Reviewer in Pre-Calculus

Quarter II

Angle – a plane figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint.

Unit Circle – a circle with radius of one unit and its center is located at the origin of the
𝑥𝑦 −plane.
Central Angle – an angle with vertex at the origin and intercepts an arc that is part of the unit
circle.
* A central angle of a unit circle measures one radian if its intercepted arc measures one unit
and is equal to 57.3°.
* Central angle of the unit circle can be measured using the degree unit while its intercepted
arc can be measured using the radian unit.
180
* To convert radian measure to degree measure, multiply the given by .
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 180°
e. g. = × = 22.5°
8 8 𝜋
𝜋
* To convert degree measure to radian measure, multiply the given by 180.
𝜋 𝜋
e. g. 90° = 90° × 180° = 2 radian
* An angle is in its standard position if the initial side is located at the positive 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Co – terminal angles – two or more angles in their standard position with their terminal sides
being in exactly the same place.
* Two or more angles are co-terminal if and only if their measures differ by 360° or 2𝜋.
* Given an angle 𝛼, 𝑘 ≥ 1; 𝑘 ∈ ℤ, its co – terminal angle 𝛽 can be computed as follows:
𝛽 = 𝛼 ± 𝑘(360) if it is in degree measure
𝛽 = 𝛼 ± 𝑘(2𝜋) if it is in radian measure

The Six Trigonometric Ratios (Functions)

𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑥 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑝
sin 𝜃 = 𝑟
= ℎ𝑦𝑝 cos 𝜃 = 𝑟
= ℎ𝑦𝑝 tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
= 𝑎𝑑𝑗

𝑟 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑟 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑥 𝑎𝑑𝑗

csc 𝜃 = 𝑦 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝 sec 𝜃 = 𝑥 = cot 𝜃 = 𝑦 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗

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Finding the Values of Trigonometric Ratios Using Reference Angle
Reference Angle – the smallest angle between the terminal side and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
*To find the values of the different trigonometric ratios of a certain angle, determine first the
reference angle, then solve for the values of the circular functions and be mindful of
the signs.
Example:
11𝜋 11𝜋 11𝜋 𝜋
Find the value of sin 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos . Given: 𝛼 = reference angle 𝜃 =
6 6 6 6

Location: Quadrant 𝐼𝑉 Note: at quadrant IV sine function is negative & cosine is positive.
11𝜋 𝜋 1 11𝜋 𝜋 √3
Answer: sin = − sin 6 = − 2; cos = cos 6 =
6 6 2

In the function 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑑

Amplitude (𝒂)-it dictates the height of the graph.
Period (𝑷) – is the shortest length in which the pattern of the function repeats and is
𝟐𝝅
computed as 𝑷 = |𝒃|

Phase Shift (𝒄) − if 𝑐 > 0 , the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 is shifted |𝑐 | units to the right and is
shifted |𝑐| units to the left if 𝑐 < 0.
Vertical Shift (𝒅) – if 𝑑 > 0, the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐) is shifted |𝑑| units upward and
shifted |𝑑| units downward if 𝑑 < 0.
Example:
Identify the domain, range, amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical shift of the function:
𝜋
𝑦 = 3 sin 2 (𝑥 + ) − 1
4

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 𝜋
Given: 𝑦 = 3 sin 2 (𝑥 + 4 ) − 1 Note: The format must be 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑑

Amplitude: 𝑎 = 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
Period: 𝑃 = |𝑏| ; 𝑏 = 2 ⇒ 𝑃 = =𝜋
2
𝜋 𝜋
Phase shift: 𝑐 = − 4, the graph of 𝑦 = 3 sin 2 𝑥 will be shifted 4 or 45° to the left.
𝜋
Vertical shift: 𝑑 = −1, the graph of 𝑦 = 3 sin 2 (𝑥 + 4 ) will be shifted 1 unit downward.

Domain: The domain of sine function is the set of real numbers or ℝ

𝜋
Range: Observe that the function 𝑦 = 3 sin 2 (𝑥 + ) has an amplitude of 3 and its range is
4
[−3, 3] . Since it is shifted downward by 1 unit, then the range of the function 𝑦 =
𝜋
3 sin 2 (𝑥 + 4 ) − 1 is [−𝟒, 𝟐].

Identity – is an equation in one variable such that the solution set of the equation is the same
as the domain of the variable.
Conditional Equation - an equation such that there is at least one number in the domain of
the variable that is not in the solution set.

A1: 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
Domain: ℝ
Solution Set: {-1,1}

A2: (𝑥 + 7)2 = 𝑥 2 + 49
Domain: ℝ
Solution Set: {0}

𝑥 2 −25
A3: = 2𝑥 + 5
𝑥−5
Domain: {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 5}
Solution Set: {0}

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Finding the Value of Trigonometric Function Using Identities
Example:
If tan 𝑥 = 3, find the value of sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥.

Given: tan 𝑥 = 3
From Pythagorean Identity:
sec2 𝑥 = tan2 𝑥 + 1, then sec 𝑥 = √tan2 𝑥 + 1
Substitute tan 𝑥 = 3:
sec 𝑥 = √32 + 1 = √9 + 1 = √10
From Reciprocal identity:
1
cos 𝑥 =
sec 𝑥
Substitute sec 𝑥 = √10:
1 √10
cos 𝑥 = =
√10 10
sin 𝑥
Since tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 = 3, then
3√10
sin 𝑥 = 3 cos 𝑥 =
10
Therefore,
3√10 √10 √10
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = + = (3 + 1)
10 10 10

𝟒√𝟏𝟎 𝟐√𝟏𝟎
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = =
𝟏𝟎 𝟓

Simplifying Trigonometric Expression

Example:
Simplify tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
Expression Explanation
tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 Given

sin 𝑥 1 sin 𝑥 1
∙ sin 𝑥 + ∙ cos 2 𝑥 Substitute tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 and sec 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥

sin2 𝑥
+ cos 𝑥 Multiply and cancellation
cos 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥
Cross multiplication
cos 𝑥
1
Pythagorean identity: sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1
cos 𝑥

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 1
sec 𝑥 Reciprocal Identity: cos 𝑥 = sec 𝑥

Proving Trigonometric Identity

Example:
1
Prove that sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥−tan 𝑥
Consider the right side!
Expression Explanation
1
Given
sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥
1 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 Multiply the numerator and denominator
∙ by the conjugate of sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 which is
sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥.
(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) Multiply the quantities in the numerator
sec2 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥 and in the denominator

sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥
Pythagorean Identity: sec2 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥 = 1
1

sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 Proven

Supplementary Problems:
Conversion:
Degree → Radian Radian → Degree
7 2𝜋
1. 140° Ans: 9 𝜋 rad 1. 5 rad Ans: 72°

17 7𝜋
2. 1020° Ans: 𝜋 rad 2. rad Ans: 105°
3 12

14 17𝜋
3. 280° Ans: 9
𝜋 rad 3. 4
rad Ans: 765°

Coterminal Angles: Find at least one possible coterminal angle of the given angle.
1. 138° Ans: Positive (498°, 858° … ), Negative (−222°, −582° … )
2. −273° Ans: Positive (87°, 447° … ), Negative (−273°, −633°, … )
2 16 30 12 26
3. 7 𝜋 rad Ans: Positive ( 7 𝜋, 7 𝜋, … ), Negative (− 7 𝜋, − 7 𝜋, … )
5 11 17 𝜋 7 13𝜋
4. 𝜋 rad Ans: Positive ( 𝜋, 𝜋, … ), Negative (− , − 𝜋, − ,…)
3 3 3 3 3 3

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Reference Angle: Find the location and reference angle of the given.
1. 174° Ans: QII, 6°
2. −113° Ans: QIII, 67°
3. 3260° Ans: QI, 20°
11𝜋 1
4. 3 rad Ans: QIV, 3 𝜋
7𝜋 2𝜋
5. − rad Ans: QII,
5 5

Values of Trigonometric Ratios using Reference Angle:

Find the values of the six trigonometric ratios of 1020°
Answers:
Reference Angle: 𝟔𝟎°
Location: Quadrant IV
√3 1
sin 1020 = − cos 1020 = tan 1020 = −√3
2 2

2√3 √3
csc 1020 = − sec 1020 = 2 cot 1020 = −
3 3

Simplifying Trigonometric Expression

sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
1. − 1+cot2 𝑥 + 1 Ans: 1
1+tan2 𝑥

sec 𝑥+csc 𝑥
2. Ans: csc 𝑥
1+tan 𝑥

1
3. − cot 𝑥 Ans: tan 𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

1 cos 𝑥
4. − 1+cos 𝑥 Ans: csc2 𝑥 + cot 2 𝑥
1−cos 𝑥

5. (sec 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 )(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 ) − 2 − cot 𝑥 Ans: tan 𝑥

Proving Trigonometric Identities

sin2 𝜃−1 sin 𝜃+1
1. =
tan 𝜃 sin 𝜃−tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃

2. sec 𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥 )(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 ) = 1

1+cos 𝜃−sin2 𝜃
3. =1
sin 𝜃 (1+cos 𝜃 )

cos 𝜃
4. = 1 + sin 𝜃
sec 𝜃−tan 𝜃

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