A peer-reviewed journal published by Faculty Sharia, Universitas

Jurnal Islam Negeri K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid Pekalongan, Indonesia.

The title has been indexed by DOAJ, SINTA, GARUDA, MORAREF.
Hukum Islam ISSN 1829-7382 (Print) 2502-7719 (Online)
Online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi

Development of Artificial Intelligence in

the Dispute Resolution of Religious
Courts

Imaro Sidqi
UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Indonesia
[email protected]

Siti Maymanatun Nisa

UIN K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid Pekalongan, Indonesia

Hening Sukma Daini

Utrecht University, Netherlands

Abstract

The number of disputes in religious courts continues to increase every

year, giving great potential to develop the use of artificial intelligence to
make it more efficient and effective by paying attention to the basic
principles of Islamic law. This paper discusses the potential and
development of the use of artificial intelligence technology in dispute cases
in religious courts based on Maslahah Mursalah. The research method is
juridical-normative, with a conceptual and philosophical approach. The
research shows that the use of artificial intelligence in dispute resolution at
religious courts is important for the reason that it can minimize the risk of
errors and help judges determine legal considerations in the dispute
resolution of Islamic law so that they are more accurate, effective, and
efficient. The potential for developing the use of artificial intelligence
technology in religious courts must consider several aspects, including the
integration of artificial intelligence technology in the dispute resolution

Copyrights © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-

NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). All writings published in this
journal are personal views of the author and do not represent the views of this journal
and the author’s affiliated institutions.
84 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

process in religious courts, the development of artificial intelligence-based

decision support systems, and legal-ethical aspects of the use of artificial
intelligence in religious courts. The formulation of the concept for
developing the use of artificial intelligence technology in dispute resolution
in the religious courts must be guided by the Maslahah Mursalah
principle as a moral-ethical foundation within the legal system framework,
which includes legal structure, legal substance, and legal culture so that
the development of the use of artificial intelligence technology in the
disputes resolution of Islamic law in religious courts be effective and
justice for all.

KEYWORDS Artificial Intelligence; Maslahah Mursalah; Religious

Courts.

Abstrak

Jumlah sengketa hukum Islam di Pengadilan Agama yang terus meningkat

setiap tahun, sehingga sangat potensial untuk mengembangkan
penggunaan Artificial Intelligence agar lebih efesien dan efektif dengan
memperhatikan prinsip-prinsip dasar hukum Islam. Tulisan ini
mendiskusikan tentang potensi dan pengembangan penggunaan teknologi
Artificial Intelligence dalam menyelesaikan perkara di Pengadilan Agama
berbasis Maslahah Mursalah. Metode penelitian adalah yuridis-normatif
dengan pendekatan konseptual dan filosofis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan
bahwa, penggunaan Artificial Intelligence dalam penyelesaian sengketa di
Pengadilan Agama menjadi penting dengan alasan, dapat meminimalkan
risiko kesalahan, membantu hakim untuk menentukan pertimbangan
hukum dalam menyelesaikan sengketa hukum Islam agar lebih akurat,
efektif, dan efisien. Potensi pengembangan penggunaan teknologi
Artificial Intelligence di Peradilan Agama harus mempertimbangkan
beberapa aspek, antara lain integrasi teknologi Artificial Intelligence
dalam proses penyelesaian sengketa di Peradilan Agama, pengembangan
sistem pendukung keputusan berbasis Artificial Intelligence, regulasi dan
aspek etika dalam penggunaan Artificial Intelligence. Formulasi konsep
pengembangan penggunaan teknologi Artificial Intelligence dalam
penyelesaian sengketa di Peradilan Agama harus berpedoman pada
prinsip Maslahah Mursalah sebagai landasan etis moral dalam kerangka
sistem hukum yang meliputi struktur hukum, substansi hukum, dan
budaya hukum sehingga pengembangan penggunaan teknologi Artificial
Intelligence dalam penyelesaian sengketa di Peradilan Agama menjadi
efektif dan adil bagi semua orang.

KATA KUNCI Artificial Intelligence; Maslahah Mursalah; Pengadilan

Agama.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 85

Introduction

Artificial intelligence technology has been used globally in various

countries to settle court cases. Research conducted in China1, Brazil2,
India3, Canada4, European Union countries5, and other countries shows
that artificial intelligence has been used to settle cases in court. In 2016,
the LIA Platform (Legal Intelligence Assistant) with artificial intelligence
technology was claimed to be the first legal chatbot in Indonesia that
aimed to help the public get legal educational content (marriage, divorce,
and inheritance law).6 It means that the development of artificial
intelligence in the field of law has also been developed in Indonesia since
2016.
As an effort to modernize the judicial process, the Supreme Court of
the Republic of Indonesia has also developed E-Litigation regulated in
Supreme Court Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 2022
concerning Amendments to Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2019

1 Weidong Ji, “The Change of Judicial Power in China in the Era of Artificial

Intelligence,” Asian Journal of Law and Society 7, no. 3 (2020): 515–30,

https://doi.org/10.1017/als.2020.37. Haneffa Muchlis Gazali et al., “Application of
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Islamic Investments,” Journal of Islamic Finance 9, no. 2
(2020): 70–78.
2 Weslei Gomes de Sousa et al., “Artificial Intelligence and Speedy Trial in the

Judiciary: Myth, Reality or Need? A Case Study in the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF),”
Government Information Quarterly 39, no. 1 (2022): 101660,
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101660.
3 Parth Jain, “Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable and Effective Justice Delivery in

India,” OIDA International Journal Of Sustainable Development 11, no. 06 (2018): 63–
70.
4 Henry Prakken, “On the Problem of Making Autonomous Vehicles Conform to

Traffic Law,” Artificial Intelligence and Law 25, no. 3 (2017): 341–63,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-017-9210-0. Florian Martin-bariteau and Industrial
Revolution, “Artificial Intelligence and the Law in Canada,” Artificial Intelligence and the
Law, 2021, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429344015. Benjamin Alarie, Anthony
Niblett, and Albert H. Yoon, “How Artificial Intelligence Will Affect the Practice of Law,”
University of Toronto Law Journal 68, no. 1 (2018): 106–24,
https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj.2017-0052.
5 Olena Yara et al., “Legal Regulation of the Use of Artificial Intelligence: Problems

and Development Prospects,” European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 1

(2021): 281–89, https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p281.
6 Aida Mardhatillah, “LIA, Chatbot Hukum Pertama Indonesia Resmi
Diluncurkan,” Hukumonline.com, 2018, https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/lia--
chatbot-hukum-pertama-indonesia-resmi-diluncurkan-lt5b6a4dcab1765/.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

86 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

concerning Electronic Administration of Cases and Trials in Courts. This

policy has been implemented by 32 courts, namely the general and
religious courts and the state administration7. The Supreme Court is also
planning to develop a system for appointing a panel of judges using
artificial intelligence based on the type and qualifications of the case, as
well as the workload of the Supreme Justices, to help improve case
handling performance.8
The Religious Court, as one of the judiciaries in Indonesia under the
Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia, has significant potential to
develop artificial intelligence in Islamic law case resolution. An increase in
cases at the Religious Courts every year, with a caseload of 656.178 cases in
2020, 673.235 cases in 2021, and 674.684 cases in 2022, coupled with the
slow dispute resolution process, causes a buildup of cases in the Religious
Courts.9 This fact has the potential to cause injustice to both parties.
However, the implementation of artificial intelligence use in dispute
resolution in religious courts still requires further development related to
regulations as a basis for regulating the use of artificial intelligence,
increasing human resources, and supporting adequate infrastructure.
This study discusses two main patterns, namely, first, the potential
for developing artificial intelligence technology in the dispute resolution of
Islamic law in the Religious Courts, and second, the formulation of the
concept of development of the use of artificial intelligence technology in
dispute resolution in the Religious Courts based on the Maslahah
Mursalah principle.

7 Dedi Putra, “A Modern Judicial System in Indonesia: Legal Breakthrough of E-

Court and E-Legal Proceeding,” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 9, no. 2 (2020): 275,
https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.9.2.2020.275-297.
8 Ferinda K Fachri, “Kembangkan Aplikasi Penunjukan Majelis, MA Gunakan

Artificial Intelligence,” Hukumonline.com, 2023,

https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/kembangkan-aplikasi-penunjukan-majelis--
ma-gunakan-artificial-intelligence-lt63f4542d35bf3/.
9 Asep Nur Sobah, “Laporan Tahunan Gugatan Perdata Pada Pengadilan Agama,”

Mahkamah Agung, 2022,

https://kepaniteraan.mahkamahagung.go.id/Publikasi/Laporan-Tahunan/.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 87

Method

The research method used is juridical-normative, with a

philosophical and conceptual approach. The theories used are progressive
legal theory, legal objectives, legal system, and Maslahah Mursalah. The
collecting legal materials technique used document studies with
prescriptive analysis techniques based on logic and deductive legal
reasoning. Logic and deductive legal reasoning are done by inferring a
problem in general from the problem encountered in particular, which
becomes a legal reference and consideration for analyzing problems from
generally accepted concepts or theories to describe legal facts or compare
with problems or theories.

Discussion

Potential Development of Artificial Intelligence for

Dispute Resolution in Religious Courts
Artificial intelligence technology in the legal system has been
implemented in several countries, including by artificial intelligence judges
and lawyers. In 2016, the UK Ministry of Justice launched a digital
technology Court of Honor (HMCTS) with the ReadyTech technology
platform to improve access to justice in the legal system. The use of
artificial intelligence technology can update the standard of services
provided to legal professionals applied in tribunal courts throughout
England and Wales. The application of artificial intelligence technology in
HMCTS has shown that technology can be crucial in reducing systemic
waiting times and inefficiencies.10 In the UK, they are also developing

10 Javairia Shafique, “Use of ICTs and Artificial Intelligence to Overcome Judicial

Trial Delays in Pakistani Courts,” Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review 6, no. II
(2022): 1153–63, https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2022(6-ii)97.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

88 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

artificial intelligence as a tool to provide legal assistance with DoNotPay

chat, which has provided as many as 1,000 legal aid services.11
In 2017, China implemented Artificial Intelligence judge technology
that could help digitally handle legal disputes. Artificial intelligence judges
carry out their duties like judges with the judge profession’s duties based
on the officially available database. The judges can conduct legal reasoning
and decide cases in various legal cases, including copyright disputes, e-
commerce product liability claims disputes, and online buying and selling
disputes.12 In America, an artificial intelligence lawyer can beat 20 human
lawyers trained in America in identifying five agreements.13 In Mexico,
they have started to use artificial intelligence technology to make simple
administrative decisions.14
The use of Artificial Intelligence in court dispute resolution, as in the
countries mentioned above, shows that artificial intelligence has
significant potential to increase the efficiency, accuracy, and speed of court
dispute resolution. Therefore, it can be used as a reference and inspire
Indonesia to apply artificial intelligence in dispute resolution in courts,
including the Religious Courts as one of the judicial bodies in Indonesia.
The Religious Court is a court that settles cases for Muslim people in
cases of Islamic law, which includes marriage, inheritance, will, grant,
waqf, zakat, infaq, sadaqah, and Islamic economics.15 The religious courts
have the potential to develop the use of artificial intelligence in dispute
resolution with the following arguments:

11 Qur’ani Dewi Kusumawardani, “Hukum Progresif Dan Perkembangan Teknologi

Kecerdasan Buatan,” Veritas et Justitia 5, no. 1 (2019): 166–90,
https://doi.org/10.25123/vej.3270.
12Febri Jaya and Wilton Goh, ““Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Kedudukan Kecerdasan

Buatan Atau Artificial Intelligence Sebagai Subjek Hukum Pada Hukum Positif
Indonesia",” Supremasi Hukum 17, no. 2 (2021): 1–11.
13 Jaya and Goh.
14 Kusumawardani, “Hukum Progresif Dan Perkembangan Teknologi Kecerdasan

Buatan.”
15 Pasal 2 “Undang-Undang (UU) No. 50 Tahun 2009 Perubahan Kedua Atas

Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 Tentang Peradilan Agama” (2009). Pasal 49

“Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2006 Tentang Perubahan Undang-Undang Nomor 7
Tahun 1989 Tentang Peradilan Agama,” 2006.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 89

1. Philosophical Argument
A simple, fast, and low-cost trial is one of the principles of the
Indonesian legal system. Therefore, it must be the basis for dispute
resolution in all courts in Indonesia, including in the religious courts, as
mandated by Article 2 Paragraph 4 of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia
Number 48 of 2009 concerning Judicial Power. The principle of simple,
fast, and low-cost justice is the basis for the importance of developing
artificial intelligence in dispute resolution in religious courts because
artificial intelligence technology can be used in dispute resolution in the
courts. With the right approach, AI development can be used as an
effective tool to increase accessibility, speed, and efficiency in dispute
resolution in religious courts.
Philosophically, legal principles are the basis for running the legal
system.16 According to Scholten, principles have an ethical dimension in
law application in society.17 Legal principles must contain ethical aspects
to ensure that the legal system operates fairly, with dignity, and by the
moral values recognized by society.18 The application of ethics in law helps
ensure that the legal decisions taken respect human rights, justice, and
humanity.19 The development of artificial intelligence technology in
dispute resolution in religious courts must be based on strong legal and
ethical principles so that this technology can function with integrity and
justice. By applying this legal ethical principle in the development of
artificial intelligence technology, the Religious Courts can ensure that this

16 John Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An

Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America (Stanford University
Press, 2018).
17 Nuno Coelho, “Kelsen and Scholten on Reason and Emotion in Solving Cases,”

Aristotelian Protestantism in Legal Philosophy: Rethinking Paul Scholten for the 21st
Century 1 (2022): 315.
18 I. V. Irkhin, “Discussion on the Nature of the Principles of Law (Legal Principles)

in the Context of Convergence of Legal Systems,” Lex Russica 4, no. 4 (2020): 117–29,
https://doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.161.4.117-129.
19 Giampiero Lupo, The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: An Analysis of Ethical

Frameworks Disciplining AI in Justice and Other Contexts of Application, Onati Socio-

Legal Series, vol. 12, 2022, https://doi.org/10.35295/OSLS.IISL/0000-0000-0000-1273.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

90 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

technology is used with integrity, fairness, and ethical values by law

enforcement objectives in the Islamic law context.
2. Juridical Argument

Juridically, artificial intelligence technology does not have regulation

in Indonesia. But in general, artificial intelligence technology is related to
artificial intelligence with technology that has been regulated in the 1945
Constitution, Article 28 C, which reads:20
"Everyone has the right to development through meeting their basic
needs, the right to education, and the right to benefit from science
and technology, arts, and culture to improve the quality of life and for
the welfare of mankind".

In Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Informatics and Electronic

Transactions. The use of artificial intelligence technology has also received
recognition in Law Number 11 of 2019 concerning the National System of
Science and Technology, which states that:21
“To ensure that everyone has the right to benefit from science and
technology, the government is advancing science and technology. The
advancement of science and technology is carried out by upholding
religious values and national unity for the advancement of
civilization, as well as the welfare of mankind”

These provisions prove that the state guarantees the development of

science and technology.
Specifically, the development of technology use in court has been
regulated in the Republic of Indonesia Supreme Court Regulation Number
7 of 2022 concerning Amendments to Supreme Court Regulation Number
1 of 2019 concerning Electronic Administration of Cases and Trials in
Courts. The purpose of using electronic-based justice administration, also
known as e-court, is to provide excellent service to justice seekers.22 The
Supreme Court is also planning to develop a system for appointing a panel

20 Pasal 28 C “Undang-Undang Dasar (UUD) 1945” (1945).

21 “Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 11 Tahun 2019 Tentang Sistem Nasional Ilmu
Pengetahuan Dan Teknologi” (2019).“Law Number 11 of 2019 Concerning the National
System of Science and Technology” (2019).
22 Putra, “A Modern Judicial System in Indonesia: Legal Breakthrough of E-Court

and E-Legal Proceeding.”

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 91

of judges using artificial intelligence based on the type and qualifications

of cases as well as the workload of the Supreme Justices. The use of
Artificial Intelligence technology will continue to be developed by the
Supreme Court, including at courts of first instance and appellate level, to
help improve case handling performance.23 It means existing regulations
support the development of technology use, such as the use of artificial
intelligence in dispute resolution in courts, including the religious courts
as one of the judicial bodies under the Supreme Court.
3. Sociological Argumentation

Sociologically, the high number of cases entered in the Religious

Courts (Table 1) is increasing every year, which is one of the reasons that
the Religious Courts must develop the use of artificial intelligence
technology.
Table 1 Data on Dispute Resolution of Islamic Civil at Religious
Courts in 2020-2022
Cases 2020 2021 2022
Civil Lawsuit 520,362 529,863 530,849

Civil Application 135,537 143,059 143,568

Simple Lawsuit 279 313 267

Amount 656,178 673,235 674,684

Source: Supreme Court Annual Report 2020-2022

The Table 1 above shows that the burden of the number of cases in
the Religious Courts is very high. This condition can be caused by various
factors, such as an increase in population, the complexity of cases, and
social changes that affect the level of disputes in society. The high
caseloads can make it difficult to cope with the surge in cases handled by
the courts.25 In addition to the high number of cases, the table indicates

23 Fachri, “Kembangkan Aplikasi Penunjukan Majelis, MA Gunakan Artificial

Intelligence.”
25 Imam Rahmaddani, “TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP FAKTOR DAN

DAMPAK PERCERAIAN DI PENGADILAN (ANALISIS KASUS DI PENGADILAN

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

92 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

that the dispute resolution process at the religious courts is relatively slow.
Several factors can cause this condition, such as limited human resources
and an inefficient administrative system.26 The slow dispute resolution
process can lead to a backlog of cases in court and prolong settlement time,
which in turn hinders the efficiency and effectiveness of case handling. The
slow dispute resolution process can hurt justice seekers. The parties
involved in the dispute will have to wait longer for a decision to be made.
High caseloads and slow resolution processes can hinder the
efficiency and effectiveness of the justice system.27 The religious courts
must be able to handle cases quickly and accurately so that the legal
process runs efficiently and fulfills justice. In the current conditions, the
need for efficiency and effectiveness in dispute resolution is becoming
increasingly urgent. The religious courts need to reform in terms of case
management.28 Improvement of infrastructure and technology, the
addition of human resources, and the simplification of administrative
procedures are some steps that can be taken to increase efficiency and
reduce the accumulation of cases.29 The use of artificial intelligence can
also be a solution to help the process of dispute resolution more quickly
and accurately. Besides that, it is hoped that the dispute resolution process
can be more efficient and provide justice for all.
4. Technical Argument

AGAMA SUBANG),” Jurnal Supremasi Hukum 19, no. 27 (2023): 72–79,

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33592/jsh.v19i1.3349.
26 Munirja Paputungan, Ni Made Ary Wisiastini, and Ni Luh Wayan Sayang

Telagawati, “Analisis Manajemen Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (Ptsp) Dalam

Meningkatkan Kualitas Pelayanan,” Publik: Jurnal Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia,
Administrasi Dan Pelayanan Publik 10, no. 2 (2023): 446–56,
https://doi.org/10.37606/publik.v10i2.676.
27 Malik Ibrahim, “Tunggakan Perkara Di Lingkungan Peradilan Agama Dan Upaya

Penanggulangannya,” Aplikasia: Jurnal Aplikasi Ilmu-Ilmu Agama 18, no. 1 (2018): 33–
50, https://doi.org/10.14421/aplikasia.v18i1.1833.
28 Alex Ingrams, “Bureaucratic Reform,” Global Encyclopedia of Public

Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 2018, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-

3-319-31816-5_626-1.A
29 Ibrahim, “Tunggakan Perkara Di Lingkungan Peradilan Agama Dan Upaya

Penanggulangannya.”

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 93

The use of e-courts in religious courts is one of the potential

developments for artificial intelligence technology. Technically, it means
the religious courts, including the human resources within them, are
familiar with and have the technical ability to use technology in the court
administration process.30 Human resources at the religious courts have
also received training in using e-court-based technology.31 The use of e-
court technology has become a step forward for the courts in increasing
the efficiency and accessibility of the justice system.32 With the habits and
skills of using e-court technology, human resources in religious courts will
be more prepared and open to adopting artificial intelligence technology in
dispute resolution.
The use of artificial intelligence can provide additional benefits in
increasing the accuracy of legal analysis, supporting proper decision-
making, and speeding up the dispute resolution process. However,
developing and integrating training related to artificial intelligence is
essential. With more comprehensive and continuous training, human
resources in the religious courts will be more skilled and ready to face
technological developments in the justice system. The successful
application of artificial intelligence technology in dispute resolution will
also depend heavily on the support and commitment of law enforcers.33

30 M. Beni Kurniawan, “Implementation of Electronic Trial (E-Litigation) on the

Civil Cases in Indonesia Court As a Legal Renewal of Civil Procedural Law,” Jurnal
Hukum Dan Peradilan 9, no. 1 (2020): 43, https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.9.1.2020.43-70.
31 Pengadilan Agama Bandung, “Pelatihan Teknis E-Court Untuk Pegawai

Pengadilan Agama Bandung Ke-II,” https://pa-bandung.go.id/, 2019, https://pa-

bandung.go.id/Seputar-Peradilan/301-Pelatihan-Teknis-E-Court-Untuk-Pegawai-
Pengadilan-Agama-Bandung.
32 Hugo C. Hoeschl and Vânia Barcellos, “Artificial Intelligence and Law,” IFIP

Advances in Information and Communication Technology 154, no. 4 (2004): 25–34,

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1665-5_3.Gazali et al., “Application of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) in Islamic Investments.”Abdul Rachmat Ariwijaya and Palupi Lindiasari
Samputra, “Evaluasi Kebijakan Peradilan Elektronik (E-Court) Mahkamah Agung
Republik Indonesia,” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 51, no. 4 (2021): 14,
https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol51.no4.3303.
33 Katja Wiek, “The Artificial Intelligence Act - The Impact of AI on Human Rights

Standards in European Law Enforcement” (university of Twente, 2023),

http://essay.utwente.nl/96320/.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

94 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

It can be concluded that the development of artificial intelligence

technology has significant potential for dispute resolution in religious
courts. The use of artificial intelligence in the religious courts context has a
philosophical basis in line with the principles of Indonesian law, such as
simple, fast, and low-cost trials. Juridically, artificial intelligence
technology is related to informatics law and electronic transactions, and
existing regulations support the use of technology in court. From a
technical perspective, the infrastructure and technical capabilities that
already exist in e-courts provide a foundation for the use of artificial
intelligence technology to improve legal analysis, decision-making, and
dispute resolution efficiency. The high caseload and the slow dispute
resolution process of in the religious courts provide solid reasons for
utilizing artificial intelligence technology to overcome the challenges of the
cases accumulation in the courts. However, the use of artificial intelligence
technology must be carried out by considering strong legal and ethical
principles to ensure fairness, human rights, and integrity. Existing
regulations and development plans for the Supreme Court in adopting
artificial intelligence technology are also the basis for applying artificial
intelligence technology in dispute resolution in the religious courts.

Artificial Intelligence Development in Religious Courts

Based on the Maslahah Mursalah Principle

Laws are made to regulate social life, create justice, and maintain
order by humans. In law enforcement, new thoughts are needed, one of
which is progressive law implementation. The law always evolves with the
times.34 Artificial intelligence is a technology used to facilitate human
work. The development of artificial intelligence has influenced justice

34 Kusumawardani, “Hukum Progresif Dan Perkembangan Teknologi Kecerdasan

Buatan,” 175.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 95

systems around the world.35 The development of the use of artificial

intelligence in religious courts is crucial to be formulated to assist in
dispute resolution.36
Developing the use of artificial intelligence in dispute resolution at
religious courts can help to overcome spikes in cases, speed up resolution,
and increase the accessibility of justice. The use of artificial intelligence in
resolving Islamic law cases must be in line with Islamic law principles.
Therefore, it can benefit justice for all. According to Asy-Syahtibi, the
Maslahah Mursalah concept emphasizes the general welfare and
community interests.37 This concept emphasizes the importance of
achieving good and avoiding harm in the context of Islamic law.38 The use
of artificial intelligence in dispute resolution in religious courts that is in
line with the Maslahah Mursalah principles can provide public benefits,
increase the efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of the justice system,
and ensure fairness and ethical values in the dispute resolution process of
Islamic law.39 In this case, the use of artificial intelligence technology can
increase access to justice for Muslim communities litigating in religious
courts.40 The development of artificial intelligence for dispute resolution in
religious courts needs to pay attention to three main aspects of Friedman's
legal system theory: legal structure, legal substance, and legal culture.41
1. Legal Structure

35 Richard M Re et al., “Developing Artificially Intelligent Justice,” Stanford

Technology Law Review 242 22 (2019): 243–88.
36 Malik Ibrahim, “Reformasi Birokrasi Pada Lingkungan Peradilan Agama Di

Indonesia,” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 11, no. 2 (2018): 133–46.
37 Encum Sumirah and Pitrotussaadah Pitrotussaadah, “Perkembangan Filsafat

Syariah,” Jurnal Perspektif 5, no. 2 (2021): 204, https://doi.org/10.15575/jp.v5i2.136.

38 Ramlah Umar, Al-Muthahhiri, M. Hasbi, “MASLAHAH ’AMMAH: (A

Comparative Study of The Concept Maslahah ’Ammah According To Nahdlatul Ulama

And Ulama Mazdhahib Al-Arba’ah)” 5, no. 1 (2023): 65–88.
39 Zia Alkausar Mukhlis Yahdi Dinul Haq, Hafizah Muchtia, “Bid’ah in Concept of

Maslahah Mursalah and Istihsan According to Imam Asy-Syathibi,” Ilmiah Syari’ah 20,
no. 2 (2021): 225–37.
40 Rifai Sulaiman Lebbe, “The Concept of Public Interest in Islamic Law (Maslaha)

and Its Modern Implications,” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021, 1–14,

https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3788222.
41 Lawrence M Friedman, Legal Culture and the Legal Profession (Routledge,

2021).

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

96 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

The legal structure involves the formation of policies, regulations,

and legal frameworks that facilitate the use of artificial intelligence
according to the principles and objectives of Islamic law. The Supreme
Court has developed a system for appointing a panel of judges using
artificial intelligence based on the type and qualifications of cases as well
as the workload of the Supreme Justices. The use of artificial intelligence
technology will continue to be developed by the Supreme Court, including
at courts of first instance and appellate level, to help improve case
handling performance. However, it is essential to keep in mind that the
role of humans remains the main driving force because, even though
advanced technology can provide accuracy and thoroughness in assisting
tasks and work, humans have the creativity and intelligence to continue to
innovate and make changes.42
The Supreme Court must consider legalizing or legally recognizing
the use of artificial intelligence in the justice system. The use of artificial
intelligence in court can provide many benefits, such as increasing
efficiency, accuracy, and speed in dispute resolution. However, before
legalizing artificial intelligence, the Supreme Court needs to consider
various aspects and related legal implications.
The first step that needs to be taken is to formulate clear and firm
regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence in court. This
regulation must include procedures and technical provisions governing
how artificial intelligence can be used in analysis and legal decision-
making. This regulation aims to ensure that the use of artificial intelligence
complies with the principles of justice, legal certainty, and human rights.43
In addition, the Supreme Court needs to ensure that artificial intelligence
used in court has a high level of accuracy and reliability. Inaccurate or

42 Re et al., “Developing Artificially Intelligent Justice.”

43 Lottie Lane, “Clarifying Human Rights Standards Through Artificial Intelligence
Initiatives,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 71, no. 4 (2022): 915–44,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589322000380.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 97

problematic use of artificial intelligence can cause injustice and undermine

the integrity of the justice system.44
The Supreme Court must consider the ethical issues related to the use
of artificial intelligence in the judiciary,45 such as how to overcome bias or
discrimination that may occur in artificial intelligence algorithms. There
needs to be a mechanism to ensure that the use of artificial intelligence
does not harm the parties involved in the judicial process. The use of
artificial intelligence in dispute resolution of Islamic law must be in line
with the principles of Islamic law so it can benefit all parties. With careful
consideration and proper regulations, legalizing the use of artificial
intelligence in justice can be a step forward for the justice system to be
more efficient, fair, and responsive to technological developments.
However, keep in mind that the final decision remains the responsibility of
a judge who has a comprehensive understanding of applicable laws and
policies.
The elements of the legal structure are very much in line with the
principles of Maslahah Mursalah, such as policy formation, legality,
accuracy, ethics, and compliance with the principles of Islamic law, and
the role of judges is crucial in designing and implementing the use of
artificial intelligence in a more efficient, fair and responsive justice
system.46 The benefit in question is general, not a specific benefit for
individuals or particular groups, because the benefit of making excellent
regulations will bring benefits to many people and can reject something
harmful that happened before. This benefit does not conflict with the
benefit contained in the Al-Qur'an and Hadith because it aims to

44 Mirko Bagaric, Dan Hunter, and Nigel Stobbs, “Erasing the Bias Against Using

Artificial Inteligence To Predict Future Criminality: Algorithms Are Color Blind and
Never Tire,” University of Cincinnati Law Review 88, no. 4 (2019): 1037–81.
45 Konstantin Chatziathanasiou, “Beware the Lure of Narratives: Hungry Judges

Should Not Motivate the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Law,” German Law Journal 23,
no. 4 (2022): 452–64, https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2022.32.
46 James Shaw et al., “Artificial Intelligence and the Implementation Challenge,”

Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 7 (2019), https://doi.org/10.2196/13659.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

98 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

encourage prosperity and justice for society in general.47 As described in

QS An-Nisa: 135, QS Al-Maidah: 8, An-Nahl: 90, QS Al-Maidah: 8, QS Al-
An'am: 152, QS An-Nisa: 29, QS An- Nisa: 135, and QS Sad: 29, where all
of these verses emphasize the importance of good, fair and balanced
policies in Islam. Justice, equality, and truth must be the basis for policy
formation and decision-making.48 Therefore, establishing policies,
regulations, and legal frameworks facilitates the use of artificial
intelligence to build a more advanced and fair judiciary. It reflects public
problems, ethical values, and the principles of Islamic law commonly
referred to as Maslahah Mursalah.
2. Legal Substance
Legal substance related to legal content or material is applied to the
developing artificial intelligence concept. Juridically, artificial intelligence
technology is not yet explicitly regulated in Indonesia. Artificial
intelligence related to technology has been regulated in the 1945
Constitution, Article 28 C, which reads:49
"Everyone has the right to development through meeting their basic
needs, the right to education, and the right to benefit from science
and technology, the arts, and culture in order to improve the quality
of life and for the welfare of mankind."

In Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Informatics and Electronic

transactions, the use of artificial intelligence technology has also received
recognition in Law Number 11 of 2019 concerning the National System of
Science and Technology, which states that:50
“….To ensure that everyone has the right to benefit from science and
technology, the government is advancing science and technology. The
advancement of science and technology is carried out by upholding

47 Amin Farih and M Mukhsin Jamil, Kemaslahatan & Pembaharuan Hukum

Islam (Walisongo Press, 2008).

48 Dewi Haryanti, “Application the Concept of Justice Based on Al-Qur’an

Interpretation in the Construction of Indonesia’S Legal System,” International Journal of

Law Reconstruction 4, no. 2 (2020): 98, https://doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v4i2.4902.
49 Pasal 28 C Undang-Undang Dasar (UUD) 1945.
50 Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 11 Tahun 2019 tentang Sistem Nasional Ilmu

Pengetahuan dan Teknologi.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 99

religious values and national unity for the advancement of

civilization, as well as the welfare of mankind…”

These provisions prove that the state guarantees the development of

science and technology. Specifically, the development of technology use in
court has been regulated in the Republic of Indonesia Supreme Court
Regulation Number 7 of 2022 concerning Amendments to Supreme Court
Regulation Number 1 of 2019 concerning Electronic Administration of
Cases and Trials in Courts.51
In the context of developing the use of artificial intelligence in
dispute resolution in court, the regulatory framework provides a legal basis
that supports courts in adopting artificial intelligence technology in an
effort to improve the efficiency, accessibility, and accuracy of dispute
resolution.52 Although no regulations specifically regulate artificial
intelligence, existing regulations can become the basis for future policy
development (ius constituendum) and guidelines for the use of artificial
intelligence technology in the justice system in Indonesia. Thus, the
application of artificial intelligence in dispute resolution in courts,
including in religious courts, can be developed in accordance with
applicable legal and ethical principles.
The formulation of the concept of using artificial intelligence
technology was developed with the ability to accurately find the best
solution to solve problems quickly and accurately with the ability to:53
1. Inventory of documents and legal sources of laws and regulations
related to cases. This application has been implemented in courts

51 “Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 7 Tahun 2022 Perubahan Atas Peraturan

Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1 Tahun 2019 Tentang Administrasi Perkara Dan Persidangan
Di Pengadilan Secara Elektronik” (2022).
52 Hibah Alessa, “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Online Dispute Resolution: A

Brief and Critical Overview,” Information and Communications Technology Law 31, no.
3 (2022): 319–42, https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2022.2088060.
53 Mahyuddin Daud, “Artificial Intelligence in the Malaysian Legal System:

Issues,Challenges and Way Forward,” Insaf 39, no. 1 (2022): 1–24.Endang Purwaningsih
and Irfan Islami, “Analisis Artificial Intelligence (AI) Sebagai Investor Berdasarkan
Hukum Paten Dan Hukum Islam” 11, no. 13 (2023): 1–15.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

100 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

in the United States called the “e-Discovery” system.54 This system

has the ability to collect information and legal sources related to
cases.
2. Providing legal considerations to judges in analyzing, weighing,
and deciding a case, as has been implemented in the "COMPAS"
system in criminal courts in the United States.55
3. Become a court assistant who can receive orders verbally, as has
been implemented by the criminal court in Shanghai with a system
known as the "206 System."56 The system can display relevant data
information as well as analyze dispute resolution. It can be tasked
with making trial minutes and identifying speakers, ensuring a
trial fact, identifying evidence, and providing legal advice.
The formulation of the development concept of the use of artificial
intelligence technology in the Religious Courts needs to apply a
mechanism for testing and examining artificial intelligence algorithms to
identify potential biases that may occur in decision-making.57
Furthermore, it is essential to implement transparency and clarification of
artificial intelligence decisions. Artificial intelligence providers use the
development of natural language processing techniques and machine

54 Bokolo, Biodoumoye George, And Nurettin Selcuk Senol. "The Digital Forensic

Approach To Ediscovery." Breakthroughs In Digital Biometrics And Forensics . Cham:

Springer International Publishing, 2022. 129-146. Ran Wang, “Legal Technology in
Contemporary USA and China,” Computer Law and Security Review 39 (2020),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105459.
55 Malek, Md Abdul. "Criminal Courts' Artificial Intelligence: The Way It Reinforces

Bias And Discrimination." AI And Ethics 2, no. 1 (2022): 233-245. Rena Schwarting and
Lena Ulbricht, “Why Organization Matters in ‘Algorithmic Discrimination,’” Kolner
Zeitschrift Fur Soziologie Und Sozialpsychologie 74 (2022): 307–30,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-022-00838-3.
56 Wang, Nyu, And Michael Yuan Tian. "'Intelligent Justice': AI Implementations In

China's Legal Systems." Artificial Intelligence And Its Discontents: Critiques From The
Social Sciences And Humanities . Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. 197-
222. Wang, “Legal Technology in Contemporary USA and China.”Nyu Wang and Michael
Yuan Tian, “‘Intelligent Justice’: Human-Centered Considerations in China’s Legal AI
Transformation,” AI and Ethics 3, no. 2 (2023): 349–54,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00202-3.
57 Waymond Rodgers et al., “An Artificial Intelligence Algorithmic Approach to

Ethical Decision-Making in Human Resource Management Processes,” Human Resource

Management Review 33, no. 1 (2023): 100925,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100925.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 101

learning regarding legal databases of Islamic law and law related to cases,
causing artificial intelligence to be able to help identify and analyze laws,
court decisions, and other legal literature.58 It will help legal practitioners
understand and apply the law better and ensure fairness in decision-
making. The development carried out includes the development of
algorithms, models, and methods of artificial intelligence that can consider
the principles of ethics, fairness, benefit, and legal certainty.59 It aims to
ensure that decisions made by artificial intelligence still pay attention to
the principles of justice and do not violate the principles of Islamic law.
However, artificial intelligence is only a supporting unit that assists judges
in analyzing cases, while the highest decision is still held by judges as law
enforcers.
The use of artificial intelligence technology has the potential to
provide significant benefits by increasing effectiveness and efficiency in
dispute resolution, reducing time and costs, and potentially providing
great justice for the parties, so it is very much in line with the principle of
Maslahah Mursalah. The principle of Maslahah Mursalah can be used as
a legal basis and can be applied in daily activities if it meets the
requirements and is added to the Maslahah, which is a real benefit, not
limited to benefits that are still prejudiced in nature. If it can attract
benefits and reject harm, Maslahah has advantages in general by having
comprehensive access and not deviating from the objectives embodied in
the Qur'an and Hadith.61 The majority of scholars agree that Maslahah can
be accepted if it is not motivated by lust and does not conflict with texts or

58 Gulyamov Said, “Adapting Legal Systems to the Development of Artificial

Intelligence: Solving the Global Problem of AI in Judicial Processes,” International

Journal of Cyber Law 1, no. 4 (2023): 1–15.
59 Lupo, The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: An Analysis of Ethical Frameworks

Disciplining AI in Justice and Other Contexts of Application.Ivy Munoko, Helen L.

Brown-Liburd, and Miklos Vasarhelyi, “The Ethical Implications of Using Artificial
Intelligence in Auditing,” Journal of Business Ethics 167, no. 2 (2020): 209–34,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04407-1.
61 Idhami Dahlan, “Karakteristik Hukum Islam,” Surabaya, Al-Ikhlas, 1994, 45.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

102 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

Maqashid Shariah.62 In other words, the application of artificial

intelligence technology in court that potentially increases the efficiency of
dispute resolution, reduces costs and time, and provides justice to all
parties involved can be considered as an implementation of the principle
of Maslahah Mursalah.
3. Legal Culture
The legal culture involves human resources in the Religious Courts
who are familiar with technology, namely by implementing E-Court in the
Judiciary realm regulated in Supreme Court Regulation of the Republic of
Indonesia Number 7 of 2022 concerning Amendments to Supreme Court
Regulation Number 1 of 2019 concerning Electronic Case and Trial
Administration in Courts.63 Human resources in the religious courts are
accustomed to using technology. They have gone through the adaptation
and training stages related to the use of this technology, so they have the
understanding and skills to operate and utilize technology in the judicial
process.64 With a legal culture that is familiar with technology, the use of
artificial intelligence technology in assisting legal dispute resolution can be
integrated more smoothly and efficiently in court. However, it must be
supported by improving the quality of human resources and adequate
infrastructure in its utilization.
In the Maslahah Mursalah perspective, the integration of artificial
intelligence technology in the judicial process of the religious courts can be
analyzed as a step that has clear benefits and is in accordance with Islamic
law principles. Maslahah Mursalah, which prioritizes the public good, can
be identified in an effort to increase the efficiency of legal dispute
62 Yahdi Dinul Haq, Hafizah Muchtia, “Bid’ah in Concept of Maslahah Mursalah
and Istihsan According to Imam Asy-Syathibi.”
63 Kurniawan, “Implementation of Electronic Trial (E-Litigation) on the Civil Cases

in Indonesia Court As a Legal Renewal of Civil Procedural Law.” Ariwijaya and Samputra,
“Evaluasi Kebijakan Peradilan Elektronik (E-Court) Mahkamah Agung Republik
Indonesia.” Dewa Gede Sudika Mangku, Ni Putu Rai Yuliartini, and I Suandita,
“Implementation of E-Court in Settlement of Civil Cases in Singaraja District Court,” in
AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2573 (AIP Publishing, 2022).
64 Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 7 Tahun 2022 Perubahan atas Peraturan

Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1 Tahun 2019 tentang Administrasi Perkara dan Persidangan
di Pengadilan secara Elektronik.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 103

resolution through the use of artificial intelligence technology. With

human resources who are familiar with technology and have sufficient
operational skills, the integration of artificial intelligence can be an
effective means of achieving the goal of justice.65 In developing a legal
culture that applies artificial intelligence technology, it is also necessary to
emphasize that the Maslahah Mursalah concept requires conformity with
Shariah values. The sustainability and success of the implementation of
artificial intelligence technology will depend on the extent to which its
application complies with the Islamic law principles, which include justice,
ethics, and social justice.66 Therefore, the development of artificial
intelligence technology must be supported by an in-depth understanding
of the applicable Islamic law principles.
In this case, the use of artificial intelligence technology as a tool in
dispute resolution can be analyzed as a form of contemporary ijtihad that
considers Maslahah Mursalah.67 However, as with any legal innovation,
there needs to be adequate care and oversight to ensure that the
application of artificial intelligence technology remains in accordance with
the values and Islamic law principles. By strengthening a strong legal and
ethical foundation, the integration of artificial intelligence technology can
be a step towards providing justice services that are more efficient, fair,
and in accordance with the basic demands of Islamic law.68

65 Richard M. Re & Alicia Solow-Niederman, “Developing Artificially Intelligent

Justice”, Stanford Technology Law Review, 22, no. 2 (2019): 255. Iván Palomares et al., A
Panoramic View and Swot Analysis of Artificial Intelligence for Achieving the
Sustainable Development Goals by 2030: Progress and Prospects, Applied Intelligence
51, (2021): 6497-6527, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-021-02264-y.
66 David Brougham and Jarrod Haar, “Smart Technology, Artificial Intelligence,

Robotics, and Algorithms (STARA): Employees’ Perceptions of Our Future Workplace,”

Journal of Management and Organization 24, no. 2 (2018): 239–57,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.55.
67 Muhamad Rizky Rizaldy and Habib Ahmed, “Islamic Legal Methodologies and

Shariah Screening Standars: Application in The Indonesian Stock Market,” Language

Learning Journal 131, no. 2 (2015): 469–86.
68 Iván Palomares et al., A Panoramic View and Swot Analysis of Artificial

Intelligence for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030: Progress and
Prospects, Applied Intelligence 51, (2021): 6497-6527, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-
021-02264-y.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

104 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

The development of the use of artificial intelligence in dispute

resolution in religious courts is also in line with legal objectives.69 As
Gustav Radbruch said, the law has three objectives that must be
achieved.70 The first is legal certainty. Artificial intelligence is developed
with the capability of accuracy in finding the best solution by setting up a
legal database related to legal sources and information about cases. Thus,
it can find the best solution to solve problems quickly and accurately.
Second, for legal justice, artificial intelligence can provide legal
considerations to judges in analyzing, weighing, and deciding a case so
that it can assist judges in deciding cases fairly. Based on the three benefits
of the law, according to Bentham, the purpose of the law is to provide
substantial benefit and happiness to as many citizens as possible.71
The purpose of this law is the same as the Maslahah Mursalah
principle oriented towards the welfare of the people. The development of
the use of artificial intelligence in religious courts based on Maslahah
Mursalah has significant positive implications for achieving the legal
objectives described earlier. The principles of Maslahah Mursalah, which
emphasize maslahat for society, strongly support steps to integrate
artificial intelligence technology into the justice system.72 The goal of
creating efficiency in dispute resolution will be realized better through the
use of artificial intelligence. With careful analysis of data and information,
artificial intelligence can reduce the time it takes to reach a legal decision.
This speed is a form of Maslahah Mursalah, which encourages fast and

69 Yara et al., “Legal Regulation of the Use of Artificial Intelligence: Problems and
Development Prospects.”
70 Torben Spaak, “Relativism in the Philosophy of Law,” no. 2009 (2019): 1–

19.Gustav Radbruch, “Law ’ s Image of the Human,” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 40,
no. 4 (2020): 667–81, https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqaa026.
71 Philip Schofield, “Jeremy Bentham and the Origins of Legal Positivism,”

CrimRxiv, 2021, https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.167682f9.

72 Umar, Al-Muthahhiri, M. Hasbi, “MASLAHAH ’AMMAH: (A Comparative Study

of The Concept Maslahah ’Ammah According To Nahdlatul Ulama And Ulama Mazdhahib
Al-Arba’ah).” Muhammad Nazir Alias Et.al, “A Review of Maslahah Mursalah and
Maqasid Shariah as Methods of Determining Islamic Legal Ruling,” Turkish Journal of
Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (2021): 2994–3001,
https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1331.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 105

effective dispute resolution so that people can immediately feel justice.73 In

addition, the application of artificial intelligence in legal decision-making
has a positive impact on legal certainty. Artificial intelligence can present
information from multiple sources and legal precedents, enabling judges
to make more consistent and predictable decisions.74 It is in line with the
principle of Maslahah Mursalah in maintaining social order and legal
stability in society.75 In the aspect of access to justice, the use of artificial
intelligence is expanding the reach of the courts and creating opportunities
for more equal access for all citizens. It supports the value of Maslahah
Mursalah in ensuring that justice is accessible to every individual,
regardless of geographical location or financial condition. The ability of
artificial intelligence to analyze data and provide legal advice can also help
create a more inclusive experience for justice seekers, in line with the spirit
of Maslahah Mursalah to provide substantial benefit to as many citizens
as possible.76
Thus, the development of the use of artificial intelligence in religious
courts based on the principles of Maslahah Mursalah is not just a
technological step but also a step that supports the essence of justice and
Maslahah in the justice system. If artificial intelligence technology is used
correctly, religious courts can better realize legal objectives and legal
certainty that is more efficient, accurate, and inclusive for all people so

73 Gulyamov Said, Et Al, "Adapting Legal Systems To The Development Of Artificial

Intelligence: Solving The Global Problem Of Ai In Judicial Processes", International
Journal of Cyber Law 1, no. 4, (2023): 2. Muhamad Taufik, “Strategic Role of Islamic
Religious Education in Strengthening Character Education in the Era of Industrial
Revolution 4.0,” Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 20, no. 1 (2020): 86,
https://doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v20i1.5797.
74 Zainul Haqqi, Muhammad Najib Asyrof, and Muhammad Roy Purwanto, “The

Strategy of The Siak Sri Indrapura Religious Court in Realizing a Modern Jurisdiction
with Integrity” 2022 (2022): 167–76, https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i10.11355.
75 Richard M. Re & Alicia Solow-Niederman, “Developing Artificially Intelligent

Justice”, Stan. Tech. L. Rev. 242 (2019): 255. Mohit Sharma, “India’s Courts and
Artificial Intelligence: A Future Outlook” 15, no. 1 (2023): 99–120,
https://doi.org/10.18690/lexonomica.15.1.99-120.2023.
76 Pawan Budhwar et al., “Artificial Intelligence–Challenges and Opportunities for

International HRM: A Review and Research Agenda,” International Journal of Human

Resource Management 33, no. 6 (2022): 1065–97,
https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2022.2035161.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

106 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

that they can easily access courts, which also grows public confidence in
the existence of religious courts.

Conclusion

The high caseload and slow dispute resolution process in the religious
courts in Indonesia are the main reasons for developing the use of artificial
intelligence technology. However, artificial intelligence cannot replace the
profession of the judge because the function of artificial intelligence is only
limited to assisting judges in resolving disputes in the religious courts.
Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a concept for developing the use of
artificial intelligence technology in resolving disputes in religious courts
based on the maslahah murlahah principles. The development concept
includes first, formulating laws and policies regarding the use of artificial
intelligence technology based on Maslahah Mursalah principles that aim
to ensure the use of artificial intelligence follows the ethics and morals of
Islamic law; second, the development of an artificial intelligence-based
database; third, developing the quality of human resources and supporting
infrastructure by needs in the case resolution process at the religious
courts. It is hoped that the development of artificial intelligence will be
able to help resolve disputes in the religious courts so that they are more
effective, efficient, fair, and have legal certainty in accordance with Islamic
law.

References

Ahmed, Muhamad Rizky Rizaldy and Habib. “Islamic Legal Methodologies

and Shariah Screening Standars: Application in The Indonesian Stock
Market.” Language Learning Journal 131, no. 2 (2015): 469–86.
Alarie, Benjamin, Anthony Niblett, and Albert H. Yoon. “How Artificial
Intelligence Will Affect the Practice of Law.” University of Toronto
Law Journal 68, no. 1 (2018): 106–24.
https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj.2017-0052.
Alessa, Hibah. “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Online Dispute
Resolution: A Brief and Critical Overview.” Information and
Communications Technology Law 31, no. 3 (2022): 319–42.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 107

https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2022.2088060.
Ariwijaya, Abdul Rachmat, and Palupi Lindiasari Samputra. “Evaluasi
Kebijakan Peradilan Elektronik (E-Court) Mahkamah Agung Republik
Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 51, no. 4 (2021): 14.
https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol51.no4.3303.
Bagaric, Mirko, Dan Hunter, and Nigel Stobbs. “Erasing the Bias Against
Using Artificial Inteligence To Predict Future Criminality: Algorithms
Are Color Blind and Never Tire.” University of Cincinnati Law
Review 88, no. 4 (2019): 1037–81.
Brougham, David, and Jarrod Haar. “Smart Technology, Artificial
Intelligence, Robotics, and Algorithms (STARA): Employees’
Perceptions of Our Future Workplace.” Journal of Management and
Organization 24, no. 2 (2018): 239–57.
https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.55.
Budhwar, Pawan, Ashish Malik, M. T.Thedushika De Silva, and Praveena
Thevisuthan. “Artificial Intelligence–Challenges and Opportunities for
International HRM: A Review and Research Agenda.” International
Journal of Human Resource Management 33, no. 6 (2022): 1065–97.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2022.2035161.
Chatziathanasiou, Konstantin. “Beware the Lure of Narratives: Hungry
Judges Should Not Motivate the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Law.”
German Law Journal 23, no. 4 (2022): 452–64.
https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2022.32.
Coelho, Nuno. “Kelsen and Scholten on Reason and Emotion in Solving
Cases.” Aristotelian Protestantism in Legal Philosophy: Rethinking
Paul Scholten for the 21st Century 1 (2022): 315.
Dahlan, Idhami. “Karakteristik Hukum Islam.” Surabaya, Al-Ikhlas, 1994.
Daud, Mahyuddin. “Artificial Intelligence in the Malaysian Legal System:
Issues,Challenges and Way Forward.” Insaf 39, no. 1 (2022): 1–24.
Et.al, Muhammad Nazir Alias. “A Review of Maslahah Mursalah and
Maqasid Shariah as Methods of Determining Islamic Legal Ruling.”
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education
(TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (2021): 2994–3001.
https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1331.
Fachri, Ferinda K. “Kembangkan Aplikasi Penunjukan Majelis, MA
Gunakan Artificial Intelligence.” Hukumonline.com, 2023.
https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/kembangkan-aplikasi-
penunjukan-majelis--ma-gunakan-artificial-intelligence-
lt63f4542d35bf3/.
Farih, Amin, and M Mukhsin Jamil. Kemaslahatan & Pembaharuan
Hukum Islam. Walisongo Press, 2008.
Friedman, Lawrence M. Legal Culture and the Legal Profession.
Routledge, 2021.
Gazali, Haneffa Muchlis, Junisa Jumadi, Noor Rasyidah Ramlan, and
Nurmaisarah Abd Rahmat. “Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
in Islamic Investments.” Journal of Islamic Finance 9, no. 2 (2020):
70–78.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

108 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

Haqqi, Zainul, Muhammad Najib Asyrof, and Muhammad Roy Purwanto.

“The Strategy of The Siak Sri Indrapura Religious Court in Realizing a
Modern Jurisdiction with Integrity” 2022 (2022): 167–76.
https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i10.11355.
Haryanti, Dewi. “Application the Concept of Justice Based on Al-Qur’an
Interpretation in the Construction of Indonesia’S Legal System.”
International Journal of Law Reconstruction 4, no. 2 (2020): 98.
https://doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v4i2.4902.
Hoeschl, Hugo C., and Vânia Barcellos. “Artificial Intelligence and Law.”
IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology 154,
no. 4 (2004): 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1665-5_3.
Ibrahim, Malik. “Reformasi Birokrasi Pada Lingkungan Peradilan Agama
Di Indonesia.” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 11, no. 2
(2018): 133–46.
———. “Tunggakan Perkara Di Lingkungan Peradilan Agama Dan Upaya
Penanggulangannya.” Aplikasia: Jurnal Aplikasi Ilmu-Ilmu Agama
18, no. 1 (2018): 33–50.
https://doi.org/10.14421/aplikasia.v18i1.1833.
Ingrams, Alex. “Bureaucratic Reform.” Global Encyclopedia of Public
Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 2018, 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_626-1.
Irkhin, I. V. “Discussion on the Nature of the Principles of Law (Legal
Principles) in the Context of Convergence of Legal Systems.” Lex
Russica 4, no. 4 (2020): 117–29. https://doi.org/10.17803/1729-
5920.2020.161.4.117-129.
Jain, Parth. “Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable and Effective Justice
Delivery in India.” OIDA International Journal Of Sustainable
Development 11, no. 06 (2018): 63–70.
Jaya, Febri, and Wilton Goh. ““Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Kedudukan
Kecerdasan Buatan Atau Artificial Intelligence Sebagai Subjek Hukum
Pada Hukum Positif Indonesia".” Supremasi Hukum 17, no. 2 (2021):
1–11.
Ji, Weidong. “The Change of Judicial Power in China in the Era of
Artificial Intelligence.” Asian Journal of Law and Society 7, no. 3
(2020): 515–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/als.2020.37.
Kurniawan, M. Beni. “Implementation of Electronic Trial (E-Litigation) on
the Civil Cases in Indonesia Court As a Legal Renewal of Civil
Procedural Law.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 9, no. 1 (2020): 43.
https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.9.1.2020.43-70.
Kusumawardani, Qur’ani Dewi. “Hukum Progresif Dan Perkembangan
Teknologi Kecerdasan Buatan.” Veritas et Justitia 5, no. 1 (2019):
166–90. https://doi.org/10.25123/vej.3270.
Lane, Lottie. “Clarifying Human Rights Standards Through Artificial
Intelligence Initiatives.” International and Comparative Law
Quarterly 71, no. 4 (2022): 915–44.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589322000380.
Law Number 11 of 2019 concerning the National System of Science and

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 109

Technology (2019).
Lupo, Giampiero. The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: An Analysis of
Ethical Frameworks Disciplining AI in Justice and Other Contexts of
Application. Onati Socio-Legal Series. Vol. 12, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.35295/OSLS.IISL/0000-0000-0000-1273.
Mangku, Dewa Gede Sudika, Ni Putu Rai Yuliartini, and I Suandita.
“Implementation of E-Court in Settlement of Civil Cases in Singaraja
District Court.” In AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2573. AIP
Publishing, 2022.
Mardhatillah, Aida. “LIA, Chatbot Hukum Pertama Indonesia Resmi
Diluncurkan.” Hukumonline.com, 2018.
https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/lia--chatbot-hukum-
pertama-indonesia-resmi-diluncurkan-lt5b6a4dcab1765/.
Martin-bariteau, Florian, and Industrial Revolution. “Artificial Intelligence
and the Law in Canada.” Artificial Intelligence and the Law, 2021, 1–
13. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429344015.
Merryman, John, and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo. The Civil Law Tradition:
An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America.
Stanford University Press, 2018.
Munoko, Ivy, Helen L. Brown-Liburd, and Miklos Vasarhelyi. “The Ethical
Implications of Using Artificial Intelligence in Auditing.” Journal of
Business Ethics 167, no. 2 (2020): 209–34.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04407-1.
Palomares, Iván, Eugenio Martínez-Cámara, Rosana Montes, Pablo
García-Moral, Manuel Chiachio, Juan Chiachio, Sergio Alonso, et al. A
Panoramic View and Swot Analysis of Artificial Intelligence for
Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030: Progress and
Prospects. Applied Intelligence. Vol. 51, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-021-02264-y.
Paputungan, Munirja, Ni Made Ary Wisiastini, and Ni Luh Wayan Sayang
Telagawati. “Analisis Manajemen Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu
(Ptsp) Dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Pelayanan.” Publik: Jurnal
Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, Administrasi Dan Pelayanan
Publik 10, no. 2 (2023): 446–56.
https://doi.org/10.37606/publik.v10i2.676.
Pengadilan Agama Bandung. “Pelatihan Teknis E-Court Untuk Pegawai
Pengadilan Agama Bandung Ke-II.” https://pa-bandung.go.id/, 2019.
https://pa-bandung.go.id/Seputar-Peradilan/301-Pelatihan-Teknis-
E-Court-Untuk-Pegawai-Pengadilan-Agama-Bandung.
Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 7 Tahun 2022 Perubahan atas
Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1 Tahun 2019 tentang
Administrasi Perkara dan Persidangan di Pengadilan secara
Elektronik (2022).
Prakken, Henry. “On the Problem of Making Autonomous Vehicles
Conform to Traffic Law.” Artificial Intelligence and Law 25, no. 3
(2017): 341–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-017-9210-0.
Purwaningsih, Endang, and Irfan Islami. “Analisis Artificial Intelligence

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

110 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

(AI) Sebagai Investor Berdasarkan Hukum Paten Dan Hukum Islam”

11, no. 13 (2023): 1–15.
Putra, Dedi. “A Modern Judicial System in Indonesia: Legal Breakthrough
of E-Court and E-Legal Proceeding.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 9,
no. 2 (2020): 275. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.9.2.2020.275-297.
Radbruch, Gustav. “Law ’ s Image of the Human.” Oxford Journal of Legal
Studies 40, no. 4 (2020): 667–81.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqaa026.
Rahmaddani, Imam. “TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP FAKTOR DAN
DAMPAK PERCERAIAN DI PENGADILAN (ANALISIS KASUS DI
PENGADILAN AGAMA SUBANG).” Jurnal Supremasi Hukum 19, no.
27 (2023): 72–79.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33592/jsh.v19i1.3349.
Re, Richard M, Alicia Solow-Niederman, Dan Bussel, Kiel Brennan-
Marquez, Margot Kaminski, Karen Levy, Martha Minow, et al.
“Developing Artificially Intelligent Justice.” Stanford Technology Law
Review 242 22 (2019): 243–88.
Rodgers, Waymond, James M. Murray, Abraham Stefanidis, William Y.
Degbey, and Shlomo Y. Tarba. “An Artificial Intelligence Algorithmic
Approach to Ethical Decision-Making in Human Resource
Management Processes.” Human Resource Management Review 33,
no. 1 (2023): 100925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100925.
Said, Gulyamov. “Adapting Legal Systems to the Development of Artificial
Intelligence: Solving the Global Problem of AI in Judicial Processes.”
International Journal of Cyber Law 1, no. 4 (2023): 1–15.
Schofield, Philip. “Jeremy Bentham and the Origins of Legal Positivism.”
CrimRxiv, 2021. https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.167682f9.
Schwarting, Rena, and Lena Ulbricht. “Why Organization Matters in
‘Algorithmic Discrimination.’” Kolner Zeitschrift Fur Soziologie Und
Sozialpsychologie 74 (2022): 307–30.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-022-00838-3.
Shafique, Javairia. “Use of ICTs and Artificial Intelligence to Overcome
Judicial Trial Delays in Pakistani Courts.” Pakistan Languages and
Humanities Review 6, no. II (2022): 1153–63.
https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2022(6-ii)97.
Sharma, Mohit. “India’s Courts and Artificial Intelligence: A Future
Outlook” 15, no. 1 (2023): 99–120.
Shaw, James, Frank Rudzicz, Trevor Jamieson, and Avi Goldfarb.
“Artificial Intelligence and the Implementation Challenge.” Journal of
Medical Internet Research 21, no. 7 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.2196/13659.
Sobah, Asep Nur. “Laporan Tahunan Gugatan Perdata Pada Pengadilan
Agama.” Mahkamah Agung, 2022.
https://kepaniteraan.mahkamahagung.go.id/Publikasi/Laporan-
Tahunan/.
Sousa, Weslei Gomes de, Rafael Antunes Fidelis, Paulo Henrique de Souza
Bermejo, Ana Gersica da Silva Gonçalo, and Bruno de Souza Melo.

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 21 (1) (2023) 83-112 111

“Artificial Intelligence and Speedy Trial in the Judiciary: Myth, Reality

or Need? A Case Study in the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF).”
Government Information Quarterly 39, no. 1 (2022): 101660.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101660.
Spaak, Torben. “Relativism in the Philosophy of Law,” no. 2009 (2019): 1–
19.
Sulaiman Lebbe, Rifai. “The Concept of Public Interest in Islamic Law
(Maslaha) and Its Modern Implications.” SSRN Electronic Journal,
2021, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3788222.
Sumirah, Encum, and Pitrotussaadah Pitrotussaadah. “Perkembangan
Filsafat Syariah.” Jurnal Perspektif 5, no. 2 (2021): 204.
https://doi.org/10.15575/jp.v5i2.136.
Taufik, Muhamad. “Strategic Role of Islamic Religious Education in
Strengthening Character Education in the Era of Industrial Revolution
4.0.” Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 20, no. 1 (2020): 86.
https://doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v20i1.5797.
Umar, Al-Muthahhiri, M. Hasbi, Ramlah. “MASLAHAH ’AMMAH: (A
Comparative Study of The Concept Maslahah ’Ammah According To
Nahdlatul Ulama And Ulama Mazdhahib Al-Arba’ah)” 5, no. 1 (2023):
65–88.
Undang-undang (UU) No. 50 Tahun 2009 Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-
Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan Agama (2009).
Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 11 Tahun 2019 tentang Sistem Nasional
Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi (2019).
Undang-Undang Dasar (UUD) 1945 (1945).
“Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2006 Tentang Perubahan Undang-
Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 Tentang Peradilan Agama,” 2006.
Wang, Nyu, and Michael Yuan Tian. “‘Intelligent Justice’: Human-
Centered Considerations in China’s Legal AI Transformation.” AI and
Ethics 3, no. 2 (2023): 349–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-
00202-3.
Wang, Ran. “Legal Technology in Contemporary USA and China.”
Computer Law and Security Review 39 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105459.
Wiek, Katja. “The Artificial Intelligence Act - The Impact of AI on Human
Rights Standards in European Law Enforcement.” university of
Twente, 2023. http://essay.utwente.nl/96320/.
Yahdi Dinul Haq, Hafizah Muchtia, Zia Alkausar Mukhlis. “Bid’ah in
Concept of Maslahah Mursalah and Istihsan According to Imam Asy-
Syathibi.” Ilmiah Syari’ah 20, no. 2 (2021): 225–37.
Yara, Olena, Anatoliy Brazheyev, Liudmyla Golovko, and Viktoriia
Bashkatova. “Legal Regulation of the Use of Artificial Intelligence:
Problems and Development Prospects.” European Journal of
Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (2021): 281–89.
https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p281.

***

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index

112 SIDQI, NISA, & DAINI

DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS

The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the publication of this
article.

FUNDING INFORMATION
None

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank to the anonymous reviewer of this article for their valuable
comment and feedbacks.

HISTORY OF ARTICLE
Submitted : April 5, 2023
Revised : May 6, 2023
Accepted : May 29, 2023
Published : June 11, 2023

Available online at https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/jhi/index