98-Civ-B7 December 2016 Highway Engineering

National Examinations — Dec 2016

98-Civ-B7, Highway Engineering

3 Hour Duration

NOTES

1. If doubt exists as to the interpretation of any question, the candidate is urged to submit
with the answer paper a clear statement of any assumptions made.

2. Any data, not given but required, can be assumed.

3. This is an "OPEN BOOK" examination. Any non-communicating calculator is

permitted.

4. A total of five solutions is required. Only the first five as they appear in your answer
book will be marked.

5. All questions are of equal value.

6. For non-numerical questions, clarity and organization of the answer are important.

Marking Scheme

1. 20 marks.

2. (a) 8 marks.
(b) 12 marks

3. 20 marks.

4. (a) 10 marks
(b) 10 marks
5. (a) 8 marks.
(b) 12 marks.

6. (a) 10 marks
(b) 10 marks.

7. 20 marks

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98-Civ-B7 December 2016 Highway Engineering

1. A two-lane highway UAU80 of 7.5 m width and a cross-slope of 0.02 m/m. A point of
intersection (PI) exists at station 50+000.000 with a deflection angle of 20°. A horizontal
circular curve with a radius of 800 m with an emax of 0.06 is chosen to connect the two
tangents.

a. Check is the chosen radius is appropriate for this horizontal curve. If not, select an
appropriate value
b. Determine the spiral parameter and length of the transition curve, and the superelevation
c. Using a horizontal scale of 1 to 500 and a vertical scale of 1:5, show the development of
superelavation along the spiral and the circular curves with rotation around centerline.
d. Show and calculate the stations at the following points:
• Tangent to spiral
■ Spiral to curve
■ Curve to spiral
(the distance between stations is 1000 m)

2. a. The corner of a building is located next to a horizontal curve with a radius of 500 m
measured to the centre of the inside lane. The inside lane is 3.30 m wide and the inside
edge of the road is 3 m from the corner of the building. Calculate the required speed limit
to maintain a safe stopping sight distance.

b. A vertical curve is to be designed to join a -2.0% and +1.0% grade along a two-lane
highway RCU80. Calculate the minimum length of the curve based on minimum required
the
stopping sight distance (SSD). Assume the height of the head lamps to be 0.60 m and
angle of the light beam from the plane of the vehicle to be 1°.
(two
3. Using the AASHTO method, design a flexible pavement section for a four-lane highway
truck volume of
lanes in each direction) with a one-way average daily traffic (ADT) of 10000,
The
6%, and an annual growth in traffic volume of 2% over the design period of 20 years.
psi).
pavement is to be constructed on a subgrade with modulus of resilience of 35 MPa (5000
Assume a truck factor of 1.8 ESAL, a reliability of 95%, an overall standard deviation So of
0.49, an initial serviceability of 4.5, and a terminal serviceability of 2.6.

Use the attached AASHTO chart and return it with the answer booklet.
Draw a cross section showing the thickness of each layer of the pavement structure.
2400
4. a. The bulk density of a compacted asphalt mixture was determined and found to be
kg/m3. Using the basic volumetric properties, calculate the air voids, VMA and VFB of
this sample given the following:

Bulk relative density of the combined aggregate = 2.67

Specific Gravity of the binder = 1.03
Binder content = 5.5% (% of total mix, aggregates + binder)
Binder absorbed (% of combined aggregates) = 0.60%

b. In a relative density test on a coarse aggregate sample, the following measurements

were recorded:
SSD Mass: 2029 g

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 December 2016 Highway Engineering
98-Civ-B7

Submerged mass: 1272 g

Dry mass: 2016.1 g
Find the SSD relative density and the absorption

for this
5. a. The following is a gradation of subgrade. Determine the D15 and D85 of a soil filter
subgrade.

Sieve (mm) % Passing

4.75 98
2.36 93
1.18 85
0.60 65
0.30 35
0.15 15
0.075 10

ty ne of 25%, and a
b. A drainage layer of 200 mm thick, a cross slope of 4%, a porosi
the drainage layer and
permeability k of 3.5 cm/s. Determine the steady state capacity of
6 m.
the time for 50% and 95% drainage based on a drainage length of
95% of the modified
6. a. Specification for a highway requires that the soil be compacted to
m moisture content of
laboratory dry density which was found to be 1960 kg/m3 at an optimu
ing results were obtained:
11.0%. A field density test is carried out and the follow
Total Density: 2080 kg/m3
Water content: 13%
road be allowed to dry?
Is compaction satisfactory? Should water be added? Or should the
Why?
asphalt pavements. Explain
b. List five types of distress that are used to evaluate conditions of
the reason(s) for each type of distress.
placed on an existing asphalt
7. An asphalt overlay with a layer coefficient al of 0.44 is to be
mm (1.5 in) and a
concrete pavement. The existing pavement has an AC surface of 40
of resilien ce of the soil to be 35 MPa
stabilized base of 150 mm (6 in). Assume the modulus
pavem ent and showed the asphalt
(5000 psi). Condition survey was carried out on the existing
cracking, and the stabilized
concrete layer to have < 5% medium- and high-severity transverse
base to have >10% high-severity alligator cracking.
any assumptions you
a. Calculate the effective structural number of the pavement (state
made or reference you used).
the design lane is
b. Calculate the required future structural number if the ESAL on
So— 0.45, initial
100,000, reliability R = 95%, Overall standard deviation
d AASHTO chart
serviceability = 4.5, and final serviceability = 2.5 (use the attache
and submit it with the answer booklet).
c. Calculate the thickness of the overlay.

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 December 2016 Highway Engineering
98-Civ-B7

PSI
NWRAP1 SOLVES:
'ogle
4.2 - 1.5
+ + 2. 32.1ogiofi,1 - 8.07
ZR*So+ 9.36.1ogio (SNi-1) - 0.20
1094
0.40 + .19
(5141)

Design Serviceability Lase, &PSI

Otamplc:
5 106
R z 95 % Design Struetetrol Number, SN

So 0.35
1414 z 5000 psi
APS! 1.9
Solution: SN 5.0

s Rased on Using Mean Values for Each Input

Figure 3.1. Design Chart for Flexible Pavement

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 December 2016 Highway Engineering
98-Civ-B7

NOMOGRAPH SOLVLZ: A PSI

'910 4.2 - 1.5

1091018 ZR*So+ 4.36'10gio(s" 0.20 1094

+ 2.321ogiotia - 8.07

0.40 + 5.19
tait-1)

Design Serviceability Loss, APSI

99.9 40

zo

La

a:
90

90

TO

60 Example:
1
so Wm a 5 x 104 65 7 6 5 4 3 I

:95%Ft Design Structurol Number, SN

So a 0.35
5000 psi
APS1 a 1.9
Solution: SN 5.0

s Rased on Using Mean VzIues far Each Input

Figure 3.1. Design Chart for Flexible Pavement

Page 5 of 6
 00

Table B.3.1.4b
= 0.06 mini
Superelevation and minimum spiral parameter, e max
100 110 120 130
design speed, 80 90
50 60 .70
km/h 40
A A A
A A. A
A A A. 2384
A 2 3&4 2 3&4 2 3&4
2 3&4 2 3&4 2 3&4
2 3&4 2 3&4 2 3&4 a lane lane a lane lane a lane lane
radius, 'a lane lane a lane lane e lane lane
a lane lane •e lane lane a lane lane
m e lane lane
.... RC RC 710 710
NC NC NC
NC NC NC AC 600 600
7000 NC NC NC RC 555 555 RC 580 580
NC NC. NC
NC NC NC RC 495 495 RC 515 515 0.023 540 540
5000 NC NC RC 475 475
NC NC NC 0.020 465 465
4000 NC RC 390 400 RC 410 410 0.020 430 430 0.024 450 450
NC NC NC
3000 NC NC 0.029 350 350 0.034 365 365 0.040 380 380
275 275 RC 300 300 0.023 300 350 0.022 335 335
NC NC RC 0.049 330 335
2000 NC 275 0.029 290 290 0.036 305 305 0.042 315 315
NC RC 225 225. RC 250 250 0.024 250 250 0.029 270 0.055. 295 320
1500 NC 225 1 0.033 240 240 0.034 260 260 0.043 270 270 0.049 285 290
RC 200 200 0.023 225 225 0.028 225
NC NC 0.048 245 255 0.054 260 280 0.058 280 300
1200 0.032 200 200 0.037 225 225 0.040 235 235
NC RC 170 170 0.021 175 175 0.027 200 200 0.051 235 250 0.057 250 270 0.060 280 300
1000. 0.039 200 200 0.043 225 225
RC 150 150 0.023 175 175 0.029 180 180 0.034 .200 200 0.054 220 240. 0.059 250 260 minimum R=950
900 NC 0.046 210 215
150 0.025 160 160 0.031. 175 175. 0.036 175 175 0.042 200 200
800 NC RC 150 0.050 200 210 0.058 220 235 0.060 250 260
175 175 0.039 175 175 0.045 185 195
700 NC 0,021 140 140 0.027 150 150 0.034 0.054 190 200 0.060 220 220 minimum R.750
140 0.037 150 150 0.042 175 175 0.048 175 185
600 NC 120 120 0.024 125 125 0.030 140 150 175 0.059 190 190 0.060 220 •220
100 0.027 120 120 0.034 125 125 0.041 140 150 0.046 150 160 0.052
500 RC 100 0.060 190 190 minimum R=600
910Z Jaqwapaa

100 100 0.038 115 120 0.045 125 135 0.051 135 150 0.057 160 165
400 0.023 .90 90 0.031 0.059 160 160 minimum R.,440
.110 115 0.048 120 125 0.054 125 140
350 0.025 90 90 0.034 100 100 0.041 125 135 0.060 160 160
110 0.051 120 125 0.057
300 0.028 80 80 0.037 90 100 0.044 100 125 minimum R=340
90 100 0.055 110 120 0.060 125.
250 0.031 75 80 0.040 85 90 0.048
0.043 80 90 0.050 90 100 0.057 110 110 0.060 125 125
220 0.034 70 80
100. 0.059 110 110 minimum R..250
200 0.035 70 75 0.045 75 90 0.052 85
85 95 0.060 110. 110 Notes
160 0.038 60 75 0.047 70 90 0.054
85 90 minimum R=190
160 0.040 60 75 0.049 70 85 0.056
60 70 0.052 65 80 0.059 85 90 e is superelevation
140 0.043
90 A is spiral parameter in metres
120 0.046 60 65 0.055 65 75 0.060 85
' R=130 NC is normal cross section
100 0.049 50 65 0.058 65 70 minimum
90 0.051 50 60 0.060 65 70 RC is remove adverse crown and superelevate at
80 0.054 50 60 0.060 65 70 normal rate
70 0.056 50 60 minimum R-90 Spiral length, L = A 2 = Radius
0.059 50 60 Spiral parameters are minimum and higher values
0.059 50 60
may be used
minimum R=55
For 6-lane pavement: above the dashed line use 4-
lane values, below the dashed line use 4-lane values
x 1.15.
A divided road having a median less than 3 m may
be treated as a single pavement.
2upaau!2u3 AeNRAH

e max = 0.06