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International Journal of Pavement Engineering

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Partial replacement of asphalt binder with bio-binder:

characterisation and modification
a b c d e
Elham H. Fini , Imad L. Al-Qadi , Zhanping You , Boubacar Zada & J. Mills-Beale
a
Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 434 McNair Hall,
1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
b
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., MC-250, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
c
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend
Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
d
North Carolina A&T State University, 447 McNair Hall, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
e
Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
Published online: 04 Jul 2011.

To cite this article: Elham H. Fini , Imad L. Al-Qadi , Zhanping You , Boubacar Zada & J. Mills-Beale (2012) Partial
replacement of asphalt binder with bio-binder: characterisation and modification, International Journal of Pavement
Engineering, 13:6, 515-522, DOI: 10.1080/10298436.2011.596937

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 International Journal of Pavement Engineering
Vol. 13, No. 6, December 2012, 515–522

Partial replacement of asphalt binder with bio-binder: characterisation and modification

Elham H. Finia*, Imad L. Al-Qadib, Zhanping Youc, Boubacar Zadad and J. Mills-Bealee
a
Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 434 McNair Hall, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro,
NC 27411, USA; bDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews
Ave., MC-250, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; cCivil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend
Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; dNorth Carolina A&T State University, 447 McNair Hall, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
e
Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
(Received 13 September 2010; final version received 10 June 2011)

This paper introduces bio-binder as a partial replacement for bituminous binder on highway and airport pavements.
The proposed bio-binder is produced from the thermochemical conversion of swine manure. Bio-binder is then blended with
virgin binder to produce bio-modified binder (BMB). In addition to being a renewable alternative for petroleum-based
binder, the production and application of bio-binder may provide a solution for the management of swine manure waste.
Downloaded by [Florida Atlantic University] at 18:33 18 August 2013

Furthermore, the application of bio-binder will improve asphalt binder’s properties while reducing asphalt pavements’
construction cost; the cost of bio-binder production is $0.54/gallon compared with that of asphalt binder $2/gallon.
However, although the BMB has improved low-temperature properties, it may decrease the high-temperature grade of the
binder. To address this concern, we in this paper investigate the feasibility of applying polyphosphoric acid into BMB. Using
BMB in asphalt pavements can reduce mixing and compaction temperatures and ageing and stiffening characteristics of the
reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAPs) and virgin binders.
Keywords: asphalt binder; bio-binder; swine manure; waste management; rheology

1. Introduction With high amounts of hydrocarbon, bio-binder can

The volatility of the world’s oil market has pushed oil prices reduce base binder (PG 64-22 used in this study) viscosity,
to more than $70 per barrel in the summer of 2008; this which enhances the mixture’s workability and lowers
resulted in asphalt binder quickly spiking to more than $400 the mixing and compaction temperatures. It also has
per ton (National Asphalt Pavement Association 2009). This the potential to improve asphalt binder low-temperature
along with high diesel fuel prices caused a significant properties as well as fatigue cracking resistance. A recent
increase in the final cost of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) study by Park et al. (2009) showed that the addition of
pavement construction. Because of the ever increasing hydrocarbon to base binder can significantly improve
demand for natural petroleum and its unstable price, construction workability and resistance to fatigue and
alternative sustainable resources for producing asphalt low-temperature cracking. In this paper, a similar trend was
binder are urgently needed. This study proposes the observed due to the addition of bio-binder to the base binder.
conversion of swine manure through hydrothermal proces- The environmental benefits of this proposed bio-binder
sing to a bio-based environmentally friendly alternative for are numerous. The production of conventional paving
bituminous binder. material requires a high amount of energy, and results in
Asphalt binder is one of the main components of HMA
considerable gas and volatile emissions which negatively
used in highway and airport pavements. The modification
impact the environment. The addition of bio-binder to
of asphalt binder to improve its performance in roadways
conventional asphalt will reduce binder viscosity while
is a common practice. Popular modifiers include polymers
such as styrene – butadiene – styrene and ethylene vinyl enhancing its workability and wettability. Therefore, it
acetate copolymers, crumb rubber and polyphosphoric will lower the mixing and compaction temperature,
acid (PPA). An ideal modifier should enhance binder resulting in less volatile emissions and less energy
resistance to several distresses; however, modified asphalt consumption. In addition, exposure of asphalt binder to
has drawbacks including challenges with storage stability. high temperatures for extended periods of time can lead to
A bio-modified binder (BMB) is introduced in this paper binder ageing, which adversely affects pavement per-
as a partial replacement for bituminous binder to improve formance (Wu et al. 2009). Therefore, the incorporation of
the base binder’s properties as well as provide numerous bio-binder to asphalt can both reduce energy consumption
environmental benefits. and improve pavement performance.

*Corresponding author. Email: elifini@[Link]

ISSN 1029-8436 print/ISSN 1477-268X online
q 2012 Taylor & Francis
[Link]
[Link]
 516 E.H. Fini et al.

In addition to the environmental benefits, the the USA to supply biomass for the production of biofuels;
production of bio-binder from swine manure will reduce this will supplement about 9 million barrels (MB) of bio-oil
the need for swine manure management. Manure manage- from which more than 4 MBs are the heavy residue which
ment is a fundamental issue of swine production can be used as bio-binder.
(Storm et al. 1996, Ocfemia et al. 2006). The trend in
recent years has been the consolidation of the hog
industry; many smaller farms have been incorporated into 2. Material and method
larger farms. The concentration of animals and the waste
The following section of the paper explains the production
produced can put a strain on the local environment.
and characterisation of bio-binder from swine manure.
Currently, hog producers, government agencies and trade
associations are looking for appropriate solutions for waste
management. Any mistakes in waste storage may lead to
spills of millions of gallons of untreated waste into nearby 2.1 Bio-binder production
waterways and groundwater (Glasgow and Burkholder This study uses the thermochemical liquefaction process
2000, Krapac et al. 2002). Such surface water contami- to convert swine manure to bio-oil and utilises the heavy
nation in North Carolina has been linked to the outbreaks residue remaining in this process as an asphalt modifier.
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of dinoflagellates that resulted in the death of more than 4 Thermochemical liquefaction processing of the swine
million fish in the Neuse River in 2003 (Aelion and Tuerk manure to bio-oil was conducted at the North Carolina
2005). In addition to water contamination, extensive A&T State University using a high-pressure batch reactor.
gaseous emissions result from open lagoons infusing 300 The experimental set-up is rated up to a working pressure
tons of nitrogen into the air every day, causing various of 34.4 MPa and a working temperature of 5008C.
diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, heart disease, A heavy-duty magnetic drive stirrer has been installed
headaches, diarrhoea, nosebleeds and brain damage. for mixing. A type-J thermocouple has been fitted into
The odours from swine farms are a nuisance and have the reactor for direct temperature measurements of the
negative health impacts, which have caused complaints by reaction media. A standard pressure gauge has been
neighbours and even legal actions against swine farm installed on the reactor head. A temperature controller was
operations (Osterberg and Wallinga 2004). used to control the temperature of the reactor.
A company’s operating costs can be put in turmoil by To conduct the conversion process, animal waste is
penalties or clean-up costs from unexpected spillage charged in the reactor. Nitrogen gas is used as a processing
events. Reducing risk has value, and the amount of risk is gas to purge the residual air in the reactor three times.
something often evaluated by investors and shareholders. The reactor is heated up to the setting temperature. After
Utilising swine manure to produce bio-binder can reduce the reaction is completed, the reactor is rapidly cooled
this risk and consequently reduce the costs associated with down to room temperature by using a recycled ice-water
risk. The use of municipal sewage sludge, industrial and cooling coil. The gas is then released from the autoclave
food processing wastes and agricultural wastes for reducing the pressure in the autoclave to atmospheric
conversion to bio-oils has been investigated by many pressure. The reaction mixture, including bio-oil, solid and
researchers (Williams and Besler 1992, Itoh et al. 1994, aqueous phases, is removed from the vessel for separation.
Zahn 1997, Zhang and Lei 1998, Ocfemia 2005, Xiu et al. To obtain more gasoline and other liquid fuels, the
2007). In 1971, White and Taiganides (1971) used swine, quality of the bio-oil is improved by using processes such as
cow and poultry manure to produce combustible gases. thermal cracking and hydrogenation (Ancheyta and
Later in 1980, Appell et al. used swine manure to produce Speight 2007). Upon fractionation, the light hydrocarbon
oil. They successfully converted swine manure to oil fraction can be used as fuel. The remaining heavy residue
with 50% efficiency at 3808C and a pressure of 40 MPa called bio-binder can be used as an asphalt binder modifier.
(around 400 atm, Appell et al. 1980). The chemical composition of the bio-binder was
Originally, the hydrothermal processing of swine determined using a PE 2400 II CHNS/O analyzer
manure was developed as a cost-effective approach for (Perkin Elmer Japan Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan). The
reducing the animal waste on swine farms and simul- water content was determined by the Karl Fischer titration
taneously for increasing farmers’ income by generating a (ASTM D 1744 2006) process, which was carried out
value-added product. In the hydrothermal process, high using the Mettler-Toledo T50 (ASTM D 1744 2006). To
temperature and high pressure are used to liquefy swine determine the ash content, the ASTM D482 specification
manure as well as other organic solid materials such as was adopted. Table 1 shows chemical composition, water
wood chips, miscanthus, sewage sludge and animal wastes and ash content of the oil (ASTM D482 2007).
to produce liquid fuel (Bridgwater 1990, Goudriaan et al. In addition, the percentages of saturates, aromatics,
2000, He et al. 2000, Ocfemia et al. 2006). An estimated resins and asphaltenes (SARA) components of bio-binder
5.3 million tons of swine manure is produced annually in were determined using the solvent separation procedure
 International Journal of Pavement Engineering 517

Table 1. Comparison of chemical composition of bio-binder To modify the binder, we blended the base binder (PG
and asphalt. 64-22) with bio-binder at 2, 5 and 10% by weight of the
base binder to produce BMB-2, BMB-5 and BMB-10,
Component (%wt) Bio-binder AAD-1
respectively. To do so, bio-binder and base binder were
C 72.58 81.6 heated to 608C and 1208C, respectively. The base binder
H 9.76 10.8
N 4.47 0.77 and bio-binder were mixed thoroughly using a low-shear
O 13.19 0.9 mixer at 3000 rpm for 30 min while the temperature was
Water content 2.37 kept at 1208C. Specimens were prepared to study several
Ash content 0.13 rheological properties of modified and non-modified
binder including viscosity, complex modulus, phase
angle, stiffness and m-value. Four replicates were used
for each test, and the average of the best three is reported.
(ASTM D-4124). Table 2 compares SARA components of The comparisons have been conducted on un-aged
bio-binder with two commonly used asphalt binders (two materials for comparison.
extreme asphalt binders in terms of stiffness) (Huang
2008a). The information of the bituminous-based asphalt
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was taken from FHWA report on Fundamental Properties

2.2.1 Viscosity measurement
of Asphalt and Modified Asphalts (Huang 2008a). As can
be seen, the bio-binder is relatively high in asphaltenes and To study the effect of addition of bio-binder on
resins, whereas it has low amount of saturates and workability of the mixture during mixing and compaction,
aromatic compounds. Owing to existence of SARA in bio- binder viscosity at temperatures ranging from 1008C to
binder and asphalt binder, the two materials are expected 1358C was measured using the Brookfield rotational
to be compatible. However, further chemical characteris- viscometer (ASTM D4402 2006). Viscosity is a funda-
ation should be conducted to examine the two materials mental rheological property, which is most often used as a
compatibility. It should also be noted that even though the measure of fluid resistance to shear (ASTM D4402 2006,
content is not proportional with those of petroleum Al-Qadi et al. 2006, 2007). To conduct the test, 10.5 g of
asphalt, the nearly 50/50 mixture of resins and asphaltenes modified binder was placed in the aluminium chamber; the
indicates a large concentration of what is considered to be chamber was preheated to 1358C; 20 min waiting time was
an asphalt solvent fraction (resins), and the corresponding given to ensure thermal equilibrium. Spindle SC27 was
softening effect that is observed in the rheological used to shear the specimen at a speed of 20 rpm, and data
measurements of the bituminous binder indicates a were recorded after 30 s of shearing. The viscosity of the
potential increase in asphalt colloidal stability, or material modified binder specimen was found to be significantly
stability (Fini et al. 2011). less than that of the base binder. Figure 1 shows the drop in
viscosity due to the addition of bio-binder. As the
percentage of bio-binder increases, the viscosity decreases.
2.2 Bio-modified binder characterisation This trend remains the same at various temperatures.
To examine the usefulness of bio-binder as an asphalt
extender, several rheological characteristics of bio-binder
were studied. Two key characteristics of pavement asphalt 2.2.2 Complex shear modulus (G*) and phase angle (d)
binders are their bulk and interface properties including In the next step, the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), in
viscosity, stiffness, extendibility, creep, bonding and water accordance with the ASTM D7175 procedure, was used to
proofing characteristics (Bouldin et al. 2000). To characterise the viscoelastic behaviour of the asphalt
investigate the effect of incorporation of bio-binder on binder (ASTM D7175 2008). The DSR measures the
pavement performance, bio-binder was added to PG 64-22 complex shear modulus, G*, and the phase angle, d, at the
to produce BMB. Bio-binder rheological properties were desired temperature and loading frequency. The complex
studied through their effect on the BMBs’ properties. modulus is a measure of total resistance of the binder to

Table 2. Comparison of SARA component of bio-binder and asphalt.

SARA component Adhesive type Saturated compounds Aromatic compounds Resin Asphaltenes
Percentage (wt %) Bio-binder from swine manure 2.48 1.67 45.87 43.39
Percentage (wt %) Air blown asphalt binder 10.4 52.7 28.4 7.0
(the most brittle asphalt)
Percentage (wt %) AAD-1, softest asphalt binder 8.6 41.3 25.1 20.5
 518 E.H. Fini et al.

6 14
PG 64-22 PG 64-22
5 12 2%
2% 5%
Viscosity (Pa.s)

5% 10 10%
4
10%

G*/sind
8
3
Viscosity threshold 1 Pa.s 6
2
4
1 2
0 0
100 110 115 135 46 52 58 64
Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)

Figure 1. Viscosity at various temperatures for modified and Figure 3. G*/sin d at various temperatures for modified and
non-modified binder. non-modified binder.
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deformation when repeatedly sheared, and the phase angle called glass transition, is a change in heat capacity,
is the lag between the applied shear stress and the resulting occurring typically around 2 258C, whereas the secondary
shear strain. Superpavee uses the parameter G*/sin d to phase transition occurs in the range of 25– 658C for asphalt
grade asphalt binders according to their resistance to binders that have more than 15% by weight asphaltenes
rutting at high-pavement temperatures. At high tempera- (Storm et al. 1996). In addition, it has been shown that
tures, rutting resistance increases as G*/sin d increases. asphaltene increases the hardening rate, whereas it does
The asphalt binder with the highest G*/sin d should have not influence the oxidation rate (Peterson et al. 1994).
the most resistance to rutting. On the basis of ASTM Oxidation behaviour of asphalt is mainly controlled by its
D7175, to prevent rutting, non-aged binder needs to have maltene composition (Lin et al. 1995).
G*/sin d greater than 1 kPa. Figure 2 shows the G* master The significant reduction in complex modulus due to
curve for modified and non-modified binder specimens. the addition of bio-binder may make BMBs good
Time – temperature superposition was used to create the candidates for use along with reclaimed asphalt pavement
master curve. No filtering or smoothing has been applied (RAP) to facilitate their compactability and account for the
to the data. It can be seen that G* decreases as the amount mixtures’ extra stiffness in high-RAP mixes. Figure 3
of bio-binder increases. The master curves for BMB (at 2, shows values of G*/sin d at various temperatures. G*/sin d
5 and 10%) extend over a smaller span of frequency reduces as the percentage of bio-binder increases. The
compared with those for non-modified PG 64-22 binder. addition of 2% bio-binder did not change the upper grade
This shows that the temperature susceptibility of the of the base binder. However, a significant drop in G* was
binder is reduced due to the addition of bio-binder. observed in BMB-5 and BMB-10 (Figure 3).
This can be attributed to the high percentage of This drop may raise a concern with respect to the
asphaltene in the bio-binder as shown in Table 2. rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures. Hence, the
Asphaltene is also responsible for a secondary phase application of high-temperature modifiers such as polymer
transition in asphalt binders. The primary phase transition, and PPA along with bio-binder may address this issue.
In this study, to maintain the high-temperature grade,
1.E+06 while enhancing low-temperature grade, 1.5% PPA was
64-22 added to each of the three BMBs. Previous studies have
2%
Complex modulus (MPa)

1.E+05 5% shown that the PG grade of asphalt binder increases with

10% the addition of PPA (Kodrat 2007, Huang 2008b). This
increase is mainly due to stiffening of one of the two main
1.E+04
phases in the asphalt. Several mechanisms including
alkylation of aromatics, cross linking of neighbouring
1.E+03 asphalt segments, formation of ionic clusters and the
cyclisation of alkyl aromatics have been used to explain
1.E+02 the stiffening phenomenon.
1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01
Addition of PPA to asphalt can increase the elastic
Reduced frequency (rad/s)
behaviour, which is reflected through increasing complex
Figure 2. Complex modulus master curve for modified and modulus values (G*) and decreasing phase angles (d).
non-modified binder. The amount of PPA added to base binder typically
 International Journal of Pavement Engineering 519

1.00E+06 1.00E+07
BMB with PPA
1.00E+05 1.00E+06 BMB with PPA
Complex modulus (MPa)

Complex modulus (MPa)

PG 64-22
1.00E+04 1.00E+05 PG 64-22
` BMB w/o PPA
BMB w/o PPA
1.00E+03 1.00E+04

1.00E+02 1.00E+03

1.00E+01 1.00E+02

1.00E+00 1.00E+01
1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01
1.00E+00
Reduced frequency (rad/s)
1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01
Reduced frequency (rad/s)
Figure 4. Complex modulus master curve for BMB-10 with and
without PPA. Figure 6. Complex modulus master curve for BMB-2 with and
without PPA.
ranges from 0.5 to 1.5%. Since the early 1970s, PPA has
been commonly used to improve high-temperature
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defined as the limiting stiffness temperature (Roberts et al.

rheological properties of asphalt binder. However, it 1996). Figure 7 shows the master curves at low
has been shown that the interaction of PPA with asphalt temperature for modified and non-modified specimens.
binder greatly depends on the asphalt source (Baum- The addition of bio-binder decreases stiffness. Figure 8
gardner et al. 2005). The complex modulus master curve shows the m-value increases due to the addition of bio-
for all three BMBs with and without PPA modification is binder, improving binders’ stress relaxation capability that
shown in Figures 4 –6. As can be seen in all three results in less stress accumulation. At 5 and 10%
BMBs, addition of PPA resulted in a significant increase modification, the specimens were too soft at 2 228C to
in complex modulus. be tested, and their deflections were above the equipment
range. It is expected that the improvement in low
temperature properties of the binder results in reduced
2.2.3 Creep stiffness and m value
low-temperature cracking due to the general decrease in
To examine the effect of bio-modification on low- binder stiffness and increase in m-value.
temperature properties of binder, several measurements
were taken (creep compliance, stiffness, m-value and
cracking temperature) using the bending beam rheometer 2.2.4 Cracking temperature
(BBR) according to ASTM D6648 (Baumgardner et al. Two test methods were used to study the low-temperature
2005). properties of BMB.
The BBR evaluates the binder efficiency at low
temperature and its propensity to crack. Thermal cracking
is caused by the build-up of stresses during pavement [Link] Bending beam rheometer. The BBR test
contraction when the temperature drops rapidly. The measures low-temperature stiffness and relaxation proper-
accumulated stress may exceed the stress relaxation ties of binders, which can be used to predict the binder’s
capability of the material, resulting in crack initiation. The thermal cracking potential. Among the three causes of
temperature at which pavements show specific stiffness is
1.E+04

1.00E+06 64-22 2% 5% 10%

BMB with PPA
1.00E+05
Complex modulus (MPa)

1.E+03
Stiffness (MPa)

PG 64-22
1.00E+04
` BMB w/o PPA
1.00E+03
64-22
1.E+02
1.00E+02 2%
5%
1.00E+01
10%
1.00E+00 1.E+01
1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06
Reduced frequency (rad/s) Reduced time (sec)

Figure 5. Complex modulus master curve for BMB-5 with and Figure 7. Master curves at low temperature for modified and
without PPA. non-modified binder.
 520 E.H. Fini et al.

0.6 Table 4. The cracking temperature Tcr using ABCD.

10%
0.5
5% Binder Cracking temperature (8C)
2%
Original binder PG (64-22) 2 31.7
0.4 *2% (BMB-2) 2 32.4
5% (BMB-5) 2 37.9
m-Value

0.3 10% (BMB-10) 2 37.3

0.2 *Results are based on two replicates.

0.1
other researchers to measure asphalt cracking temperature
0 (Kim 2005, Wool et al. 2009). Table 4 shows the cracking
–22 –28 –34 –40
temperature of the asphalt tested. The cracking tempera-
Temperature (°C)
ture decreases as the amount of bio-binder increases with
Figure 8. m-Value at various temperatures for modified and BMB-10 showing a cracking temperature of 2 37.38C
non-modified binder. which is 5.68C lower that that of the base binder which is
2 31.78C.
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low-temperature cracking – single-event thermal crack-

ing, thermal fatigue and load-associated thermal cracking
– single-event thermal cracking is found to be the most 3. Discussion
dominant cause (Bouldin et al. 2000). The cracking
In this study, bio-binder was produced from manure, and
temperature, Tcr, is usually calculated from BBR test
its chemical composition was analysed. Bio-binder was
results using the AASHTO T 313 procedure, as the higher
then added to asphalt binder, and the rheological
value between the temperature in which the stiffness at a
properties of the BMB were studied by conducting four
loading time of 60 s is 300 MPa and the temperature in
tests (viscosity, DSR, BBR and ABCD). The authors
which the m-value at a loading time of 60 s is 0.3. Using
found that the viscosity of BMB was significantly lower
this method, the cracking temperatures for modified and
than that of non-modified binder; the reduction is
non-modified binders were calculated (Table 3). As can be
proportional to the percentage of bio-binder added. The
seen, the cracking temperature decreases as the amount of
reduction in binder viscosity can improve binder
bio-binder increases, which in return reduces low-
wettability, which in return may improve mixture
temperature cracking.
durability, and enables asphalt producers to lower the
mixing and compaction temperature.
The result of the BBR tests showed a significant
[Link] Asphalt binder cracking device. The asphalt decrease in stiffness and increase in relaxation capability
binder cracking device (ABCD) determines the crack of binder. The low-temperature cracking prediction using
temperature of the asphalt binder after a progressive the BBR and ABCD test methods showed that cracking
temperature drop from room temperature to 08C and then temperature decreases as the amount of bio-binder
gradually to 2 608C. The ABCD runs the sample through increases. For BMB-10, the cracking temperature drops
this progressive drop in temperature (from 25 to 08C in by 5.68C with respect to the base binder. The DSR test
30 min and from 0 to 2 608C in 3.5 h). This in-built results showed that the complex modulus of modified
temperature gradient induces the development of micro- binder decreased compared with that of the base binder.
strains through the action of the temperature stresses. At Although a 2% addition of bio-binder did not influence the
the crack temperature, the micro-strains that develop in the high-temperature grade, the addition of 5 and 10% bio-
tested asphalt binder are measured. The measured strain is binder resulted in a significant reduction in complex
then used to calculate the thermal cracking resistance and modulus of base binder. To enhance the high-temperature
cracking temperature of asphalt binder following the properties grade, 1.5% PPA was added to each BMB by
method developed by Kim in 2005 and later adapted by weight of BMB. A significant increase in complex
modulus was observed as a result of the additional PPA.
Table 3. The cracking temperature Tcr using BBR data. Overall, bio-binder appears to be a promising
candidate to be added to asphalt binder due to its ability
Binder Cracking temperature (8C)
to improve some of the asphalt binder properties (low-
PG 64-22 2 31.7 temperature properties and wettability) as well as its
BMB-2 (2%) 2 33.1
BMB-5 (5%) 2 34.7
economical and environmental benefits. It has also been
BMB-10 (10%) 2 36.3 recognised that it softens the asphalt binder at intermediate
and high temperature. Hence, the use of PPA appears to
 International Journal of Pavement Engineering 521

address this issue. Future studies on the post processing Al-Qadi, I.L., et al., 2006. Procedure for viscosity determination
and modification of bio-binder are needed to enhance the of hot-poured bituminous sealants. Transportation Research
characteristics of bio-binder to meet the desired asphalt Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, TRR.
Washington, DC: National Research Council, 74 – 81.
properties so that it could be an acceptable replacement for Al-Qadi, I.L., et al., 2007. Development of a viscosity
bituminous asphalt binder. specification for hot-poured bituminous sealants. Testing
and Evaluation Journal, ASTM, 35 (4), 395– 403.
Ancheyta, J. and Speight, J.G., 2007. Hydroprocessing of heavy
4. Conclusion oils and residua. New York: CRC Press.
Appell, H.R., et al., 1980. Converting organic wastes to oil: a
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The study showed that as the percentage of bio-binder ASTM D482, 2007. Standard test method for ash from petroleum
increases, the viscosity at high temperature decreases. The products. Available from: [Link]
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the amount of bio-binder increases. However, PPA is rheological properties of asphalt binder using a dynamic
needed to maintain acceptable performance at intermedi- shear rheometer. Available from: [Link]
ate to high-service temperatures. If the BMB proved to be Standard/[Link]
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recycled asphalt shingles, which both stiffen the asphalt Engineering (ASCE), Posted ahead of print 21 February
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The materials used in this paper are based upon the work
supported by the National Science Foundation (grant numbers sion conference, Tyrol, Austria, 18 – 21 September, pages
0955001 and 0923425). The authors would like to acknowledge 1312– 1325 (ISBN 0-632-05533-2).
the invaluable support provided by S. Hamoush and A. Shahbazi He, B.J., et al., 2000. Operating temperature and retention time
of North Carolina A&T State University and T. Arnold of the effects on the thermochemical conversion process of swine
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