BIOMOLECULES Molecules having Liologicas Emposctance , Auch OA: > Coscbohydstates - > Pxrotdns > Vitamins +> Nuckete Adds Cosrbo hy dicts + They au Knousn o4 “Ay dotottss of canben”? General formula = Cx CHr0) 4 Not: These on ome compounds which ose not cascbo hy duos tout fits inte snis formula. ax. HCHO CHaCcooH > Rhamnose (CeHr95), loa Koxboryd Jout do mot fit Inte ths formula’ > chemteat depinitven : - conboryanans aye optte ace polyhy xq ald ery dus Or ketonr ot the compounds ushich Aroduce Auch unity en Arugdovolipsts. AA A ite th te) ehh thd ae ah he ale A Ah A Ah A A LLL OSLxomple 4- cHo OH a eee ¢s0 Ho—}— 4 Ho —}+— H 4#—— ou 4 —+—_ oH 4H ——— ou 4H —}+— oy CHOH CH2OW D- GUicose D- fuuctose CAtd chads) Cketone) Note + A se cond occusting Lastbohiydsatis Ose D- Gsn yi grakren in nobrre . classi fifcatren of Carcholy daates s (a). Boxed on number of wntts present”. Ui). Monodacchass des 2 3 4m ushich only ene unit lb psusent. 4 Hydecodysis is mot possible. (i). Odigosacchasudus ¢ ~y 4nushich & to lo monosacchaside sunit« Own pousent . dxt- Bucpode _HYHS'PY4 5 Guicore + Prurctose Moaltose __" > Glireose + Glucose ie _*# y Glutose + Glactote aan Gralactosc Glucode , frurctore Galactose , Mannosc. m~—RARMANNhR ANN £bO 4.40 Oo dio oo OS Oo Bo Mann nne...dati Poy AQ. echaside aes monohsacchasides sanits dxs- Stench , Cellulose ; gegcogen : . Based on functional geoup 3 eo. + $n ushich ae jundironos iA &yi- Glicorke- ® Ketose + 2 ushich Ketone funduenal ger Is psusent. aes frurctore . (c). Bosed Sn umber of cosben atoms % Cratorns Gen. name | Aldose [ketose 3 tytore aldetriose | Keto Hiose 4 detrose alolotetrote} Keto tetrase 5 Pentorse addoperrtose Keto peritoae 6 Hexose. hexose | Keto hexose ¥ Heptose aldo heptese | Keto heptose “ ee.(2) Bored en thely seducing Motiv * [ 4). Redirces ToWens Maagent y rehuing dol. &) &xample AL monosacchast! dis ond oligosacchauides Lxcept sugar. 3). Showld have atleast ene hemiacetoal nkage. ae Zoe Reducing Sugax Non- Reducing Sugar _| 4) Do not yreduce tolkend reagent % Fenling bout. 2) &xomple + . ALL acchasuds ani fos {a oxacchosutds eq Aurore. 3) Should have atleast ene acetah Linkage . \ oR 7 SOR Note: © &mattest atdorse ks Do guycenaldehyde . CHO CHyOH @ Amatuut Ketore B CH2—-0H c= \ CH. — OH Pihydsoxy acetone. This is only opt colby inadyuc Cortbohyduate. menmenennrnnarnrhanannnrwuwirtis‘sigéiawatnavatinanananrnnnmnhnrntenetentnanunanrNote: 2: Aldobutose ——> Aldo tebsore H os Ned CN CN sp st t | W—c—-OH Ho-C — CHOW CH,0H CH, 0H | DIBAL-H V cro CHO H 4 OH HO + " oH 4 ou CH,0H CH,OH D- baytrrose D-+throae pw Conboluy duster Busives fem d- qug Coral dehyde Ose a Din nobus .D. Monosaccharides : CHo CHO H ou HO " 4 ov Ho 4 lo H Ho H Hl OH H Ou Ho H H OH H OH H on CHy0H CH, OH CH.0H D- ql cose D- mannose {- qolactose CH20H | \ 0 | C-2 epimesn ° Cc Ho 4 of glucose 4 epimer of Guicore. w Ou H OH CH,0H D- frructone “pirmexti— Thote open chain stuckure uslitich Ose ant’rs Aome tn conpf uration except fost ene chiral centye Ose Knovsn ar apim eu, VTAPP PP hhh) bh) hide b LAA bbb ASSIST C&G HH EHR wo henenaeGlucose : Parpariation . 1) By hydsuolinis of Cane bugs WL Cry, Ou + HO —> CoMyrO¢ 4 Cg Hie guscose Pouictote. (Suv) D by hyd ostrion of Atesich : —- CHrO0E qbacose Open chain dou tie [Prsches Puofection] 2 Cyclic _tiwebun Tarsosth Pasi ecti%on] . (CeHieOs)y +mHo &tasteh > Sraptth of -CHO » Yueore dow mot Soack susith sents Pana ek ond also do mot foam wticten prods ustth Na H$03. sity DNP ‘ind’ ng absence of CHO gop: — This behavfawr Comltd mot Ie op lained open onotn Aburcbie of core ond hence Jeod to cyclic btyruciue of eee : , : , , } : > Pentaacetatte of gee se alte Wo mot react | | ; j i!on | ) 4 oO 1 H ad Ho-C ae 4 WH ou H+ on 4 on HoH 4 Ho—H |. ao HO 4 eon . H—— on \ H—8H v OH . a cH on m CH,04 on ap: oh, S casuben CH20H ‘ will attack as it N wi 6-memboud . ping (stable) . ° a] ~ Ho -C—-H \ — OH \ N wo—;— H O , Ww —+— 0H 1 Hot,¢ —J— © 5 — 7 , fat 4 4 H 3 on 4 — | ANOMERS | oH R oH on Hfrekes A A on arbor o- D- quuce poorer BrD- glucopyrancie (spect ie rotation = +12) (apect}ee wotediion= +14") 7Notes B- D- ghurco puysranote We mose stable then of-p- grropsanore becare fn B-D- quacopyronosc OH gp. (badky) & of equitosdal pition. Aromeu Those dre Abu dios ushich a. ant neal Aor, in Configuration except ot one centbu. Psropetres Qnomeu + Mutostotetiion :- Ushen ox-anomens Ls didsolued fh HO th apedhtc. wotadien charges here. +I to +5a-T. vShessas Ushen B- anomeu dissolued Pty apect change Pn aged Pee fpeem +9" to 452-7" Tk sotabion is colled mutarotetion. creo chao 4 OH " 4 oH wo\oq HES one 4 A my oH H OH open chain a- p- >, AF ee ee ee 4” rrewrrrrerr TT £ € @ £ © @©&# €& €& @€€6f& GAee CO et MO MO IIA AA AMADA DOT Fructose : frurctose ts On Imposatant Ketohexose - « Fyuctoe. also has molecular Formula Cok 0, : * On the basis of its Chemical veachims ths was “found “Hach to Comkain a Ke tmic over ar Carbo Numkey 2 ank Sin Carbms Im - Atraight chan as in the Cove of \ducoe . CK, ok \ C=0 Ko ae 4 — ov — on Cha ok D -— C-) — Fructowe BG Ais Oar | fa on cgchic Forms Which are obboined by the addihoy of —-oH at Cs 4o the ( 2c=0) grew = the ying thu formed aHive Membered ring and iS named GA tuvanon Lot ana dogy bo the Combaund Furan | ¢ « ‘ ‘ 6 « « 6 SH, on : . A-~ DC) - Prctoheramse B- By. 3 . Frade tuyanen § ‘ The cyhic abcd of tun 7 Gno mers of Buches are represents by Rawort\ Aryvucturey —_ -_RARA RDNee a de al Tu monosaccharides are joined oxide Dimkag a of water Together by an Formed by The Low modecuke. Such @ Linkage behseen tum mons Zaccharide unis throng Onyaen atom ts cated “Giycosid'e Sin leerge 7 Q) Sucrose + Kyo — > C.k,5 W,,° 2 oXyee Oe ae NN D-C)- Gteore CEH Og D ~O) > FrctonK-D- Glucoae Since the al eer 0 -3- Pacton Jen kage reducing Qyrmp + of opvcn ond — Fruckore Lond Formation | Sucrose 16 a Non - reducing engar Noke Surcroee otter hy dm Ly Ris Saewrolihy Fructose, vs aye invobryed in qSyeosicle dextro voralor, bur gives dextye volo tory oro and Since Ane Laevereratin ot Actor 16 (a2) ts move than dextwrolation oF a S4ore C+ 52-5) Ahe owninyurt 14 Sacwratatgter . | the padecr ts mameh os inverr Sugar. mie adaadddadaddaddadaaaaagay) aia L yGi) “Malbbore + Th is a reducing aegey ‘ CK20K ~D - Glurcor diiy Lactoos 3 x Commendy Knoon a4 mi 2k Augar. x ar tA advo 8 now “err 6 CKa0K 6 CHa okXR Ny -saccharides “They Contains Barge nurber of Mono dsacchande units joined together by Sy coridic Lin Kayes * Q) * Thess Maindy ack as the twod Shorage or a Truchurall materials Sharch : * LF iS She mosh important Aichany Aoree Poy humnay beings . * Er is The polymer oh d-ghuon and Conarsrs OL Aw ComPon enh — ® Frmy hore lw) Am udopecting Amhose % Xr 16 walter Aohuble Component \hich = Comatltuelrs abut \S-2°% aroarch . > AR APL 414) 4b bt kt tt* Chamercadty cxmny oer tA a Long unbranched — Chain with 2ov— \our aA-D-(4)- gina units held Svacthey dy, Cy - Cy ghycosidic Ainkage . Ck, OK F CK OK Cheon H O K 4 ok Ket 4 on 4 ee of Link A My Lese Frm hobechne : + Tr yy incoduble Comskitnes abeulr * Th ig a branched chain Polymer oH a-d ~ qdurcore unis in Sich Chain is Formed by Cincy gy wardic Ainkege heros Sremching Ayo adie mM waler and BO-ESH Of Arar, occayq ab Q\-c, Luinkere |Arayto pechtne Ce Uusore & x SE in he most abundant OY ganic Aubarance ty plan a Ving dom. ¥ Xr (6 a Advowhh chain podysacchortde compo red only of. DA AA Adi Abide Lh BBB DOERR ERO HE HEC KE HS yrSP AAAMAAMAAMAAA AAPA EAA EERO B- 9- oySut coos uniks WhtCh are Joined by aiyeore dic Ain kage ‘ockocen Cy of one pou on unl and Cy eh the next onan dur, wocky, \ oO. 9 ok K ouC” Koue JN oH e —Ninks aw ox 0 | q de Cogen * The Cay bohy brates are bored in animal bo dy ao aS4cogen i * TE 14 alge Knoon a8 Animal Alarch lecaure (FS Btructurex 1A and 4 Aimtlbar +d amy Sopeckine vather more — highhy. bronchid, Xr i preer River, muaches and brain . “Tin pov Fan ce HA Carbohydrates Oy di) wy Ww) “They are CAgenhioh fer Safe im bot planks and animale | Yoney has been Ured toy Serg vime ak an tmstomk Source of energy by Vor dud . CHK woadg of bacteria and planks ta made wp of oh Cuaron. we uid Trurniure From cebu dort in the “torn Of wood, and Chcthe mercedes with Cedbusore tm Wwe term of Colton Hove Biloxe |PRorerng Ae Go Proteins aru the most aburdant Isto molecte ef the tus Fem. Chie sauseu of proteins Be MTU 3 che’ we ,pubeu, peanuts , fishy meak dc. ® The Loosnd protein ts durctued word es betos > Ushich £ i ra A Means psifm Tm posstance. Proteins are poly meu of &- amino acids. Amine Reds: we Rade ® Amino actds catain amine (-NH5) and corsoxyl “COOH funchlenal ne © Depend? tepon the slab ue To rors List Hh Meee to the amine Caruso x. D> acids con be ossi iied as oA, Y>8 ond ro on. R- Cli- cooH ) Only &-amine acvds ou obtetned en \ Aydeolyais Neo . of psoterns. a-amino acid = Aida chat &. AU -amine acids Pave / ck ar touivial names. @) Glucine named since TE Jor Ausest teat. Tse Tyrosine cos post oblofined pom cheese .Amino acids, their symbols and Isoelectric point : | One Name of the Three letter S.No. " | letter Side chain (R) ‘Amino acid | Symbol | Coge Neutral amino acids 1 Sieine iy oe a 2 | Alanine [Ala A =CHsime 3 Valine* __Val v —CHCHs)2 4 | Leucine* Leu L =CH2-CH{CHs)2 | =CH-C,Hs 5 Isoleucine* Heu ! CH; i 6 Phenyalanine* Phe F —CH2-CeHs or CH2Ph L 7 __Cysteine Cys c —CH>-SH a. Methionine* Met M —CH2—CH2-S-CHs _ | TIS) 9 Tryptophan* Trp w N 4 10 Serine Ser s —CHz-OH E 11 Asparagine Asn N —CH2-CO.NH2 12 Glutamine Gin Q —CH2-CH2-CO-NH2 73 | Threonine r —CH-CHs ff C1 15 Proline Pro P i — a 7 (Itis complete structure) Acidic amino acids - 16 [Aspartic acid Asp D —CH2-COOH | ow Glutamic acid Glu E ~CH2-CH2-COOH I Basic amino | acids Tysine= Lys K —CH2(CHz)s—-NH2 | CH, ~ (CH )2 -NH-C-N | arginine Arg R Me (Cte | _ 1H —CH, Histidine" Hi H i i is HN ol . 1 * Essential a-amino acidsClassi featren of Amino Actos W. Amine acide oste wlawiffed as acidic , baste O% neubrol depending 4xpen the suolatove . Number o Omine ond osvbonyl Qeoap in they molecu. ®. The aming Acids Ushieh con ye in the bo Osea Knows 04 & ay anfine cid”), Those ushich cannot be Ajnthestsed. th the body and muut he obtefned through aiet Oe Eneush Os & oyentigh amino adds”. ®. Amfno vactds Ose LA Colouser , Lx yotedin e Aolick. Thebe gree wood. Acluble . w. & OgMLO Ls Aolution , the Losho xy group can Lose a proton and aming can accept a psoton , givt ube, i dipolax. Yon called Ztoitter Ton? 9 Au nthe sisedt On ~Sopentfah t R-CH~C-o-n NV <—R- cH —C-0 INH. NHy [Zwitren fen] ; ®. &xcept ane , UL other p oceuntr Peale adds OHL cpcaiy och "4 & Most Oceuts? amino acids have L- conbi guration. L- Aminoactds uu sepsusercted by sosditing the -NH, Group on Lift side.®. & - Ww @ Ushen the number a Ohyuct use of, Proteins TLC UI Of HOLE Pactra qu the olymew of o-amino acids ne Qyu vonnestd be gach ober Soy Deplida “bend ol peptide Hin koge- A Chemically , pepHde Linkage Ls on omnis fosenedl ten =COOH guoup Hz Group: HiN- CH, - coon + Hon = cA cool CH -H)0 HN — CHy — [CO= NH- cae COOH Hs peptide Kinkage [Olyeylaouine (Gb4- Ala] Ushen casbox cine combin ustth the toe alanine = i 0 Mpephide , quiedlalahtve, 4 O thind amino acid cembine fo a Atpeptids , the product cottont AH peptide” A titpeptide Contatny thse amino acéds Linked tse peptide Lin kuch amino acids is masse than ten then the procluat feSpoly peptide” A polypeptide tstth mot than undue anino Gefds HAT dues having molecular mam highest than [910004 i cote PROTEIN.GO Poly peptides wufth juver Amino acidr oe Akely to be cabled pxoteina i they osidiinontly have OQ wel duffned Conformation of @ porotein such ox insulin ushtch contain $4 amino actols. ©). Fbsaus Parotel, Ushen the Hide a hdd Pee i yee fee ee and Poe die bonds , hen — As a nytegen on sulpie Such pxoteink ose gon ‘pulubla te et Some commen Cxouryples one in hair, wool an ) Ue) msg) aie? SUT Ord gen peat a (6). Globular Protetng s— ee eid CTW studi susults ushen the chains 4 | poly pepitdas esfl ascound matty Biante @ 4p hevieal pean These que qe Lube %n vociten Cb, Pout Vue ip proteins ; (dt has one osu Mose Peptids chains . cach Polypeptides no rotate has arnine acfds Linked ustth tach other fr 4 eat Hic dequence and ik fs tits sequen of ouvine adds that is said to be primany Strudiue of protie. (ty secondo Atruchu of psotetn :- @® The ne tn ushich a ors poly peptide Chain Con _-*®. see und to oxist fn twe dif persed pa of structure. ob- hax ond (- pleated. sheet Mrudurt- BW Thue druid atic dur te the regular } \ding of the backbene ef He povapepHde . iste due te dugdotegen bonding behween 9 ° _i_ and -NH- groups of the peptide bond . diy Tetons struc quotetn s— Ge tushy folding of the econ ahrudws. dt gives ed ce ae Ahopes viz. {ibvous and &lobulax . @® The main vees Uslich stabilise the Band 3 strucwuus | pototeins ase ig be se ne van dux Waals and ecto state rte ef attraction . dv). Quotesn sruchur of pscoteins s— w some othe pxoteins Os Composed twe ox mos polypeptide chains i sted to as poder ® Te Apodbiol Oswdr9 ement of Hare subunits Usith sespett ko each other .®. Dio oth Matdune & Hepnueniation 4 proteinWW Proteins found th o biological system usith a unique 3-p AtwdWAL ond Hiologicoh adtutty is called nove protein”, @ Uohen a psotein fn tte nakibe form , 38 subjected to physi cok Me ch tn fernpensdurre omchemicak ch ike ch in pH , dee tog en. bores Soot nod. MTs, globuts untold and helix ge unwwiled ond pxote?n loz 18 biolog (eal ackutty : Tuts 2b Solenatwotien? protelts. ex- The coogulatren of 2aq Ushi eu bol Lng .\VnTAMINS: $ has been obsowed thet codain orqaute Comnpounds Que maguited in amalh omounts ” In our dtl Sout thetx def iene Capes pect fe Avbeares. Those ak2 collool vitamins? W. Oxaante Compounds sequiveh tn tre dict in “sma amounts to perform specific bfologieal functions normal mainten- +> Vitamin = vital + amfne. =>Vitaming one Chamilied on the bases of their solubility ‘in oats eA jak - Fat soluble vitamins :- WNitamind A, D, Land k. » ston in Live and adfpore (Cat sting). “ithe an a WW), oak soluble viteumdra t— Vitamin Band C. (K) Waker soluble vitamins must be supplic doi ly fn diet | becouse. On suad? Ry¥outed tr LWUNE and can rot be store except vitamin Bir.Some important Vitami ns, their Sources and their Deficiency Diseases “S.No. (Retinal) B: Thiamine B: (Riboflavin or lactoflavin) 4 (Pyridoxin or adermin) Biz (cyanocobalamine) |___ Characteristics Soluble in oils and fats, stable to heat. Promote growth, vision and increases resistance to diseases. _ Sources Milk, Butter, eggs, fish iveroil, rice kidney, green vegetables, angoes sweet potatoes, carrots, tomatoes etc. Deficiency disease Xerophthalmia (hardening of eye) corn night blindness ang | xerosis (drying of skin) Soluble in water destroyed by heat above 313K. | Soluble in water sensitive to light but | stable to heat. | Soluble in water. | Water soluble, stable to heat. Milk, egg, liver of Pulses, nuts, cereals (rice, wheat), yeast, egg yolk, milk, green vegetables and fruits Milk, yeast, green vegetables, meat, liver, kidney, egg white ete Rice bran, yeast, molases, meat, fish, egg yolk etc animals Beriberi (paralysis of legs and general weakness) loss of appetite Retards groath general inflammation of tongue darkened tongue dermatitis and cheilosis (racking at corners of mouth and lips) Cause specific dermatitis and anaemia in man effects central nervous system __ ‘Anemia (RBC deficient inflammation of tongue and mouth H (Biotin) _ Neither soluble in water not in fats Yeast, liver, kidney and milk Dermatitis, loss of has |_and_paralysis c | (Ascorbic acid) Soluble in water but destroyed by cooking Citrus fruits Amia, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables. Cause scurvy (bleeding of gums pyorthea bleeding of teath) D |g | {itis mixture of 4- | vitamins a, b. 9. d tocoferols) K (phylloquinone mixture of two vitamins Ki & Ke) 10 | | | Soluble in oil and fats, ‘stable to heat and resistants to oxidation to controls calcium and phosphorus meta- ism. | Soluble in oils and fats | stable to heat and | oxidation Soluble in oils and fats, stable to heat, sensible (Daily dosage 75 mg) Milk, butter, eggs, liver & meat (Daily dosage 0.025 mg) Vegetable germ oil, cotton seed peanut oil, soyabean, eggs, milk, fish (Daily dosage 5 mg) Vitmain K; affalfa leafs vegetables Vitamin Kz occurs mainly in bacteria. | Rickets (deformation | bones) osteomalaci? (soft bones and joint P2 — f Loss of sexual power © reproduction (sterility) increased muscular weakness 4 o | nage length Haemorthage lend, the time of blo Excessive bleed! injury. Vitamin Kt i bacten ing in akx Nachere Rex as % and Evens generation of each * uksA Rvevy Aptaes veaembles Gncerrors in mama WAgh. Tr ts bem obsered the Neches of a Living celh i4 Teshonmbels Fa this Transition o- inhevente Charackers | alos Calhad heveckity , The Parhdes OF iy miduas oF the CU, Yesponaithe toy heredity AYR cabbed — Chvemaromed Sich noe Made up of proteing and ane " “ *yPe of biomolecule + Calbed Nucke ic. acd, Tyre O DNR C Dioryyi bonucheic had) SY Re © Ribonuchere Acid) PARA A Hea Ht 6+ be ee eeChemical Combporitin of nucleic Reds Eremicel Cimpoainon OF TENS ¥ * Comp Lele hydro Lysis of Ont Cok Rv) iedda a pentoa Aven, jpheaphonc acd and — nidogen containing, \yelexo cychic Compounds (cathed bare) Xy DN molecule» ) Ahe Anger mote ys B-D-2.- de myrileot® Whereas iy ara mediate , i [AB -D- vilost .DNA contains bases viz. adenine (A) » Guanine (Gr), Uytosine (c) and thymine (T). RNA alto contains four bases, 1 on Hhree hoses quit same th DNA but tee fourth one Ub y uxadl (U). anh mm meeh UL Struchur 9 Nuclete i Aids n~An~ Aunit Horned Hu abtachmenk of a bore Bw 4! position o aban JA Known as “murleoaide?. Struchurg of @ Muckeoride ond ©) nucleotideeee VPS eesA Aimplitied yer Aion of nucure and chain tA hows lye Low . Base \ | = Suey — Phosphals + Suge — Phat) Sugay nN bar Bane % Dy fermahton reg avdang The Sequence CL nudestide tn Me Chin obo Wudeic aud cokfed ae Anche.¥ Ty he econ dars Atcha of » RN 1 helices ave preoent wWureh are, only Aingla Alandard . Some timer Trey told leackk ™ Themselves i> diem a dovkle Nedin Arn chor, RN & moleuahes are of Thre ye SD) m- RW Cmenenger) O) ~- RNh OC + bo-romal’) WS) t= RYH C transfer) DA AAA AMARRAARAADERnon nn...