Industrial Microbiology ➢ The success of fermentation was

dependent on the randomly

Chapter 1: Introduction to
incorporated microorganisms and
Industrial Microbiology
the condition at hand.
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Code of Hammurabi
➢ People in pre-historic times
➢ Have strict laws concerning the
learned about food spoilage,
production and trading of beer.
preservation, and storage.
➢ Refer to wine as one of Earth’s
most valuable gifts and must be
➢ They developed diverse
handled with love, respect, and
empirical knowledge of methods
esteem.
and techniques for preserving
and refining food which is
passed on verbally and later in
written form. ➢ Egyptians had mastered malt
preparation and mashing and
➢ From hunter to used these techniques in making
agrarian/pastoral society. beer.

➢ Dwellers in the Fertile Cresent ➢ Wine is a symbol of privilege

began to experiment with for the upper class.
producing alcoholic beverages.
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
➢ Egyptians observed that bread ➢ His works mark the beginning of
became lighter and more easily microbiology
digestible when the bread dough ➢ He was the first to observe
was set aside before baking. microorganisms (bacteria and
protozoans) using a one-lens
Wine
microscope
➢ The production of wine is made ➢ He described the ‘animalcules’
from fruit juices.
Beer
➢ Production of beer is made from
grains.
Sumerians

➢ The first record of beer

production was about 5500 years
old and came from Sumerians.
➢ Resided in Mesopotamia
(Iraq)

➢ Clay tablets

o show how grain (barley and

emmer wheat) was shucked
and ground.
o Flour was transformed into
a flatbread, which was
then used to produce Kasch
(wine bread) or Henket
(Egyptian beer)
INVESTIGATION OF MICROORGANISMS AND Robert Koch
THE BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIAL
MICROBIOLOGY ➢ Demonstrated that infectious
diseases such as anthrax,
Louis Pasteur typhus, and cholera were caused
by bacterial pathogens.
➢ Proved the fermentation
processes in his time were *Modern microbiology is accredited
invariably linked to the to Koch and Pasteur.
specific microorganisms present
Pathogens
➢ And the observed chemical
change was based on the b ➢ is defined as an organism
physiological abilities of causing disease to its host
these microorganisms.
➢ Industrial Microbiology also
➢ Pasteur studied the life cycle has roots in Pasteur’s research
of yeasts and compared how they from 1850.
processed sugar in the presence
and absence of oxygen Fermentation

➢ is a process of central
metabolism in which an organism
➢ Looked at bacterial converts a carbohydrate, such
fermentation (lactic and as starch or sugar, into an
butyric acid fermentation) and alcohol or an acid. For
the microorganism responsible example, yeast performs
for it. fermentation to obtain energy
by converting sugar into
➢ Failed fermentations did not alcohol.
produce the desired products
and a resulted of the Two Types Of Fermentation,
contamination of other
1. Alcoholic Fermentation
microorganisms
➢ produces ethanol, carbon
dioxide, and NAD+.
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
➢ Devised the process of
➢ produces lactic acid (lactate)
pasteurization (involves
and NAD+
heating liquids at high
temperatures for short amounts 1857-1877
of time. Pasteurization kills
harmful microbes in milk ➢ Pasteur describes alcoholic
without affecting the taste or fermentation, lactic acid, and
nutritional value butyric acid fermentation
(sterilization= all bacteria ➢ Explains the processes of wine
are destroyed), a major and beer production.
contribution to food and ➢ Introduces sterilization via
beverage preservation, which pasteurization
was originally developed to
preserve wine. 1867

Hansen ➢ The Vienna Process is used for

large-scale production of
➢ Pure strain brewing was carried baker’s yeast.
out in 1883, using a yeast
isolated by Hansen, referred to
as Carlsberg Yeast No.1
(Saccharomyces carlsbergensis)
now classified as a strain of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1870 TYPICAL OPERATION OF FERMENTATION
PROCESS
➢ Robert Koch develops
procedures for cultivating Upstream processing
microorganisms and founds
1. Producer organism
medical microbiology
➢ Initially obtaining a suitable
1877 industrial microorganism
➢ Strain improvement to enhance
➢ Wilhelm Kuhne introduces the productivity and yield
term enzyme for temperature- ➢ Maintenance of strain purity
sensitive, active ferments from preparation reliable inoculum
living cell. ➢ Continuing development of
From 1881 selected strains to improve the
economic efficiency of the
➢ Lactic acid is produced with process
the help of lactic acid
bacteria Primary metabolites

1894 ➢ produce during active

growth(the trophophase/
➢ Fisher proves the specificity logphase) which include amino
and stereoselectivity of acids organic acids vitamins
enzymes. and industrial solvents such as
alcohols and acetone
1896
Secondary metabolites
➢ Buchner proves the existence of
fermentation enzymes in yeast ➢ are not essential for growth
cell extract (the idiophase) but the most
important industrial product
From approximately 1900 e.g. alkaloids and antibiotics
➢ Municipal wastewater treatment Aspergillus niger
plants are established in
larger cities. ➢ are used in industrial
microbiology for mass
1915 production of citric acid
➢ Clostridia are used for large- Erythromycin
scale production of acetone and
butanol. ➢ is an example of a secondary
➢ Glycerin is produced with the metabolite used as an
help of yeasts from Molasses antibiotic in mass production
within industrial microbiology
From 1923
2. The Fermentation Medium
➢ Aspergillus Niger is used for
large-scale production of ➢ Selection of suitable cost-
citric acid effective carbon and energy
1928 sources and other essential
nutrients
➢ Fleming discoveries penicillin ➢ Media optimization or vital
and its effect on bacteria aspects of process development
to ensure maximization of yield
1939- 1941 in profit
➢ Penicillin is isolated and ➢ Waste products from other
purified industrial processes, notably
sugar processing wastes, and
lignocellulosic wastes
 ➢ Penicillin, the first known
antibiotics was discovered by
3. Fermentation
Alexander Fleming from
➢ cultivation of industrial Penicillium chrysogenum (1881
microorganisms under rigorously to 1955) in England in 1928
controlled conditions developed
to optimize the growth of the ➢ Alkaloids, steroids and
organism or production of a vaccines
target microbial product ➢ Therapeutic recombinant human
➢ Fermentations are performed in proteins such as insulin,
large fermenters often with interferons and human growth
capacities of several thousand hormone
liters
Penicillins
➢ Batch, fed-batch or continuous
systems ➢ Pilot and industrial facilities
were constructed for the
Downstream processing
surface cultivation and
➢ Conventional DSP includes all continues submersion
unit processes that follow cultivation of P. chrysogenum,
fermentation And the suitable technical
➢ Cell harvesting, cell process management was
disruption, product developed for each type of
purification from cell extracts cultivation
or the growth medium and ➢ The biggest practical problems
finishing steps were encountered in attempting
➢ Save an inexpensive disposal of to keep the fermentation
always products generated facilities free of
during the process contamination (The large scale,
long incubation time, intensive
Fermentation products ventilation, and numerous
fittings, bulbs, pipes, and
High Volume, Low Volume
instruments in and on the
Food, Beverages, food additives and facilities)
supplements ➢ (Downstream processing:
isolation and purification),
➢ Major fermentation products The product analysis
worldwide and are of vast (Identification of yield,
economical importance purity, and activity), and The
➢ Fermented dairy products-lactic product formulation (Conversion
acid bacteria in milk to a product that could be
➢ Yeast are exploited in the stored and transported)
production of alcoholic
beverages Industrial Chemicals And Fuels
➢ Vinegar- oxidation of alcoholic
➢ Alcohols, Solvents such as
beverages by esthetic acid
acetone, organic acids,
bacteria
polysaccharides, lipids and raw
➢ Single-cell protein (SCP)
materials for the production of
plastics.
➢ Biological fuel generation- Is
Low Volume, High Value that conversation of renewable
Health-care products plant biomass to liquid in
gaseous fuels
➢ Antibiotics (b- lactams, ➢ Methane and ethanol are the
Penicillin and Cephalosporins, main products, although other
Along with aminoglycosides and potential fuels can hydrogen,
the tetracyclines ethane, propane and butanol
ENVIRONMENTAL ROLES OF
MICROORGANISMS
Wastewater Treatment

➢ Utilizes the metabolic

activities of diverse microbial
populations capable of
degrading any compound that may
be presented to them
➢ Degradation of a man-made
xenobiotic compounds
➢ Bioremediation of environments
Objectives:
1. Destroy all pathogenic microbes
present in the sewage,
particularly the causal
organisms of the water borne
diseases cholera, dysentery and
typhoid.
2. Breakdown the organic matter in
wastewater to, mostly methane
and carbon dioxide rather by
producing a final affluent
outflow that can be safely
discharged in the environment
Microbial-based clean technology is
also being increasingly used in the
desulphurization of fuels and the
leaching of metals

➢ copper iron, urine, and zinc

➢ Thiobasillius and Sulfolobus
Environmental biological control

➢ Microorganisms are employed in

an effort to reduce our
reliance on synthetic chemical
pesticides
➢ control of fungal, insect enema
to the pests of agricultural
crafts, along with some vectors
of human and animal diseases.