!

" #$ %& ' () *+

/ 6 9 " 0: 2 !56 7 8 8m 3 40$ 2 !, - . /0 10

" < *+ 2 ! ( %& 5m ; < = > ?0 @6 !, - . 6A 6

286
 2 !, - . B 3 ' () C A " 7 %& 8m 40$

I! AD E F) & /0G H ' () 6

Arch Culvert 6 J K' ( 2

Slab Culvert 6 L0= M 06 2

Pipe Culvert 6 J KN 2

Box Culvert 6 J K O63 2

Arch Culvert 6 J K' (

P Q ? - . /7 7 ?7 % 6 J K' ( )R ,

)(EU *+ V 0W 6 !- ? 2! S 0? " 7 6A 6 !T *+

B 3 !, 0 J Y" 7 %& 03 Z [ 10 0X !, - .

; L0= !, - . %& )R , '( 6 KB 2!, 3 K J" 7

2! D %& 3m 3 6 K B 2 !, / \) %& M 06 ] ' 3

Slab Culvert 6 L0= M 06

] ^ ! *+ ! " #$ %& 6 *+ 6 6 0J _A RCC

c 2 !, - . %& ! ` 6 0J aJ b? ; J # . %& M 06 6 0J

F (+ !, /0 ^( U D Z d /, !, - . *+ 6

2! 7 %& aH 10 e\ J

2! f " 7 $ ^#E ! / 0K 6 c /0G J ' ()

Pipe Culvert 6 J KN
- . 6 K! ! 7! 0 ! D ? 3 " < *+

!, R `& 3 %& h 7 %& V[ (i? 2 ! g ?

" 7 %& 75cm 3 0HU h B !0J /- B 3 ' 3 i h 2 !, - .

287
' 3 ^? %: 15cm 03 Z [ 3 6%? %& J !T !T h 2!

2 A j 06 %& ]

J 6A 2 !, - . %& [ = ' (RCC) M 06 6 0J ] h !- ?

6 0J H ? ! k 3 3 6 0J H ? ! 0 !, - . J K / h !- ? /0G

6 0J H ? ! 0 2 !, 3 %) ^$ 0G !0J " < b !5F T ; 0+

7! (i? " 7 7 h 6 0J H ? ! k 30G h

Box Culvert 6 J K O63

! D ; ^? ? ! ?0 ;/ !, - . *+ 6 c V[ (i?

6 =0 Y 10 l HU / hJ ^ " 7 ' 0. 6 = 0 T *+

3 H)E? 30? & 6A H)E? 30? 6 c 2 T0@ - B \)

2 !, - . !0J 0U `&

B 2 !, - . %& M 06 6 0J ] J # . ^ 6 KB

6T ! ( %& 60cm 3e \ 6 B ! 7 %& 3m 6

!, - . 6A Precast 6 c ^ T2! 6l? ; 3

2!, #b

IQ m K 6 M 06
M 06 ! 3-8m ; ! " #$ %& ' () *+ 6 M 06

2!, - . !0J 6 H / %& L0=

I!, C 7 B [ Q mK 6 M 06

Live Load 3! Y 2

Dead Load 35? ^3 n 2

Impact Load 3 30: 2

288
 I 3! Y
/ " . / 0$ !, i '7 . / 0$ 0G 3! Y 6

I! A p 6A B [ (Hs20, Hs150o (H20, H15) ! AD E F)

2! " #$ %& '7 0b $ () I 35?

I=50/L+n5 Imax=0.3 T 9[ %& ? =B [ 3 c I 3 30:
(Effective Span) ! 0nq? L ? =

BY 0 h , ? /0 ^ ? ($ 6 M 06 F (+ < b 0G

I 0. Q m K r0 *+ E 0G M 06 / hJ

289
 " # a? 6 J +
i3 *+0G 3 !, ? ' 0. # a? 6 J +

B Vs 3 !, / \) / hJ t+0 %& 3 J /0 7 B- ? F 0& !, i

2 i %? J i3 6 . ? i3

9[ 1.6 m ;e \ 03d / 2m ; e \ 3m E 0G

30cm 3 /7 Free board )#J E 0G Free Board /7 40cm i T

2! (

b=3m

H=2m

h=1.6m

Q=A*V V=1/n*R2/3*S1/2

A=b*h=3*1.6=4.8m²
n=0.013 %& . ?0G

S=2% =2/100=0.02

R=A/P=b*h/b+2h=3*1.6/3+2*1.6=0.77m

V=1/0.013(0.77)2/3(0.02)1/2=76.92*0.84*0.14=9m/sec

Qmax=A*V=4.8*9=43.2m³/sec
IQ m K L0= M 06

Given information for concrete

1. Clear span 3m

2. thickness of slab 40cm

3. Mark of concrete M200

290
 4. Permissible compressive stress of concrete is 40% of compressive stress of

concrete. Rc=0.4*200=80kg/cm²

5. Tensile stress of the steel = 2800kg/cm²

6. Permissible tensile stress of the steel is 50% of tensile stress of the steel.

Rs=0.5*2800=1400kg/cm²

7. theoretical or effective span =clear span +thickness/2+thickness/2

L=3+0.2+0.2=3.4m

8. Live load=7.25 ton tyre load

%& ) ? ) AASHTO " 7 ?$ = / hJ Q m K 6

14.5 ton / hJ 6 3 (G$ E !- ? ! / \)

2!, 7.25ton ; '7 J ) H 0u !,

2 40= 40cm K ? ? ^? %: g

Design Load:
1. Dead load

RCC slab= *h=2.5*0.4=1ton/m

Wearing course= *h=2.2*0.05=0.11 ton/m

Total=1.11 ton/m

2. Live load
F 0& 2 ! ($ 0 u &B 3g A ? i? 3 / hJ 3 ! Y

2! #$ B 3Q J E ^ T / 3m

291
 ? 40$ l 0 u / ! 0: ! ($ l 0u !7 / hJ B

5 ! ($ B 3 '7

b=1.22+0.06*L=1.22+0.06*3.4=1.424m

b<2.1m , 1.424<2.1m

Live load=7.25/1.424=5.09 ton/m

Bending Moment:
1. Dead load bending moment =ql²/8=1.11*(3.4)²/8=1.6 ton*m

2. Live load bending moment=pl/4=5.09*3.4/4=4.33 ton*m

3. Impact moment=0.3*4.33=1.299 ton*m

Moment resistance factor =r = Rs/Rc=1400/80=17.5 18

Natural axis factor=k= n/n+r=10/10+18=0.35

Liver arm factor=j= 1-k/3=1-0.35/3=0.88

dmin= 2M/Rc*bjk= 2*7.23*105/800*100*0.88*0.35=24.22cm

D=24.22+3=27.22cm=28cm 30cm

d=30-3=27cm

Area of steel bar=M/Rs*jd=7.23*105/1400*0.88*27=21.735cm²

292
Using 20mm steel bars: A = *20²/4=3.14cm²

Spacing =100*A /As=100*3.14/21.735 =14.44 14cm

No of steel bars=As/A =21.735/3.14=6.9=7.0 7 20mm@14cm c/c

Total=7*7=49 20mm@14mm c/c

0)? = 5 12/m ] ! l=

Space=1.13*100/5*1.13=20cm c/c

Total=5*3=15 12mm@20cm c/c

distribution bar 50% ^ E? ] 03 Z 9

ds=50/100*21.735=10.87cm²

No of bars=10.87/1.13=9.61=10 12mm

10 12mm@10cm c/c
] 3 ; f 0+ !, 0G ` abutment F (+

8 12mm@20cm c/c ' % :0$ 8 12mm@20cm c/c ;' % [ A

Design of abutment for culvert

2! (a)? 3/ ! " #$ %& J # . Abutment

D+ 3 ! ($ %& l= B / v$ !, # a? ' A ! ) Abutment

I B U ! ($ !5? J / hJ Q m K abutment 2! (a)?

Wwall=0.7*0.6+0.6*1.0+0.8*1.3+0.9*1.8

+0.1*2=3.88 ton*m*2=7.76 t*m

w=7.76 ton *m (iJ O6$

RD=DL*l/2=1.11*3.4/2=1.887 ton

RL=4P/2=4*7.25/2=14.5 ton

Wtotal=24.16 ton

293
 =30 1-sin /1+sin =1-sin30/1+sin30=1/3

P=Wh²/2=24.16(2.3)²/2*1/3=21.3 to

PH= h²/2*1/3=1.8 (2.3)²/2*1/3=1.587 ton

X=a/2=0.7/2=0.35 m 0? n U

< = > ?0 H ($ l= ba? m 0? n U

X1=P/w*H/3=21.3/24.16*2.3/3=0.676m
I 0)
0) 3 ? h 2

MR=W*X=24.16*0.35=8.456 ton*m

MP=PH*H/3=1.587*2.3/3=1.22 ton*m

Safety Factor=MR/MP=8.456/1.22=5.8>1.5 ok
0) 3 ? Sliding Lm*J 2

*W=0.6*24.16=14.5

S.F= w/PH=14.5/1.587=9.13>1.5 OK
0) 3 ? ? 2

e=X+X1-b/2=0.35+0.676-2/2=0.026

Fmax=W/b (1+6e/b) =24.16/2(1+6*0.026/2) =13.02<20 ton/m² Bcs of poor soil

Fmin=W/b (1-6e/b) =24.16/2(1-6*0.026/2) =11.13>o OK

!, 40= \ i: / ! Q6(? ? i? ^? ? B " < *+ Iw

2! Bcs=20 ton/m² ; ^? ? ^A 03

3 ? U/ i3 ! A u Abutment A ) %& 6

2! ^ i3 !- ? 9 B ! Safe

294
 IWing Walls

Wing Wall
Wing Wall

0G Wing Wall 03 3 i inlet outlet =0 -

0 !5 %& Abutment 3 ? 3 ! x + wing wall 2 !,

B0 6T ! 0:0 K ^ . ? wing wall 6 2 l g 0% &

2 )A " 6? g 0% ! *+ Y0 K ! . ?

1.5-2 e \ 6 ; ! 30-40cm 03 ^? %: wing wall

2/ e \ ` H 2 ! 0.35H-0.40H b B [ ^? %: ! /

295
 yyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ! )yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy

3 ? z p B 3 ! " #$ %& ' () *+ ! )

l= = B 3 !, *+ ! ) " #$ 3 !, ($

I! ! A l J KB [ 2 (c7

Gravity Retaining wall ! ) 7 2

Cantilever Retaining wall ! ) J E 2

Counter fort Retaining wall ! ) 6 0J )l 2

2 (c7 l= = /0n J '7 h B7 !, *+ I ! ) 7

6T ! B03K B03K {0A B !, - . %& (i? 03K V[ (i? J

296
 I AQ i H 0A B [ 3 |($ ! }@ ~ X J B 2! 0n B0 3

! D 60cm |($ 3 B I0lU )$ 7 2

! •0= H ? B0+0G |($ I|($ ' #% 2

! D %& 100cm |($ 3 B I 0A ! JmJ7 2

A Q i |($ 3 %? J ? = @ 70 2

D=H=P0/ (1-sin /1+sin )

2 AQ i %? J Scour depth € l)EA |($o H B Y 2

' )E *= ! D %& 60cm 3 40$ 03 Z ! ) 2

! / ! 3 ; 40$ [ ! 1m 3 H 0A

• < 0A Check a)? 3 ? 6 & ! )

2 A Q i B7 / 3 3 *+ 0 c ! ) B7 B AQ i !5

check 3 ? z p ICheck against Sliding 2

! l= = PH PH<W ! C ? 3 ? z p ^ *+

PH= h²/2(1-sin /1+sin ) !, /7 KB [

B /7 $\ B h ! '7 (8 B ? =

2/ Repose Angle 7 1 6H<

3 ? h I Check against Overtaking 2

B U ! ($ j ? ? B U = ! C ? 3 ? h ^ *+

M of PH<M of W ! %& j ? ?

3 ? _l I Check against Tension 2

!0J 0U •n H / U ba? ! C ? 3 ? _l ^ *+

3 ? ^El ICheck against Crushing 2

I ! C ? 3 ? ^El ^ *+

297
Fmax=w/b (1+6e/b) <Bcs and Fmin=w/b (1-6e/b)>0
!03K B 7 ;e \ !, ($ T *+ I ! ) J E
!, - . /0 ! 3 ] @/ %& RCC J !- ? 2 A C ( ! b)U 0 c

B H/15-H/10 20-30cm K ? ? 40$ 03 Stem J B

2!, - B - 9 B # a? / !,

A 7 %& 6m e \ ! ) J E B0 I ! ) ‚6 0J )l
!, < 0 ! %? J 7 i3 !, 70 K i3 J E

E E? Stem 2 ! 45cm 3 40$ 030 )l 2 A 0G ? @ )l

KB [ ; l= = !, # a? ! 6)? B 3 @ )l 6A g

P= h²/2*ka Ka=1-sin /1+sin I!, # a?

! ) Q 03K F 0&0F? !, - . %& ? \ )%? ! )

2 E 0G ! ) Q 03K / hJ BY 0 h D+, ? ! (i? " 7

u !0J ^ iU ? l) (4+800-6+000) (3+100-4+000) 0G ?

2/ 3m ;e \ 2 !, 2100m ;

Design of Retaining Wall

0M 3 # a? K ? ? e \ 0G i3 Protection or Retaining wall

e\ H1=3m

40$ ‚ [ B1=0.6H=0.6*3=1.8m

0$ ‚ a1= 0.2H=0.2*3=0,6m

!, i Scouring depth |($ l)EA 0G Foundation ~ X / hJ F (+

! ) Vs 3 #U d=2m |($ ~ X ! D %& 1.5m 3 /- c

2!, H=5m (A ~ X e\ (6?

298
40$ ‚ [~ X B=0.6H=0.6*5=3.0m

40$ ~ X a=0.2H=0.2*5=1.0m

!, %? J H3 B [ , l / '7 0 u %? J AASHTO

B=1.2+0.06*L
) [ Dispersion wide 40$ 6 l / hJ '7 0 u %? J ) ? IRC F (+

a ; F -

/ hJ 3 12T !, )E %& . 3 E 0G / 9( 0 u w b

299
 ; F ! :0$0u ? v, u ! ^? %: # t ! /0 w=50cm b=25cm

I # a?

U=w+2t=50+2*50=1.5m

V=b+2t=25+2*50=1.25m
; B 12T 3 E i !5 ~ %) / hJ Q m 10 ? 3 m 0()? !5? J

# a? F ; l= E 0G !, 6T 30 u

q=p/uv=6/1.5*1.25=3.2 ton/m²
V )#E ; " 0 n Vs 3 !0J < = / %& m 0? n ($ H ($ 0 u F 0&

E 0G g 0: ƒ / hJ J l= ! D

q0=q*0.7=3.2*0.7=2.2 ton/m²
Check of Retaining wall 0M ! )
/0n J 3 = : P1=WH(1-sin /1+sin )=2.2*3(1-sin30/1+sin30)= 2.2t/m

l= /0n J B P2= H²/2(1-sin /1+sin )=1.8*3²/2*1/3=2.7 ton/m

'7 W=a+b/2*H* *1m=1+1.8/2*3*2.4*1=10 ton/m

< =m 0? n X’=a²+ab+b²/3(a+b)=1²+1*1.8+1.8²/3(1+1.8)=0.72m

3 = $ (8? Ptotal=P1+P2=2.2+2.7=4.9 ton/m

Pt H ($ h’=P1h1+P2h2/w=2.2*1.5+2.7*2/10=0.86m

/7 ^ m 0(J Q $ e= x’+x0-b/2=0.72+0.86-1.8/2=0.68m

fl (G$ Fmax=w/b(1+6e/b)=10/1.8(1+6*0.68/1.8)=18.1 t/m²<20t/m²

Fmin=w/b (1-6e/b) =10/1.8(1-6*0.68/1.8) =-2ton/m²

3 ? Lm*J 2

=w/p=10/4.9=1.42>1 Safe
3 ? h 2

300
j ? ?! 0 „ Mr=w*X’=10*0.72=7.2 ton*m

j ? ? # 0% Mp=Pt+h’=4.9+0.86=4.263 ton*m

Mr/Mp=7.2/4.263=1.68>1.5 Safe
3 ? ? 2

2! Safe Vs 3 ! . ?f l \? 9 F 0&

301
 Qyyyyyyyyyyyyyy myyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy K L

/ v$ ]& 3 6 =0 ! %& (. 0 Rigid Pavement ^% L

' 6? J - . 0c *+ )#J !, / \) %& D+ / hJ J 0 3

K i# ! / ? 3 !, - . T *+ L F (+ !

!, 0G L ) + 6T !0 ' 6? … + - . !, 0 K /0? 3

F 0& 2 !, C L ^ 3U J 0 3 !, 0 3 0 *+ i

H ! 3] L / ! 0: ! ($ B U ! ($ D+ B U = D+ B 3L

2 A /0

I! 6 0J # B [ L

RCC # L0= 2

Base Course # 9 2

302
 Wash Soil Sub grade # 0)E3 L 2

0G ?0 ' A 0 V $ # 0)E3 # 9 / hJ ' () L

2 !, i ^? %: ! *+ E 0U B [ MEu

! P=7kg/cm² l= ! 6ton 3/ 0G RCC Slab # L0= L

0 M 06 )#J u ! T=20cm %& . Q mK Rigid Pavement

2 !, u ^? %: l= 3 E 0G Vs 3 ! 15-25cm /7 ^? %: / hJ

D U C !0J 0U ^[ (+ 0G ? F 0& ! L=30m L

!, 0G l 03 & L 7 Expansion 7 " 0 Vs 3 ! C0@ ;

I !, # a? ) 0? ? =B [ < = > ?0 7 0

? =B s=2-3 cm / /7 7 S ? =B L=s/100C (t2-t1)

C=10*10-6 per c ! g 0: 0 M 06 C ! ! AQ i ( i S=2/2=1cm

/ . " 0 ^ !m j 06 t1

t2=54c / . " 0 (G$ †t2

L=1/100*10*10-6(54-15)=25cm
# L 2 !, 0G 7 0 ) %& 25cm 0+ / i? B

B [ ! %& ] ' 3 j 06 B0 Spacing of Construction < = > ?0 7

L=2Ss/w*F*104 I !, %& ? =

! ^? ? ll !7 8? M 06 Ss ! g LI ? =

2 ! g 0: 1 6H< †F ! '7 (8 M 06 †W

> ?0 7 # L Vs 3 , J (i) D+ ' % L 0G ? F 0&

I H ? =B [ <=

L=200Ss*As/b*h*W*F=200*600*13/13.5*25*2500*1.5=1560000/1265625=2m
, ?0 Q‡(H? 0F? Ss=1200kg/cm² ! ^? ? ll !7 8? % †Ss

303
 E Ss=1200/2=600kg/cm²

As=13cm² ! ^ E? % L 0)? = †As

b=13.5m ! 40$ g †b

h=25cm ! ^? %: g †h

W=2500kg/cm² ! '7 (8 M 06 †W

F=1.5 ! g 0: 1 6H< †F

2 A 2m ˆ ?g 3 Vs 3 ^( U F %& . / hJ M 06

Design of Reinforcement
a M 06 D+ A cY %& T j 06 !, / hJ B ! #%

? =B [ ' % :0$ [ 0)? = g 2 A ! %? %& 4 #

I !, # a? H

A=L*F*W/2S
! ^ E? % :0$ [ 0)? = g †A

! '7 (8 M 06 †W L=4m ! g †L

F=1.5 ! g 0: 1 6H< †F S=1200kg/cm² ! ^? ? ll % †S

2 / hJ # B ^ E? % 40$ 0)? = g

A=4*1.5*2500/2*1200=6.25 6.5cm²
i A / \) %& ! #% @/ 3 ! T=25cm ^? %: g F 0&

I ^( ^ E? % Vs 3 A '% # /

A1+A2=6.5+6.5=13cm²

Using 12mm bars A =3.14/2*(1.2)²=1.3cm²

Spacing c/c=A *100/A1=1.13*100/6.5=17cm

Number of bars in one meter =100/17=6 6 12mm@17cm c/c

304
 Design of Tie bars # a? % :0$
`& ` &/ / ; \‰ !, g '% :0$

/0 # 6 3! J ) '7 … + ' % !- ? ! {# D6a? /0 #

I! H ? =B [ 0)? = '% :0$ 2 ! !T

As=b*h*w*F/100Ss
h=25cm ! ^? %: g †h b=13.5m ! 40$ g †b

W=2500kg/cm² ! '7 (8 M 06 †W F=1.5 ! g 0: 1 6H< †F

Ss=1400kg/cm² ! ^? ? ll % †Ss

As=13.5*25*2500*1.5/100*1400=1265625/14000=90.4cm²

Using 12mm bars A =1.13cm²

Spacing c/c=1.13*100/90.4=16cm 6 12mm@15cm c/c

Length of Tie bars % :0$

!, )E %& . 0HU ] ^? %: g 0G % :0$

I !, KB [ H ? = L=60cm %& .

L=d*Ss/2*Sb
d=12mm ! 0HU ] †d

Sb=15kg/cm² ! fl ll M 06 †Sb

%& # a? ' 3 %& . D+ Dowel bars ' % [ / hJ # F (+

4 20mm@25cm c/c

L=50cm Length ! " #$ %& †L

305