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Proceedings of the National Conference On Emerging Technologies in Electrical Engineering, 21 & 22 Sep-2012
Department of EEE, Adam’s Engineering College, Paloncha, Khammam Dt. A.P

Enhancement of Voltage Stability through Optimal

Placement of FACT’s Controllers in Power Systems
1
KIRAN KUMAR KUTHADI
Head of the Department
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Sree Vahini Institute of Science & Technology, TIRUVURU, Krishna Dist, Andhra Pradesh
[Link]: kiran9949610070@[Link]
****
2
Naga Raju T
Asst. Professor, Dept. of EEE,
Sree Vahini Institute of Science & Technology, TIRUVURU, Krishna Dist, Andhra Pradesh
the power flows through the existing electric
ABSTRACT: A critical factor effecting power transmission networks. If this situation fails to be
transmission systems today is power flow control. controlled, some lines located on the particular paths
The increment of load variation in a power might become overloaded [1].
transmission system can lead to potential failure on
the entire system as the system has to work under a The Flexible AC transmission systems
Stressed condition. Thus, the Flexible AC (FACTS) initiative was originally launched to solve
Transmission Systems (FACTS) are integrated in the emerging problems in the late 1980s due to
power system to control the power flow in specific restrictions on the transmission line construction and
lines and improve the security of transmission line. to facilitate the growing power export/import and
This paper presents an optimal placement of SVC wheeling transactions among the utilities. FACTS
and STATCOM to determine SVC and STATCOM devices can enhance transmission system control and
locations and control parameters for minimization increase line loading in some cases all the way up to
of transmission loss. Optimal location methods thermal limits thereby without compromising
utilize the sensitivity of total real power reliability. These devices can be an alternative to
transmission loss with respect to the control reduce the flows in heavily loaded lines, resulting in
parameters of devices. The location of SVC & increased load ability, low system loss, improved
STATCOM is placed based on FVSI. The results stability of the network, reduced cost of production
have been obtained on IEEE 5 bus and IEEE 14bus and fulfilled contracture requirement by controlling
test system. Test result shows that both SVC and the power flows in the network, reduce cost of
STATCOM can determine optimal placement. production and fulfilled contracture requirement by
Index Terms: Flexible AC Transmission Systems controlling the power flows in the network. These
(FACTS), Static VAR compensator (SVC), Static capabilities allow transmission system owners and
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Fast operators to maximize asset utilization and execute
Voltage Stability Index (FVSI). additional bulk transfer with immediate bottom-line
benefits. FACTS devices provide new control
[Link] facilities, both in steady state power control and
dynamic stability control [2]
Nowadays, the power transmission systems
FACTS devices include static var compensator
have been changed a lot. The voltage deviation due to
(SVC), thyristor controlled series compensator
load variation and power transfer limitation were
(TCSC), unified power flow controller (UPFC) etc.
observed due to reactive power unbalances has drawn
SVC and STATCOM are connected in shunt with the
attention to better utilize the existing transmission
system to improve voltage profile by injecting or
line. It also causes a higher impact on power system
absorbing the reactive power [3, 4].
security and reliability in the world. Hence, the
This paper presents the method of the optimal
electrical energy demand increases continuously from
location utilizes the sensitivity of total real power
time to time. This increase should be monitored or
transmission loss with respect to the control
observed because few problems could appear with
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Proceedings of the National Conference On Emerging Technologies in Electrical Engineering, 21 & 22 Sep-2012
Department of EEE, Adam’s Engineering College, Paloncha, Khammam Dt. A.P

parameters of devices, the new equation of SVC is reactance consisting of the transformer reactance and
the sum of reactive power flow that has relationship the SVC slope, in per unit (p.u) on the SVC base. A
with bus and the new equation of STATCOM is sum simpler representation assumes that the SVC slope,
of real power loss that has relationship with accounting for voltage regulation is zero. This
transmission line. The IEEE standard tested power assumption may be acceptable as long as the SVC is
system has been considered as tested system to operating within the limits, but may lead to gross
investigate the effect of considering STATCOM and errors if the SVC is operating close to its reactive
SVC on power loss minimization and system limits.
stability. The linearized equation of the SVC is given
by the following Eqns. (i) and (ii) where the total
2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF FACT’S
susceptance is taken to be the state variable.
∇
∇ 0 0 ∇
= ()
i. Static VAR compensator (SVC)

The SVC is taken to be a continuous, ∇ 0

variable susceptance, which is adjusted in order to at the end of iteration i, the variable shunt
achieve a specified voltage magnitude while susceptance up dated according to the Eqn. (ii)
satisfying constraint conditions. SVC total given below
∇
= + ( )
susceptance model represents a changing
susceptance. represents the fundamental
frequency equivalent susceptance of all shunt
modules making up the SVC. This model is an In this paper, the SVC Susceptance model is
improved version of SVC models. SVC’s normally used for incorporation into an existing power flow
include a combination of mechanically controlled and algorithm. Here, the SVC state variables are
thyristor controlled shunt capacitors and reactors. The incorporated inside the Jacobian and mismatch
most popular configuration for continuously equations, leading to very robust iterative solutions.
controlled SVC’s is the combination of either fix
capacitor and thyristor controlled reactor [5]. ii. Static Compensator (STATCOM)

The STATCOM consists of one VSC and its

associated shunt-connected transformer. It is the
static counterpart of the rotating synchronous
condenser but it generates or absorbs reactive power
at a faster rate because no moving parts are involved.
Fig. 1 Basic Structure of SVC
In principle, it performs the same voltage regulation
As far as steady state analysis is concerned,
function as the SVC but in a more robust manner
both configurations can modeled along similar lines,
because, unlike the SVC, its operation is not impaired
The SVC structure shown in Fig. 1 is used to derive a
by the presence of low voltages as show below Fig.2
SVC model that considers the Thyristor Controlled
and Fig. 3
Reactor (TCR) firing angle as state variable. This is a
new and more advanced SVC representation than
those currently available. The SVC is treated as a
generator behind an inductive reactance when the
SVC is operating within the limits. The reactance
represents the SVC voltage regulation characteristic,
i.e., SVC’s slope, [4]. The reason for including
the SVC voltage current slope in power flow studies
is compelling. The slope can be represented by
connecting the SVC models to an auxiliary bus
coupled to the high voltage bus by an inductive
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Proceedings of the National Conference On Emerging Technologies in Electrical Engineering, 21 & 22 Sep-2012
Department of EEE, Adam’s Engineering College, Paloncha, Khammam Dt. A.P

78
|' |
03 = 41 − 56-3 6 :-3; + 1-3< =1
Fig. 2 Static compensator (STATCOM) system:

6'3 6
voltage source converter (VSC) connected to the AC
network via a shunt-connected transformer 7
78
|' |
− 56-3 6 ∠ + ? − ?3 4
6'3 6
3
7

78
|' |
03 = 41 − 56-3 6 :-3; + 1-3< =4
6'3 6
7

-3; = ⃒-3 ⃒cos ( 3 + ? − ?3 )

-3< = ⃒-3 ⃒sin ( + ? − ?3 )

Fig. 3 Static compensator (STATCOM) system
3
:shunt solid-state voltage source
3. VOLTAGE STABILITY INDEX It can be seen that when a load bus

the index 0 approaches the numerical value 1.0.

approaches a steady state voltage collapse situation,
Voltage stability is becoming an increasing source
of concern in secure operating of present-day power
Hence for an overall system voltage stability
systems. The problem of voltage instability is mainly

must be less than unity. Thus the index value 0 gives

condition, the index evaluated at any of the buses
considered as the inability of the network to meet the
load demand imposed in terms of inadequate reactive
an indication of how far the system is from voltage
power support or active power transmission
collapse.
capability or both. It is mainly concerned with the
analysis and the enhancement of steady state voltage 4. SIMULATION RESULTS
stability based on L-index. For the validation of the proposed FACT’s devices,

-bus system having1, 2, 3, … ,

both SVC and STATCOM have been tested on the

generator buses(#), and # + 1, # + 2, … , the load

Consider an
following IEEE 5-Bus and IEEE 14-Bus test System.

buses($ = − # − &). The transmission system can

A MATLAB code for both techniques was developed
for simulation purpose.
be represented by using a hybrid representation, by
the following set of equations 4.1 IEEE 5-Bus Test System

'( ) , -(* )(
= + ( = ((
)* '( .*( /** '*
i. Location of STATCOM:
The solution for optimal location of FACT’s
devices to minimize the installation cost of FACT’s
It can be seen that when a load bus devices and overloads for IEEE 5-bus test system

the index 0 approaches the numerical value 1.0.

approaches a steady state voltage collapse situation, were obtained and discussed in this section.

Hence for an overall system stability condition, the

unity. Thus the index value 0 gives an indication of

index evaluated at any of the buses must be less than

how far the system is from voltage collapse. The 0 −

all load buses. The equation for the 0 −index for 1 2

indices for a given load condition are computed for

node can be written as,

Fig. 3 IEEE 5 Bus Test System without

STATCOM & SVC
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Proceedings of the National Conference On Emerging Technologies in Electrical Engineering, 21 & 22 Sep-2012
Department of EEE, Adam’s Engineering College, Paloncha, Khammam Dt. A.P

Voltage stability indices are calculated for 2-3 24.3510 05.4332 23.9881 2.5512
the IEEE 5 bus system without any FACTS devices 2-4 27.6011 05.4789 27.1367 2.9076
as shown in Fig. 3. 2-5 54.9503 17.6303 53.6384 18.565
3-4 19.3235 02.1518 19.2854 0.2984
5-4 06.4221 08.2060 6.3616 3.4321

ii. Location of SVC

The solution for optimal location of FACT’s
devices to minimize the installation cost of FACT’s
devices and overloads for IEEE 5-bus test system
were obtained and discussed in this section. By
considering the Voltage stability index (Lj) value, it is
observed that bus Elm is more sensitive towards
Fig. 4 IEEE 5 Bus Test System with STATCOM system security. Therefore bus Elm is more suitable
By considering the Voltage stability index (Lj) location for SVC to improve power system
value, it is observed that bus Elm is more sensitive security/stability as shown in Fig. 5. After placement
towards system security. Therefore bus Elm is more of SVC voltage stability index is improved and
suitable location for STATCOM to improve power system losses are reduced as shown in Table 4, Table
system security/stability. The modified original 5 and Table 6.
networks to include STATCOM as shown in Fig. 4.
Table 1: Voltage Stability Index (VSI) Before &
After Placement of STATCOM
Name of VSI Before VSI After
the Bus STATCOM STATCOM
Lake 0.0299 0.0298
Main 0.0304 0.0286
Elm 0.0328 0.0099

Table 2: Analysis of Voltage magnitudes, Phase

Angles for IEEE 5-bus test system with & without
STATCOM Fig. 5 IEEE 5 Bus Test System with SVC
Name Before Placement After Placement of
of the of STATCOM STATCOM Table 4: VSI Before & After Placement of SVC
Bus VM VA VM(p.u) VA(deg) Name of the VSI Before VSI After
(p.u) (deg) Bus SVC SVC
North 1.060 0.000 1.060 0.000 Lake 0.0299 0.0298
South 1.000 -2.057 1.000 -2.063 Main 0.0304 0.0286
Lake 0.993 -4.716 0.993 -4.713 Elm 0.0328 0.0099
Main 0.989 -5.034 0.991 -5.058
Table 5: Analysis of Voltage magnitudes, Phase
Elm 0.978 -5.849 1.000 -6.215 Angles for IEEE 5-bus test system without and
with SVC
Table 3: Analysis of Sending, Receiving Active & Name Before Placement After Placement of
Reactive Power for IEEE 5-Bus test system with of the of SVC SVC
STATCOM Bus VM VA VM(p.u) VA(deg)
Branch Sending Active & Receiving Active (p.u) (deg)
Reactive Power & Reactive Power North 1.060 0.000 1.060 0.000
MW Mvar MW Mvar South 1.000 -2.057 1.000 -2.063
1-2 89.4993 73.9781 86.9023 72.887 Lake 0.993 -4.716 0.993 -4.713
1-3 41.7921 14.4976 40.3353 15.399 Main 0.989 -5.034 0.991 -5.058
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Proceedings of the National Conference On Emerging Technologies in Electrical Engineering, 21 & 22 Sep-2012
Department of EEE, Adam’s Engineering College, Paloncha, Khammam Dt. A.P

Elm 0.978 -5.849 1.000 -6.215 Table 8: Analysis of Sending, Receiving Active &
Reactive Power for IEEE 14 Bus test system with
STATCOM
Table 6: Analysis of Sending, Receiving Active &
Branch Sending Active & Receiving Active
Reactive Power for Reactive Power & Reactive Power
IEEE 5-Bus test system with SVC MW Mvar MW Mvar
Branch Sending Active & Receiving Active 1-2 157.80 59.63 152.86 47.35
Reactive Power & Reactive Power 2-3 74.84 12.86 72.14 22.03
MW Mvar MW Mvar 2-4 55.19 6.04 53.40 9.62
1-2 89.38 73.97 86.90 72.89 1-5 76.52 18.74 73.51 8.90
1-3 41.79 14.49 40.34 15.40 2-5 41.13 7.04 40.14 8.37
2-3 24.35 05.43 23.99 02.55 3-4 22.06 19.04 22.65 19.23
2-4 27.60 05.47 27.14 02.91 4-5 60.67 0.77 61.18 0.22
2-5 54.95 17.63 53.64 18.57 5-6 44.88 1.28 44.88 6.46
3-4 19.32 02.15 19.29 00.30 4-7 27.83 3.91 27.83 2.20
4-5 06.42 08.20 06.36 03.43 7-8 0.00 13.54 0.00 13.88
4-9 15.80 4.93 15.80 3.35
4.2 IEEE 14-Bus Test System 7-9 27.83 15.74 27.83 14.56
9-10 4.78 0.92 4.77 0.94
i. Location of STATCOM
6-11 7.92 8.96 7.78 8.67
By considering the Voltage stability index (FLj) 6-12 7.94 3.20 7.85 3.01
value, it is observed that 14-bus is more sensitive 6-13 17.82 9.96 17.55 9.41
towards system security. Therefore 14-Bus is more 9-14 9.35 0.49 9.22 0.23
10-11 4.23 6.74 4.28 6.87
suitable location for STATCOM to improve power
12-13 1.75 1.41 1.74 1.40
system security/stability and improvement of voltage
13-14 5.78 5.02 5.68 4.80
stability as shown in Table 7 and Table 8. ii. Location of SVC
Table 7: Analysis Voltage magnitudes, Phase The solution for optimal location of FACT’s
Angles for IEEE 14-bus test system without and
devices to minimize the installation cost of FACT’s
with STATCOM
Name Before Placement After Placement of devices and overloads for IEEE 14-bus test system
of the of STATCOM STATCOM were obtained and discussed in this section. By
Bus VM VA VM(p.u) VA(deg) considering the Voltage stability index (Lj) value, it is
(p.u) (deg) observed that 14-Bus is more sensitive towards
01 1.060 0.000 1.060 0.000 system security. Therefore 14-Bus is more suitable
02 1.000 -4.551 1.000 -4.411 location for SVC to improve power system
03 0.906 -12.809 1.000 -13.242 security/stability and improve voltage stability as
04 0.918 -9.872 0.985 -10.324
show in Table 9 and Table 10.
05 0.934 -8.261 0.992 -8.774
06 0.848 -16.041 1.000 -15.172
07 0.857 -14.320 0.984 -13.846 Table 9: Analysis of Voltage magnitudes, Phase
08 0.845 -14.320 1.000 -13.846 Angles for IEEE 14-bus test system without and
with SVC
09 0.836 -16.888 0.976 -15.714
10 0.828 -17.199 0.972 -15.945
Name Before Placement After Placement of
11 0.834 -16.831 0.982 -15.702
of the of SVC SVC
12 0.829 -17.390 0.989 -16.225
Bus VM VA VM(p.u) VA(deg)
13 0.823 -17.506 0.987 -16.495
(p.u) (deg)
14 0.807 -18.785 1.000 -18.236
01 1.060 0.000 1.060 0.000
02 1.000 -4.551 1.000 -4.411
03 0.906 -12.809 1.000 -13.242
04 0.918 -9.872 0.985 -10.324
05 0.934 -8.261 0.992 -8.774
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Proceedings of the National Conference On Emerging Technologies in Electrical Engineering, 21 & 22 Sep-2012
Department of EEE, Adam’s Engineering College, Paloncha, Khammam Dt. A.P

06 0.848 -16.041 1.000 -15.172 6. REFERENCES

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