Scribd
Upload
2K views33 pages

Overview of Radiology and Imaging Modalities

This document provides an introduction to radiology. It discusses the history of x-rays and their discovery by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. Radiology is defined as the science concerned with studying radiation, its applications, and effects. Various types of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation are described. Medical imaging modalities like conventional radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine are outlined along with example images. The advantages and disadvantages of each modality are summarized.

Uploaded by

مركز ريلاكس للعلاج الطبيعي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views33 pages

Overview of Radiology and Imaging Modalities

This document provides an introduction to radiology. It discusses the history of x-rays and their discovery by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. Radiology is defined as the science concerned with studying radiation, its applications, and effects. Various types of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation are described. Medical imaging modalities like conventional radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine are outlined along with example images. The advantages and disadvantages of each modality are summarized.

Uploaded by

مركز ريلاكس للعلاج الطبيعي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction to Radiology: Provides an overview of the qualifications of the presenter and sets the stage for the subsequent sections on radiology.
  • History of X-rays: Discusses the historical background of X-rays, focusing on their discovery by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.
  • Radiology and Radiation: Describes basic radiological science including the study and application of radiation.
  • Sources of Ionizing Radiation: Covers different sources of ionizing radiation from natural and artificial origins.
  • Types of Radiation: Details types of radiation, including non-ionizing and ionizing with examples.
  • Medical Imaging Department: Introduces the medical imaging department and its role in diagnosis using various modalities.
  • Computed Tomography (CT): Focuses on the use of CT in medical imaging, emphasizing its ability to produce detailed cross-sectional images.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Explains MRI technology and its application in medical imaging, noting its advantages and limitations.
  • Ultrasound: Covers the use of ultrasound in medical diagnostics, highlighting its benefits and drawbacks.
  • Nuclear Medicine: Examines the use of radioactive substances in medical diagnostics.
  • Conclusion: Concludes the document with closing remarks.

Introduction to Radiology

Prepared by:
Dr. Saddam Al-zofi
[Link]. Radiologic Technology (SUST) 2015
[Link]. Medical Diagnostic imaging (UMST) 2017
PhD. Medical Diagnostic imaging (KU) 2021
History
 X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) who was a
Professor at Wuerzburg University in Germany.

 Working with a cathode-ray tube in his laboratory.


Radiology
It is the science that concern in studying radiation, application of
radiation and its effects.

Radiation
Electromagnetic wave either ionizing or none ionizing with
different energy, frequency and wave length.
Sources of ionizing radiation
Natural background radiation
Artificial sources of radiation
Medical sources:

Radiation has many uses in medicine. The most well known use is X-ray
machines, which use radiation to find broken bones and diagnose
disease.
Types of radiation
Non-ionizing radiation
 People use and are exposed to non-ionizing radiation sources every day.
 This form of radiation does not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or
molecules.
 Microwave, telephones, television stations, radio wave.
Ionizing radiation

 The radiation that can produce ions is called ionizing radiation.


▪ Alpha radiation
▪ Beta radiation
▪ Gamma radiation
▪ X-rays
▪ Neutron radiation
Medical Imaging Department

Diagnostic imaging is made up of a range of imaging modalities.

The followings are short descriptions of modalities:


Conventional Radiography
 Uses x rays to produce 2D static image, of the human body. To show Size,
shape, density and location of structures can be evaluated.

General x-ray unit


Mobile x-ray unit General x-ray unit
X-ray images

Chest x-ray PA

Lumber x-ray AP-LAT

Chest x-ray lateral


Fluoroscopy
 Uses x rays to produce 2D

Real time images (video), of

the human body using contrast

media to visualize soft tissue

structures .

 Size, shape, density and Fluoroscopic unit

location of structures can be

evaluated.
Fluoroscopic Images

Barium swallow for esophagus

Barium enema for enlarge intestine Plain abdominal x-ray-AP

Barium meal for stomach


Dental Xray
Specially designed to image tooth and jaw using x-ray

Panorama

CBCT –Cone Beam CT

Preapical film for tooth CBCT –Machine


Mammography
Specially designed to image breast using x-ray

Mammography Machine
Bone densitometry(DEXA)
Use x-ray to measure density of the bone to diagnose osteoporosis

DEXA Report
DEXA
C-arm
Used in the operation room… orthopedic, Cardiac catherization …..
Advantages of conventional Disadvantages of conventional
radiography radiography

◼ Less expensive ◼ Radiation hazard

◼ Portable ◼ Poor soft tissue contrast

◼ Available ◼ Overlaying densities

◼ Easy and fast

◼ Effective in diagnosis bone


fractures
Computed Tomography (CT)
 Use x rays to produce the
images, transmitted through
patient

 image the body is cross sections


(slices), multiple detectors are
used.

 size, shape, density, location and


no superimposition of structures

 requires computer manipulation


of images
Types of CT Images

Axial CT image of the brain


Bone window vs soft tissue window

Sagittal CT images of lumber spine


Soft tissue window vs Bone window
Types of CT Images

Axial CT image of the chest

Axial, coronal,Sagittal and oblique CT


images of abdomen Soft tissue
window
3D CT Images

3D CT image of the heart and


coronary arteries

3D CT image of abdominal
angiography
3D CT image of the skull
Advantages of CT Disadvantages of CT

◼ Comprehensiveness ◼ Much more radiation

◼ Speed ◼ More expensive than x-ray and


ultrasound
◼ Fewer Restrictions than MRI
◼ Dense bone (petrous ridge for
◼ No overlapping densities
example) and metal cause
◼ Multiplanar imaging (coronal
severe artifacts
,axial and sagittal)
◼ Less than MRI in soft tissue
◼ 3D imaging imaging.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI
 Uses strong magnetic fields and
radiofrequency waves to image
structures

 There is no ionizing radiation –


only radiofrequency waves

 Cross sectional images are


obtained (just like CT).
Types of MRI Images

Axial MRI Brain images Sagittal MRI knee images


T2 = Fluid Bright T2 = Fluid Bright Sagittal MRI L.S images
T1 = Fluid Black
T2 = Fluid Bright

Sagittal MRI Spine


images
T1 = Fluid Black
T2 = Fluid Bright

Coronal and Sagittal MRI Brain


images
T1 = Fluid Black
Types of MRI Images

Coronal and Sagittal MRI cardiac


images

MRI Brain Angiography


MRI safety
Advantages of Disadvantages of
MRI MRI
◼ No overlapping artifact ◼ Very expensive
◼ Excellent resolution ◼ Patients cannot have a
◼ Very good at detecting fluid pacemaker or ferromagnetic
◼ Excellent for imaging the brain, material
spine and joints ◼ Slower to acquire images
◼ No radiation ◼ (approximately 45 minutes)
◼ Multiple imaging tests within the
◼ Claustrophobia
same study (T1, T2, …)
Ultrasound
 Uses sound waves to produce an
image, transmitted from
transducer through patient

 Sending out and listening for


echoes

 good for evaluating soft tissue


structures in the abdomen and
also the heart (Echo
cardiography)
Ultrasound Images

2D and 3D images of the fetus


Doppler Ultrasound
Advantages of Disadvantages of
Ultrasound Ultrasound
◼ Less expensive

◼ No radiation hazard ◼ Fast and non invasive procedure

◼ Portable ◼ Does not work well in large or


obese patients
◼ Instantaneous (real time)
◼ Resolution less than CT and MRI
◼ Excellent for cysts and fluid
◼ Air or bowel gas prevents
visualization of structures.
Nuclear Medicine
 Radiopharmaceutical Agents
Injected to the patent , then
Gamma rays emitted from
patient used to produce image,

 Detects abnormal function,


metabolic activity or abnormal
amount of uptake

 Nuc. med is poor with regards to


anatomical information
Nuclear medicine Images
Advantages of Disadvantages of
nuclear medicine Nuclear medicine

◼ Detect tissues function

◼ Scan all similar tissues in one


exam

◼ Computer analysis of the results


Thank you

You might also like