B.
Tech Fourth Semester, Even Session 2021-2022
Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology
CHEMICAL REACTION
ENGINEERING-II
CHO 203
Dr. Sweta
[Link]@[Link]
Chemical Reaction Engineering
Chemical Kinetics: is the study of chemical reaction rates and reaction mechanism
Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE) is the field that studies the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions
and the design of the reactors in which they take place
Factors influence the rate of reaction:
Temperature
Concentration of reactants
Physical state of reactants
Catalyst
A Systematic Approach to Reactor Selection
Chemical Reaction Engineering-II (Syllabus) 2-1-0
UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION
Heterogeneous processes, Catalysis and Asorption,Classification and Preparation of catalysis, promoters and inhibiters
UNIT-II: CHARACTRIZATION
Surface area and pore size distribution, Introduction to other characterization techniques (XRD,EM,ES, thermal analysis, desorption spectroscopy)
UNIT-III: RATE EQUATIONS AND KINECTICS
Rate equations of fluids-solids catalytic reactions, Hougen-Watson and power law models, Procurement and analysis of kinetic data, kinetics of catalyst deactivation and
regeneration
UNIT-IV
External transport processes and their effects on heterogeneous reactions, yield and selectivity
Reaction and diffusion in porous catalysis, isothermal and non-isothermal effectiveness factors, effect of intra-phases transport on yield, selectivity and poisoning, global
reaction rate
UNIT-V: DESIGN OF CATALYTIC REACTORS
Isothermal and adiabatic fixed bed reactors, staged adiabatic reactors, Non-isothermal non adiabatic fixed bed reactors, fluidized bed reactors, slurry reactors, trickle bed
reactors, reactors with novel configurations –radial flow reactors, honey comb reactors, membrane reactors
UNIT-VI: MODELS
Models for fluid solid non solid catalytic reactions, Controlling mechanism and global reaction rates , reactor design for fluid solid reactions including fluidized bed reactors
Gas liquid and liquid- liquid reactions, rata equations, based on film theory, reactors design for instantaneous reaction and low reactions
Books
1. Chemical Reaction Engineering by Octave Levenspiel
2. Elements of chemical reaction engineering by H. Scott Fogler
3. Chemical Engineering Kinetics by J.M. Smith
Catalysis
Uncatalyzed
Catalyzed
Energy
Reactants
Products
Reaction coordinate
A catalyst accelerates the chemical reaction without affecting the position of equilibrium
Catalysts provide an alternative reaction mechanism with a lower activation energy
Catalyst Classification
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
catalysts catalysts
Biocatalysts
(enzymes)
Acid/ Base Transition Supported
Bulk Catalysts
catalysts metal compounds Catalysts
Comparison of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Effectivity
Activity centres all metal atoms only surface atoms
Selectivity high low
Diffusion problems practically absent present (mass
Most Industrial processes are based on Heterogeneous catalysts because
transfer controlled
of ease of separation over Homogeneous catalysts
reaction)
Applicability limited wide
Catalyst Properties
Structure/stoichiometry defined undefined
Thermal stability low high
Catalyst separation sometimes laborious filtration
(chemical decomposition,
distillation,extraction)
Industrial Important Heterogeneous Catalytic Process
Process Catalysts
Cracking of crude oil Zeolite-Y
Reforming of Naphtha Pt, Pt-Rh
Ammonia synthesis Fe
Water gas shift reaction Cu-ZnO
Automotive catalysts Pt/Pd/Rh supported on
ceria/ alumina
Components of a Heterogeneous Catalyst
Component Function Examples
Active phase Metal that provides active sites where Noble metals: Pt, Pd
the chemical reaction takes place Transition Metal Oxides: MoO2, CuO
Support or High surface area material which Group IIIA, alkaline earth and
disperses and stabilizes the active transition metal oxides e.g. Al 2O3,
Carrier phase SiO2, TiO2, zeolites and carbon
Promoters Additives which improves catalyst Al2O3, SiO2, BaO, MgO, ZrO2
properties (activity, selectivity and
catalyst life)
Important Catalyst Supports and their Applications
Support Specific surface Applications
area (m2/g)
Inorganic supports
Alumina
-Al2O3 160-300 Cracking, hydrogenation
α-Al2O3 5-10 Dehydrogenation, selective
hydrogenation of acetylene
Silica SiO2 200-1000 Polymerization, hydrogenation,
Oxidation
Titania TiO2 40-200 V2O5/TiO2 selective oxidation
Zeolites 300-600 Refinery processing, bifunctional
catalysis, organic synthesis
Activated carbon 600-1200 Selective hydrogenation with noble
metal catalysts
Organic support
Polymeric support 5-100 Oxidation of alkenes and alcohols
Hagen, J. Industrial Catalysis: A Practical Approach. Wiley-VCH, 2006, Second edition
Desired Characteristics of Support
The support should have high thermal stability to avoid leaching of
the metal complex in the reaction solution or during recycling
Good mechanical properties such as attrition resistance, high porosity
etc
The support must have readily accessible sites for the anchoring of
active centres
The support must have limited solubility in reaction media to avoid
loss of catalyst and product contamination
Different Supports
Thank You
