Fundamentals of Nursing

Concept of MAN
The Study of Man

The Atomistic Approach

● Studies the structure of the cell and
the component parts.
● It the detailed study of man.
● Views man as an organism
composed of different systems,
each system composed of organs
and each organ is made up of tissue
cells.

The Holistic Approach

● It provides a fundamental framework
on which one can base his
perception or observation of the
total behavior of man in relation to
society.
● Traces the patterns of man's
relationship with other beings in the
suprasystem of society.
● Views man as a whole organism with
interrelated and interdependent
parts functioning to produce
behavior unacceptable to him or/to
society

Man as a Biological Being

● Man is a living organism who from
birth destined to die.
● Because the cells, organs, and
systems are found within the
individual, they comprise the
subordinate system of man;
● While the family, community and
society consists of bigger units of
man called superordinate system.
● The subordinate system of man is
important in carrying out daily
activities which are vital to survival.
 ● The superordinate system provides
man with the necessary framework
of relationships which links him to
the family, community and the
society.

Organismic behavior
● First belief is that Man normally
responds as a unified whole.
● Second belief is that Man as a whole
is different from and more than the
sum of his component parts.
● Refers to those observable features
and actions that reflect man's
functioning as a unified whole within
the environment in which he exists.

Man as a System
● Man is an open system.
● He is composed of subsystems
which acts as unified whole;
therefore what affects one
subsystem affects the other
subsystem/s within the set.

Man as a Psycho-Social Being

● Man is "a unique irreplaceable
individual, a one-time being in this
world.”
● Man, the psyhcosocial being is
capable of rational, logical thinking
most of the time but can become
irrational and illogical when
provoked.

Concept of Man, Health, and Illness

MAN
In the development of human
beings, all three factors are very
important "Man as psychological
biological and social being. Man is
incomplete if one of the above
mentioned factors is missing.

MAN as Biological Being

● Humans, or human beings, are
bipedal primates belonging to the
(Latin: "wise man" or *knowing
man*")
● Humans have a highly develop brain
capable of abstract reasoning,
language, and introspection.
● Brain is the central part of human
body.
● Hypothalamus controls different
mechanisms like secretions of
hormones, motivation and moods
and other activities within the body.
● Biological factors include the
inherited characters, that help in the
development of human beings.
Some characters are inherited in
humans like aggression, feelings,
attitudes, behavior, emotions,
height, color and so on.

MAN as Psychological Being

● The human brain perceives the
external world through the senses,
and each individual human is
influenced greatly by his or her
experiences, leading to a subjective
views of existence and the passage
of time.
● Humans are variously said to posses
consciousness, self-awareness and
a mind, which correspond roughly to
the mental processes of thoughts.
● These are said to posses qualities
such as self-awareness, and the
 ability to perceive the relationship
between oneself and one's
environment.

MAN as Social Being

● Humans are social by nature
however, humans are particularly
adept at utilizing systems of
communication fo self-expression,
the exchange of ideas and
organization.
● Humans are social by nature
however, humans are particularly
adept at utilizing systems of
communication for self-expression,
the exchange of ideas and
organization.
● Humans create complex social
structures composed of cooperating
and competing groups, ranging in
scale from small families and
partnership to species-wide
political, scientific and economic
unions.
● Social interactions between
humans have also established an
extremely wide variety of traditions,
rituals, ethics, values social norms,
and laws which form the basis of
human society.
● Man co-operates with the social
nexus and gives a certain measures
of his own efforts to fulfill the needs
of others, in ret he benefits from the
efforts others in order to fulfill his
own needs.

MAN CONCLUSIONS:
● Human's personality is basically the
combinations of all three factors, all
go parallel to each other, any
phenomena canna occurs
separately..
HEALTH
● The presence and absence of
disease.
● A state of being well and using every
power the individual possesses to
the fullest extent (Nightingale,
1969).
● A state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being, and
not merely the absence of disease
or Infirmity (WHO,1948)
● Health is the ability to maintain
normal roles. (Talcott Parsons, 1951)
● Health is not a condition. It is an
adjustment. It is not a state but a
process. That process adapts the
individual not only to physical but
also our social environment.
(President's Commission, 1953)
● A dynamic state of being in which
the developmental and behavioral
potential of an individual is realized
to the fullest extent possible. (ANA,
1980)

WELLNESS & WELLBEING

● WELLNESS is a state of well-being
● It includes the:
– Self-responsibility
– An ultimate goal
– A dynamic, growing process
– Physical fitness
– Daily decision making in the
areas of nutrition
– Stress management
– Emotional health
– Preventive health care
And most Importantly:
The whole being of the
individual.
7 COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS

PHYSICAL
● The ability to carry out daily tasks
achieve fitness, adequate nutrition
and proper body fat, avoid abusing
drugs and alcohol or using tobacco
products, and generally to practice
positive lifestyle habits.

SOCIAL
● The ability to interact successfully
with people and within the
environment of which each person is
a part.
● To develop and maintain intimacy
with significant others, and to
develop respect and tolerance for
those with different opinions and
beliefs.

EMOTIONAL
● The ability to learn stress and to
express emotions appropriately.
● Involves the ability to recognize,
accept, and express feelings and to
accept one's limitations.

INTELLECTUAL
● The ability to learn and use
information effectively for personal,
family, and career development.
● Involves striving for continued
growth and learning to deal with
challenges effectively.

SPIRITUAL
● The belief's in some force (nature,
 The belief's in some force (nature,
science, religion or higher power)
serves to unite human beings and
provide meaning and purpose to life.
● It includes a person's own moral,
and ethics.

OCCUPATIONAL
● The ability to achieve a balance bet
work and leisure.
● A person's beliefs about education
employment, and home influence
personal satisfaction and relations
with others.

ENVIRONMENTAL
● The ability to promote health meas
that improve the standard of living
and quality of life in the community.
● This includes influences such as fo
water and air.

WELLNESS & WELL-BEING

WELL-BEING
" Is a subjective perception of vitality and
feeling well.... Can be described
objectively, experienced and measured can
be plotted on a continuum (Hood & Lady,
2002)
It is a component of health.

MODELS OF HEALTH AND

WELLNESS
1. CLINICAL MODEL
● Health is the absence of disease or
injury.
● Health is considered the state of not
being sick.
● In this model, the opposite of health
is disease or injury.
● When the signs and symptoms are
no longer present, the medical
practitioner considers the
individual's health restored.
2. ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL
● Health is defined in terms of
individual's ability to fulfill societal
roles, that is, to perform work.
● With this model, people who can
fulfill their roles are healthy even if
they appear clinically ill.
● Sickness is the inability to perform
one's work.

3. ADAPTIVE MODEL
● Its focus is adaptation.
● Health is a creative process; disease
is a failure in adaptation or mal-
adaption.
● The aim of treatment is to restore
the ability of the person to adapt, to
cope.

4. EUDAEMONISTIC MODEL
● Health is seen as a condition of
actualization or realization of a
person's potential.
● Actualization is the apex of the fully
developed personality, described by
Abraham Maslow.

5. AGENT-HOST-ENVIRONMENT MODEL
● Also called the ECOLOGIC model
● The model is used primarily in
predicting illness rather than in
promoting wellness.
● But identification of risk factors that
result from the interactions of agent,
host and environment are helpful in
promoting and maintaining health.

● has a 3 dynamic interactive

 elements. AGENT; any
environmental factor or stressor that
by its presence or absence can lead
to illness or disease. HOST:
Person(s) who may or may not be at
risk of acquiring a disease. Family
history, age, lifestyle habits
influence the host's reaction.
ENVIRONMENT: all factors external
to the host that may or may not
predispose the person to the
elopement of disease.

6. HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUA
● Can be used to measure a person's
perceived level of wellness.
● Health and illness/disease can be
viewed as the opposite ends of
health continuum.
● From a high level of health a
person's condition can move
through good health, normal health,
poor health, and extremely poor
health.

● TRAVIS'S ILLNESS-WELLNESS
CONTINUUM