y ihe centre distance depending upon the (1 vailability of space; and (ay type ofload. ie basie procedure for selection of belt from the salogue of The Dunlop Rubber Co. (India) Ltd,! i gscussed in this section. The maximum power Fepsmited by the belt is obtained by multiplying tte rated power by a load correction factor. The raationship is given by, (Dax = Fu (KW), where, (KW) nox = POWer transmitted by the belt for design purpose kW = actual power transmitted by the belt in a given application F,= load correction factor The values of the load correction factor are given in Table 13.1. (13.17) Table 13.1 Load correction factor (F,) aoe 1.0 1.2 Type of load () Normal fond (i) Steady load e.g, centrifugal pumps, fans, light tmachine tools, conveyors (Gi) Intermittent load e.g. heavy duty fans, blowers, compressors, reciprocating pumps, line jshafls, heavy duty machines 13 (W) Shock load e.g. vacuum pumps, rolling mills, 1.5 ‘hammers, grinders The power transmitting capacities of the belt are eveloped for 180° of arc of contact. The actual are Of contact will be different in different applications _ Then the arc of contact is less than 180°, there will a additional tension in the belt, to account for Which a factor called ‘arc of contact factor’ (Fi) is (rin calculations, The values of the arc of contact T ate given in Table 13.2. It is not advisable © "S€ an are of contact less than 150° for flat belt Sb1813.2 Arc of contact factor (Fy) 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 3 1.26 1.19 1.13 1.08 1.04 1.00 0.97 0.94) Belt Drives 509 drive. Therefore, minimum are of contact should be 150° ‘There are two varieties of Dunlop transmission belts — HI-SPEED duck belting and FORT duck belting, HI-SPEED duck belting is used in general Purpose applications. FORT duck belting is Tecommended for heavy duty applications. The Tange of optimum belt velocity for these two belts is 17.8 to 22.9 m/s, The power transmitting capacities of the belts are as follows: | HE-SPEED 0.0118 kW per mm width per ply | Forr 0.0147 KW per mm width per ply The above values are based on following two assumptions: (B The are of contact is 180°, (i) The belt velocity is 5.08 m/s. There is a specific term ‘power rating’ or ‘load rating’ of flat belts, Power rating of flat belt is defined as the power transmitting capacity of the belt per mm width per ply at 180° are of contact. For example, the power rating of FORT belt is 0.0147 kW. It indicates that single ply Fort belt of 1 mm width will transmit 0.0147 kW power for 180° are of contact with the pulley. The standard widths of these belts (in mm) are as follows: 3Ply 25 40 50 63 76 4Ply 40 44 50 63 76 90 100 112 125 152 SPly 76 100 112 125 152 G-Ply 112 125 152 180 200 The preferred diameters (in mm) of cast iron and mild steel pulleys are as follows: 100,112,125, 140,160,180,200,224,250,280,315,3 55,400,450.500,560,630,710,800, 900, and 1000 The basic procedure for selection of flat belt consists of the following steps: (i) The optimum belt velocity of Dunlop belts is from 17.8 to 22.9 m/s. Assume some belt velocity such as 18 m/s in this range and caleulate the diameter of the smaller pulley by following relationship,510 Design of Machine Elements 60(1000)y mm where 1 is the input speed or rp.m. of smaller pulley The diameter of the bigger pulley is obtained by following relationship: p= q| Seed of smaller pull | | eeecotismelleg pulley4 speed of bigger pulley = | input speed output speed Modify the values of d and D to the nearest preferred diameters, Determine the correct belt velocity for these preferred pulley diameters and check whether the actual velocity is in the range of optimum belt velocity. Determine the load correction factor F,, from Table 13.1. It depends upon the type of load, Find out the maximum power for the purpose of belt selection by following relationship: (Wa =F CW) (iii) Calculate the angle of wrap for the smaller pulley by the following relationship: D-d = 180-2: (24) = 180-2sin"{ = Find out the are of contact factor F, from Table 13.2. (iv) Calculate the corrected power by the following relationship: (KW) corrected = (KW) nx X Fey (v) Calculate the corrected power rating for the belt by the following relationships: For HI-SPEED belt, Gi) Corrected kW rating = ae For FORT belt, Corrected kW rating = where v is the correct belt velocity in m/s, (vi) Calculate the product of (width x number of plies) by dividing the corrected power by the corrected kW rating, Or, coreg Pow (AW) eee _ Corrected kW rating of bey Calculate the belt width by ASSuming number of plies. In this step, there arenas alternative solutions. A belt whose yao near the value of standard width jg gua ® solution. For this belt eet the sag width (vii) Calculate the belt length following relationship, (Width x No. of plies) c Y Usng iy 2 p= 2¢420sd) Ozaiy 2 aC Example 13.4 It is required to select a flat-belt drive for a compressor Tunning at 720 r.p.m., which is driven by 325 1440 r.p.m. motor. Space is available for ace distance of 3 m. The belt is opentype. Solution Given kW=25 n,=1440 pm m=7201pm C=3m Step I: Diameter of smaller and bigger pulls (Refer Fig. 13.16) _ adn 60(1000) 1440 rpm, + Fig. 13.16 Using a belt velocity of 18 mis, = 901000)» _ 60(1000)8) ence = 238.73 mm a Selecting the preferred pulley diame” @=250 mm and D=2%250 23‘he belt velocity for these dimensions is given by, adn, re. a (1440) _ ¥= Fo(1000) 601000) 8s ‘Step I: Maximum power for selection from Table 13.1, the load correction factor for the compressor is 1.3. Therefore, ‘Maximum power = 1.3(25) = 32.5 kW "Step II: Are of contact factor (F,) From Eq, (13.1), Bi EN = 180-2sin"!{ ——* = ( BG 500-250 23000 Assuming linear interpolation, the arc of contact factor is given by, Fy= 14 $:04=1.00080=175.23) _ 19 (180-170) Step IV: Corrected power Corrected power = 1.019(32.5) = 33.12 kW Step V: Corrected power rating of belt Selecting a HI-SPEED belt, the corrected rating at a belt speed of 18.85 m/s is given by, = 180-2sin-'( IF 175,23° Comected belt rating = 0.0438 kW _ Step VI: Selection of belt corrected power (Width x No ies) = ——___—_—__—_ oof Plies) ~ corrected belt rating 0.0438 Belt Widths, Birlcs; BENT = 159.04 mm Splies yy BEI =151.23 mm Sls i a = 126.03 mm ferent! select a HI-SPEED belt of 152 mm “Ted width and 5 piles, Belt Drives 51 Step VII: Belt length The belt length is given by b= 204244) , (B= a? 4C 250)? OOO pen oO 2 4(3000) = 7183.31 mm Belt Specification: 7.2 m length of 152 mm wide and 5 plies HI-SPEED belting. The pulleys for flat belts consist of three parts viz. rim, hub, and arms or web. The rim carries the belt. The hub connects the pulley to the shaft. The arms or web join the hub with the rim. There are two types of pulleys that are used for flat belts viz. cast iron pulleys and mild steel pulleys*. The pulley diameters are calculated in belt drive design. They should comply with standard values. The recommended values of minimum pulley diameters are given in Table 13.3. The minimum pulley diameter depends upon following two factors: (i) The number of plies in the belt (ii) The belt speed 13.9 PULLEYS FOR FLAT BELTS Table 13.3 Minimum pulley diameters for given belt speeds and belt plies (mm) _ Maximum belt 5 10 15 20 | 3 9 100 112 140180 4 140 160 180 200 250 cps oss 6 250 315 355 400 450 7 355-400-450 500560. 8 450. 500 560 630 710 9 560 630 710 800 900 10 630 710 300 900 1000 Preferred values of pulley diameters are given in Table 13.4. There is a relationship between the width of the belt and the width of the pulley, or to be more specific, width of the rim of the pulley. The difference between the width of rim and the width(i Pitch width (W,) WS os width of the belt at its pitch gone. This is the basic dimension aaah SIRT | SRR CS standardization of belt and for standardi SER comresponding pulley groove. (ii) Nominal top width (W) 1 isthe top width of the trapezi- ec tum outlined on the ero: tion of the belt (iii) Nominal height (T) It js the height of the trapezium outlined on the cross-section of the belt (iv) Angle of belt (A) Itis the included angle obtained by extending the sides of the belt. The standard value ofthe belt angle is 40°. Fig. 13.23 Dimensions of V-belt Table 13.12 Dimensions of standard cross-sections Belt Pitch width | Nominal top | W,(mm) width eee ez 85 10 A a 13 8g | B 14 7 iT ec 19 2 14 i> 7 32 19 mE 32a sigs Blew 2B 5000 g 8 Speed of Faster shaft (rpm) See) 2345 19 20 30 50 Design power (kW) 13, a 324 Selection of Cross-section of 100 Fig. Belt Orives 517 (¥) Pitch length (L,) \tis the length of the pitch line of the belt. This is the circumferential length of the belt at the pitch width ‘The manufacturers and the Bureau of Indian Standards have standardized the dimensions of the 'oss-section’. The cross-sectional dimensions are given in Table 13.12. There are six basic symbols Z, A, B, C, D, and E~ for the cross-section of V-belts Z- section belts are occasionally used for low power transmission and small pulley diameters, while A, B, C, D, and E section belts are widely used as general purpose belts, V-belts are designated by the symbol of cross-section followed by nominal pitch length along with symbol L,, e.g. a V-belt of cross-section B and with pitch length 4430 mm is designated as B 4430L,. The recommended values of standard pitch lengths (L,) are given in Table 13.14. The groove "Permissible pitch diameter of pulley Minimum pitch diameter eeu __ of pulley (mm) _ 85 50 125 75 200 bs 315 200 500 355 630 500 angle for the belt is 40°. The groove angle for pulley is from 34° to 38°. This results in wedging action between the belt and the groove, thereby increasing the frictional force, and consequently the transmit- ted power. The selection of the cross-section depends upon two factors, namely the pow- et to be transmitted and speed of the faster shaft. Fig.13.24 shows the range of speed and 200 500 800 power for various cross-sec- tions of the belt. Depending upon the power and speed of V-belt518 Design of Machine Elements the faster pulley, a point ean be plotted on this dia- Table 13.14 Nominal pitch lengths for standard gram and the corresponding cross-section selected. sizes of V-belts In borderline cases, alternative design calculations Pitch Lengths of Bells, Gin) are made to determine the best solution. 7 The calculations of V-belts are based on preferred | 2 eB iG pitch diameters of pulleys and pitch lengths. The | 405 630 930 1560 series of preferred values for pitch diameters and 475 700 + 1000 1760 pitch lengths (in mm) are given in Table 13.13 and | 549 799 400 1950 13.14 respectively 625890 12102150 700 990 1370 2420 780 1100 1560 2720 Table 13.13 Preferred pitch diameters of pulleys (mim) Beli Section ie e Cian fe 920 1250 1690 2880 50. 675 ~=«125~=«200~S=«5SSC00 1080 14301760 3080 53 801327) 2127737575307 | | 1330 1550 1950 3310 56 85 140 224 400 560 1420 1640-2180 +3520 COON COME Caos! is, spe oancemetten | 6 95 160 250 450 630 | 67 100170) 265, 475.670 eas DO | 71 106 180 280 += S00. 710 2 ace ARCO ORD 2200 2870 6100 DS em 2300 3200 6820 | 85 125 224-355 600900. 2480 3600 7600 [90 132 2503756301000 PS OOO | 95 140 280 4007101120 rrr asin rere 100 150 3004507501250 | 112 160315500. 8001400 2510820) 125 170 355 530-900: ‘1500 3080 5370 140180 375-560-1000 1600 3290 6070 | 160 190 400 600-1060 1800 | 180 200 450 630-1120 1900 Cnr et eae 200 224 500 710 1250-2000 Thenumber ofbelts required fora given application 250 250 530-750-1400 2240 | is calculated by the following relationship: 315 280 560-800-1500 2500 | Number of belts ARIES ZN onsite powteria WDE) 630-350 710-1200 2000 (KW rating of single V-belt) x (F.)x (Fi) 800 400 7501250 = 450 800 1400 ee TD 500 900-1600 - a 560 1000 “ = irive power to be transmitted (kW) F,, = correction factor for industrial service (Table 13.15 : = srt aeeaanee Meeacrom Table 13.16 to Table 13.20)Belt Drives 519 = correction factor for belt length 7, F,= correction factor g standard as well as in manufacturer's catalogues (Table 13.21) However, the discussion in this article is restricted correction factor for are of contact to the selection procedure of general purpose (Table 13.22) belts. ‘Anextensive data regarding the correction factors, KW ratings of belts and other details is given in the yable13.15 Correction Factors according to Service (F,) Service Type of Driven Machine | Type of Driving Units 5 | [Link]: normal torque, _4.[Link]: high torque, | squirrel cage, synchronous induction, single phase and split phase D.C Motor: series and D.C. Motor: shunt wound— compound wound—Single | Multi cylinder LC. engine cylinder I.C. engine —Mlti over 600 rpm cylinder L.C. engine under 600 rpm—Line shaft, | (Clutches and Brakes | ‘Operational hours per day (hr) Operational hours per day (hr) 0-10 10-16 16-24 0-10 10-16. 16-24 | Light duty Agitator, Blower, Exhauster, 10 11 12 ul 12 13 | Centrifugal pumps, Compressor and | fans up to 7.5 kW and light duty conveyor | | Medium: Belt conveyor, Fans over 7.5 kW, Ll 12 13 12: 13 14 | duty Generator, Line shaft, Machine tools, Presses, Positive displacement pumps and Vibrating screen | Heavy duty Bucket elevator, Hammer mill, 12 13 14 14 15 16 Piston pump, Saw mill, Exciter and Wood working machinery Extra- Crusher, Mill and Hoist 13 14 1S 15 16 18 Heavy duty 13.12 BASIC PROCEDURE FOR SELECTION (vi) SS ane distance depending upon the availability of space ees @ The basic procedure for the selection of V-belts In practice, the designer has to select a V-belt consists of following steps: ‘ from the catalogue of the manufacturer. Following (i) Determine the correction factor according information is required for the selection: to service (F,) from Table 13.15. It depends upon the type of driving unit, the type of G@) Type of driving unit driven machine and the operational hours per Type of driven machine io : day. 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