— cp | CHEMICAL TEST TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PAIR OF ORGANIC COMPOUND: 1. Lucas test * To distinguish between Primary (1°), Secondary (2°), & Tertiary (3°) Alcohols) + Lucas reagent: 2nCh/HCI + Test & Reactions: (@ Primary(1®) + Lucas reagent(ZnClyHCl)—> No Turbidity at room temperture R-CH)-OH + HCI ZnCl R-CHp-Cl —e__ 1° Alcohol Lucas Reagent No Turbidity (ii)Secondary (2°) + Lucas reagent(ZnClyHCI)—> Turbidity after some time (5-10 min) R-CH-OH + HCl — Anhydeous2nClz R-CH-Cl | Ti uuces reagent | R R 2° alcohol Turbidity after some time ((S-10 min) (ii) Tertiary (3°) + Lucas reagent(ZnCl/HCl)—> Turbidity at once(immediately) R R H LusasReagert | R-C -OH +HCl ————+ R-c-c1 | | R R Alcohol Tebidity ot once 2. Iodoform test (Alcohols) oH | cHa-CH + Alcohols containing linkage like Ethanol ,Propan-2-ol etc.) © Reagent: I> / NaOH $ Test: Alcohols containing CHs-CH(OH)-linkage on reaction I2/ NaOH gives Yellow Ppt of CHI. + Reaction: ou iSite + 12+ OH — CHI + HeOOtte + Nal +20 wanes yates t SHacSte Mts + 12+ Mao = City + cHCOONS + Nal +10 * ee 3. Neutral ferric chloride test * Phenol give this test * Test:Phenol reacts with Neutral FeClsto form a complex of Violet colour, 3PhOH (Phenol) + FeCls (Neutral) —> Violet colouration (PhO); Fe +3 HCI Ferric Phenate 4. Tollens test + [Aliphatic Aldehydes(e.g.Ethanal,Propanal etc) & Aromatic Aldeh * Tollens reagent: Ammoniacal .AgNOs or [Ag (NH)3]'OH ~ * Test: On warming an aldehyde with freshly prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate bright silver mirror[Ag] is produced due to the formation of silver metal, © Reaction: R CHO +2 [Ag (NH)2]' OH" R COOH +2 Ag +4NH3 +120 Aldehyde Tollen’s reagent Silver mirror. des (Benzaldehyde etc.)] solution (Tollens® reagent), a ° R—C-R+ Tollen’s reagent — No. silver mirror, Ketone Important Note: Ketones do not give this testCBSE: 5. Fehling’s test: + [Only Aliphatic Aldehydes(e.g.Ethanal,Propanal etc) + Fehling’s reagent! Fehling solution A is aqueous copper sulph: sodium potassium tartarate (Rochelle salt) « Fehling solution * Test: On heating an aldehyde with Fehling’s reagent,(equal amount of Fehling solution A & Fenn’ B )a reddish brown precipitate of [Cu:0] is obtained. * Reaction:R CHO +2 Cu +5 OH —RCOO” +CwO+3H20 Aldehyde Red ppt alkaline ate and Fehling solution B is allcalin ° ll R-C-R + Fehling solution —> No red ppt. Important Note: Ketones do not give this test & also Aromatic aldehyde do not reduce fehling solution 6. Iodoform Test (Aldehydes & Ketones) ° bet * [Aldehydes & Ketones containing linkage.e.g.Ethanal(Acetaldehyde) Propanone(Acetone) etc.] © Reagent: I2/ NaOH © Test: Aldchydes & Ketones containing -COCHs linkage on reaction Iz/ NaOH gives Yellow Ppt of CHI * Reaction ° Il R-C-CHs + b+ NaOH + R COONa + CHI; + Nal + H20 Yellow Ppt 7. Sodium bicarbonate test Aliphatic & Aromatic Carboxylic acids give this test. » Reagent: NaHCOs Sodium Hydrogencarbonate * Test: Carboxylic acids on reaction with NaHCOs (Sodium Hydrogencarbonate ) gives effervescence due to evolution of CO2 gas. + React R COOH + NaH COs > R COONa + H20 + CO? ¢g) bubbled 8, Test for Methanoic acid (Formic acid) © Methanoic acid (Formic acid) give Tollen’s test & Fehling test. + Reaction:H COOH + Tollen’s reagent - 2 Ag + COz+ H20 . (Silver Mirror) HCOOH + Fehling sol > CuO + CO2+ 20 (Red ppt) 9. Isocyanide test (Carbylamine reaction) + Primary Aliphatic (e.g.Ethanamine) & Aromatic amines(e.g.Aniline) give this test. + Reagent: Chloroform(CHCl) + Alcoholic KOH * Test: Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide form isocyanides or carbylamines which are foul smelling substances. (Unpleasent odur) * Reaction: RNH)+CHCh+3KOH(ale) Warm, RNC +3KCI+3120 ‘Alkyl isocyanide)( (offensive sme! © Important note: Secondary and tertiary amines do not give this test 10. Heinsberg test + To distinguish between Primary (1°), Secondary (2°), & Tertiary (3°) Amines. * Reagent: Benzenesulphonyl chloride CsHsSO2Cl Heinsberg reag Test:(i) Primary amine reacts with benzenesulphonyl chloride (Heinsberg reagent) to give N-ulphonyl amide which is soluble in alkali because the hydrogen attached to nitrogen in sulphonamide is strongly acidica — i Oba + yen Obese s na ° h bu N-Ethylbenzenemilphonamide (soluble in alka) (ii) Secondary amine reacts with benzenesulphonyl chloride (Ieinsberg reagent) to give N,N- diethylbenzenesulphonamide which is insoluble in alkali Sinec N, N-diethylbenzene sulphonamide does not contain any hydrogen atom attached to nitrogen atom. I g Ove + HeN-Cy,—> nc-C)-f non, + Het ! 8 ot © on, N.N-Dtethybenzenesulphonamide (iii)Tertiary amines do not react with benzenesulphonyl chloride Important note: Now day's benzenesulphony! chloride is replaced hy p-toluenesulphonyl chloride. 11. Azo dye test * Aniline & its derivative give this test. © Reagent: (NaNO: + HCI [Nitrous acid] followed by # -napthol * Test: Aniline on reaction with NaNO2+ HCI at 273-278 K gives BDC which forms a brilliant orange dye with /-napthol in sodium hydroxide. + Reaction: Cells-NH2 + NaNO2 + HCl 2245 Cols-N'2 CL —*™5 orange‘Azo dye Summary of chemical Test SNo[__‘Test Reagent iD Inference 1. | Lucas test :To distinguish | ZnClo/HCI (3") Alcohols gives Turbidity between Primary (19), (immediately), 2" Turbidity after some secondary (2°), & Tertiary (5 © does not give Canes time (5-10 min) 1° does not give ‘Turbidity at room temperture 2, | Fodoform test (Alcohols | 1z/ NaOH ‘Yellow Ppt of CHI .is formed containing CHs-CH(OH)- linkage), 3. [| Neutral ferric chloride | Neutral FeCls Violet colouration test(Phenol) 4. | Tollens test [Aliphatic | Ammoniacal . Bright silver mirror [Ag] is produced due Aldehydes(e.g.Ethanal,Pro | AgNOs to the formation of silver metal. panal etc) & Aromatic Aldehydes (Benzaldehyde etc.)] 5. | Fehling’s test [Only Fehling solution A Reddish brown precipitate of [Cuz0] is Aliphatic Aldehydes} (aqueous copper obtained. sulphate & Fehling solution B alkaline sodium potassium tartarate(Rochelle salt) Todoform test 2] NaOH Yellow Ppt of CHI .is formed (Aldehydes & Ketones containing -COCH3 linkage) 7. | Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO: Efffervescence due to evolution of COz test (Aliphatic & Aromatic | Sodium rat Carboxylic acids) Hydrogencarbonate8. | Isocyanide test Primary Aliphatic & Aromatic amines. ‘Chloroform(CHCls) + Alcoholic KOH Unpleasent odur (foul smelling) of isocyanides or carbylamin. 9. | Heinsberg test(To distinguish between (19), (2°), & (3°) Amines. Benzenesulphonyl chloride CsHsSOxCI | Product of 1° Amines soluble in alkali. | Product of 2° Amines are insoluble in alkali 10. test Azo dye test(Aniline) (NaNO2 + HCI Reaction with NaNO2+ HCl at 273-278 [Nitrous acid] K gives BDC which forms a brilliant followed by B- orange Azo dye with #-napthol in napthol sodium hydroxide 11. | Test for Methanoic acid | Amm. AgNO; & | Bright silver mirror [Ag] is produced due \ ae pei) ____ | Fehling solution to the formation of silver metal ollens test & Fehling’s | agp Reddish brown precipitate of [Cu20] is obtained. Give a chemical test to distinguish between following pairs of compounds: UNIT: 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Ethyl bromide & Bromobenzene Ethyl bromide & Vinyl chloride Chlorobenzene & n-hexyl chloride Chlorobenzene & chlorocyclohexane Chlorobenzene and Benzylchloride Bromobenzene and Benzylbromide UNI 1 ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS & ETHERS Syren n 7. Methanol and Ethanol 8. Propanol and Propan-2-ol 9. n-Propyl alcohol & Isopropyl alcohol 10. 2-Methyl Propan-2-ol and Propanol 11. n-Butyl alcohol & Sec.butyl alcohol 12. Sec.butyl alcohol & Tert.butyl alcohol 13, Phenol and Cyclohexanol 14, 19,2°,83° Alchols 15, Phenol and Benzoic acid UNIT: 12 ALDEHYDES, KETONES & CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, 16, Propanal and Propanone 17, Acetophenone and Benzophenone 18, Phenol and Benzoic acid 19, Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate 20, Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one 21. Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone 22. Ethanal and Propanal 23. Benzaldehyde & Propanal 24, Acetone and Acetaldehyde 25. CHsCHO & CHsCOCHs 26. CsHsCHO & CHsCHO 27. Acetaldehyde and Benzaldehyde 28. Ethanoic acid and Ethnoyl chloride~), Methanoic acid and Ethanoic acid 30. Formic acid and Acetic acid UNF 13 AMINES 31, Methylamine and dimethylamine 32. CHCl & CHaCl 33. Ethylamine and aniline 34 Aniline and benzylamine 35, Aniline and N-methylaniline 36. N-methyl Propane -2-amine and N-ethyl N-methyl ethanamine 37. Secondary and tertiary amines 38. 19,2,& 3° Amines CBSE 2021 39. Describe a method for the identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Also write chemical ‘equations of the reactions involved 1) ETHYL BROMIDE AND ARON RENZENE' EHBr + Kong), CHO 4 Ke Bor TANG ye AabriVelew FT + KK, Giiee KOH Lee REACTION 2) BeCIGBiCHs AND Cth CL ANOS TEST EAC + KOM) HCH: OM + Ket Kean, ——FAIAITE PE) + HO, 3) COAND cick :: CARBYL AMINE TEST Gs sca: KOH GIMME SC HO CarGnhe son > Nonetcrion ©) (ON AND GHLGHL.ON OR_CHLCH.OH AND _CHLCHLCHLOH ss {OGSEGREIEST CuaoH sor | + WHO + Mato Geet wncot > Gt velo pt) sHcoon neon howsiuar + ROREACTION (ORGHHLCH.OH sacl —e NO REACTION 5) GHLCHLOH AND cHscHLOHNcH MCAS TEST GHHON)EH + nn 2h + Con. HO——AMEMCIEN rT ROT TERS n CCHCHLOM Arty, Zac an. HC ho REACTION 6) HucticH.ON anp cH .cHoNCH :-joanecSHTEST CHeOHe sect —FCHICOCH, + Hat HO. ‘Guicocrs 90k aC YELLOW pl) =CHsCOONS +Ha0H Ghenen.our heat Sno REACTION » 7 SESH near eon nc ——OONCTCR mae nae amen Pty)» hy. 2 scr (OH) cehensntn ® GitoH + Fee cCHOH sec, a rorescrion fl a NH + CHB KOH (apres CCB 4340 a Re 43KC1 43120 + worescrion » GkCHON ansor — OCHO + Nal +H-O Gucro act yh YELLOW pp) +HC0ONE +HeoH » FoR Te OH COOH.ORCH, ancl Oo, onencooseh To REACTION 18) Giscoct AND GHLCHO :- CODOFORY TEST) ‘CHCOEH = MAGE > Cas (VELL ppt) #CHCOON 10H CamcH9 » hast OREACTION ET Es0) (VIOLET coLoURATION) + HCL (VELOW ppt) +CHicH.cH.coONe ‘cucu aupestca.eno :poootoRtTes Shanon TryELON ONC sO ‘Eto c.cuo:=(1S0060 TEST) reno snot ee ae +HCODRD oH SSE AR LST oe nn OCOONE HO erry Segae apc TER ELON et) sco4eco PDOLCUNO IEEE coon ot Sueno ae" RSETION Fouts TET AS fo (scooter Tes Bravo smc ERE EE tonnohncoo 0H RGN aa Tea on + A20 t en + ctscaNcitsct (ase. Sede He A UN OF + ARC ome me ‘casctanme wont = (asn0.0E CROCS RON AD—AMEN OH 6B Ge ene nosetcnot eee eee Tar DEL pe ONC Iopotoe Es, ‘cancnon Weresction . guano cavonte0.TEsD ener nes TE eonorre raour coucaanon + ‘cavum cay: (0 0. TED Chatie ERotoN Ehime cates om +