. What are the values of biodiversity ? Describe 2 Mesoamenccan forests 24,000 5,000 {D 1.11 Hotspots of Biodiversity z eee 100 7900 4. Brazil's Atlantic forest 20,000 8,000 © There is no uniform distnbution of bio-diversity along the geographical regions of the & eld Some habitats are found to be highly rich in abundant number in some specific E 5. Panama Western Fevador 9,000 2.250) regions. 5 6. Brazil's Cerrado 10,000 4.400 ‘© Hotspots are the specific areas which contain the richest ‘and the most threatened : 7. Central Chile 3,429 1,605 reservoirs of plant and animal species 4 8 California Flonstic 4,426 2,125 nd degree of theats which are measured in terms of iH are certain enteria to determine «hot-spot. Ithese species lost, they can never = 2 Maduasan 12,000 sie 10. | Eastern Arc and Coastal forest of Kenya | __ 4,000. 1,500 @ 1.1141 criteria to Quality as Hot-spots I Wesvern A ican forests S000 2.250) + To qualify as a hotspot a region mus 2 Cape Florstic Province 8,200 5.682 1. The richness of endemic species. 13, ‘Succulent Karoo 4,849 1,940, 2. Significant percentage of specified species should be 14, ‘Mediterranean basin 25,000 13,000 3, The site must have lost more than 70 % ofits original habitat 1s. ‘Caucasus 6,300 1,600, 4, The site must be under threat. 16. ‘Sundaland 25,000 15,000 1.14.2 Reason for Rich Biodiversity in Tropics 1 10,000 1,500, ‘e The reasons for rich biodiversity in tropics are as following 18. Philippines 7,620 $5,832 1. The tropics have more stable climate. | 19. Indo-Burma Eastern Himalayas 13,500 7,000 2, Tropical areas have warm temperature and high humidity, which provide favourable 20. South-Central China 12,000. 3,500 condition TEGHWICAL PUBLICATIONS? pao outo9e TEORROCAL PUBLEATIONS® on up Wome | [Link], OPP ANNA UNIVERSITY, TRICHYEnvronmental Sconces and Sustunabty = Se. No. = 21 Westem Ghats Sn Lanka = ‘South-Western Australia a New Caledonia > New Zealand = Polynesia / Micronesia oe : 1.33149 © 1.11.4 Hotspots of Biodiversity in India * Out of 25 hot-spots inthe world, two hot-spots are found in India 1 Eastem Himalayas 2 Western Ghats + These areas are nch in flo so in reptiles, amphibians butterflies and som ‘ar rich in floral wealth and also in reptiles, amphibians butterflies and some B 1.1141 Easter Himalayas ‘+ These area compnses Nepal, Bhutan and neighbounng states of northem India along with Yunnan province in southwest China, + The caster Himalayas form a distinct floral region. There are around 35000 plant species in Himalayas of which 30 % are endemic Features of Himalayan Regions 1. Eastern Himalayas shows an ultra vaned topography, which has species diversity and endemusm 2 In Sikkim, in semi-isolated ares of 7298 kim’ of 4250 plant species, 2550 (60 %) are endemic 3. In India's sector. there are $800 plant species of which 2000 (36 %) are endemic 4 In Nepal, there are 7000 plant species of which 500 (8 %) are endemic. 5 In Bhutan, there are 5000 plant species of which 750 (15 %) are endemic. B 1.1142 Westem Ghats ‘+ Western ghats extend along the westem coastal region for about 1600 km in Tamilnads, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala ‘© The Agasthimalsi Hills and silent valley / New Amambalam Reserve basin are the two important places of biodiversity in western ghat region. TERA PUBLICATIONS? eit ee versity ‘© Other important factors of loss of habitat are ‘© Deforestation ‘© Destruction of wetlands © Over grazing (© Urban development © Building of dams ri. elf [Link]| Envronmental Sconces ard Sustanebity (1-34) Environment and Sriversty 1.122 Poaching of Wild Life Poaching of wildlife for sport, maki man consumption. Wild species are is and their purpose of producing sural ecosystem. @ 1.123 Man-wild Conflicts Man is continuously interacting with different ecosystems for food, fuel, rereation, sports, turban development, waste disposal ‘+ Every activnty is responsible directly or ‘© Natural forests are being deforested for t ‘monoculture plantation creates imbalance © Natural size of forests are reducing beca yuman encroachment, therefore animals often attacks on human society and creates 1. What are the threats to biodiversity ? 2. Mention the threats fo biodiversity 1.13 Conservation of Biodivers! ‘© Biodiversity is an important too! for sustaining development in any country ‘of biodiversity in commercial, medical, genetic, aestheuc and ecologies necessary to preserve biodiversity. ‘There is need to educate people to ador frendly practices. TERECAL PURUCATONS? rw noua ANNA BINS ERIC Surat 8.8. commmrcarron 0-39) Enaronment end Biodversty @ 1.13.1 Advantages of Conservation of Biodiversity 1. Biodiversity ecotourism) is a good source of income, 2. Biodiversity provides various medicinal plants. 3. Itprovides life support system on earth. 4 Biodiversity maintain environmental balance on earth 5, Various commercial aspects are related to biodiversity. © 1.13.2 Factors affecting Biodiversity 1. Over-exploitation of natural resources. 2. Degradation of habitat. 3. Discharge of industnal waste 4. Global warming. 5. Urbanization. 6. Use of insecticides 7. Construction of dam. 8. Poaching and trade in wildlife species 2 Extension of agriculture and associated irigation systems. 10. Filling up 1. Population explosion © 1.13.3 Approaches of Biodiversity Conservation conservation of biodiversity involves protection of species, where they naturally 1g and protecting reserved areas for biodiversity. These specific fu conservation 1s called protected areas. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS ar up tt or mrowedeOO LL x tt Sconces ana SustoneD OY ronmental Sciences ad Sustsnabity (1-36) Envvonment ana Bodiesty ; out 408 biosphere reserve Protecting the areas helps not only in conserving individual species but preserves Ean eae er cconynem alto Inthe proteed wes. er poche hon eae] Dot | es, pos z grazing of domestic animals, cuting of te a a cast watt tion inspite of these protections, these hat lem of encroachment, x maintenance and monitonng land management. Also, vanous activities which are illegal 1 ba uF but profitable for humans are camied out > | NandaDer | 181.88 3 | _Nokerek 11988 _ | Partof Garo hills (Meghalaya) 7 Manas Part of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Barpea | 5 | Sunderbans i 6, | Gulfof Mannar g g 1. Great Nicobar 2 8. ‘Stmilipal_ Fig. 1.13.1 : In-situ and ex-situ approaches of biodiversity conservation of 9 Dibru-Saikh owa °F methods | ‘ollowing are used for In-situ conservation are used 10. | Dehang Debang ‘[Link]. | In-situ conservation | Available numbers i 1__| Biosphere Reserves 7 1, | Pachmarhi 2 National Parks 380. 3._| Wild-tife Sanctunies 420 | 12._|_Kanchanjunga 4 Botamcal gardens 120 ‘Table 1.13.1 : Biosphere reserves in India 4. Biosphere reserves > a Role of Biosphere Reserves © The special category of protected areas in which human population constitutes an 1. Biosphere gives long-term survival of ecosystem. important component are called biosphere reserves 2. Biosphere protects endangered species. TEOHMECR, PUBLICATIONS® an ptr fo onto TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® on ups for hnowoge r————— i Envrenmentel Soences and Sustanabity (1-38) cove SE SOMMUNICATIONJANNAL UNIVERSITY TRICHY, a some 5. Biosphere protects maximum numberof species and communities ee | Mudumatar wildlife sanctuary | Tamiinadu_| Tier Elephant, Leopard | Vedanthangal bird sanctuary | Tamunadu_ | Waterbirds 7 [Nal Sarovar bird sanctuary | _Gujarat_| Waterbirds 8__ [Wild Ass sanctuary Guyarat_| Wild Ass, Wolf Chunkara > [daldapara waif sancrary | West Bengal | Rhinoceros Elephant Tiger 2. National park sion of wildlife along with sts A ational park is an area ded environment «Some important national park in India are listed below. [ sro. | Name ofNational park | State = Kaziranga Assam be 2 | Gur [Guar 3 Bandipur | Kamataka t [ie Dachigam | tanak Hangol s Corbet uP. Tiger [6 Kanha MP | 7 K Tiger, Elephant | 8 Dudwa uP Tiger 9 Sanska Rajasthan _| Tiger Rayasthan Tiger Ranthambore 3. Wild life sanctuaries : "A wild bfe sanctuary isan area which is reserved for the conservation of animal © Some important wild life sanctuanes in India are lisied below. ee) ly [Link]] Name of sanctuary State Major wildlife [1 [iazanibagh sanctuary Bihar _| Tiger, Leopard 2 _| Ghana bird sanctuary Rajasthan _| 300 species of bird 3,__| Suftanpur bird sanctuary Haryanas _| Migratory birds | Abhor wild hie sanctuary Punjab _| Black bug 1.13.5 Ex-situ Conservation fe The ex-sity conservations of biodiversity 1m control of human and outside the narural habitats. Jans, and animals are collected in botarical gardens, 200% «The endangered species and breeding is done under controlled conditions. vantages and wolves conservation of biodiversity under the disadvantages. ‘Advantages of Ex-situ conservation 1 have longer hfe span beouse of assured food, wate, shelter and 1. The organisms wil the species endangered may survive longet. 8.8. commonrcarroN can provide better process of breeding cof breeding plants and animals are expensive: ‘be environmental conditions, they can not adapt 10 eV 1. Biodiversity invent surveys and assessment. 2. Identifying and expan ry in seed banks and gene banks 4. Controlling wild life trade FIGimnER PUBLICATIONS en sort or nr TECNICAL PUBLICATIONS a pt owe6 Revewing agncultural practices 7 Controlling urbanization ** Geographical information system for planning and monitoring oR 12. Involving more Non-government organizations (NGOs) @ 1.137 National Biodiversity Act india i party tothe Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 which recognizes the Sovereign rights of states to use their own biological the objectives of CBD. india has enacted an umbrella Diversity Act 2002 lation called the biological * The central government has established body called the Naonal Biodiversity Authonty, ‘on and from the Ist day of October. 2003 ‘* The Act aims at the conservation of 4 facilimating access to them in logical resources and associated knowledge as well 4 sustainable manner and throug ess for Purposes of implementing the objects of the Act it establishes the National Biodiversity Authority in Chennai * The main functions of the authority are ') To lay down procedures and guidelines to govern the activites provided under section 3, 4,and 6. (Permission to foreigners/NRI's foreign companies) 1) For obtaining any biological resource (Section 3) 40) For transferring the results of any research (Section -4) Jit) Certain collaborative research projects exempted (Section 5), b) To advice the goverument of India. Specific areas mentioned as per the Act ate the following 1) Notificanions of threatened species (Section - 38) 48) Designate institutions as reposttones for different categones of biological resources {Section - 39) ‘un) Exempt certain biological resources. normally traded as commodities (Section - 40) ee ne eee TECHACA PUBLICATIONS wn oon br moma rvronmann scarce na susanodity (1-4) ‘9 Toencourage setting up stare bode 4) To build up database and docu ¢) Tocreate awareness through mass 7 1) Training of personne! ; Necessary measures inthe areas of intellectual propriety rights i) Neves 1 Explain biodiversily conservation measures. 2. Explain the measures of conservation of bo-diversty 4. Explan in sits measures of conversation of biodiversity interdependency for growth and J+ An ecosystem has two types of components 1 Abiotic component (non-living) 2. Biotic component (living) 1. Abiotic (Non-Living) Components ‘The abiotic components determine the type of organisms Abiotic components can be physical components or chemical ‘+ Physical components usually include sunlight, water, soil, temy necessary growth of species. Carbohydrates, proteins, liquids, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium © Chemical components provide necessary nutrients to the organism It a > — eT, ete These |e TEDIVGAL PUBUCATIONS® on wp or oweCREE IEEE UNIVERSITY, TRICHY Eatin aad Siseicahy Environmental Sconces and Sustainablty Envronmenta! Scwnces end Sustunatilty (1-42) (49) Environment and Biodversty 12. Biotic Components ‘+ Biove components are living organisms of the ecosystem. Biotic component includes-| The biotic components of an ecosystems can be categonzed into three categones, these| 4) Producers or aufotrophs. ») Consumers or heterotrophs ©) Decomposers or detnvores. 03 Define ecosystem. State the characteristics of an ecosystem. system Characteristics of an ecosystem Itis structural and functional unit of ecology Its structure is related to species diversity ie more complex ecosystem have high species diversity and simple ecosystem have low diversity Functions of ecosystem are related to energy flow and cycling of matenal involved and] within ecosystem 14 Ecosystem mature as we pass from less complex to more complex structure 1.¢. early stage has excess potential energy and relatively high energy flow per unit biomass than] later stages JQ4 Define natural resources and energy resources. |Ans. : Natural Resources - natural resources are defined as the variety of things, processes obtained from| ‘environment to satisfy human needs and wants [Energy Resources - Je Energy sources are available indifferent forms such as natural gas, nuclear fuels. 25 Explain the types of natural energy resources. |Ans. : The natural resources can be classified into two major categones 1. Renewable resources. wood, solar, wind, coal, petroleum, 8.8. comomunzcaTzon 1, Natural resources : The renewable resources are the resources which regenerates reasonable time period. They have the potential to} ised up faster than itis replaced. Examples Forests. grass ]Q.6 Mention the Ex-situ sonversion of biodiversity. Jans. : Ex-situ measures J+ Ex-situ Coff site, ‘out of place’) conservation 1s a set of conservation techniques involving] the transfer of a target species away from its native habitat to a place of safery, such as | zoological garden, botanical garden or seed bank. J+ Vanous Ex-situ measures are 1. Seed Banks; gene banks 3. Animal translocations 2. Long term captive breeding 4 Tissue culture banks 5. Cryopreservation of Gametes and Embryos 6 Botaneal gardens 7 Zoological gardens la.7 What Is food chain? lans. : Transfer of energy from the source stages of eating and being eaten 1s knowin as food chain 128 Define ecology and ecosystem EEE) household including plants, animals micro-organisms and] Jans, : Ecology 1s study of people which live together as interdependent. ty of different species interacting with each other, exchanging} 2. Non-renewable resources OM ARIATO memaemonr TEOHWCAL PUBUCATIONS® an era or neEnvironmental Sciences and Susteinabiity (1-44) ii Q.10 What are endangered species ? Give example. Ans. : When number of species of a particular type is reduced to a critical 1 Level, it is said to be endangered For example - Tiger, Elephant, Sandlewood trees Q.11 Write the classification of biodiversity. Ans. : Classification of biodiversity : 1, Genetic diversity 2. Species diversity 3. Ecosystem diversity Q.12 List out the types of land pollution. Ans. : Types of land pollution : 1. Solid waste 2. Pesticides and fertilizers 3. Chemicals 4. Deforestation Ail Q.43 Define ecosystem diversity. ‘Ans, : Ecosystem diversity * Ecosystem diversity is a term that incorporates both habitat and community diversity. A} habitat is the environment in which an organism or species lives and includes the physical} characteristics (e.g. climate or the availability of suitable food and shelter) that make it especially well suited to meet the life cycle needs of that species A community consists of the assemblage of populations of plants and animals that occupy an area and their interactions with each other and their environment. An ecosystem is a unique combination of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living physical characteristics interacting as a functional unit. Inherent in ecosystem diversity are thus both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components, which makes it different from both genetic and species diversity. 2.14 What do you understand by species biodiversities ? Give one example. JAns. : Species diversity is the number of different species of living things within an area, Species are regarded as populations within which gene flow occurs under natural conditions, Members of one species, do not breed freely with members of other species. Example : Tiger, lion, teakwood, human being ete. Q00 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-hrust for knowledge