To be presented at the 34th Annual Convention of

the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,

Atlantic City, N. J., June 28, 1918.

Copyright 1918. B y Α. I. Ε . E .
{Subject to final revision for the Transactions.)

METHOD OF SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES APPLIED

TO THE SOLUTION OF POLYPHASE NETWORKS

BY C L. FORTESCUE

ABSTRACT OF P A P E R
In the introduction a general discussion of unsymmetrical
systems of co-planar vectors leads to the conclusion that they
may be represented by symmetrical systems of the same number
of vectors, the number of symmetrical systems required to define
the given system being equal to its degrees of freedom. A few
trigonometrical theorems which are to be used in the paper are
called, to mind. The paper is subdivided into three parts, an
abstract of which follows. It is recommended that only that
part of Part I up to formula (33) and the portion dealing with
star-delta transformations be read before proceeding with Part II.
Part I deals with the resolution of unsymmetrical groups of
numbers into symmetrical groups. These numbers may repre­
sent rotating vectors of systems of operators. A new operator
termed the sequence operator is introduced which simplifies the
manipulation. Formulas are derived for three-phase circuits.
Star-delta transformations for symmetrical co-ordinates are given
and expressions for power deduced. A short discussion of har­
monics in three-phase systems is given.
Part II deals with the practical application of this method to
symmetrical rotating machines operating on unsymmetrical
circuits. General formulas are derived and such special cases,
as the single-phase induction motor, synchronous motor-genera­
tor, phase converters of various types, are discussed.

INTRODUCTION

I N T H E l a t t e r p a r t of 1913 t h e w r i t e r h a d occasion t o i n v e s t i ­
g a t e m a t h e m a t i c a l l y t h e o p e r a t i o n of i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s u n d e r
unbalanced conditions. T h e w o r k w a s first c a r r i e d o u t , h a v i n g
p a r t i c u l a r l y in m i n d t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e o p e r a t i n g c h a r ­
acteristics of p h a s e c o n v e r t e r s which m a y be considered as a
p a r t i c u l a r case of u n b a l a n c e d m o t o r o p e r a t i o n , b u t t h e scope
of t h e subject b r o a d e n e d o u t v e r y q u i c k l y a n d t h e w r i t e r u n d e r ­
t o o k t h i s p a p e r in t h e belief t h a t t h e subject w o u l d be of i n t e r e s t
to many.
T h e most striking thing about t h e results obtained was their
Manuscript of this paper was received April 24, 1918.
629
(530 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

s y m m e t r y ; the solution always reduced to t h e sum of two or

more symmetrical solutions. T h e writer was t h e n led to in­
quire if there were no general principles b y which t h e solution
of u n b a l a n c e d polyphase systems could be reduced t o t h e solu­
tion of t w o or more balanced cases. T h e present paper is an
endeavor to present a general m e t h o d of solving polyphase
network which has peculiar a d v a n t a g e s when applied to t h e
t y p e of polyphase n e t w o r k s which include r o t a t i n g machines.
In physical investigations success depends often on a h a p p y
choice of co-ordinates. A n electrical n e t w o r k being a d y n a m i c
system should also be aided b y t h e selection of a suitable system
of co-ord nates. T h e co-ordinates of a s y s t e m are q u a n t i t i e s
which when given, completely define t h e system. T h u s a system
of three co-planar congruent vectors are defined when their
m a g n i t u d e and their angular position with respect to some fixed
direction are given. Such a system m a y be said t o h a v e six
degrees of freedom, for each vector m a y v a r y in m a g n i t u d e and
phase position w i t h o u t regard to t h e others. If, however, we
impose t h e condition t h a t t h e vector sum of these vectors shall
be zero, we find t h a t with t h e direction of one vector given,
t h e other t w o vectors are completely defined when their m a g n i ­
t u d e alone is given, t h e system has therefore lost two degrees
of freedom b y imposing t h e above condition which in dynamical
theory is t e r m e d a " c o n s t r a i n t " . If we impose a further con­
dition t h a t t h e vectors be symmetrically disposed a b o u t their
common origin this system will now have b u t two degrees of
freedom.
It is evident from t h e above definition t h a t a system of η
coplanar congruent vectors m a y h a v e 2 η degrees of freedom and
t h a t a system of η symmetrically spaced vectors of equal m a g ­
n i t u d e has b u t t w o degrees of freedom. I t should be possible
then b y a simple transformation to define the system of η
a r b i t r a r y congruent vectors by η other systems of congruent
vectors which are symmetrical and have a common point. T h e
η s y m m e t r cal systems so obtained are the symmetrical co­
ordinates of t h e given system of vectors a n d completely define
it.
This m e t h o d of representing polyphase systems has been
employed in t h e past t o a limited extent, b u t u p t o t h e present
time t h e r e has been as far as t h e a u t h o r is aware no s y s t e m a t i c
presentation of the m e t h o d . T h e writer hopes by this paper to
i n t e r e s t others in the application of t h e m e t h o d , which will be
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 631

found t o be a valuable i n s t r u m e n t for t h e solution of c e r t a i n

classes of polyphase n e t w o r k s .
I n dealing w i t h a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t s in this paper, use is
m a d e of t h e complex variable which in its m o s t general form
m a y be represented as a vector of variable length r o t a t i n g a b o u t
a given point at variable angular velocity or b e t t e r as t h e re-
s u l t a n t of a n u m b e r of vectors each of c o n s t a n t length r o t a t i n g
at different angular velocities in t h e same direction a b o u t a
given point. This vector is represented in t h e t e x t b y / , É,
etc., a n d t h e conjugate vector which r o t a t e s at t h e same speed
in t h e opposite direction is represented b y / , Ê, etc. T h e effec-
tive value of t h e vector is represented b y t h e symbol w i t h o u t
t h e distinguishing m a r k as 7, E, etc. T h e impedances Z , Zb, a

Z b,
a etc., are generally functions of t h e operator, D = ^

a n d t h e characteristics of t h e circuit.; these characteristics are

c o n s t a n t s only w h e n t h e r e is no physical motion. I t will t h e r e -
fore be necessary t o carefully distinguish b e t w e e n Z I a n d a a

I Ζ w h e n Z has t h e form of a differential operator. I n t h e

a a a

first case a differential operation is carried out on t h e t i m e

variable ϊ in t h e second case t h e differential o p e r a t o r is merely
α

multiplied b y I . a

T h e most general expression for a simple h a r m o n i c cjuantity

e is
e = A cos pt — Β sin pi
in exponential form this becomes
A + j Β ... , A- j Β
e = — e^pt
Η γ—e~J p t

{A + j B) e represents a vector of length V A + B r o t a t i n g

jpt 2 2

in t h e positive direction with angular velocity p while (A — j B)

e~J is t h e conjugate vector r o t a t i n g a t t h e same angular
pt

velocity in the opposite direction. Since e is equal t o

jpt

cos pt+j sin pt, t h e positively r o t a t i n g vector É = (A-\-j B) e j p t

will be
Ë = A cos pt - Β sin pt + j (A sin pt + Β cos pt)

or t h e real p a r t of É which is its projection on a given axis is

equal to e a n d therefore É m a y be t a k e n t o represent e in p h a s e
a n d m a g n i t u d e . I t should be n o t e d t h a t t h e conjugate v e c t o r
Ê is equally available, b u t it is not so convenient since t h e
632 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

operation — e ~ j p i
gives — j p e~ j p i
and t h e i m a g i n a r y p a r t

of t h e i m p e d a n c e o p e r a t o r will h a v e a negative sign.

T h e complex roots of u n i t y will be referred to from t i m e t o
t i m e in t h e paper. T h u s t h e complete solution of t h e equation
x — 1 = 0 requires η different values of x, only one of which
n

1
s real when η is an odd integer. T o obtain t h e other roots we
h a v e the relation
1 = cos 2 7Γ r + j sin 2 π r
= e*j2 r

W h e r e r is a n y integer. W e h a v e therefore
L · 2 π r

1 = e
and by giving successi\ e integral values to r from 1 to n, all r

t h e η roots of X — 1 = 0 are obtained namely,

n

J ~n~ 2 7Γ , . . 2 7Γ
a\ = e = cos + j sin
η ft
4 7Γ
j 4 7Γ 4 7Γ
β
n
COS + j sin
ft ft
6jr_
j 6 7Γ 6 7Γ
as e
n
COS + j sin
ft ft
e j 2 7Γ _ ]

I t will be observed t h a t a a . . . . a are respectively equal to 2 3 n

αι αι 2 ζ
a ^ ' K
H l

W h e n there is relative m o t i o n between t h e different p a r t s

of a circuit as for example in r o t a t i n g machinery, t h e m u t u a l
inductances enter into t h e e q u a t i o n as t i m e variables a n d when
t h e motion is a n g u l a r t h e q u a n t i t i e s e and e ~ will a p p e a r jwt jwt

in t h e operators. I n this case we do not r e j e c t , t h e portion of

the operator having e~ as a factor, because t h e equations
jwt

require t h a t each vector shall be o p e r a t e d on b y t h e operator

as a whole which when it t a k e s t h e form of a h a r m o n i c t i m e
function will contain t e r m s with e a n d e~ in conjugate jwi jwi

relation. In some cases as a result of this, solutions will a p p e a r

with indices of e which are negative t i m e variables; in such
cases t h e vectors with negative index should be replaced b y
their conjugates which r o t a t e in t h e positive direction.
 1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 633

This p a p e r is subdivided as fo'lows:

P a r t I . — " T h e M e t h o d of S y m m e t r i c a l C o - o r d i n a t e s . " Deals
with t h e t h e o r y of t h e m e t h o d , a n d its application t o simple
polyphase circuits.
P a r t II.—Application to Symmetrical Machines on Unbal­
anced P o l y p h a s e Circuits. T a k e s u p I n d u c t i o n M o t o r s , Gener­
a t o r a n d S y n c h r o n o u s M o t o r , P h a s e Balancers a n d P h a s e
Convertors.
P a r t I I I . Application to M a c h i n e s h a v i n g U n s y m m e t r i c a l
Windings.
I n t h e A p p e n d i x t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of field
forms a n d t h e derivation of t h e c o n s t a n t s of different forms of
n e t w o r k s is t a k e n u p . *
T h e portions of P a r t I dealing w i t h u n s y m m e t r i c a l windings
are not required for t h e applications t a k e n u p in P a r t I I a n d
m a y be deferred in a later reading. T h e greater p a r t of P a r t I
is t a k e n u p in deriving formulas for special cases from t h e
general formulae (30) a n d (33), a n d t h e reading of t h e t e x t fol­
lowing these equations m a y be confined t o t h e special cases of
i m m e d i a t e interest.
I wish t o express m y appreciation of t h e valuable help a n d
suggestions t h a t h a v e been given m e in t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of this
p a p e r b y Prof. Karapetoff who suggested t h a t t h e subject be
presented in a m a t h e m a t i c a l p a p e r a n d b y D r . J. Slepian t o
w h o m I a m i n d e b t e d for t h e idea of sequence o p e r a t o r s a n d by
others who h a v e been interested in t h e paper.

PART I
Method of Symmetrical Generalized Co-ordinates

RESOLUTION OF U N B A L A N C E D SYSTEMS OF VECTORS AND

OPERATORS
T h e complex t i m e function Ε m a y be used i n s t e a d of t h e h a r ­
monic t i m e function e in a n y e q u a t i o n algebraic or differential
in which it a p p e a r s linearly. T h e reason of this is because if
a n y linear operation is performed on É t h e s a m e operation per-
formed on its conjugate Ê will give a result which is conjugate
t o t h a t o b t a i n e d from Ë, a n d t h e s u m of t h e t w o results o b t a i n e d
is a solution of t h e same o p e r a t i o n performed on É + Ê, or 2 e.
I t is c u s t o m a r y t o i n t e r p r e t É a n d Ê as coplanar vectors,
r o t a t i n g a b o u t a c o m m o n point a n d e as t h e projection of either
vector on a given line, Ë being a positively r o t a t i n g vector a n d
634 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

Ê being a negatively r o t a t i n g vector, a n d their projection on

the given line being
É + Ê
e = (1)

Obviously if this i n t e r p r e t a t i o n is accepted one of t h e t w o

vectors becomes superfluous a n d t h e positively r o t a t i n g vector
É m a y be t a k e n to represent t h e variable ' V a n d we m a y de-
fine "e" b y saying t h a t ' V is t h e projection of t h e vector Ε
on a given line or else b y saying t h a t e" is t h e real p a r t of t h e u

complex variable E.
If 1, a, a . . . . a
2
are t h e η roots of t h e e q u a t i o n x — 1 = 0
n _ 1 n

a symmetrical polyphase s y s t e m of η phases m a y be represented

by
= En

-Ê21 = a En

•Ê31 = a 1
Ën

(2)

£ n l = a"" 1
Én

A n o t h e r η phase s y s t e m m a y be o b t a i n e d b y t a k i n g

£12 = -E12

£22 = a 2
£12

£32 = a 4
£12

(3)

£„ = 2 atl'-VË!

a n d this also is symmetrical, although it is entirely different

from (2).
Since 1 + a + a + a ~ = 0, t h e s u m of all t h e vectors
2 n l

of a symmetrical polyphase system is zero.

If Éi E É 3 . . . .E be a system of η vectors, t h e following
2 n

identities m a y be proved b y inspection:

1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 635

É = Ë 1 + £ 2 + £ 3 + . . . . É , ]

η
JSi + aË + aÉ 2
+ .'.. .α ~ Ε
η ι

+
2 3 η

+ η

Ë + a'- 1
£ 2 +a 2
£ 3 + • • . .gC-»fr-i> £ „
+
1

£1 + o- 1
£ + a - 2
-És + · · · .α-ί»" ) 1
£„
+ ....
2

.Ë 1 + £2 + £ 3 + · · • -É n

, _! £ 1 + α ^ + α £ 2
2
3 +. .. .α ~ Ε
η ι
η

ft
, _ 2 £χ + a 2
£ 2 -f a 4
£ 3 + . . . . a ^ " ) £
2 1
w

+ a z

ft (4)

ft

J^n = ——

- 2 ( n - l ) ,Ε! + a Ë + a* É* + . . . .a t»- * É
2 2 1

+ a - 2 n

ft.

+ a- 1
^1 + g" 1
£2 + a- 2
£ 3 + . . . .a- E w

. I t will be n o t e d t h a t in t h e expression for Éi i n t h e a b o v e

formulae if t h e first t e r m of each c o m p o n e n t is t a k e n t h e result is
636 FORTES CUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

η or Εχ. If t h e succeeding t e r m s of each component involving

Ë É3. . . .E respectively, are t a k e n separately t h e y a d d u p to ex-

2 n

E r

pressions of t h e form — - - ( 1 + α + α + . . . .a ~ ) which are all 2 n l

η
equal t o zero since (1 + α + α + . . . . a ~ ) is equal t o zero. I n like
2 n l

m a n n e r in t h e expression for E £ 3 . · E respectively, all t h e t e r m s

2 n

of t h e c o m p o n e n t s involving each of t h e q u a n t i t i e s Éi E E .. .etc. 2 s

excepting t h e t e r m s involving t h a t one of which t h e c o m p o n e n t s

É
are t o be d e t e r m i n e d a d d u p t o expressions of t h e form ^

(1 + a + a +. . . .a ~ )
2
all of which are equal t o zero, t h e re­
n l

maining t e r m s a d d u p t o E E%. . . .E respectively. I t will

2 n

now be a p p a r e n t t h a t (4), is t r u e w h a t e v e r m a y be t h e n a t u r e
of É\ E etc., a n d therefore it is t r u e of all n u m b e r s , real complex
2

or imaginary, w h a t e v e r t h e y m a y represent a n d therefore

similar relations m a y be o b t a i n e d for c u r r e n t vectors a n d t h e y
m a y be extended to include not only vectors b u t also t h e oper­
ators.
I n order t o simplify t h e expressions which become unwieldy
when applied t o t h e general η phase system, let us consider a
three phase s y s t e m of vectors É Éb Ë . T h e n we h a v e t h e
a c

following identities:

* „ É + Éb + É
a c .E a + aÉb + a E 2
t
tL — Ô " I
a
3
Eg + a E + a E 2
b c

+ 3
£ É + Ëb + Ë , É
a c 9 a + aÉ b + aE 2
c
3 +a 2
3

É + a É + a É 2 (5)
+ a
a b c

* _ Ë \+ Éb + É , Eg + aÉb + a 2
É
E= 3 +a 3
a c c
c

j_ 2 « + a É È 2
b + aÉ c

+ a2

(4) s t a t e s t h e law t h a t a system of η vectors or q u a n t i t i e s

m a y be resolved when η is prime i n t o η different symmetrical
19181 FORTES CUE: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES 637

groups or systems, one of which consists of η equal vectors a n d

t h e remaining (η — 1) systems consist of η equispaced vectors
which with t h e first m e n t i o n e d groups of e q u a l vectors forms
a n equal n u m b e r of symmetrical η-phase systems. When
η is n o t prime some of t h e w-phase systems degenerate i n t o
repetitions of systems h a v i n g n u m b e r s of phases corresponding
t o t h e factors of n.
E q u a t i o n (5) s t a t e s t h a t a n y t h r e e vectors É Éb É m a y be a c

FIG. 1 — G R A P H I C A L R E P R E S E N T A T I O N O F E Q U A T I O N 5.

resolved i n t o a system of t h r e e equal vectors É o É o E and a a a0

t w o symmetrical t h r e e p h a s e s y s t e m s Ë i, a É i, a É i, É i,
a
2
a a a

a Éa2, Q? Ea2, t h e first of which is of positive phase sequence a n d

t h e second of negative phase sequence, or

É a = Ë a0 + É\ a + Éal )

É b = Éao + a É 2
al + a Éa2 (6)

Ë c = É aQ + aÉ al + a 2
È a2
638 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES [June 28

Similarly
Ια — ÏaO "f" lal ~\~ ïal
h = ïaO + d 2 ïal + CL Ïa2 (7)

le = ÏaO + a ïal + a 2
ïa2

Figs. (1) a n d (2) show a graphical m e t h o d of resolving t h r e e

vectors i n t o their symmetrical three-phase c o m p o n e n t s corres-
ponding t o e q u a t i o n s (6).
T h e system of operators Ζ Zbb Zee a a Zbc Z a m a y b e resolved C

in a similar m a n n e r i n t o s y m m e t r i c a l groups,

FIG. 2 — G R A P H I C A L R E P R E S E N T A T I O N O F E Q U A T I O N 5.

Zaa ~ Zo
aa ~\~ Z \ aa ~\~ Zaal

Zbb — ZaaO + a Zaal + # 2

Z aa2 (8)

Zee =
ZaaO + & Zaal + # 2
Zaal

Z b — Z bO
a a ~f~ Zabi ~f~ Z b2
a

Zbc — ZabO + υ Z bi
2
a + a Z b2
a (9)

Z ca = ZabO + & Zabi + θ} Zabi

T h e r e are similar relations for η phase systems.

1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 639

EXPLANATION OF THEORY AND U S E OF S E Q U E N C E OPERATOR

Consider t h e following sequences of nth roots of u n i t y :

S° = 1, 1, 1. . . . 1

5 1
= 1, ,a-(n-i)

5 2
= 1, α -2(ητ1)

S r
= 1, a~ , r
a - 2 r
. .. .a-( -V n r
(10)

5^+1= ι a -^ + 1 )
a~- 2ir+1)
. . . .a- ( w
~ 1 ) ( r + 1 )

S"~ = l
1, -2(n-l) a -(w-l)»

Consider t h e sequence o b t a i n e d b y t h e p r o d u c t s of similar

t e r m s of S* a n d S . I t will be
1

Sr+i = l, a " ^ ) . . . .a-(n-Mr+i)

2 1
(ϋ)
Similarly
= 1, a~\ a~ . . . . a - * * - *
2k 1
(12)
a n d t h e sequence o b t a i n e d b y p r o d u c t s of like t e r m s of t h i s
sequence a n d S is r

£r+* = 1, a -< +*), r

a" +*) 2(r
a -(n-l)(r+A) (13)
W e m a y therefore a p p l y t h e law of indices t o t h e p r o d u c t s of
sequences t o o b t a i n t h e resulting sequence.
I n t h e case of t h e t h r e e - p h a s e s y s t e m we shall h a v e t h e fol­
lowing sequences only t o consider, viz. :

S° = 1, 1, 1

5 1
= 1, a, 2
a (14)

5 2
= 1, a, a 2

T h e complete s y s t e m of c u r r e n t s I a lb I are defined b y

c

S (h) = S° /«ο + S 7 1
α 1 + S 7 2
α 2 (15)
Similarly t h e i m p e d a n c e s Z aa Zb Z b cc m a y be expressed in s y m ­
metrical form
5 (Zaa) ξ 5° Ζ α α 0 + S Ζ 1
α α 1 + 5» Ζ αα2 ' (16)
a n d t h e m u t u a l impedances Z &, Z& , Z 0 c c a are expressed b y
5 (Z ) ab = S° Z bo + a S 1
Zabi + S 2
Z ab2 (17)
640 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

A t t e n t i o n is called t o t h e i m p o r t a n c e of preserving t h e cyclic

order of self a n d m u t u a l impedances, otherwise t h e rule for t h e
sequence o p e r a t o r will n o t hold. T h u s , Z , Z a n d Z are in ab bc ca

proper sequence as also are Z , Z , Z. c a ab bc

W h e n it is desired t o change t h e first t e r m in t h e sequence of

polyphase vectors t h e resulting expression will be
S (Ib) = S° 7 a 0 + S a /«, + S a ï 1 2 2
a2 )
} (18)
S (ï )c = 5° ïao + S a ï 1
al + S a ï 2 2
a2 J
Similarly in t h e case of t h e o p e r a t o r s S (Ζat) we h a v e

S (Z ) bc = 5° Z ab0 + S 1
a 2
Zabl + S 2
a Z ab2

(19)
S (Zca) = S° Z afe0 + 5 ΛZ 1
a M + S a Zabi 2 2

Similar rules a p p l y t o t h e e.m.fs. E E a b E c

S (É ) a = 5° É a0 + S £ 1
α 1 + S 2
È a2

S (É ) b = 5° £ o 0 + S a 1 2
Éai + S 2
a Ë a2
(20)

S (Ë ) c = S £«o + S a Eai + S a
0 1 2 2
É a2

I t should be k e p t in m i n d t h a t a n y one of t h e several expres-

sions S (ï ) S (ï ) S (le), etc., completely specifies t h e system,
a b

and each of t h e m e m b e r s of t h e groups of e q u a t i o n s given above

is a complete s t a t e m e n t of t h e system of vectors or operators
a n d their relation.

APPLICATION TO S E L F AND M U T U A L IMPEDANCE OPERATIONS

W e m a y now proceed w i t h t h e current, systems S (/„), 5 (ï ), b

S (ï ) a n d t h e operating groups 5 (Z ) S (Z ) S (Z ) etc. a n d

c aa bb cc

t h e electromotive forces in exactly t h e same m a n n e r as for

simple a-c. circuits. T h u s ,

5 (É ) a = S (Zaa) S (/.) + S (Z ) ab S (ï ) b + S (Z ) ca S (ï ) c (21)

= (5° Z o aa + S 1
Z aal + S 2
Z ) aa2 (S° ÏaO + S "/«l +
1
S 2
J )
a2

+ (9>Z M + S 1
Z abl + S2
Z ) ab2

(5° ïao + S a la + S a 1 2 2
ï)
a2

+ (S°Z o ab + S 1
aZ abl + S 2
a 2
Z) M

(S 0
ïao + S 1
a ïai + S 2
a2
ï) a2

= S 0
(ZaaO + 2 Zabo) ÏaO
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 641

+ 5° j Z i + (1 + α) Ζ ι)a o Λ ï. t

+ S 1
{Zaai+ (1 + 0) Zabi) Lo

+ S 1
{Zaa0 + (a + a ) Z \ 2
aM 7 i a

+ S {Z 1
aai + 2aZ } ab2 Lt
+ S* {Zaa, + (1 + a ) Z ) ïaO
2
M

+ 5» \ZaaX + 2 a 2
'/„i

+ 5» {Zaao + ( O + O ) Z 2
a M } (22)
Or since 1 + α + α = 0, 1 + α = 2
a, 2
1+ a 2
α and
α + α = - 1 2

5 (É.) = 5° (Ζ ο + 2 Ζ „) 7 00 α6 ο 0 + 5° {Zaai - α Ζ ) Μ ϊ α1

+ 5° (Ζ αα1 - α Ζ ι) 2
Λ + S (Ζ 1
ο α 1 - α Z i) 2
r t

+ S ( Ζ ο 0 — Ζ„(,ο) ίαΐ + S
1
Ο
1
(Ζ α2 + 2 β Ζ,,&ΐ) ία2
α

+ S* ( Ζ ο ο 2 - αΖ) Μ ÏaO + S* {Zaal + 2 « Ζ 2

ο Μ ) /.I
Z bo) ϊαΐ
a (23)
Or since
5 (Z ) = 5° Ζ * * + S Zfcci + 5
bc
1 2
Z bc2

= 5° ZaM, + S a Ζ i 1 2
ah + S a 2
Z ab2

we m a y write (23) in t h e form

S (É ) = 5° a (ΖαβΟ + 2 Zfco) /αΟ + S° (Z aa2 - Zfc ) 7 c2 a l

+ 5° (Ζβαΐ —
Zfcci) 7 2 + S (Zaal ~ Z \) ϊ 0 a
1
bc α

+ S 1
(ZaaO — Z ) bc0 ïal + S ( Z 2 + 2 Z ) 1
a a bc2 I a2

+ «S (Z 2 — Zfc ) i 0 + S (Z al
2
aa c2 a
2
a + 2 Zftd)
+ S (Z 2
a a 0 - Z&co) 7o2 (24)
which is t h e m o r e s y m m e t r i c a l form. W e h a v e therefore from
(24) b y expressing 5 (E ) in t e r m s of s y m m e t r i c a l co-ordinates
a

t h e t h r e e symmetrical equations

5 0
ÉaO = S° {(ZaaO + 2 Z o) bc I 0 + (Ζ 2 ~ Z )
a αα bc2 I\ a

~f" ( Ζ ι ~ Zbd) α β

51
E\
a = Sl
{ (Zaal ~ Z \) bc J 0 + (Z 0
a aa ~ Z o) 1al
bc

(26)
+ (Z a a 2 + 2Z ) bc2 I } a2

5 E
2
a2 = 5 { (Z 2 — Zfe ) I 0 + ( Z l + 2 Z \)
2
aa c2 a aa bc I\ a

~\~ (ZaaO — Z o) bc
642 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

A n i m p o r t a n t case t o which we m u s t next give consideration

is t h a t of m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e b e t w e e n a p r i m a r y polyphase
circuit a n d a secondary polyphase circuit. T h e m u t u a l im­
pedances m a y b e a r r a n g e d in t h r e e sets. L e t t h e c u r r e n t s in
t h e secondary windings b e I I a n d I we m a y t h e n express
u v Wf

t h e generalized m u t u a l i m p e d a n c e s as follows:

(I) Z u Zbv Z w
a c

(Π) Ziqw Z C U ζ av (26)

(III) Z cv Z w Zbu
a

E a c h set m a y be resolved i n t o t h r e e symmetrical groups, so

that
S (Z u)
a ~ ZQ au -f- kS* Z \ au -f" S 2
Z2 au

S (Zbw) — S° Z wo ~f" S Zbw\ -f~ S b

1 2
Z w2
b
(27)

S (Zcv) — <S° Z CV q -\~ S l

Zcvl ~f" ^
2
Z v2
C

a n d we have" for S (Ë ) t h e p r i m a r y induced e.m.f. d u e t o t h e

a

secondary c u r r e n t s 5 (I ) u

S (É ) a = S (Zau) S (L) + S (Z ) av S (ï ) v + S (Z ) aW S (î )
w (28)

S u b s t i t u t i n g for 5 (7 ), 5 (I ) W v a n d S (I ) w a n d 5 (Z ), au S (Z ),
av

S (Z w) t h e i r s y m m e t r i c a l e q u i v a l e n t s we h a v e
a

S (E )a = S° (ZauO + Z wo + Zcvo) luo b

+ a Z w ~h a? Z v2) lui
(Z '2 au b 2 C

+ s° (Zaul + a Zbw\ + a Z \) Ju2 2

cv

+ S (Zaul + a Zbw\ + a Z \) luo

l 2
cv

+ S (Z o + a Zbwo ~\~ & Zcvo) lui

1
au
2

+ S (Zau'2 + Zbw + Z ) Iu2

1
2 cv2

+ s* (Z u2 + a Zbw2 ~h a Z 2) luo
a
2
V

+ (Zaul + Zbwi + Z i) I \ cv u

+ S (Z uO + a Zbwo ~\~ Zcvo) Ïu2

2
a
(29)
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES Θ43

On expressing 5 (E ) in s y m m e t r i c a l form we h a v e t h e following

a

three symmetrical equations

5° ËaO = S° { (Z o au + Zbwo 4" Z o) cv ïuO

+ (Zaul + Ci Zbwi + a Zcvl) 2

îul

+ (Zaul + CL Zbwi + a Z i) 2
cv Ïu2]

51
Éai = S 1
{(Zaul + a Z wi b + a Z ) 2
cvï ïu0

+ (ZauO *4~ a 2
Z W0b + a Z o) cv Li \ (30)

+ (Zau2 + Z W2 + Z 2) Ïu2\ b CV

5 E 2
a2 = S {(Z 2
o u 2 + a 2
Z w2 b + a Z c r 2 ) ï°
u

"f" (Zaul "f" Zftwri + Zcvl)

+ (Z o + # au Z W0 b + a Zcvo) 2
fu2}
F o r t h e e.m.f. S (É ) i n d u c e d in t h e secondary b y t h e p r i m a r y
u

c u r r e n t s 5 (ï ) we h a v e
a

5 (Eu) = 5 (Zau) S (ïa) + S (Z ) hu S (lb) + S (Zcu) S (ïc) (31)

vSince 5 (Z ) bears t h e s a m e relation t o 5 (Z ) as 5 (Z )

bu cv av

does t o S (Zbw) a n d 5 (Z ) bears t h e s a m e relation t o S (Zbw) au

as 5 (Z w) does t o S (Z ) t o o b t a i n S (É ) all t h a t will b e neces-

a cv u

sary will be t o i n t e r c h a n g e Zbw a n d Z in (29) a n d change ï o ïm I 2 cv u U

t o Iao Iai a n d ï 2 respectively, this gives

a

S (Éu) = S 0
(ZauO + Zbwo + Z o) cv ÏaO

+ S° (Z 2 aU + a 2
Z w2 b + a Z r v 2 ) ϊαί

+ 5° (Zaui + a Z wi h + a Z i) 2
cv /«2

+ S 1
(Zaui + a Z wi 2
b + a Zcvl) ÏaO

+ S 1
(Zauo + a Z wo + a Zcvo) b
2
ïal

+ 5 l
(Z au2 + Zw b 2 + Z c v 2 )

+ S 2
(Z 2 au + Λ ZbW2 + « Z 2
c v 2 ) 7 a 0

+ S (Zaul + Zftî^i + Z i ) ïal

2
cv

+ 5 (ZauO + Zfcwo + Zcvo) Ïa2

s
(32)
644 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

a n d t h e t h r e e symmetrical equations will be

S°É t
S° { (ZauO "f" Zbwo ~T~ Z q)
CV Iao

+ (Zaui + a Zbw + a Zbwi + a Z i)

2
2 cv ïal
c

+ (Zaul + a Z wi h + a Zcvi)
2
ïal}

'al

(33)

S2
É,

T h e same m e t h o d s m a y be applied t o polyphase s y s t e m s of a n y

n u m b e r of phase. W h e n t h e n u m b e r of phases is n o t prime t h e
s y s t e m m a y sometimes be dealt w i t h as a n u m b e r of polyphase
systems h a v i n g m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e between t h e m :—For example,
a nine-phase system m a y be t r e a t e d as t h r e e three-phase sys-
t e m s , a twelve phase s y s t e m as t h r e e four-phase or four t h r e e -
phase systems. I n certain froms of d i s s y m m e t r y this m e t h o d is
of great practical value, a n d its application will be t a k e n u p later.
F o r t h e present p a r t of t h e p a p e r we shall confine ourselves
t o t h e three-phase system, a n d dissymmetries of several dif-
ferent kinds.
The operators Z Z au etc., m u s t be i n t e r p r e t e d in t h e broadest
aa)

sense. T h e y m a y be simple complex q u a n t i t i e s or t h e y m a y

be functions of t h e differential o p e r a t o r — ^ - . F o r if

i = I (A n cos η w t + B n sin η w t)

it m a y be expressed in t h e form

'J n
jnwt _j_
A+
n jB n
e

2
(34)

= real p a r t of I
19181 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 645

a n d a n y linear algebraic operation performed on 1/2 will give

a result which will b e conjugate t o t h a t o b t a i n e d b y carrying
o u t t h e s a m e o p e r a t i o n on 1/2 a n d since t h e t r u e solution is
t h e s u m of these results, it m a y also be o b t a i n e d b y t a k i n g t h e
real p a r t of t h e result of performing t h e operation on / .

MODIFICATION OF THE G E N E R A L C A S E M E T W I T H IN PRACTICAL

NETWORKS
Several s y m m e t r i c a l a r r a n g e m e n t s of t h e o p e r a t o r Z etc.* au

are frequently m e t w i t h in practical n e t w o r k s which result in

a m u c h simpler s y s t e m of e q u a t i o n s t h a n t h o s e o b t a i n e d for
t h e general case as in e q u a t i o n s (29) t o (33). T h u s for example
if all t h e o p e r a t o r s in (26) are equal, all t h e o p e r a t o r s in (27),
except S° Z o S° Zbwo a n d S° Z o are equal t o zero, a n d t h e s e
au cv

t h r e e q u a n t i t i e s are also equal t o one a n o t h e r so t h a t e q u a t i o n

(30) becomes

S 0
ËaO — S° (ZauO H~ Zbwo + Z q) cv Iq u

51
Eat = 0 \ (35)

5 2
E ai = 0

a n d equationJ(33)

S Éo0
u = S° (ZauO ~¥ Zbwo -f- Z o)
cv ÏaO

5' E ul = 0 (36)

S £ 2
u 2 = 0

T h i s is t h e s t a t e m e n t in s y m m e t r i c a l co-ordinates t h a t a s y m -
metrically disposed polyphase transmission line will p r o d u c e
no electromagnetic induction in a second similar polyphase
s y s t e m so disposed with respect to t h e first t h a t m u t u a l i n d u c -
tions b e t w e e n all phases of t h e t w o are equal except t h a t due t o
single-phase c u r r e n t s passing t h r o u g h t h e conductors.
If in (26) t h e q u a n t i t i e s in each group only are equal, e q u a t i o n s
(30) a n d (33) become

S° ËaO = S° (ZauO + Zbwo + Z o) cv I0

U

S Kl
1
a — S l
(ZauO + θ} Zbwo + # Z o) cv lul (37)

S>Ë a2 = S> ( Z „ o 0 + CL Zbwo "f" # 2

Zcvo) Ïu2
646 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

5 0
Ë0 U = S° (Z o au + Zbwo ~\~ Z o) cv IaO

5 1
Ë al = S 1
(Z au0 + a Z hm + α Z„ )
2
0 Ial f (38)

5 2
É a2 —S 1
(Z uO~\~
a & Zbwo + CL Ζ %) J 2
2
βυ a

SYMMETRICAL FORMS OF COMMON OCCURRENCE

A s y m m e t r i c a l form which is of i m p o r t a n c e because it is of
frequent occurrence in practical polyphase n e t w o r k s h a s t h e
t e r m s in group (I) e q u a t i o n (26) all equal a n d those in group
2 7Γ
(II) cos -r— times those in group (I) a n d those in group ( I I I )
ο
4 7Γ
cos times those in group ( I ) .

2tt
Since cos
a
~JT a
= cos we h a v e on substituting

t h e values of t h e impedances in this case,

S> Éao «= S" \Z au0 (1 + a + α ) | Lo = 0 2

S 1
Ëia — S 1
1 \ ZauO lul (39)

S 2
E 2 — 'S 1^ ZauO Ï u2
a
2

S° £ u 0 = S° {Z au0 (1 + a + a ) j Lo = 0 2
'

S 1
Éiu — S 1
1^ ZauO ïal (40)

S É22
U
=
S l j Z 0 Ïa2
2
aU

T h e ï e l e m e n t s | i n group I m a y be u n e q u a l b u t groups I I a n d
τ 4

I I I m a y b e o b t a i n e d from group I b y multiplying b y cos —

and cos respectively.

T h e m e m b e r s of t h e t h r e e groups will t h e n be related as fol­

lows, t h e same sequence being used as before,

(I)
Zaui
a+ aZbv>„ 2
Z cw α + a 2
„
(Π) <o w, Η a + a Z 2
b

2 c

\ (41)
a + a 2
a + a 2
a + a 2

(III)
7
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 647

C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e following relations are t r u e :

S° Zbwo ~ ?i <S° Z o
2 au

a + a 2

Z vO S° Zo
2
C au

1 + a
2

5 1
Zbw\ — Z u\
2
a

(42)
1 + a
5 2
Zbwi — S 2
Zaul
2
1 + a
Ζcvl =
Zaul
2
1 + a
2

S 2
Ζ cvl = =
S 2
Zi au

S u b s t i t u t i n g these relations in (30) a n d (33) we h a v e for this

system of m u t u a l impedances
ZauO ~\~ Zbwo "T" Zo
cv — 0

ZauO ~\~ d Zbwo ~f" d 2

ZcvO =
LJ Z vO C
(43)

Z u0 a ~\~ d 2
Zbwo ""f" d Zo cv — 1^ Z wo
a

Z\
au ~\~ Zbw\ + Z \ cv = 1^ Z ula

Z ul
a ~T" d Zbw\ + d2
Zcvl =
Zaul (44)

Zaul + à Zbw\ + 2
d Z\ cv = 0

Zaul ~H Zbwi -F" Z 2 CV = 1§ Z A W 2

Z « 2 Η" Λ
a ZbW2 ~\~ d 2
Z v2
C
=
0 (45)

Z 2 aU ~\~ d Zbw 2
2 ~f" d Z 2 CV — \\ Z2
au

which on s u b s t i t u t i o n in (30) a n d (33) gives

5 0
Ë a0 = 0

•S Ë i 1
a = S 1
{ 1^ Z «i f t /„O + 1"5 ZauO lui "T* LÈ ^aw2 Zu2j (46)

^α2 =
^ 2
{I2 Z 2 au IuO ~f~ LÈ ^ a w l Îul "Τ* I 2 Z u0
a Zu2}

LÈ Z ul a ïaï]

5 1
Ë1 U = S 1
{1J Z «0 7 i
a a + LJ Z a M 2 7a2}
(47)

5* £ W 2 — S 2
{1^ Z i / i + 1§ Z Oa n 0 AW Î02I
648 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

27Γ
T h e a b o v e s y m m e t r i c a l forms in which the factors cos
4 7Γ
a n d cos occur a p p l y particularly t o electromagnetic induc-
Ί Γ

tion between windings d i s t r i b u t e d over t h e surfaces of co­

axial cylinders; where if t h e plane of s y m m e t r y of one winding
be t a k e n as t h e d a t u m plane, t h e m u t u a l i m p e d a n c e b e t w e e n
this winding a n d a n y o t h e r is a h a r m o n i c function of t h e angle
between its plane of s y m m e t r y a n d t h e d a t u m plane. I n o t h e r
words, t h e m u t u a l i m p e d a n c e s are functions of position on t h e
circumference of a circle a n d m a y therefore be e x p a n d e d b y
Fourier's t h e o r e m in a series of integral harmonics of t h e angle
m a d e b y t h e planes of s y m m e t r y with t h e d a t u m plane. Since
t h e same procedure applies t o all t h e t e r m s of t h e expansion
it is necessary only t o consider t h e simple h a r m o n i c case. I n
t h e partially s y m m e t r i c a l cases of m u t u a l induction, such as
t h a t t a k e n u p in t h e preceding discussion, t h e r e will be a differ­
ence between t w o possible cases, v i z : — S y m m e t r i c a l p r i m a r y ,
u n s y m m e t r i c a l secondary, which is t h e case just considered, a n d
u n s y m m e t r i c a l p r i m a r y a n d s y m m e t r i c a l secondary in which
t h e impedances of (26) will h a v e t h e following values
(I) Z uj
a Zbci 7

a + a2
a + a2
7

(ID a + a 2

2 2~~ a
(48)
a + a' a + a 2
„
7
(III) a +2 a 2
„
2
c w au >
' 2
T h e results m a y be i m m e d i a t e l y set down b y s y m m e t r y from
equations (46) a n d (47), b u t t h e difference between t h e t w o
cases will be b e t t e r a p p r e c i a t e d b y setting down t h e c o m p o n e n t
symmetrical impedances, t h u s we h a v e
a + a 2

iS° Zbwo — s°z

2
a

a + a 2

Ζ ci) ο — s° z
2
a

1 + a
5 1
Zbwx — S 1
Z
2
a

(49)
1 + a
2

5 2
Zbwi — S 2
Z
2
a

1 + a 2

7 ,
Ζ cvl ~
2
1 + a
S2
Z v2
C ~ S ζ 2
a-
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 649

S u b s t i t u t i n g these relations in t h e impedances used in (30)

a n d (33) t h e y become

Z0 au ~t~ Zbwo ""t" Zo cv —0

ZauO ~T~ d ZbWO ~T~ d 2

Z q
11 7 (60)
±2
C V

^auO
^auO

d Ztbwo T " d ZjcvO — I2 ZtauO

^ au 1 LI Ζ
+ Z&wq + Z - c

Ζαι/l + « Zbw\ + Λ 2
Z . i =
6 v 0 ^ (61)

Zaul "f" # Zfcwi + a Ζ 2

cvl J- 2 ^flwl

Z OM 2 "f" Zb^2 + Z 2
CV = I2 Z o u 2 } (62)

Z a W 2 "h d Zbwi + d 2
Z 2 = 1^
CV Z a w 2

Z2 au + d 2
Zbw2 + dZ cv2 = 0

And we h a v e from (30) a n d (33), or b y s y m m e t r y

5° EaO = S° {I* Z e t t 2 /UL + H 2 - 1 ^2Î (63)

5 1
jÊai = S1
I H ^ewO 7 i + w 1^ Z a u 2 Iu2\

52
Ê ,2 — S
a
2
{1^ Zaul lui ~\~ I2 ^auO 1u2

S° £ u 0 = 0 (54)

S É\1
u = .S {1^ Z \ 1
au ÏaO + l j Z o Iul 4~ 1^ Z aw a M 2 uÏ2}
•S If
Ë t h=
2e angle
S {1^
u2
between
Z
t hf~e Iplanes
2 I .O ~
2
f ^attl of s y m m e t r y of t h e coils a n d
- M i l 4~ 1 2 ^e«0 Λ*2 }
a u a

t h e d a t u m plane a r e subject t o changes, c o s - ^ — - a n d cos

in t h e preceding discussion m u s t b e replaced b y

(66)
Δ

where β is m e a s u r e d from t h e d a t u m plane

I n t h e strictly s y m m e t r i c a l case of co-axial cylindrical sur­
face windings in which t h e m e m b e r s of each group of m u t u a l
650 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

impedances are equal, the result of s u b s t i t u t i n g (55) in t h e

e q u a t i o n s for induced e.m.f. will be
Sf> Ë a0 = 0 1
S 1
£ „ , = S (H Z 1
m0 e>» /„,) (56)
S?- É aÎ = S 2
( H Z m0 e-i» /) Bî

5° É u0 = 0 ^
5 £„, = S m Z e-'» /„,)
ht) \ (67)
1 1
au0

5 2
j˄ 2 = S 1
(\\ Z auls I
In t h e case having symmetrical primary a n d u n s y m m e t r i c a l
secondary in which m e m b e r s of each group are different, b u t
in which t h e r e a r e h a r m o n i c relations between corresponding
m e m b e r s of t h e different groups, t h e impedances are
(I) Za,„ Z,
hv

(ID (- ZW
C

p}« + "-(-j « + - 7 Γ - e z„
) > » ( I
·•)
Z E

( 1
l (58)

( I N ) ( - 1

e je + e-j
( 4

T h e symmetrical c o m p o n e n t m u t u a l impedances will h a v e t h e

following values in t e r m s of Ζ auO Zaul Zaul

5° Ztm
( H R + - F ^ ' ) - S E Z
-

(4~ eJe
+-5-^'·) 5 * ^ . 0

(59)

S 2
Zbwi
( 4 - +
- § - ^ · ) 5 , Ζ
- "

5 1
Z vl C

5 2
Zcv2
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES 651

vSubstituting these relations in t h e i m p e d a n c e s of e q u a t i o n s

(30) a n d (33) t h e y become
Z u0 4" Zbwo
a "f" Z o cv
=
0
^auO 1 2 ZauO &-V» (60)
d Zjbwo d Zj vOC

£*au0
Zaul + a Zbwo
~ T * Zbwi +i & = 1 § Z i
-\- Z
2

cv
£*cv0 au V~ * J

Z i + a Zbw\ -\- Λ Z ,i = 1 § Z i e-'*

al4
2
cl OM (61)
Z l + O Zfcwi + Λ Z >l = 0
o u
2
ct

Zaui -\- Zbwi + Z „2

c
=
1 § ·2 ΐί2 α e* e

Zaui ~\~ & ZbW2 ~\~ I 2

Z v2 c
=
0 (62)
Zaui ~\~ β Ζ(>ιι>2 ""("" fl Z „ 2 2
c
=
1 JZ 0 1 1 e~

which on s u b s t i t u t i o n in (30) a n d (33) give

S» Éao = 0
S Ël = s
1
a
1
{14 β»"» / . β + H Z o u 0 β" /„!
. + 14 Z „ , e " /,ι} (63)
•5» £«,2 = 5» { L I Z 0 t t 2 β " · " /«ο + Η Z , é-'» lui au

+ If Ζ„„ο «"·" / . t }
5° £ u 0 = S {Ih Z ui 0
a tri» ï al + ii z i au /„,}

5 £ „ , = 5 \ \ \ Zauo e-i* ï i + 1 J Z
1 1
a a u 2 »>· (64)
5 2
Éui = 5 s
{ 1 1 Ζ . , ! β " " /αϊ + H Ζ „ 0 β»"» Λ » }
Α

In t h e case of u n s y m m e t r i c a l p r i m a r y a n d symmetrical
secondary, we h a v e for t h e value of t h e i m p e d a n c e in t e r m s of
ZauO Zaul
and Z 2
aU

Zauf Zbvy Zw e

(Π) ( - γ - e» + - y - « - • " )

(66)

(III) e» + ~ «-'·) Ζ,.,

)z 6 i
652 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

T h e s y m m e t r i c a l c o m p o n e n t m u t u a l i m p e d a n c e s in t e r m s of
ZauO) Zaulj Zaul are

S° Zbwo

Z vO
C

( " f « " + - r « - " ) s

" z
"

51
Zbwi
(66)

52
Zbwi
( " f '" Ψ) * -' +
ζ

Ζcxi I •e-f) SZ , l

2 2
+ au

S Z22
CV

A n d t h e i m p e d a n c e s of e q u a t i o n s (30) a n d (33) b e c o m e

ZauO ~\~ Zbwo "f" Z vO = 0 C

Zauo + a Zbwo + a Z 2
cv0 = l è Zauo e~ je
(67)

ZauO + a Zbwo + d Z o
2
cv = 1^ ZauO & θ

Zaul ~\~ Zbw\ + Z \ cv = 1^ Zaul & θ

Zaul + 0> Zbwl + d Zcvl — 0 2

(68)

Zaui + a Zbwi + a 2
Z c v i = H Zaui e~ jθ

Z2au + Zbwl + Z2 CV = l£ Z2 au
9

Z 2 + CL Zbw2 + a Z v2 = l i Z 2 &
au
2
C au
θ
(69)

Z u2 ~f* a? Zbw + CL Z 2 = 0
a CV

A n d on s u b s t i t u t i o n in (30) a n d (33), or by s y m m e t r y from

(63) a n d (64), we h a v e

S> Èao = S° j l j Z aui Il u + 1 | Zaul «">· Li}

S Ëal = S
1 1
m ZauO eJ» Ll + 1 | Zaui tT» L%\ (70)

S* É a2 « 5 s
m Zaui e» Li + 1% Z au0 e-i* L,
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES 653

S° E u0 = 0
5 É 1
ul = S {H Z 1
a M l t-i* ho + 1J Z au0 e-î° I ul

+ H Z e-J° ï } au2 a2 (71)

52
Éu2 = S 2
m Z au2 e** I a0 + 1J Z aul es* Ial

+ l\Z ei° auQ ï)

a2

A fuller discussion of self a n d m u t u a l i m p e d a n c e s of co-axial

cylindrical windings will be found in t h e Appendix. I t will be
sufficient t o n o t e here t h a t in t h e case of self i n d u c t a n c e a n d
m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e of s t a t i o n a r y windings s y m m e t r i c a l l y dis-
posed if t h e y are equal

Mab = M hc = M ca = Σ IA n COS
(72)
Laa — Lb\ L cc = M aa = Mb b = M cc = I An

If t h e windings are symmetrically disposed b u t h a v e different

n u m b e r of t u r n s
Laa = %M = Σ aa A n

Lbb = Μ = Λ ΣΒ η (73)

L
L =
= MM =
cc= Σ
Σ C„
C.
cc ccec j
M ab =j ( V X T ^ c o s ^ )

M = Σ ( VKTc cos ^ J 5 )
bc n (74)

M = Σ ( VcTaI
ca

If t h e coils are alike b u t u n s y m m e t r i c a l l y spaced L aa Lbb L cc have

t h e same values, n a m e l y Σ A and n

— Σ j (An cos η θ\) cos

2w 7Γ

2
+
((A sin « 0i) sin — —
j
n J-
2 η 7Γ
Mbc = Σ (^4 cos η 0 ) cos
Λ 2
~ΊΓ~ (76)
2
+ (A n sin η 0 ) sin — — 2 J-
2 W 7Γ
= ^ j (^4 cos η θζ) cos
n

2
+ (An sin η 0 ) sin — - — j- 3
654 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

If they are unequal as well as u n s y m m e t r i c a l l y disposed b u t are

otherwise similar L L b L h a v e values as in (64) and
aa b rc

2η π
Ma Σ -j (\/A n B cos η θ ι) cos
n

+ {y/Α η B sin η θι) sin

n
2
^ π
|

M bc = Σ j ( \ / - # n Ci COS W 0 )
2 COS ~
(76)

+ (V-^n C» sin η θ ) sin 2

2
^ π
|

M,« = J j (VOX"cos η 00 cos

2 n W

+ (V^n -4n sin η 0 ) sin 3

2
^ π
|

W h e r e t h e windings are dissimilar in every respect t h e expres­

sions become more complicated. A short outline of this subject
is given in t h e Appendix.
In t h e case of m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e between t w o coaxial cylindri­
cal systems, one of which A, B, C is t h e p r i m a r y a n d t h e o t h e r
U, V, W t h e secondary, t h e following A
conventions should be followed:
(a) All angles are measured, t a k i n g U

t h e p r i m a r y planes of s y m m e t r y as d a t a
in a positive direction. Rotation
(b) T h e d a t u m plane for all windings
is t h e plane of s y m m e t r y of t h e p r i m a r y
A phase. #V w#, #

(c) All mechanical m o t i o n s unless Β C

otherwise s t a t e d shall be considered as. F I G . 3 — C O N V E N T I O N A L

positive rotations of t h e secondary D I S P O S I T I O N O F P H A S E S
A N D D I R E C T I O N O F R O ­
cylinder a b o u t its^axis.
T A T I O N .

(d) T h e conventional disposition of

t h e phases a n d t h e direction of r o t a t i o n of t h e secondary wind­
ing are indicated in Fig. 3.
W e shall consider five cases ; Case 1 being t h e completely sym­
metrical case a n d t h e rest being s y m m e t r i c a l in one winding, t h e
other winding being u n s y m m e t r i c a l in m a g n i t u d e a n d phase, or
both, b u t all windings having t h e same form a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of
coils.
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 655

Case I. All Windings Symmetrical.

M au = M bv = M rw = Σ A n cos η θ

M bw = AT rt4 = Mav = - Λ„ cos w + 0^ (77)

i ¥ C f ; = M aw = Mbu = 2' An cos η + 0^

Case II. Primary Windings equal and Symmetrical, Secondary

Windings unequal but otherwise Symmetrical.
M au = Σ A n cos η 0, M bv = ~ B cos η 0, M
n cw

= Σ C cos w 0 u

M bw
= Σ C cos η u + 0^,

Mcu = Σ A n COS
· ( ¥ + »)·
Af ep = Σ B cos * (^j n + 0) I (78)

M , = 2 B cos η (j?
c n + 0),

Mw a = ~ C'n COS « + 0^,

M feM = Σ A n cos w + θ)

Case 777. Primary Winding Unequal but Otherwise Symmetri­

cal, Secondary Winding &qual and Symmetrical.
Mu
a = Σ A cos η n 0, M bv — ΣΒ η cos w 0, M rw = Σ C cos n 7*0

-tc = Σ £ n cos w + &Y

M „ = 2 C„ cos η ( ~
c + 0^

M a v = Σ A n cos « ("^f" + β) (79)

M c v = Σ C„ cos η ( " I T + Β
)'

M aw = ΣA n cos η ( " A P +

M b u = Σ B cos w n + 0^
656 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

Case IV. Same as Case II except in addition to inequality

Secondary Windings are Displaced from Symmetry by angles α ϊ
a and a whose sum is zero.
2 3

M au = Σ (A cos ai cos η θ + A sin ai sin η θ)

n n

M bv = Σ (Β cos α cos η θ + Β sin

n 2 η α 2 sin w 0)

M cw = Σ ( C cos α: cos w 0 + C sin α sin η θ)

n 3 n 3

2ττ
MbM, = Σ { C cos n α 3 cos η

2 7Γ
+ C sin α sin w (
3
n 3

M c u = Σ jA n cos α ϊ cos w
2
(
7Γ
+ .)

+ A n sin a i sin η + ^

Σ j i$ n cos a 2 cos

+ # n sin a 2 sin η +

cv = Σ j# M cos a 2 cos w + ^)

+ sin a 2 sin w + θ)

M aw = Σ j C N cos a 3 cos « + ^

+ C„. sin a3 sin w + ^)

Λ/ 6 μ = Σ \^A n cos « i cos η ^ — ~ -f 0^

+ ^4 sin « ι sin w
n + ^

Case F . Same as Case III except that the Primary Windings

are Unsymmetrically disposed with respect to one another as well as
being unequal.
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 657

M au — Σ (A n cos ay cos η θ + A n sin οί\ sin η θ)

M bv = 2 (Β cos α cos
n 2 η θ + B sin α sin « n 2 0)

Mew = Σ ( C cos α cosn 3 η θ + C sin a sin η n 3 0)

M B ™ = Σ j . J B N cos α 2 cos w + 0

/ 22TT
7Γ
+ J3 sin a sin + 0

1τ
n 2
ι η η

= Σ j A n cos « ι cos η + 0

2π
+ An in « ι sin
sin η ^ + θ

M av = Σ jC n COS < 2 3 COS ft + ^

(81)

+ C sin α a sin w η (^—^- + 0

/ 4 7Γ
M cv = Σ C« cos α s cos
W
V ~ R
+θ
4 π
+ C sin n a3 sin
in ft ^ +θ

Σ j Α η cos αχ cos « ( ~ j p + 0

+ Λ„ sin α ϊ sin η (—ψ- + β

4 7Γ
Mou = Σ 5 , cos α 2 cos n
{ 3

+ sin a 2 sin ft + 0

T h e expressions for d i s s y m m e t r y in b o t h windings a n d for u n -

s y m m e t r i c a l l y w o u n d coils, etc., are m o r e complicated a n d will be
dealt with in t h e Appendix.
The impedances Z Z etc., Z
aa Z , etc., are functions of
bbl au bv

Mac M bbl etc., M M , etc., a n d t h e resistances of t h e s y s t e m .

au bv

T h e c o m p o n e n t of e. m . f. proportional t o t h e c u r r e n t due t o
658 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES [June 29

m u t u a l i m p e d a n c e is so small t h a t it m a y generally be neglected

so t h a t Z becomes -~— M , Zbv — — 7 — M and so forth.

at at
au au bv

If t h e secondary winding is r o t a t i n g a t a n a n g u l a r velocity

α, θ in e q u a t i o n (55) becomes a t a n d t h e o p e r a t o r s Ζ , etc. α α

o p e r a t e on such p r o d u c t s as e I\ e I i where I \ and jat

u
joct
u u

lui are t h r e e variables.

T h e following relations will be found useful in t h e application
of t h e m e t h o d in a c t u a l examples.

If Ό denotes t h e o p e r a t o r a n d φ (Ζ) is a rational algebraic

function of Ζ
ψ (D) e ax
= ψ (a) eax

φ (D) {e ax
Χ} = e« x
ψ (D + a) X \ (82)
φ (D) Y = e ax
Ψ (D + a) Y e~ ax
J
W h e r e X a n d Y m a y be a n y function of χ.
Star and Delta e.m.fs. and Currents in Terms of Symmetrical
Components
I t has been sho\vn in t h e preceding portion of this paper t h a t
t h e e. m. fs. Ë Ëb a n d E a n d t h e c u r r e n t s ï h a n d l w h a t e v e r
a c a c

their distortion, m a y be represented b y t h e s u m of symmetrical

systems of e. m. fs. or c u r r e n t s so t h a t t h e t w o expressions

S (Éa) = 5° Éa, + S Ë 1
al + S 2
Éal )
\ (83)
S (la) = S ° / « 0 - + &ϊ ΐ α + S 2
ïal J
completely define these t w o systems.
If we t a k e t h e delta e. m. fs. a n d c u r r e n t s corresponding t o
S Éao, S Ëai a n d S E , S ï
0 1
S 7« , we have, since Ebci leads E \
2
a2
1
a h
2
2 a

7Γ ^ ^
by —— a n d E i hc lags b e h i n d £ „ b y t h e same angle 2

S° E bcl) = 0

5 1
Ë bcl j V 3 S £„, 1

5 2
E bc2
- j s/3S*É a2

i n d e t e r m i n a t e from 5 (/,,) } (84)

. 1 „. *
1918] FORTESCUE: S\MMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 659

And therefore if we t a k e Ë ab as t h e principal vector

5 ÉM = 0
0

5 1
Eabl = ja V3Ë al

\ (85)
5 2
EM = -j a2
VZË a2

S (Ëab) = 5 l
Ëabi + S 2
Ëabl

T h e last e q u a t i o n of group (85) when e x p a n d e d gives

Ëab = j V 3 (a Ëai - a 2
Ë) ai

Ë bc = j Vâ (É,! - Éal) (86)

lia - ./' y/* ('«'- Ë,n - a Ëai)

which m a y also be o b t a i n e d direct from (83) b y m e a n s of t h e

relations
Etab — Ëb EIQ

Ébc — Ë c — Éb

E ca = E a — Eo
Similarly
S° lab = i n d e t e r m i n a t e from 5 ( I ) e

S 1
ïabl = j & I\ a

Λ/3

1 (87)
S 2
I b2
a = j d 2
—γ= I2
a

V3
S (ïab) = S 0
IM + S 1
hbl + S2
I b2a

with similar expression for I b he a n d I a ca which m a y be verified

by m e a n s of t h e relations

la — Ica lab H~ ΛιΟ

lb — lab — Ibe + Ia%

Ïc ~ Ibc lea ~\~ ίαΟ

Conversely t o (84) we h a v e t h e following relations

660 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

5 Éao = i n d e t e r m i n a t e from S (Êab)

0

5 £al =
1

5 1 É B C I =
~ J
~ÂW 51 É A

S*Ë a2

V3 ~ V3 J
(88)
5°/.ο i n d e t e r m i n a t e from S (ïab)

S 1
ïal - J V 3S 1
hex = - JA? V3S 1
ï I
AB

S* LA* Ïab2
I t will b e sufficient in order t o illustrate t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of
t h e principle of s y m m e t r i c a l coordinates t o simple circuits t o
apply it t o a few simple cases of t r a n s f o r m e r connections before
proceeding t o its application t o r o t a t i n g polyphase systems t o
which it is particularly a d a p t e d .

UNSYMMETRICAL B A N K OF D E L T A - D E L T A TRANSFORMERS
OPERATING ON A SYMMETRICAL C I R C U I T S U P P L Y I N G A
B A L A N C E D SYSTEM

Let t h e transformer effective impedances be Z Z Z a n d A B B C C A

let t h e secondary load c u r r e n t s b e ϊ I and ï a n d let υ v w

t h e star load i m p e d a n c e be Z . One t o one r a t i o of t r a n s -

formation will b e assumed, a n d t h e effect of t h e m a g n e t i z i n g
current will be neglected. T h e s y m m e t r i c a l equations are

0 —S 0
( Z o îabO
AB + Z 2 Iabl + Z l
AB A B ïabï)

5 1
Ë\
uv = S 1
É b\ — S ( Z
a
1
A B i IabO + Z o I bl AB a + Z 2 AB ïabl)

5 2
É2
UV = 0 — S (Z 2 ïabO + Z i ï bl
2
AB A B a + Z o Iabl)
A B \
} (89)
5° /„„ = 0
ό Ζ lui ~
1
Ë\ u

S2
Ζ Ï2
U = É2 U

Since t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o is u n i t y a n d t h e effects of
magnetizing c u r r e n t s a r e negligible S ï bi = S / u v i , S Iab2 1
a
1 2

= S Λτν2. A n d therefore b y m e a n s of t h e relations (85), t h e last

2

t w o equations m a y b e expressed
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES 661

5 1
Èuvl =
S1
3 Ζ îabl

5 Ë % = S 3 Ζ Î b2
2
uv
2
a

in o t h e r words, t h e s y m m e t r i c a l c o m p o n e n t s a p p e a r in t h e
secondary as i n d e p e n d e n t systems, 3 Ζ being t h e delta load im­
pedance equivalent t o t h e s t a r i m p e d a n c e Z.
S u b s t i t u t i n g from (90) in t h e second a n d t h i r d e q u a t i o n a n d
eliminating I bo b y m e a n s of t h e first equation, a n d we h a v e
a

S> E = S» < ( 3 Ζ + Z „ - -
{(
Z A B 1 Z A B 2
abl A B

-ΆΒ0

+
( Ζ Α Β 2
~ - | ^ ) Μ
(91)

+ I 3 Ζ + Z o —AB ^ A B 2
) ^ a b 2
}

which, w h e n S a n d S are removed, give t w o simultaneous equa­

l 2

tions in Iabi a n d Iab2>

A modification of t h e p r o b l e m m a y occur even when t h e load
i m p e d a n c e s are symmetrical, as t h e y m a y h a v e s y m m e t r i c a l
b u t u n e q u a l impedances Z\ a n d Z , t o t h e t w o c o m p o n e n t s 2

7ui a n d I 2 respectively, as in t h e case of a load consisting of a

X1

s y m m e t r i c a l r o t a t i n g m a c h i n e . T h e e q u a t i o n s corresponding
t o (89), (90) a n d (91) t h e n become

0 = S° (Z\BO Iabo + -ZAB2 I abl + -ZABI ^ 6 2 )

5 1
É u v \ —S 1
Éabl — S (Z 1 1
AB ïabO + Ζ Α Β θ ïabl + Z A B 2 îabl)

5 2
Kuv2 — 0 — S (Z 1 2
A B 2 ÏabO + Z i AB Iabl + Z A B 0 ^062)
(92)

.S Ζχ 1
lui — ^Éul

.S Z 2
2 7w2
=
-É«2

.S 1
j É M V I = S 3 Zi Zabi
1

(93)
•S 2
-Éuv2 = »S
2
3 Z 2 / b2
a
662 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

} (94)

V
FIG. 4 — O P E N D E L T A O R V C O N N E C T I O N .

In an open delta system Z i = Z = Z — Z the trans-

AB A B 2 A B 0 A B

formers in this case being b o t h t h e same, e q u a t i o n (91) becomes

in this particular case where Z o is infinite AB

SE l
abl = 5 { ( 3 Z + 2 ZAB) l a b 4 -
L

(95)
Z ) I
AB abï]

and we have

labO — ~ labl ~~ Iab2 (96)

Similarly, instead of (94) we h a v e

S1
Éabl — S { (3 Z i + 2 Z A B ) labl ZAB Iab2\
S 0 2
= S* { Ζ λ β + (3Z 2 + 2Z A B ) /„62Ϊ

T h e secondary voltages a r e obtained from (90) a n d (93) for

this l a t t e r case.
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 663

T h e solution of (95) gives

3 Ζι + 2 Z A B £
labl —
(3 Z , + 3 Z ) (3 Z A B , + Z A B )

^AB
/ab2 = ^ (98)

(3 Z , + 3 Z A B ) (3 Z j + Z A B )
labO —

3 Ζι + 3 Z A B

And we h a v e

3 Ζ χ + 2 Z
5' /„, =
A

S1

3 ( Z , + Z ) ( Z , + • Z a b

( ^ + Ί Η
A B

r (99)

£ 6
3 (Ζ. + Z A B ) ( Z x

A n d therefore

3 ^ab
Λ =
+
Z , + (Zx + Z A B )
(
( ZZi, + +
)
i 7
3 " A B (100)
Z ! + ( Z , + Z A B ) ( Z, + -)-Ê<.!>

Ζ, +

Three P h a s e System with Symmetrical Waves Having Harmonics

W e m a y express E in t h e following f o r m :
a

Ë a = Ει ei wl
+ E ei 2
2wt
+ E e^ +3
WÎ
.
\ ( l o i )
= Σ E n eJ" wl

where E is in general a complex n u m b e r .

n

If t h e s y s t e m is s y m m e t r i c a l t h r e e - p h a s e E b is obtained by
2 7Γ
displacing t h e complete wave b y t h e angle — — 5 - or
ο
664 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES [June 28

_ .2jr _ . 4_7T _ . 6_7T

Ë h = e ' 3
Ei ei
WT
+ e ' 3
£ 2 e->' 2wr
+ e ' 3
£ 3 e^ WT
'+ . .

E c = e' 3
E et™ + e'
1
3
E eJ 2
2wr
e 3
E e^ 3
WT
+ ..
.2 -κ .2 χ

or since e 3
= a, e 2 3
= a etc.

£β = Ε λ + £ 2 ^* 2wi
+ E 0» z
3υ
+ . . . j

& = a E ei
2
Y
wt
+ a Ei e^ 2wt
+ £ 3 e^ wt
+ . . \ (102)

É e = a E e*™ + a E e'
x
1 2
2
TWt
+ E z + . . . J

or

S (É ) a = 5° {-£ e*' "" + 3

3
£ ^"6
6 t t
" + E,eJ^ + . . . } '

+ S iE e* l
1
wt
+ E,e^ wi
+ E e^ 7
7wi
+ . . . } ! (103)

+ S {E 2
2 ei2wt
+ £ 5 &* 5υ
+ £ e <+ 8
i8w
· · Κ
S(£„) = 5°Σ ( £ n ^ * ) + S Σ 8
3 w < 1
(E n-2^' 3
( 3 M
- 2 ) W
)

+ 5 Σ (Ε »-ι s
8 ej* *- * ")
3 1 1
(104)
This shows t h a t a s y m m e t r i c a l three-phase system h a v i n g
harmonics is m a d e u p of positive a n d n e g a t i v e phase sequence
h a r m o n i c systems a n d others of zero phase sequence, t h a t is t o
say of t h e same phase in all windings, which comprise t h e group
of t h i r d harmonics. These facts are not generally a p p r e c i a t e d
t h o u g h t h e y are factors t h a t m a y h a v e an appreciable influence in
t h e performance of commercial machines. I t should be p a r t i c u ­
larly n o t e d t h a t in t h r e e p h a s e generators provided w i t h d a m p e r s
t h e fifth, eleventh, s e v e n t e e n t h , a n d t w e n t y - t h i r d harmonics
produce c u r r e n t s in t h e d a m p e r windings.
I n dealing w i t h t h e complex variable it will be convenient to
use for t h e a m p l i t u d e t h e root m e a n s q u a r e value for each har­
monic. W h e n i n s t a n t a n e o u s values are required, t h e real p a r t
of t h e complex variable should be multiplied b y V 2 . I n t h e
r e m a i n d e r of t h i s p a p e r this c o n v e n t i o n will be a d o p t e d .

Power Presentation in Symmetrical Co-ordinates

Since t h e power in a n a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t s y s t e m is also a h a r ­
monically v a r y i n g scalar q u a n t i t y , it m a y therefore be repre ­
sented in t h e same m a n n e r as t h e current or electromotive force,
1918] FORTESCUΕ: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 665

t h a t is t o say b y a complex variable which we shall d e n o t e b y

CP + 7' (?) + * + j <2H ) Ρ + j Q being t h e m e a n value, is
F

t h e t e r m of t h e complex v a r i a b l e of zero frequency, Ρ r e p r e s e n t ­

ing t h e real power a n d Q t h e wattless power V P + Q will be t h e 2 2

volt-amperes.
T h e v a l u e of t h e complex v a r i a b l e (P + j Q) + (P + j Q ) H H

m a y be t a k e n as
(P+JQ) + C P H + j Qu) = ËÎ + ÉI (105)
with t h e provision t h a t for all t e r m s h a v i n g n e g a t i v e indices t h e
conjugate t e r m s m u s t be s u b s t i t u t e d , these t e r m s being present
in t h e p r o d u c t Ê I +Ê I, which is t h e conjugate of t h e p r o d u c t
(105). A similar rule holds good for t h e s y m m e t r i c a l v e c t o r
system
S(E )
a = S°É a0 + S É l
a l + . S»" 1
£ η-1)
α (

(106)
S » - /.(„-!)1

T h e conjugate of S ï a is

S (Ια) = S»î 0 a + S(»-Vî al + S^ Ia(n

(M-l) (107)

a n d t h e Power is r e p r e s e n t e d b y
( Ρ + Ρ») + j (Q + Q ) = Σ { 5 (Éa) S (la) + S (Éa) S (ï ) } (108)
b a

with t h e s a m e provision for t e r m s h a v i n g n e g a t i v e indices t h e

sign Σ signifies t h a t all t h e p r o d u c t s in each sequence a r e a d d e d
together.

Σ {S (la) S (Éa)) = Σ S 0
{Îa0 É a 0 + îal É i a + '. .

Ia(n-l) Êa(n-l)}

+ Σ S 1
\îa0 Él
a + îal É2
a + î2
a É 'ia +

la(n-l) Eau}
(109)
+ Σ S 2
{IaO Ë a2 + lal ÉZ a + 1a2 É 4 + . .

la(n-l) Éal}

•+ Σ S < » - 1 ) {I a0 Éa(n-l)+ Ial É 0 a + . . .

+ la(n-l) É ( -2)}
a n
666 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

T h e terms prefixed b y S\ S, 5 2 s
. . . S^'V all become
zero a n d since S° becomes η

lS(ï )S(Ë )
a a = n{î Ë a0 a0 + îaiÉ + al . . .

Ia{n-\) É (n-l)\a (HO)

In a similar m a n n e r it m a y be shown t h a t

2 S (I a) S (Ea) = Π {ÏaO Ë a 0 -f ïai Ë (n-1)

a + Ïa2 £ « ( » _ 2 ) + . . .

ïa(n-l) Èal) (HL)

a n d therefore

( P + j Q ) + (Pu + j Q u ) = Π {î a 0 É a 0 + I a l É a l + . . .

ïa(n-l) ^Êa(w-l) }
. , , , . (112)
+ fi { IaO EaO + ïal E (n - 1) + a . · . l (n-l)Ea\}
a

For a three-phase system t h e expression reduces to

(P +JQ) + (Pu + j Qb) = 3 (î a 0 ËaO + ïal Ëi a + 1 α2

?
Ε)
α2

+ 3 (/ ο α Ë a Q + ïal Ë a 2 + Ïa2 Ë l) a

In t h e a b o v e expression P -f- PH is t h e value of t h e i n s t a n t a n -

eous power on t h e system, Ρ being t h e m e a n value a n d P t h e H

h a r m o n i c portion. W h e n t h e c u r r e n t s are simple sine waves, Q

m a y be i n t e r p r e t e d t o b e t h e m e a n wattless power of t h e circuit
or t h e s u m of t h e wattless v o l t a m p e r e s of each circuit. I n
r o t a t i n g m a c h i n e r y since t h e coefficients of m u t u a l induction
m a y be complex h a r m o n i c functions of t h e a n g u l a r velocity,
this is not strictly t r u e for all cases ; b u t if t h e effective impedances
to t h e various frequencies of t h e c o m p o n e n t c u r r e n t s b e used, it
will b e found t o b e equal t o t h e m e a n wattless v o l t a m p e r e s of
t h e system w i t h each h a r m o n i c considered i n d e p e n d e n t .
I n a balanced polyphase s y s t e m P a n d Q b o t h become zero. H K

T h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s power is a q u a n t i t y of great i m p o r t a n c e in
polyphase systems because t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s t o r q u e is propor­
tional t o it a n d this q u a n t i t y enters i n t o t h e p r o b l e m of vibra­
tions which is a t t i m e s a m a t t e r of great i m p o r t a n c e , especially
when caused b y u n b a l a n c e d e. m . fs. A s y s t e m of c u r r e n t s
a n d e. m. fs. m a y b e t r a n s f o r m e d t o balanced polyphase b y
m e a n s of transformers alone, provided t h a t t h e v a l u e of P is H

zero, while on t h e o t h e r h a n d polyphase power c a n n o t be

supplied from a pulsating power system w i t h o u t m e a n s for
1918] FORT ES CU Ε: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES 667

supplying t h e necessary storage to m a k e a c o n t i n u o u s flow of

energy.
PART II
Application of the Method to Rotating Polyphase Networks

T h e m e t h o d s of d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c o n s t a n t s Z Z , M, etc., of a w

co-axial cylindrical n e t w o r k s is t a k e n u p in A p p e n d i x I of this

paper. I t will be assumed t h a t t h e r e a d e r h a s familiarized h i m ­
self w i t h these q u a n t i t i e s a n d u n d e r s t a n d s t h e i r significance.
W e shall first consider t h e case of s y m m e t r i c a l l y w o u n d m a c h i n e s
t a k i n g u p t h e simple cases first a n d proceeding t o m o r e complex
ones.
SYMMETRICALLY WOUND INDUCTION MOTOR OPERATING ON
UNSYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE CIRCUIT
D e n o t i n g t h e pole p i t c h angle b y 7Γ let t h e s y n c h r o n o u s a n g u l a r
velocity be ω a n d let t h e a n g u l a r slip velocity be ω . A n d let
0 χ

S Eai S E be t h e s y m m e t r i c a l c o m p o n e n t s of impressed poly­

1 2
a2

phase e. m. f. Let R be t h e p r i m a r y resistance a n d R t h e

a u

secondary resistance. T h e p r i m a r y self-inductance being M , aa

t h a t of t h e secondary being M a n d corresponding symbolsuu

being used t o denote t h e m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e s b e t w e e n t h e dif­

ferent pairs of windings. T h e n b y m e a n s of (39), (40), (66) a n d
(57)

5 ES 1
= S 1
{ Ra ïal + li Maa hi

+ LI Mau-^ei^-^hr}

52
É a2 = S 2
{Ra Ϊα2 + 1* M aa ~JJ Ϊa*

+ 1* M QU -^e- - I»*}
j{W9 m)t

(114)
& Ë u l = 0 = S' .{ R I -+ li M ~ u ul uu Li

+ I* Mau - j J ^ J {
"- W l ) t
Ial}

S2
E u2 = Ο = S 2
{ Ru Iu2 + 1J M u U ~γ lui

dt }
668 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

denote \\ M b y L a n d aa a M uu b y L , 1^ M u au by M, t h e equa-
tions (1) become

S 1
Él
a = S 1
{ + L« ) / e

+ ILF - j — eKw-vV lui

a t

S 2
£ o 2 = S* { (iî a + L -jJa )la

+ M •
}
g-jlm-v/i)' J
dt
\ (115)

5 l
= 0 = S 1
{ (Ru + L u -jj-) /„

5* È = Ο = S*
u2 j (# M + L u -jj) ïut

d F J

F r o m t h e last t w o e q u a t i o n s we h a v e

d
M
dt -j (wo-wi). J
e a
(116)
dt

M
dt j (wo - w\)t J
Iu2 — e
(117)
Ru + L u
dt

S u b s t i t u t i n g these in t h e first t w o e q u a t i o n s of (115) we, o b t a i n

S' Éa S1

(118)
Ru + L u J—j* ( - J ( Ï H O - W L ) J-
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 669

S* Ë a2 = S 2

M 2

(119)
+ Lu j (w —Wi) 0 j. J

If Ëai = Eai e jwt

and E a2 = £ t t 2 t h e solution for J a l and / e 2

will be

-Lai — —7T~ (120)

£l

E a
(121)
Z 2

Where
wo Wi M 2

Zl = Ra + j Wo L + (R -jw L ) (122)
a
R u
2
+ wi" L u
2 u 1 u

Z 2 = R a + j wo L a

w (2 Wo — Wi) M 2

{R -j(2w - w )L ] (123)
0

+ RJ+ (2wo- Wr) L 2

u
2 u 0 2 u

T h e i m p e d a n c e s Zi a n d Z will be found m o r e convenient t o use 2

in t h e form

Ζχ = (I?» + R) u + j wo (L - a Κi 2
L) u + W
° - W l
K l
2
R u
Wi
(124)
Wo — W\
Z t = (R a + Kê R ) u + j Wo (L a - Ki Lu) Ki R 2
u
Zwo—Wi
(125)
W h e r e , as we will see later, Κι a n d K are t h e s q u a r e s of t h e 2
2
2

transformation ratios between primary and secondary currents

of positive a n d n e g a t i v e p h a s e sequence.
T h e last real t e r m in each expression is t h e v i r t u a l resistance
d u e t o mechanical r o t a t i o n a n d w h e n c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e m e a n
s q u a r e c u r r e n t r e p r e s e n t s m e c h a n i c a l w o r k performed, t h e posi­
t i v e sign r e p r e s e n t i n g work performed a n d t h e n e g a t i v e sign
work required.

T h u s , for example, t o enable t h e c u r r e n t s S I 2 t o flow, t h e 2

a

mechanical w o r k 3 7 q 2
2
2 Wo — _\Wi Κι
W 2
R u m u s t be applied to
t h e shaft of t h e m o t o r .
Θ70 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

T h e phase angles of t h e symmetrical systems S ï i S ï i 1

a
2
a

with respect t o their impressed e. m. f., S Ë a n d S E 2 are 1

aï
2
a

given b y these impedances so t h a t t h e complete solution of t h e

p r i m a r y circuit is t h u s obtained.
T h e secondary c u r r e n t s are given by e q u a t i o n s (116) a n d (117)
a n d are
j Wi M
(126)
Ru + j iv! L u

j (2 Wo — wi) M
Iu'2 — R~ + j (2 w - Wi) L
Iai e ~ j{2wo Wl)T
= Κι I ia e^ ~ ^
2wo w T

u 0 u
(127)
I n t h e results j u s t given, M is n o t t h e m a x i m u m v a l u e of
m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e b e t w e e n a pair of p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y
windings b u t is equal t o t h e t o t a l m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e d u e t o a
current passing t h r o u g h t h e t w o coils W a n d V t h r o u g h t h e coil

F I G . 5

U as shown in t h e sketch Fig 5 a n d t h e winding "A" when A

a n d U h a v e their planes of s y m m e t r y coincident.
W h e r e t h e windings are s y m m e t r i c a l t h e i n d u c e d e. m . f. is
i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e division of c u r r e n t b e t w e e n W a n d V b u t t

this q u a n t i t y m u s t n o t be used in u n s y m m e t r i c a l windings, of

w i t h star windings h a v i n g a n e u t r a l point connection so t h a t
I o is n o t zero.
a

T h e a p p e a r a n c e of M in this e q u a t i o n follows from t h e equa­

tion
I + ï + ï =
u v w 0
so t h a t
ïu = - (Λ + h)
T h e power delivered b y t h e m o t o r is
Wp — Wi Wp — Wi
W\
K I R-
1
2
al
2
u
2 WQ — Wi
Ia2~ Ru (128)
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES 671

T h e copper losses are given b y

P L = 3 {/ O1
2
(R 9 + Xi 2
Ru) + I * a
2
(2? + K * R )}
P 2 u (129)

T h e iron loss is i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e copper loss a n d power o u t ­

p u t . T h e iron loss a n d windage m a y be t a k e n as

P F = Iron loss a n d windage (130)

T h e power i n p u t as
Pi = Po + Pl + P r (131)
T h e mechanical power o u t p u t is P less friction a n d windage 0

losses.

Torque = 3 f — hi 2
R - -5
u K 2
2
I a2
2
R u )
{ wi 2 wo — Wi J
Χ 10 dyne-cm.
7
(132)

T h e kv-a. a t t h e t e r m i n a l s is

VPi +
2
Qi = 2
T h e effective v a l u e of 3 (E ai Ial + E a2 I)
a2 (133)

T h i s last result m a y be arrived a t in t h e following w a y

5 (É ) a = S 1
Ëal + S 2
Ë) a2 (134)

S (îa) = 5» Ial + S' î a2

Since S ! i is conjugate to S Ι ι, etc.

2
a
1
α

T h e p r o d u c t of Ë a n d I is t h e power p r o d u c t of t h e t w o
sl sa

vectors, S (Ë ) a n d 5 (/„) a n d o m i t s t h e h a r m o n i c v a r i a t i o n as a
a

double frequency q u a n t i t y , t h e average wattless a p p e a r s as a n

imaginary non-harmonic quantity.

P , + j Q Σ (S° l Ëal Ial + & E a2 Ia* + & E a2 Ii

a

+ & Ëal ία*) (135)

T h e S a n d S p r o d u c t s h a v e zero values, since t h e sum of t h e

1 2

t e r m s of each sequence is zero, h e n c e —

Pl + j Ql = 3 (Ëal Ial + Ë la*) a2 (136)

VPj 2
+ ( λ = T h e effective v a l u e of 3 (Ε ι I i + Ë
2
α a a2 I) a2 (137)

T h e solution for t h e general case of s y m m e t r i c a l m o t o r opera­

ting on a n u n s y m m e t r i c a l circuit i s ' n o t of as m u c h interest as
672 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

certain special cases depending thereon. Some of t h e most im­

p o r t a n t of these will be t a k e n u p in t h e following p a r a g r a p h s .
Case I. Single-Phase e. m. f. Impressed across one phase of
three-phase motor.
Assuming t h e single-phase voltage t o be E impressed across bc

t h e terminals Β C. T h e k n o w n d a t a or c o n s t r a i n t s are

Ebc j V3 (E a l - £ ) a 2
(138)

L 0, I b = - ï e

a n d therefore
ïal = ~ ïal (139)

Ëql E a

z 2

Z 2 Λ
= — · (HO)
L„2
S u b s t i t u t i n g in (138)
Ebc Z\
Eal = ~ V 3 z + z l 2 (141)
Ébc z 2

Ë2a = z + z x t

and therefore
Ebc 1
V3 Ζχ + Ζ, (142)
Eu 1
u =
Vs Z + Z x 2

Since h = hi + &2 = G 2
ïai + a ï a2

Ébc
Ia = (143)
Zx + Z 2

Wo — Wl Wo — wi
# S
I?„ ) / o 2 (144)
2 wo — Wi
2

Wi - -

Pi + j Qi = h* (Zi + ZI) + P, (145)

T h e power factor is o b t a i n e d from (145) b y t h e formula

P,
 1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 673

- S u b s t i t u t i n g from (142) in e q u a t i o n (126) a n d (127) of t h e

general case we o b t a i n for t h e secondary c u r r e n t s

lui = —j K\
Zi + Z 2
(147)
E
j K<
bc
lui = e J(2wo-wi)t
2
Ζχ + Z 2

M a n y u n s y m m e t r i c a l cases m a y be expressed in t e r m s of t h e
o p e r a t i o n of coupled s y m m e t r i c a l m o t o r s o p e r a t i n g on s y m m e t r i ­
cal systems. T h i s is i n v a r i a b l y t h e case w i t h s y m m e t r i c a l p o l y ­
p h a s e m o t o r s o p e r a t i n g on single p h a s e circuits. Since t h e
physical i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s are useful in impressing t h e facts on
ones m e m o r y t h e y will b e given w h e n e v e r t h e y a p p e a r t o be
useful.
E q u a t i o n s (141) a n d (142) show t h a t single-phase o p e r a t i o n is
exactly equivalent t o o p e r a t i n g t w o duplicate m o t o r s in series
w i t h a s y m m e t r i c a l polyphase e. m . f. S E impressed across one l
ab

motor, t h e o t h e r being connected in series w i t h t h e first b u t w i t h

phase sequence reversed, t h e t w o m o t o r s being directly coupled.
Case II. Β and C connected together e. m.f. impressed across
A B.
T h e d a t a given b y t h e conditions of c o n s t r a i n t are

E ab Eca

(148)
É bc - 0 = i V 3 (Éai-- É) a2

W e therefore h a v e
E
Eia = E2 a — —
3
ab

(149)

and
π.
h i = ~
3 Z x

(150)
Ial — —
3 Z 2

T h e r e m a i n d e r follows from t h e general solution a n d need n o t

be r e p e a t e d here.
(150) shows t h a t a m o t o r o p e r a t e d in this m a n n e r is t h e exact
equivalent in all respects t o t w o duplicate mechanically coupled
polyphase m o t o r s , one of which h a s sequence reversed, o p e r a t i n g
E
in parallel on a balanced three-phase circuit of e. m. f. S 1 ab

VA­
674 FORTESCUE: SY Ν METRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

T h e secondary c u r r e n t s follow from s u b s t i t u t i o n of (160)

in equations (126) a n d (127) of t h e general case.
Case III. Β and C connected together by the terminals of a
balance coil, the impressed e. m. f. Ε applied between A and the ΑΌ

middle point of the balance coil. Resistance and reactance of

balance coil negligible.
T h e d a t a furnished b y t h e connection in this case is

h = ïc = (151)

a n d therefore
h
h - a —
hi 11
2

hi =

W e therefore h a v e
ZiL
El —
a
2 (162)

Ea2 —
we h a v e
ΕΛ = j V 3 (a É al - α £ )
2
o 2

j V3 (c Z\ — α 1
Ζΐ)

Ebc = j V 3 ψ - (Ζι - Z)
t

Éad (é* + 4 - )

\ (153)
• /ο ±
o.
= j V 3 {(a + 4 ) Ζι - (a + 2
I ) Z |
2

F /„ (ZI + Zt)
a n d therefore,
Ead / 4 Κ Λ \
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES 675

F I G . 6 — C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F T H R E E - P H A S E I N D U C T I O N M O T O R —

B A L A N C E D T H R E E - P H A S E

E v i d e n t l y (155), (156) a n d (157) are identical t o (144), (145)

a n d (146) if I is equal t o h -s
a T h i s will be t h e case if

t h e v a l u e of E ad = —~- times t h a t of E . bc T h e t o t a l h e a t i n g of
676 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

t h e m o t o r s will be t h e same in each case b u t t h e heating in one

phase for Case I I I will be one-third greater t h a n for Case I.

FIG. 7 — C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F T H R E E - P H A S E I N D U C T I O N M O T O R — S I N G L E -

P H A S E O P E R A T I O N — O N E L E A D O P E N

This m e t h o d of o p e r a t i o n is therefore, as far as t o t a l losses,

etc. are concerned, t h e exact c o u n t e r p a r t of t w o polyphase

Speed

K. V. A.
"Power Factor G
,K.|V. A. Input 400 5
ο
-Efficiency
200
;K!W. Output z>
Q_
Ζ
<
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 >
MOTOR TORQUE 2έ

FIG. 8 — C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F T H R E E - P H A S E I N D U C T I O N M O T O R —

S I N G L E - P H A S E O P E R A T I O N

m o t o r s connected in series with shafts mechanically connected,

one of which h a s its p h a s e sequence reversed.
Figs. 6, 7 a n d 8 show characteristic curves of a three-phase
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 677

i n d u c t i o n m o t o r o p e r a t i n g respectively on a s y m m e t r i c a l cir­
cuit, according t o Case I a n d according t o Case I I .

Synchronous Machinery

THE SYMMETRICAL T H R E E - P H A S E G E N E R A T O R O P E R A T I N G ON
UNSYMMETRICALLY L O A D E D CIRCUIT

T h e polyphase salient pole g e n e r a t o r is n o t strictly a s y m m e t r i ­

cal m a c h i n e , t h e exciting winding is n o t a s y m m e t r i c a l polyphase
winding a n d it therefore sets u p u n s y m m e t r i c a l t r a i n s of h a r ­
monics in exactly t h e s a m e w a y as t h e y a r e set u p in a n i n d u c t i o n
m o t o r w i t h u n s y m m e t r i c a l secondary winding. T h e s e cases will
therefore b e t a k e n u p later on. A t h r e e - p h a s e g e n e r a t o r m a y
however be w o u n d w i t h a d i s t r i b u t e d p o l y p h a s e winding t o serve
both, as exciting a n d d a m p e r winding a n d if properly connected
will b e perfectly s y m m e t r i c a l . Such a m a c h i n e will differ from
a n i n d u c t i o n m o t o r only in respect t o t h e fact t h a t it o p e r a t e s
in synchronism a n d h a s internally g e n e r a t e d s y m m e t r i c a l e. m . fs.
which we will d e n o t e b y S £ ι , S E t h e n e g a t i v e p h a s e se­
1
α
2
a2

quence c o m p o n e n t being zero; a n e. m . f. S° E o m a y exist b u t a

since in all t h e connections t h a t will be considered t h e r e will b e

no n e u t r a l connection its value m a y be ignored. If t h e load
impedances be Ζ ' , Z a n d Z ' t h e y m a y be expressed by
α b c

ZJ = S° Z a0
l
+ SZ ' l
al + S 2
zt

a n d t h e e q u a t i o n s of t h e g e n e r a t o r will be

S É
1
t

d
dt

Ο
\ (IK)

Ο
678 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

T h e last t w o e q u a t i o n s give

lul' = dt -jwt fi al

Ru + Lu
dt
\ (169)
M
dt e^ 1
I a

di J

which on s u b s t i t u t i o n in t h e first two e q u a t i o n s of ( 1 6 8 ) give

the equations

( AP d i d • \\
\ R. + L
dt
a

Ru + L

+ Z*U l
h]' + Ζ ai hi' = É,

\ (160)

- + L
" ( -dT °) +jw

or if .
Em = Eai e^ 1 (161)

the impedances Z , Z Z become o r d i n a r y i m p e d a n c e for a n

a 0 aU a 2

electrical a n g u l a r velocity w a n d e q u a t i o n s ( 1 6 0 ) become 0

(Ra +jwL a + ΖΑΟ ) / 1

Β 1 ' + Ζ Α 2 '/ ' Α 2 = É al j
Z '/
a l t t l ' + {Z.o'+i^ + ^/îO+J^WoiLa-K^iJ | (162Ï

- * tf 7c |
2
2
M / β 2 ' = Ο J

It is a p p a r e n t t h a t in t h e g e n e r a t o r t h e i m p e d a n c e s
Ra + j W 0 L a = Zi'

a n d j (R + K R ) a 2
2
u +J2 w (L - 0 a K L) 2
2
u - \ K}R } = Z '
U 2
 1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 679

t a k e t h e place of Ζ γ and Z in the s y m m e t r i c a l induction m o t o r

2

o p e r a t i n g on an u n s y m m e t r i c a l circuit, a n d we m a y express
e q u a t i o n (162)

(Ζαθ' + Ζ\') 7 ι' + Ζ '

α α2 1 ' — El
a 2 a

(163)
Z'
a Ial' + (Ζαϋ' + Ζ ') 2 Ι '=
α2 0

which gives
Z\ a y ,
ZaO + Ζ ι

Zg\ Zg2'
(Ζαο' + Ζ.') ~
Z o'a -\~ Z ' 2

Or in more symmetrical form

Z ' aU + Z 2

(Ζαθ' + Ζ\') (Ζ Ι)' α + Ζ·ι) — Ζ \'

α Ζ ·1
α (164) %

Ζ α 1
1

{Ζ 'α0 + Ζ,') (Ζαθ' + Ζ,') - Ζα,' Ζ ' ο 2

F r o m (159) we h a v e for the d a m p e r c u r r e n t s

/ „ , ' = Ο if R > u 0

Iu2 K2 Io a 0>" "« 2

(165)
2 w0 M
where K =j
R + j 2 w L
2

u 0 u

A particular case of interest is when the load is a Synchronous

Motor or Induction Motor with unsymmetrical line impedances in
series—Equation (163) becomes

(Ζ ο' + Z i ' + Zi) / ι ' + Z

α α a2 Ia* = Ëa2

Z a l /«,' + ( Ζ ' + Z > + Z ) I ' α ϋ 2 2 al = Ο

/ I — Ζαθ' + Ζ 2 ' + Z 2
(Ζαο'+Ζ,'+Ζ,) (Ζ „'+Ζ '+Ζ ) - Ζ;,Ζ
Éal \ (166)
Α 2 2 Α 2

Ζ1 α

I(i2
(Ζαα'+Ζ,' + ZJ (Ζ,ο' + Ζ,' Ζ,) - ΖαΐΖα

Α η important case is that of a generator feeding into a symmetrical

motor and an unsymmetrical load. Let t h e m o t o r c u r r e n t s be
«80 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES (June 28

h, ïb, ïc, those of t h e load I ', lb', I ' a n d t h e load i m p e d a n c e s

a c

Z ' , Zb', Ζ,'. T h e e q u a t i o n s of this s y s t e m will b e

a

É a l = & {Ζ,' (/., + / ' ) + Ζ . , » / . ι ' + Ζ ' / ' }

ο 1 β 2 β 2

& Ë t t l = 5 | Ζ ι ' ( / „ + /.,') + Z i / . , }

ι

(167)
.V* 0 = 5 * {Ζ,' (/., + / . , ' ) + Ζ,ο' / . , + Ζ ' 7 '| α1 α1 ί

5» Ο = S | Ζ ' ( / 2
2 ο 2 +/ α 2 ') + Ζ / ) 2 ο 2 J

Or, o m i t t i n g t h e sequence symbols a n d re-arranging—

£»i = Ζ,' / β 1 + (Ζ!' + Ζ,ο') / . ι ' + Ζ ' /„./ α 2 )

£„, = (Ζι' + Ζ , ) / „ + Ζ ι ' / « , 1

(168)
Ο = Ζ , ' / . , + Ζ . , ' /α.' + (Ζ,' + Ζ ' ) / . , ' βϋ

υ = (Ζ,' + ζ,)/., + ζ,'/ ,' β j

These e q u a t i o n s can be further simplified as follows:

0 = (Z,' + Z , ) / . , + Z , ' / . , '

= — ΖΟ 2A2 ~F" Ζ « ι ' 2 ΐ' + Ζ,,ο' I 'l'

Α a

\ (169)
0 = — ZI 2 I A + Z o'
a 2A()' + Z 2
a
7
/NO'

£ O L = (Ζ,' + ΖΟ/Η, + Ζ,'/ Π 1 '

A set of simultaneous e q u a t i o n s which m a y be easily solved.

T H E S I N G L E - P H A S E G E N E R A T O R IS AN IMPORTANT C A S E OF THE
T H R E E - P H A S E G E N E R A T O R O P E R A T E D ON AN U N B A L A N C E D LOAD
Let t h e i m p e d a n c e of t h e single-phase load be Ζ a n d let us
suppose it to be m a d e u p of t h r e e s t a r connected impedances
1918| FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 681

t h e value of Z in t h e limit being infinity.

x T h e n we h a v e
Ζ
Ζ ζ, +
(170)
Ζα\' — Ζ

Ζ ΑΪ = Ζ

E q u a t i o n (164) in t h e limit w h e n Z x becomes infinite reduces

to
-Ëal
h,' =
Ζ + Ζ, + 1
Z 2

(171)
Ζ + Ζ,' + Ζ .

T h e single-phase load being across t h e p h a s e Β C, t h e single-

p h a s e c u r r e n t / will therefore be equal t o I or c

J ^ZËAX
J=
Ζ + Ζ,' + Ζ ' 2
(172)
-Êir
~ Ζ -f- Ζ,' +~Ζ ' 2

/„, = Ο IF I?„ > ο

1
= . iC / é>>°< 2

V3 (173)

— —
— 7 =
V3

ϊ,,ι is d o u b l e normal frequency

Pi + j Q, = 3 Ρ Z

Pt. + j Q = 3 Ρ (Ζι'+L Ζ,') \ (1T4)

(P + j Q) + (P« +JQ«) = 3 £ ( / + / ) 6 c

In t h e case of t h e generally u n b a l a n c e d t h r e e - p h a s e load

Pl + jQl = 3 {(/a, + 2
/a2 )Z ' 2
o 0

"f" /al ^o2 Z 2 ' 0 + îl a Ïa2 Z \\

a

Λ. + jQ L = 3 {/a, Z , ' + / * Z ' |

2
a2 2 (176)

(-P + 3 Q) j (P. + j Q» ) = 3 Ëal (LA, + U)

682 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

W h e n the generator has harmonics in its wave form e q u a t i o n s

(162) m u s t be w r i t t e n

(R a +jwL a + Zao') ïal + Ζ ' Ι ' α2 α2 = È\

a

Zm'lax' + {Ζαθ'+ (Ra + Kf R)

u f (176)

+ j2w(L -K *L )-U Ru}Ia2'

a 2 u
2
=É ' J
a 2

W h e r e E i is finite, E is zero a n d vice versa, t h e frequencies

a a2

being different in each case, we h a v e therefore a solution for each

frequency depending on t h e phase a n d a m p l i t u d e a n d phase se-
quence of t h e e. m . f. of this frequency generated. Of course
t h e values of Z\ a n d Z change with each frequency on account
2

of t h e change in t h e r e a c t a n c e with frequency, a n d a v a l u e m u s t

be t a k e n for w conforming w i t h t h e frequency of t h e h a r m o n i c
u n d e r consideration.
Symmetrical Synchronous Motor, Synchronous Condenser, Etc.
As in t h e case of t h e generator, t h e synchronous m o t o r has t w o
impedances, one t o t h e positive phase sequence c u r r e n t of a
given frequency a n d t h e o t h e r t o t h e negative phase sequence
c u r r e n t of t h e same frequency. B u t , since t h e r e is no q u a n t i t y
in t h e positive phase sequence i m p e d a n c e corresponding to t h e
virtual resistance which indicates mechanical work in a n induc-
tion motor, its equivalent is furnished b y t h e excitation of t h e
field. Let us denote t h e e. m. f. due to t h e field excitation b y
S E i assuming it to be for t h e present a simple h a r m o n i c t h r e e -
l
a

phase system. Let P be t h e o u t p u t of t h e m o t o r which will

0

include t h e windage a n d iron losses assumed t o be c o n s t a n t .

T h e n for t h e synchronous m o t o r on a balanced circuit of e. m. f.
S E we h a v e
l
aX

S Eai - S
1 1
{ïai (Ra f
+ j wL ') a + Ë i'\ a (177)

5° EaX Ia\ = 5° { Ial (Ra' + j W W) + -^L - j 2

J ( 1 7 8 )

W h e r e Qo is t h e i m a g i n a r y p a r t of t h e p r o d u c t , É \ I \> (178) a a

reduces to

Eai hi cos a = / * R e l a
l
+ ~ (179)

W h e r e cos a is t h e required operating power factor. Solving

for Iai
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 683

γ _ χ cos α / 1 , \ / 4^«ι' Λ
2 Ρια I 3 .Εαΐ cos α2

(cos α — j sin a) (181)

T h e a p p a r e n t i m p e d a n c e of t h e m o t o r is
2 P i sec α . .
. (cos o: + j sin a ) (182)
1 ± V l
3 P a
2
cos a 2

and

Pal = 1
Éi
a Γΐ — ^ ( 1 =h 1 ο ΐτ^ο
L 2 Ra 1
[ 3 £ i cos a
a
2 2

(cos a - i sin a ) (R a
f
+ j w L ')J 0 (183)

T h e s a m e equations app]y to t h e case of t h e s y n c h r o n o u s

condenser with t h e difference t h a t t h e mechanical work is t h a t
required t o overcome t h e iron a n d windage losses only.
If we t a k e
Eai = Eai (cos a+j sin a ) e^ 1
= (Ai +j Β)
λ ejwot

(184)
Εαΐ' = (Α ' χ +jB ')
l e***

we h a v e

(185)

Λ,' = (l ± V 7
1- ^1^) e>«* (186)

Β ' - Ί /? ·? w L
" ' A
i l λ , Λ/, 4 R' P a 0 \

(187)
Since a m a y be a positive or negative angle, t h e sine m a y b e
positive or negative for a positive cosine, a n d therefore t h e power
factor will b e leading or lagging accordingly as P i is n e g a t i v e or
positive respectively. T h e double signs t h r o u g h o u t are d u e t o
t h e fact t h a t for a n y given load a n d power factor t h e r e are always
t w o theoretically possible r u n n i n g conditions. However, since
684 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

we are concerned only with t h a t one which will give t h e m a x .

o p e r a t i n g efficiency, t h a t is t h e condition t h a t gives I \ t h e lesser a

value, for a given v a l u e of P t h e e q u a t i o n s m a y be w r i t t e n

0

l a l
2 R> V V 1
3 AS Je

Vl -
a

A,' = (L + e™> \ (188)

A n d corresponding values for (180), (181), (182) a n d (183) m a y

b e o b t a i n e d b y o m i t t i n g t h e positive sign in t h e s e equations.
A n o t h e r condition of o p e r a t i o n is o b t a i n e d b y inspection of
(180), due t o t h e fact t h a t I \ m u s t be a real q u a n t i t y
a

4 RJ Po m u s t b e > λ ( 1 8 9 )

3 E\ a
2
cos a 2

this is t h e condition of stability. I n t e r m s of (184) it becomes

4 RJ Po
m u s t be > 1 (190)
3 AS

T h e same conditions a p p l y t o t h e s y n c h r o n o u s condenser, t h e

t o t a l mechanical load in this case being t h e iron loss a n d windage
a n d friction losses.
, Proceeding now t o operation w i t h u n b a l a n c e d circuits h a v i n g
sine waves t h e m o t o r also h a v i n g a sine wave. I n addition t o
e q u a t i o n (177) we shall h a v e
S É 2
a2 = S Ζ ' ϊ 2
2 α2 (191)
T h e mechanical power delivered t h r o u g h t h e operation of this
negative phase sequence e. m. f. is given b y P where N

P N = - 3 / a 2
2
(192)

this q u a n t i t y m u s t therefore be s u b t r a c t e d from t h e value of P 0

in all t h e equations in which Po a p p e a r s w h e n u n b a l a n c e d cir­

cuits are used in connection w i t h e q u a t i o n s (177) t o (190) inclu­
sive. T h e s e equations, however, give t h e conditions for m a i n ­
t a i n i n g a given mechanical load a n d a given power factor in t h e
positive phase sequence component, b u t in practice w h a t is re-
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 685

quired is t h e combined power factor of t h e whole s y s t e m , or t h e

conditions t o give a c e r t a i n c o m b i n e d factor while delivering a
given mechanical load ; this m a y be o b t a i n e d as follows :
T h e n e g a t i v e p h a s e sequence c o m p o n e n t is a perfectly definite
i m p e d a n c e a n d is i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e load, a n d therefore t h e zero
frequency p a r t of t h e p r o d u c t E I m a y be set d o w n as a2 a2

É a i /„, = + J -f" ( 1 9 3
)

we h a v e also for t h e positive phase sequence power delivered

(A, + j Β ) λ Ial = J O 1
2
RJ + - ^ξ-

+ j(wI LJ al + B i)I
1 al (194)

A n d t h e power factor is given b y

I \B\a + ^ 2

tan a = 1— (195)
J.i4i+

F r o m (194) we h a v e

Ax I al = IJ a Ra1
+ - γ - - (196)

B 1 = w I al W + £i l
(197)

A* + B* = E
1 1 al
2
(198)

T h e simplest m e t h o d of solving these e q u a t i o n s is b y m e a n s

of curves. T a k i n g a r b i t r a r y v a l u e s of JT , B\ a n d A\ are chosen EL

consistent with (198) so as to satisfy (195), A{ a n d B\ are

t h e n o b t a i n e d from (196) a n d (197). If t h e r e are h a r m o n i c s in

t h e impressed e. m . f. b u t t h e r e are n o n e in t h e w a v e form of t h e
machine, t h e m a c h i n e will h a v e a definite i m p e d a n c e *to t h e
positive a n d n e g a t i v e p h a s e sequence c o m p o n e n t s of each h a r ­
monic, so t h a t t h e r e will b e a definite a m o u n t of m e c h a n i c a l
work c o n t r i b u t e d b y each h a r m o n i c which m u s t b e s u b t r a c t e d
from t h e t o t a l w o r k t o be done t o give t h e a m o u n t of w o r k con­
t r i b u t e d b y t h e positive p h a s e sequence f u n d a m e n t a l c o m p o n e n t ,
t h e e q u a t i o n s will be identical t o (193), (194), (195), (196),
686 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

(197) a n d (198), if w é t a k e P t o m e a n t h e total mechanical

N

work done b y t h e harmonics b o t h positive a n d negative p h a s e

sequence a n d P a n d Q t o represent t h e p r o d u c t s
2 2

Σ (rJSal niai + nE niai)a2

t h e zero frequency p a r t only being t a k e n into a c c o u n t .

W h e n h a r m o n i c s a r e present b o t h in t h e impressed w a v e a n d
in t h e generated wave, t h e problem becomes t o o complicated t o
t r e a t generally, b u t specific cases can be worked o u t w i t h o u t
m u c h difficulty.
Phase Converters and Balancers
T h e phase converter is a m a c h i n e t o transform energy from
single-phase or pulsating form t o polyphase or non-pulsating
form or vice versa t o t r a n s f o r m energy from polyphase t o single-
phase. T h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n m a y n o t be complete, t h a t is t o say,
t h e polyphase system m a y n o t b e perfectly b a l a n c e d w h e n sup­
plied from a single-phase source t h r o u g h t h e m e d i u m of a phase
converter. P h a s e converters m a y be roughly divided i n t o two
classes, n a m e l y — s h u n t t y p e a n d series t y p e .

INDUCTION MOTOR OR SYNCHRONOUS C O N D E N S E R OPERATING

AS A P H A S E C O N V E R T E R OF THE S H U N T T Y P E TO S U P P L Y A
SYMMETRICAL INDUCTION MOTOR OR SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
Let Ζ ι a n d Z be t h e positive ancj negative phase sequence
2

impedances of t h e motor, Z\\ Z those of t h e phase converter.

2

Let S E i a n d S E be t h e positive a n d negative phase sequence

1
a
2
a2

c o m p o n e n t s of t h e s t a r e. m . f. impressed on t h e m o t o r as a result
of t h e operation. T h e single-phase supply will be one side of t h e
delta e. m . f. .S E which h a s positive a n d negative phase se­
bc

quence c o m p o n e n t s S Eoci a n d S Ebc2 t h e single-phase supply

1 2

being Ebc = Ehcl + Ebc2.

T h e value of Z m a y be considered fixed for all practical pur­
2

poses a n d since in t h e induction m o t o r phase converter t h e speed

is practically no-load speed, Z' is practically t h e . no-load imped­
ance plus a real p a r t o b t a i n e d b y increasing t h e real p a r t of t h e
no-load i m p e d a n c e b y t h e r a t i o of t h e n o r m a l no-load losses t o
these same losses plus \ t h e secondary losses d u e t o t h e phase
converter currents. T h e l a t t e r m a y be calculated roughly as
even a large error in i t s value will h a v e a n inappreciable effect
on t h e actual results. W e h a v e therefore
19181 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 687

· Ë b c

S1
Ë al
y j ——
V3
(199)
S*É. t
y j ——
V 3

y j —
V3Z/ (200)
• Êbcl

52 j J>aE

V 3 Ζ,' (201)

S*j-^-
V3 Z,

I n t h e c o m m o n lead of m o t o r a n d c o n v e r t e r we h a v e

ïal' + /.,' + ïal + ïal = Ο (202)

or, s u b s t i t u t i n g from (200) a n d (201)

M w +
i ï ) - ^ ( w +
4 r ) ( 2 0 3 )

(204)

(205)

(206)

which give t h e c o m p l e t e solution for all t h e q u a n t i t i e s required

with t h e aid of e q u a t i o n s (200) a n d (201). F o r t h e s u p p l y
current I
688 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

ί — Ibel + Ïbc2 + Ibel + Ibel'

SI = 5 Ibc
l
bcA +S I 2
bc2 \ (207)
SÉ = bc £ 6cl +S E 2
bc2

Ρ, +jQi = Ë I bc (208)
I n order t o o b t a i n a perfect balance we m a y consider t h e addi-
E x2
tion of a n e. m . f. S j — i n series with t h e phase c o n v e r t e r
2

V3
whose value m u s t be a function of t h e load a n d t h e phase con­
v e r t e r impedances, a n d therefore e q u a t i o n (201) will be replaced
by
»

^ " ' ^ W I J ^ W ) ( 2 0 9 )

a n d since t h e balance is perfect E bc2 is zero, a n d therefore

Sj 2
= S Z' Ί '
2
2 α2 (210)
* ν 3
A n e. m . f. equal a n d of opposite phase t o t h e negative phase
sequence drop t h r o u g h t h e p h a s e converter is required t o p r o ­
duce a perfect balance.
C a r r y i n g o u t t h e solution in t h e same m a n n e r as in t h e imper­
fect converter, we o b t a i n

R ri — —γ
b —f— Ebc — —; τ- Ez2 (211)
Ζ
2 Z 2 Z 2 Z 2

a n d since Ebc2 is zero a n d Ei =E bc bc t h e single-phase impressed

e. m . f., we o b t a i n

Ex2 = Z ' 2 + Ébc (212)

a n d therefore from (210)

+
I O L F ( 2 1 3 )
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 689

S h,
1 1
= - S j
1
(214)
V3Z/
S I 2
a2 = 0 (215)

S 7 , — — Si ι
1
^' "
Î :
(216)

Figs. 9, 10, 11 a n d 12 are vector d i a g r a m s of some of t h e princi­

pal c o m p e n s a t e d s h u n t t y p e phase converters. T h e r e will b e n o

FIG. 9 — V E C T O R D I A G R A M O F S H U N T - T Y P E P H A S E C O N V E R T E R O P E R A T E D

F R O M T R A N S F O R M E R S O AS To D E L I V E R B A L A N C E D C U R R E N T S

Terminal voltages of phase converter SE l

a
Terminal voltages of motor
1
a SEi
Nega ive phase sequence.e.m.fs. in phase converter S 2
(OA 2)

difficulty in following o u t these d i a g r a m s if t h e principles of this

p a p e r h a v e been grasped.
The Phase Balancer is a device t o m a i n t a i n s y m m e t r y of
e. m. fs. a t a given point in a polyphase system. I t m a y consist
of a n induction m o t o r or s y n c h r o n o u s condenser w i t h a n auxiliary
m a c h i n e connected in series to s u p p l y a n e. m . f. always pro­
portional t o t h e p r o d u c t of t h e n e g a t i v e p h a s e sequence c u r r e n t
passing t h r o u g h t h e m a c h i n e a n d t h e n e g a t i v e p h a s e sequence
i m p e d a n c e of t h e balancer. I t therefore h a s t h e effect of a n ­
nulling t h e i m p e d a n c e of t h e m a c h i n e t o t h e flow of n e g a t i v e
phase sequence current. T h u s , in a s y m m e t r i c a l polyphase
690 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

network, where we h a v e a n u n b a l a n c e d system of c u r r e n t s due to

certain conditions
S ία = S1
ïal + S ï 2
a2 (217)

If a balancer be placed at t h e proper point t h e c o m p o n e n t S I 2

a2

will circulate b e t w e e n t h e loads a n d t h e phase balancer, t h e o t h e r

c o m p o n e n t S I i being furnished from t h e power house. On t h e
l
a

other h a n d , if t h e r e be a d i s s y m m e t r y in t h e i m p e d a n c e of t h e
system u p to t h e phase balancer, t h e l a t t e r will d r a w a negative
phase sequence c u r r e n t sufficient to c o u n t e r a c t t h e u n b a l a n c e

FIG. 1 0 — V E C T O R D I A G R A M S H O W I N G R E L A T I O N S B E T W E E N M O T O R

T E R M I N A L E . M . F ' S . , C O N V E R T E R T E R M I N A L E . M . F S . , A N D S Y M M E T R I C A L

G E N E R A T E D E . M . F ' S . , S A M E C O N N E C T I O N A S F O R FIG. 9.

Negative phase sequence drops in phase converter S Z ïai 2

2
l

Conjugate positive phase sequence e.m.fs.

1
S (ABC)
due to a n y symmetrical load b y causing t h e proper a m o u n t of
negative phase sequence current t o flow to produce a balance.
T h e balancer m a y be m a d e inherjently self-balancing by insert-
ing in series with it a m a c h i n e which is self-exciting a n d is able
to furnish an e. m . f. equal t o t h e n e g a t i v e phase sequence imped-
ance drop. T h e c o m b i n a t i o n t h u s has zero i m p e d a n c e t o nega-
tive phase sequence c u r r e n t s . If in t h e neighborhood of a phase
balancer t h e loads h a v e impedances

SZ a = 5° ZaO + S 1
Zal + S* Z a 2
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 691

T h e e q u a t i o n s of t h e s y s t e m a r e

5 Éal = S
1 1
ZQ a ϊι
α + S Z 2 I2
1
0 a

(218)
52
E 2 = Ο = &Ζ
a α0 ïal + &Zal ïal

T h e c u r r e n t s in t h e phase c o n v e r t e r a r e
-Êgl
.S I
2
a n d S> 1

Z:
aS 1

FIG. 1 1 — V E C T O R D I A G R A M O F S H U N T T Y P E P H A S E C O N V E R T E R S C O T T

C O N N E C T E D W I T H C O M P E N S A T I O N B Y T R A N S F O R M E R T A P S

Terminal voltages of converter 0 A l

and BCl l

Terminal voltages of motor SE i l

a

T h e solution of (218) gives S / a n d S ϊ ι, t h e former of 2

a 2
1
α

which are t h e phase balancer c u r r e n t s . T h e solution is

hi = Éi
a
Z o 2
Zl Z
a a a2
(219)
Z\ a

Éal
ZQ
a
2
Z\ a Z2
a

T h e p h a s e balancer is a v o l t a g e balancer a n d will m a i n t a i n

balanced e. m . f. for a n y condition of i m p e d a n c e , a n d if t h e i m ­
p e d a n c e of t h e m a i n s is u n s y m m e t r i c a l it will d r a w a sufficient
a m o u n t of w a t t l e s s n e g a t i v e p h a s e sequence c u r r e n t t h r o u g h
these m a i n s t o p r o d u c e a n e. m . f. b a l a n c e a t i t s t e r m i n a l s .
H e n c e t h e complete solution requires consideration of all t h e
692 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 2 8

connections in t h e n e t w o r k b e t w e e n t h e s u p p l y point a n d t h e
balancer. T w o e q u a t i o n s for each m e s h a n d connection a r e
required, o n e of t h e positive p h a s e sequence e. m . fs. a n d t h e
o t h e r of t h e n e g a t i v e p h a s e sequence e. m . f., a n d t h e s e e q u a t i o n s
m a y b e solved i n t h e u s u a l w a y .
Series Phase Converter. I n discussing t h e various reaction in
r o t a t i n g machines we h a v e m a d e use of t h e t e r m s " positive phase
sequence i m p e d a n c e " a n d ' 'negative p h a s e sequence imped­
a n c e . " T h e s e t e r m s a r e definite enough w h e n dealing w i t h rela­
tions between m a c h i n e s whose g e n e r a t e d e. m . fs. all h a v e t h e

F I G . 1 2 — V E C T O R D I A G R A M O F S H U N T - T Y P E P H A S E C O N V E R T E R W I T H

A U X I L I A R Y R O T A T I N G C O M P E N S A T O R T O E F F E C T A P E R F E C T B A L A N C E

Terminal voltages of phase converter 5 E a

l

Terminal voltages of motor S'Eai

Terminal voltages of compensator SE 2
a2

same p h a s e sequence, b u t require further definition w h e n we

are dealing w i t h relations b e t w e e n m a c h i n e s whose e. m . fs. h a v e
different p h a s e sequence. W e shall r e t a i n t h e symbols Z i a n d
Z for t h e v a l u e s of t h e positive a n d n e g a t i v e p h a s e sequence
2

impedances, d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e sequence symbol S t o define

w h e t h e r these impedances a p p l y t o a n e g a t i v e or positive p h a s e
sequence c u r r e n t . T h u s , t h e p h a s e sequence of t h e c u r r e n t s a n d
e. m . f. will b e defined b y t h e a p p a r a t u s supplying a n d receiving
power a n d t h e i m p e d a n c e s of t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g a p p a r a t u s will b e
defined in relation t o t h e s e c u r r e n t s . As a n example a m o t o r
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 693

series connected in c o u n t e r p h a s e sequence relation in a circuit

a n d driven in a positive direction will h a v e impedances

positive p h a s e sequence Z 2

(220)
n e g a t i v e p h a s e sequence Z i

W h e r e a n auxiliary m a c h i n e is defined as being of n e g a t i v e

p h a s e sequence relation t o o t h e r machines, it will h a v e i m p e d -
ances as given a b o v e t o t h e positive a n d n e g a t i v e p h a s e sequence
c u r r e n t s passing t h r o u g h t h e o t h e r machines.
A single-phase t r a n s f o r m e r winding t a p p e d a t t h e m i d d l e p o i n t

F I G . 1 3 — V E C T O R D I A G R A M O F S E R I E S - T Y P E C O N V E R T E R .

No L O A D E . M . F ' S . A C R O S S M O T O R T E R M I N A L S SiÉ aï

No L O A D E . M . F ' S . A C R O S S ^ C O N V E R T E R T E R M I N A L S SE2 2
a

S I N G L E - P H A S E E . M . F ' S . 2Ë s

E . M . F . A C R O S S T E R M I N A L O F M O T O R U N D E R L O A D ËËÉ
a a c „
E . M . F . A C R O S S T E R M I N A L O F C O N V E R T E R U N D E R L O A D Ë ËbË
a c

m a y be r e g a r d e d as a n u n b a l a n c e d t h r e e - p h a s e s y s t e m where
E a = O Eb — + E s Ec — — E 8

2 E being trie single-phase e. m. f

8 T h e s y s t e m m a y b e repre-
sented by the equation

S Ë a = S Ëal + S 1 2
Èa2
where Ε α ΐ = j
(221)

Ë a2 = - j A
V 3 "
694 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

If, therefore b e t w e e n t h e single-phase source of power a n d

t h e load we interpose a p o l y p h a s e m a c h i n e w i t h e. m . f. — S 2

Eai, we shall h a v e a t t h e load t e r m i n a l s t h e e. m. f. 5 E \. 1

a

If we use a n i n d u c t i o n t y p e p h a s e c o n v e r t e r it will h a v e imped­

ances t o m o t o r c u r r e n t s as follows

T o positive p h a s e sequence Z ' 2

(222)
T o n e g a t i v e p h a s e sequence Z \

we therefore h a v e t h e relations

5 É 1
al = Ial (Ζι + Z ' ) 2 (223)

5 2
Ë a2 = S ï 2
a2 ( Z + ZiO
2
(224)

If t h e c o n v e r t e r is doing n o m e c h a n i c a l work, Z / is large com-

p a r e d w i t h Z ' or Z , a n d therefore t h e c o m p o n e n t of n e g a t i v e
2 2

p h a s e sequence is small in t h e m o t o r . T h e v a l u e of Z \ depends

u p o n t h e slip of t h e p h a s e c o n v e r t e r which will d e p e n d o n t h e
m e c h a n i c a l load it carries as well as on t h e load carried b y t h e
m o t o r s . A p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e load c u r r e n t s d u e t o t h e m o t o r s
produce t h e e q u i v a l e n t a t t h e p h a s e c o n v e r t e r of a mechanical
load e q u a l t o one-half t h e r o t o r loss of t h e p h a s e c o n v e r t e r d u e
t o these load c u r r e n t s . S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e values given in (221)
for S Éai a n d S E
1
we o b t a i n
2
a2}

S 1
I al (Ζι + z ')
2
(225)
. E
sj2
8
S 2
Ϊα2 ( Ζ , + ZiO

E 8

Vs(z +1 Ζ,')
(226)
Es
S 2
Ϊα2 = - &j
Vs (Ζ, + Ζι')

// instead of an induction type phase converter a synchronous

phase converter is used an e. m.f. of negative phase sequence S È 2 2
a

the generated e. m. /. of the phase converter must be introduced

in equations (224) and (225) and the value and phase of these
e. m. fs. will depend upon the load on the phase converter shaft as
well as the load carried by the motors. T h e e q u a t i o n s will be
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 695

S Ëx1
a = S 1
ï al (Ζχ + Ζ,') (227)

S*E ai S* I at ( Ζ , + Ζχ') + S É ' 2

at (228)
or
Es
=s 1
ï al (Zx + z,O
(229)
É.
- S*j--± = S 2
ïai ( Z 2 + Ζ/) + 5 s
£ α 2 '
ν 3

T h e last m e m b e r of e q u a t i o n s (229) is t h e e q u a t i o n of a s y n ­
c h r o n o u s condenser. A s s u m i n g its windage, iron loss a n d in­
creased losses d u e t o s e c o n d a r y reactions t o b e Po, we h a v e b y
e q u a t i o n (160) of t h e Section on S y n c h r o n o u s M o t o r s

cos a = Iai (R* + Ri') + -ηρ (230)

Let
ïî
a = «2 + j bi (231)
t h e n (230) becomes

-jj a, = (αϊ* + b?) (R t + Rx') + (232)

Of t h e t w o q u a n t i t i e s a a n d & , ό alone is a r b i t r a r y a n d d e p e n d s
2 2 2

u p o n t h e excitation, a will d e p e n d u p o n t h e v a l u e of δ a n d also

2 2

u p o n t h e losses. Solving therefore for a in t e r m s of 5 , we h a v e 2 2

E,
a
2 Vd (R + Rx')
2

_ v
/
1 _ 4ÇR + Rx') 2 {3hHRi + Rx') + P o j 1 ( 2 M )

Since 6 2 is a r b i t r a r y we m a y now d e t e r m i n e cos a 2 =

, 0 / 2
= a n d t h e value of J in t e r m s of t h e impressed e. m . f.
Va + b 2 2 a 2

2 2

will b e b y (181) of Section on S y n c h r o n o u s M o t o r s

É
i« V3 2 (*, + Λ ' )
ύ 8
Λ 2 L* 7
Ι 1

£ 5
2
cos 2
a 2 ] (234)
696 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

T h e effective value of I i in t e r m s of t h e effective value of Ë will

a s

t h e n be

τ = Ml- COS <* 2 f - _ A A 4 (i? + JgiQPO 2

i a 2
V 3 2 (Λ, + Ri') I £ cos a s
2 2
2

(235)

a n d since t h e c o m p o n e n t of t h e e.m.f. g e n e r a t e d in phase with t h e

c u r r e n t is d e t e r m i n e d only b y t h e m a g n i t u d e of I and the a 2

m o t o r losses, if we define its value b y A the quadrature 2

c o m p o n e n t being B we shall h a v e
2

(236)
V3 2 \ £ e
2
cos a 2
2 /

and

2V = - 4 L sin « , - + (237)

/ ·
= — —7= \ sm a 2

3 w (L + Li) cos a
+
2 2

Po 2 (22, + Λχ') (*

V N ~ 4
^2 ) } (238)
Ε β
2
cos a 2 / )

a n d therefore we h a v e

ν 3 L 2 \ E e
2
cos a 2
2 /

. / . 3 w ( L + L / ) cos <x /
2 2

-^- 1 ]
§^·)}] <·»
T h e i m p e d a n c e of t h e p h a s e converter t o t h e flow of negative
phase sequence c u r r e n t is

2 (R 2 + 2?i') sec a
ι _ Λ/ι _ 4
(*» + * ι ' ) p
Q (240)
£ cos α
s
2 2
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES 697

T h e b a l a n c e will be a t its best w h e n I 2 is a m i n i m u m w i t h a

cos α2 as t h e i n d e p e n d e n t variable. T h i s will be t h e case -when

cos a is u n i t y ; t h a t is t o say w h e n b is zero.
2 2

R e c a p i t u l a t i n g t h e results given above, we h a v e for t h e general

case t a k i n g t h e single-phase e. m . f. E as reference 8

S 1
Ial = S 1
j — (241)

V 3 (Z x + Z ') 2

^/ a2 = - j {a +jb ) 2 2 (242)

w h e r e b is a r b i t r a r y a n d
2

_ E 8 ( j _
A 2
% V 3 (R2 + RS) \
_ Λ/ι _ 4
(JE, + JIIO {3 fr 2
+ JGIQ + Po]
2
(243)

Since 6- is a r b i t r a r y cos a
2 2 is d e t e r m i n e d b y

cos a 2 = , g 2
= (244)
Va 2
2
+ è 2
2

we m a y express I a2 in t e r m s of E 8 by

V3 2 ( P + Ρχ') 2

- V T T I ^ + M ^ } ^ (245)
cos a 2
2 J

T h e effective value of ϊ αΐ will b e

E„ cos a 2

V 3 2(R 2 + Q ') 1

_ 4 ( P + JgxQ P o \ 2
(246)
£ cos a
e
2
/ 2
2

If A ' a n d .82' are c o m p o n e n t s of E

2 t h e s e being t h e g e n e r a t e d a2

e. m . f. in p h a s e a n d in q u a d r a t u r e w i t h t h e c u r r e n t I 2 we shall a

have

E>a2 · = — j {A + j B ) 2 2 (247)
a n d A 2 a n d B ' will h a v e t h e following values
2
698 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

A . = - 4 Β ψ . Λ + Λ / Ι T I M M S ) (248)
V
V 33 2
\ E, cos a 2 2
/
2

B2
l
= T^r { sin a 2

3 w (L + Li) 2 cos a 2

+ -Po 2(# + . 2

.VlTIl+M.)} (249)
£, 2
cos a 2
j J

a n d £ ' expressed in t e r m s of £
β 2 e becomes

V3 L 2 V E e
2
cos a 2
2 /

T h e effective i m p e d a n c e of t h e p h a s e converter t o t h e flow of

negative p h a s e sequence c u r r e n t s is

2 (R 2 + RS) sec a 2

(cos a — j sin a ) (251)

! _ y y / j _ 4 ( P + R ') Po 2 x
2 2

E cos ce s
2 2

or

(l + \ / l - 4
^ +
Y ) P O
) ^ (252)
Po V E 2
cos a 2
/
2

8 2

I n t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n s cos a is a r b i t r a r y or b m a y be con­ 2 2

sidered a r b i t r a r y a n d cos <x will t h e n be determined. 2

Minimum Unbalance is o b t a i n e d w h e n cos a is m a d e u n i t y or 2

w h e n b is m a d e zero in e q u a t i o n s (241) a n d (252).

2

Perfect Balance is o b t a i n e d b y driving t h e phase converter

mechanically so as t o s u p p l y t h e mechanical power P from a 0

s e p a r a t e or s y m m e t r i c a l source. U n d e r this condition a a n d b 2 2

b o t h become zero w h e n cos a is u n i t y . T h e only e q u a t i o n of 2

t h e system is t h e n (241).
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 699

Currents and Power Factor in the Single-Phase Supply Circuit.

T h e e. m . f. is 2 E a n d t h e c u r r e n t supplied is
e

Ibl — I el , Ib2 — Ic2 fORQ\

Ô 1
Ô ( 2 5 3
)
If we t a k e
S / l
e l (a, - j 60 (264)

- ^ («i - J * 0 (265)

Similarly, since u n d e r t h e s a m e conditions

S* ï a2 = - &j (a*+jb ) 2 (266)

• ^ - ^ = ^ (a, + I fc) (267)

a n d therefore

/. = ^ {(a, + a ) - j (δχ - 2 6,)J (268)

where a b a , 6 a r e t o be o b t a i n e d b y m e a n s of e q u a t i o n s
lt u 2 2

(243) t o (254). T h e single-phase power factor is given b y

tan θ = b l
~ ' b2
(259)
a x -+* a 2

of these q u a n t i t i e s a is usually t h e smallest a n d its value m a y be

2

o b t a i n e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y b y assigning t o 6 a value which will 2

make the ratio b l

^ ^ 2
equal t o t a n Θ, a n d obtaining t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g value of a b y (242), t h e value of b m a y t h e n be

2 2

recalculated from (259) b y s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e t e n t a t i v e v a l u e o b ­

t a i n e d for a . T h i s procedure m a y b e r e p e a t e d until sufficient
2

accuracy h a s been o b t a i n e d .

SINGLE PHASE POWER FACTOR IN S H U N T TYPE PHASE

CONVERTER
T h e simplest p r o c e d u r e is t o o b t a i n a curve of a d m i t t a n c e s
for v a r y i n g e x c i t a t i o n of t h e c o n v e r t e r a n d plot t h e power factor
o b t a i n e d b y v a r y i n g t h e a d m i t t a n c e with a fixed load. T h e t r u e
700 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

a n d wattless power is o b t a i n e d easily by m e a n s of (208) w h e t h e r

t h e s y s t e m is balanced or u n b a l a n c e d .
Figs. 14, 15, 16 a n d 17 are v e c t o r d i a g r a m s of several
m e t h o d s of using p h a s e converters t o supply a b a l a n c e d 3-phase
e. m . f. t o a s y m m e t r i c a l load such as a n i n d u c t i o n m o t o r . T h e
d i a g r a m are all based on a m a i n m a c h i n e h a v i n g t h e s a m e nega­
tive phase sequence i m p e d a n c e a n d t h e s y s t e m in each case is

FIG. 14
S I N G L E - P H A S E I M P R E S S E D E . M . F . = BC f r

M O T O R E . M . F . = BC

N E G A T I V E P H A S E S E Q U E N C E Ε . M . F S . Hi a

C O N J U G A T E P O S I T I V E P H A S E S E Q U E N C E Ε . M . F S . Jli \±Li\I-Jc\
a

P H A S E C O N V E R T E R T E R M I N A L E . M . F . AB'C

delivering t h e s a m e a m o u n t of power a t t h e s a m e voltage a n d 3-

phase power factor w i t h o u t supplying a n y wattless power. I t
will be n o t e d t h a t t h e scheme Fig. 14 h a s t h e lowest single
p h a s e power factor, Fig. 16 t h e highest a n d t h e rest arcing alike.
I t m a y be remarked, however, t h a t w i t h t h e s h u n t t y p e schemes
a d j u s t m e n t s c a n be m a d e for power factor correction which will
result also in b e t t e r regulation.
 APPENDIX I

Cylindrical Fields in Fourier Harmonics

1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 701
W h e n we h a v e a diametrical coil a r o u n d a cylinder concentric
with a n o t h e r cylinder which forms t h e r e t u r n m a g n e t i c p a t h ,
a n d t h e length of t h e g a p is uniform a n d t h e coil dimension v e r y
small, t h e field across t h e g a p t a k e s t h e form of a s q u a r e t o p p e d

Phase
FIG. 15
SINGLE P H A S E IMPRESSED E.M.F. = B C
r

MOTOR E.M.F. = BC
P H A S E CONVERTER E.M.F. = J3"C"
NEGATIVE P H A S E SEQUENCE E.M.F K iÈbiÉ i
a c

C O N 1UGATE P O S I T I V E P H A S E S E Q U E N C E E . M . F . Ë EbiE i
a
l
c

PHASE CONVERTER TERMINAL E.M.F. AB C

,f

wave, which m a y b e expressed in t h e form of a Fourier series

w i t h t h e p l a n e of s y m m e t r y of t h e coil as reference plane, a n d its
F o u r i e r expansion is

<B= (cos θ - £ cos 3 θ + ί cos S θ - . . + .. ) (1)

7Γ Ο
where Β is t h e a v e r a g e i n d u c t i o n in t h e air gap.
7Ô2 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

FIG. 17
SINGLE P H A S E IMPRESSED E.M.F. = XY
MOTOR E.M.F. = BC
T H E R E I S A 2 το 1 TRANSFORMATION OF E.M.F. FROM SINGLE-PHASE
TO T H R E E - P H A S E I N T H I S C O N N E C T I O N
 1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 703

W i t h p i t c h less t h a n π t h e curve will h a v e a different form, t h e

a m p l i t u d e being g r e a t e r on one side of t h e plane of t h e coils t h a n
on t h e other, t h e areas of each w a v e will r e m a i n t h e s a m e a n d
second h a r m o n i c t e r m s will a p p e a r . L e t 2 w π b e t h e new p i t c h 0

t h e n t h e average a m p l i t u d e of t h e i n d u c t i o n will be t h e s a m e as
before, n a m e l y B, a n d t h e v a l u e o n one side of t h e coil will be
2 (1 — m )B a n d on t h e o t h e r side 2 w Β so t h a t t h e t o t a l flux
0 0

will b e t h e s a m e on either side. T o o b t a i n t h e values of t h e

coefficients we h a v e

moTT 2 π

2 (1 — w Β ^ cos η 0 d 0 + 2 w Β ^
0 0 cos η θάθ = - ^ - Α η

0 ntor

W0 7T 2 Τ

2 (1 - w ) Β 0 — sinrc 0 - 2m B 0 — sin 0 Ar

n η 1

. 4: Β j (1 W o ) + Wo . \
A = \ sin η m π )
w i n )
n 0

A n = —jjj- ( ~^~~ S m W m
0 T
l ) (2)

Let 2 w 7Γ = § 7Γ, t h e n (1 — w ) π = f π a n d
0 0

(B = (cos 0 + — cos 2 0 cos 4 0 - — cos 5 0

7Γ \ 2 4 5

+ y cos7 0 + ~ c o s 8 0 - c o s 10 0 . . (3)

A general expression for (B where Β is t h e average of t h e posi­

tive a n d negative, m a x i m u m value for a n y pitch coil would be

(B = Σ ^ ^ • sin η m π cos « 0^ 0 (4)

a n d includes all possible coil pitches. If t h e n u m b e r of t e e t h in

a pole p i t c h be n ; in a d d i t i o n t o t h e a v e r a g e i n d u c t i o n as in­
T

d i c a t e d b y (4), t h e r e will also be a t o o t h ripple of flux, t h e m a x i ­

m u m v a l u e of w h i c h will d e p e n d u p o n t h e average v a l u e of t h e
i n d u c t i o n a t each point. T h e v a l u e of w m u s t be a fraction 0

h a v i n g n as d e n o m i n a t o r a n d a n integral n u m e r a t o r .
T The
704 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

value of t h e integral n u m e r a t o r is therefore always m n . 0 T The

correct value for t h e m a x . induction will therefore be

(B == J
w Σ ^ sin η m π cos η 0^ J (1
0

- ( - l)monr ^ c o s ^ 0) (5)

where 2£ is t h e r a t i o of t h e a v e r a g e t o t h e min. air gap.

τ 'W'
m u s t always be chosen so t h a t W o n is a n integer. T

If t h e l e n g t h of t h e average effective air gap in centimeters

be d t h e value of Β is given b y
4tt IN
B
= ~W ~~2~d~ g a U S S

where / is t h e m a x i m u m value of t h e c u r r e n t in t h e coil a n d Ν

is the n u m b e r of t u r n s . If d is given in inches we m a y write
4 π IN
Β = -Jq- ^ ^ X 2 . 5 4 maxwells per square inch.

If we i n t e g r a t e (5) b e t w e e n t h e limits (0 — m π ) 0 and

(0 + m 7t) we shall h a v e t h e t o t a l flux φ t h r o u g h t h e coil
0

θ -f-mo 7Γ

4Brl F / 1 . /Λ , Λ
φ = — — — I 2 ( — sin η mo π cos η υ )d u
θ—mo π
θ 4~rao π

- * (" ) ° " J ^
l m T 2
(~~~^"~ s i n n m
° ( c o s w
^) K r c o s n
r6d0
θ—mo u

4 5 re Γ ΐ . . „T + m
"
= ~ sin η mo τ sm η υ
π \ η 2

L _1 0—mo χ
Β -F-mo νΤ
9+mo

- ( - l) o m
n
r K T Σ — 0 η mo η π -~
π K J
η I 2 (η - n )r )
T
0—mo Τ
sin (w + «τ #)
+ 2 (n + M r )
(6)

T h e second expression is zero for all values of 0 which are

integral multiples of t h e t o o t h p i t c h angle, so long as m η is 0

also a n integer a n d therefore it is zero for all m u t u a l i n d u c t i v e

relations of similar coils on a s y m m e t r i c a l t o o t h e d core we t h e r e ­
fore h a v e :
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 705

The induction through a coil displaced an angle θ from the axis

of a similar coil carrying a current giving a mean induction Β both
coils being wound on the same symmetrical toothed core is
SBrl
<P ^ ^ Σ (—7Γ- sin η m π cos η θ\
r 2
(7)
π \ η 2 0
J

T h e second t e r m in e q u a t i o n ( 6 ) also becomes zero w h e n n T

becomes infinite i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e value of 0. W e m a y t h e r e ­

fore safely m a k e use of a n i m a g i n a r y uniformly d i s t r i b u t e d wind­
ing w h e n considering self a n d m u t u a l impedances. I t will also
be shown later on t h a t w i t h certain groupings of windings t h e
second t e r m m a y be r e d u c e d t o zero for every value of 0.
If Ni be t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of complete loops in one complete
iVi
pole pitch, we m a y t a k e — as t h e density of winding per u n i t
Δ 7Γ
angle of t h e complete pole pitch. T h e m u t u a l i n d u c t i o n per
t u r n in a coil angularly displaced a n angle 0 from a n o t h e r coil
Ni

of winding density ^ ^ with a n effective t o t a l air g a p 2 d a n d

with windings s u b t e n d i n g a n angle 2 mi π is given b y

Μι = 2Q9^ J 1 Σ
J - ^ - s i n « w 7Γ cos ^ ( 0 + 0 i ) j ^ 0 ' h e n r y s
2
0

(8)

8 Ni r I 1 '~ θ m i
*
= —prz τ Σ — R - sin η m π [sin η ( 0 + 0 ι ) ] 2
Q henrys
10 v
7Γ d n 6
0 ' = - m i 7 r

Mi = ^J? }Σ 1 Y
(~\- sin η m π sin η mi π cos η θ) h e n r y s (9)
2

ΙΟ π d 9
\ n s 0
I
Next, if t h e loop of which Μ χ is t h e m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e is p a r t of a

winding h a v i n g distribution density of winding and sub-

Δ 7Γ
t e n d i n g a n angle 2 w 7r its m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e w i t h t h e o t h e r
2

winding will be

ιN 2 r I F _ 1 . .
9 ^ I 2 sm η m π sm η mi π cos η
z
0

- ** m
(0 + 0 ) d θ' h e n r y
l
(10)
8 NiN r 2 I 1
ΙΟ π d 9 2

θ' =>W2 7Γ

[sin η (0 + 0i)l henrys

706 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

Azi2 = — — r — j — Σ ( — τ ~ sin η m
2
π sin η mi π sm
ΙΟ π d
9 2 0

m 7Γ cos w Q^j henrys

2 (11)

This is t h e general expression for t h e m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e b e ­

tween t w o groups of connected coils of like form on t h e same
cylindrical core. I t should be n o t e d how m u c h t h e h a r m o n i c s
h a v e been reduced due t o grouping.
W h e n t h e coils are n o t of like design as in t h e case of a rotor
a n d s t a t o r a n d t h e pitch of t h e coils is different in one from t h e
other, sin η m π will not a p p e a r twice in t h e e q u a t i o n b u t one
0

of its values m u s t be replaced b y sin η m w where 2 m π is t h e x x

pitch of t h e new coil. E q u a t i o n (11) t h e n becomes

16 NiN re / 1 .
M = — — — — — Σ ( —— sm η m π sm η m π
M a

ΙΟ 7Γ a \
la 9 0 x
2

sin η mi π sin η m π cos η 2 henrys (12)

T h i s formula is strictly correct w h e n m is a n integer a n d when x

θ is a n integral m u l t i p l e of t h e t o o t h pitch. I t is t r u e for all

v a l u e s of θ if either m or m or b o t h are u n i t y .
0 x

By considering t h e axes of t w o similar groups of coils as coin­

cident we o b t a i n t h e v a l u e of Δι Li which is p a r t of t h e self in­
d u c t a n c e of t h e group, t h u s

» γ 16 Ni r e 2
v / 1 . 2 . \ 2 , .
1 β
à l L i =
109 2 T d
Σ
^-jjrSin'nwoTsirf»»!^ (13)

T h e other factor t h a t enters i n t o t h e self i n d u c t a n c e is' t h e slot

leakage i n d u c t a n c e which d e p e n d s u p o n t h e n u m b e r of t u r n s in a
coil, t h e n u m b e r of coils in a group a n d t h e w i d t h a n d d e p t h of
t h e slot a n d t h e length of t h e air g a p . Since with t h e value of
Δ ι Li all t h e field which links t h e secondary winding h a s been
included, only t h e p o r t i o n of t h e slot leakage which does not link
all t h e t u r n s in t h e opposed secondary coil should be considered.
N o h a r d a n d fast rule can be m a d e for d e t e r m i n i n g this q u a n t i t y
since it depends u p o n t h e shape of t h e slots, t h e r e should be little
t r o u b l e in m a k i n g t h e calculation when t h e d a t a is given. De­
noting this q u a n t i t y b y Δ L\ we h a v e 2

Li = Δι Li + Δ 2 Li (14)
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 707

Symmetrically Grouped Windings. T h e a b o v e formulae give

t h e m u t u a l i m p e d a n c e b e t w e e n groups of coils, each group of
which m a y be u n s y m m e t r i c a l . Generally m a c h i n e s are designed
so t h a t , a l t h o u g h t h e individual groups of coils due t o fractional
p i t c h m a y b e u n s y m m e t r i c a l , t h e complete winding is s y m m e t r i ­
cal. W h e n t w o coils are t o g e t h e r in a slot this m a y be done b y
connecting one group of coils opposite t h e n o r t h pole in series
w i t h t h e corresponding group opposite t h e s o u t h pole; t h a t is t o
say, t h e group displaced electrically b y t h e angle 7Γ. If therefore
we t a k e e q u a t i o n (11) a n d consider t h e m u t u a l induction as due
to a group h a v i n g axis a t θ = zero a n d a n o t h e r having its axis
a t θ — 7Γ w i t h a similarly a r r a n g e d group of coils h a v i n g its
axis a t 0, we find t h a t (11) becomes

16 N No r I / 1 ,
M u = — — — Σ < — τ s i n η m π sm η m π
1 v - 22

ΙΟ π d { η*
9 2 0 x

sin η m π (1 — cos η 7τ) cos η θ | h e n r y s

2
2
(15)

Similarly
-ι* 16 Ν Ν r I J 1 .
Μ ία — —————— Σ < — τ sm η m\ τ sm η m
χ α

l(j π d [ η*
y 2 x

7Γ sin η mi π sin η m τ (1 — cos η 7τ) cos η θ | h e n r y s

a
2
(16)

Since 1—cos ηττ is zero for all even values of η it is evident t h a t

(15) a n d (16) contain no even harmonics, moreover t h e a b o v e
formulae give t h e m u t u a l i n d u c t i o n between t w o similarly
connected groups of windings, b u t if (1—cos η π) is used only w i t h
t h e first power these formulas give t h e m u t u a l i m p e d a n c e b e ­
tween one pair of such symmetrically grouped windings a n d
a n o t h e r single g r o u p with axis inclined a t a n angle Θ.
T h e value of self induction is

A j lSNSre „ f 1 .
Δι Li = — — — — — Σ \ — j - s m η m π sin η mi π
22 2

1ϋ 7Γ d { η*9 2
Q

(1 - cos η ΤΓ) j 2
(17)
Δ Li is found in t h e same n . a n n e r as before
2

Li = Δι i i + Δ Li 2 (18)
I t is obvious from (15) a n d (16) t h a t t h e effect of d i s s y m m e t r y
is t o i n t r o d u c e m o r e or less double frequency i n t o t h e w a v e form
of g e n e r a t e d e. m. f.
708 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

I t will be seen from a n examination of (15) a n d (17) t h a t , for

2 π π
example, a winding of pitch a n d s u b t e n d i n g an angle
3
when connected in a symmetrical group of t w o h a s t h e same field
form a n d characteristics as a full pitch winding of t h e same
2 7Γ
n u m b e r of t u r n s s u b t e n d i n g an angle —5—.
T h e r e are m a n y symmetrical forms of winding b u t all will be
found t o be covered b y t h e formulas (15) a n d (16).
Unsymmetrical Windings. These m a y t a k e m a n y forms which
m a y be classified:
(1) D i s s y m m e t r y of flux form due to even harmonics.
(2) D i s s y m m e t r y in axial position of polyphase groups.
(3) D i s s y m m e t r y in windings due t o incorrect grouping of
coils.
(4) D i s s y m m e t r y due t o u n s y m m e t r i c a l m a g n e t i c c h a r a c t e r ­
istics of t h e iron.
Of these various forms of d i s s y m m e t r y t h e m o s t c o m m o n is a
combination of (1), (2) a n d (3). These forms of u n s y m m e t r i c a l
windings m a y all be calculated b y t h e formulas (11) t o (16).
I t is t o be n o t e d t h a t t h e m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e b e t w e e n a s y m ­
metrical a n d a n u n s y m m e t r i c a l winding is harmonically s y m ­
metrical. Hence, if t h e field of a m a c h i n e is harmonically
symmetrical, t h e e. m. f. generated will be also harmonically
symmetrical w h a t e v e r m a y be t h e form of t h e windings.
T h e reciprocal n a t u r e of M is fully established b y its form, for
it is i m m a t e r i a l in obtaining (16) w h e t h e r we s t a r t o u t with t h e
winding whose pitch is m or with t h a t whose p i t c h is w , t h e
x 0

result will be t h e same. T h e effect of s a t u r a t i o n will be t o tend

to alter t h e values of t h e coefficients of M b u t t h e general form
will not v a r y appreciably. W e shall now consider some s t a n d a r d
windings of Generators a n d M o t o r s .
Three-Phase Symmetrical Full Pitch. Here w , mi a n d m are
0 2

0.5, 0.1666 a n d 0.1666 respectively. Using formula (15) all

the even harmonics disappear a n d (1 — cos η π) is equal t o 4 or 2

zero.
1
Μη = 5 7 cos 3 θ + cos 5 θ
625

cos 9 θ + . . . (19)
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 709

Theoretical Symmetrical Three-Phase Winding. Here ra 0

= 0.5, mi = m = 0.333. 2 Using formula (11)

3 16 NxN rl
Μη = — ^cos θ + - ^ g - cos 5 0
2

4 ΙΟ π d 9 2

+ ^ i c o s 7
* + l 4 W c o s l l i ,
+ · · ·) < 2 0 )

H e r e t h e t h i r d g r o u p of h a r m o n i c s is entirely eliminated.
2 7Γ

Three-Phase Symmetrical —^— Pifc/z Winding. Here ra0 =

0.333, W ! = w 2 = 0.166. Using formula (15)

3 l§N N rl
l 2 / Λ . 1 _ Λ

"4 ΙΟ π α 9 2
( ° C S FL
+ Β » C
° S 5 FL

+ SSÏ Ο Ο δ 7 0 +
Ί4δ4Γ c o s l l 0 +
) ( 2 1 )

which gives t h e same result as (20).

F O R M U L A S FOR S A L I E N T P O L E M A C H I N E S
T h e formulas given in t h e preceding discussion are a p p r o p r i a t e
for d i s t r i b u t e d winding a n d non-salient poles. W h e r e salient
poles are used t h e field form d u e t o t h e poles w i t h a given wind­
ing will be a r b i t r a r y so t h a t with t h e polar axis as reference we
shall h a v e

(B = 2 T
j a I a
Σ (A n cos η θ) (22)

W h e r e (Β is t h e i n d u c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e a r m a t u r e or s t a t o r . When
t h e poles are s y m m e t r i c a l A cos η θ m i g h t be chosen a t once for n

t h i s condition a n d in t h i s case we do n o t r e q u i r e coefficients of

m u t u a l i n d u c t i o n b e t w e e n pole windings, since t h e v a l u e of (B
is o b t a i n e d b y considering t h e m u t u a l r e a c t i o n b e t w e e n pole
windings t o be such as will p r o d u c e s y m m e t r y . W e m a y how­
ever assume (B t o be perfectly general in form in which case t h e
flux t h r o u g h a coil of pitch 2 m π is 0

4 π N Ir I _ / A . Λ
φ = Σ ί —^— sm η m π cos η θ J (23)
a a n / f t o x
0

W e h a v e therefore for t h e m u t u a l i n d u c t i o n b e t w e e n one pole

a n d a group of coils a t an angle θ a n d s u b t e n d i n g a n angle
2 mi 7Γ
710 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORODINATES [June 28

4 Ng N! r I
M = Σ ^ - ^ r sin nm ir sin nm T cos w 0^ (24)
10 d
al 9 0 x

a n d where t h e r e is s y m m e t r y d u e t o grouping of windings, we

have
_ 4 N a N i r l Α n

— sinwm 7rsmwwi7T
M a l
Wd— 2
f t

(1 — ['cos η'π) 2
cos η θ (25)

where Ν is t h e n u m b e r of t u r n s for one pole a n d (25) applies to

α

one pair of poles a n d t h e corresponding group of coils. W h e n t h e r e

are more t h a n one pair of poles in series a n d t h e corresponding
groups of winding are also in series, if it is desired t o consider
t h e m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e of t h e complete winding, t h e result given
above m u s t be multiplied b y t h e n u m b e r of p a i r s of poles.
If in e q u a t i o n (16) we t a k e

N a1 .
2 π -η s m η m a π = N a

(26)
and = B n

τ η
it becomes

M = ττςη Σ s —— sm n m π sm η m π
10» d
u x 0
{ η*

sin η mi τ (1 — cos η π) cos η θ

2
(27)

which is t h e expression corresponding t o (25) s t a r t i n g w i t h t h e

winding flux form. (25) a n d (27) m u s t therefore be identical
a n d we h a v e

32 Ni N r e . AN N re
B sm η πι π ττ^η A
a D a x A

10 rf 10 d
9 H χ 9 n

or
(28)
8 sin η m x π
and
2 7Γ /
<Βι =
—i77-v- 2 ( 5 sin η tn π cos » 0) (29)
10 d
n 0
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 711

a n d is t h e i n d u c t i o n w a v e form for a single t u r n of t h e \vinding.

T h e expression for t h e m u t u a l i n d u c t a n c e b e t w e e n windings
of t h e s a m e core for salient poles is o b t a i n e d in t e r m s of t h e pole

flux w a v e form b y s u b s t i t u t i n g in t h e formulas -7:—: -

8 sm η m x π

for —!—. W e h a v e therefore t h e following formulas for salient

poles.
General expression considering only one pole and one group of
coils.
_ 2 7Γ N I a a / 4 Λ\ , V

α =
10 d (
" C 0 S n
^ ( a )

(A. S I N W W O 7 R
cos η θ) (B)
20 d
\ sm η m τ a / v J

- Σi —f- sm η nto π sm η π\ τ cos nui (c)

ΙΟ 9 Λ

, 2 Ni N r I ^ I A sin η m π .
Μη = — Σ ι ——
r 2 n 0
= — 7 7 7 79 — : s m w w i o T r s i n n w i T T
ΙΟ 7Γ d \ n d
sm n m τ x

sin n m τ cos n 2 (D)

1 Β =
— Î Ô 9
^ — V"T~ S M N M
* T
) ( ) E

Δ L — ^ A^i ^ ^ 2
£ / ^ n
sin nm T sin re W i 7Γ \
2
0
2
^
1 1
ΙΟ 7Γ d 9
\ n sin n m π ) x

General expressions considering only poles to be symmetrical.

Considered on the basis of two poles, N being turns on one pole. a

(B« = 2 7 Γ
1 ( ^ / α
Σ {,4 (l-cos«7r)cosw0}
n (a')

^ 7Γ / 1 _ f . sin w w 7Γ ^ ] 0 X Λ

®i =
on j 2 i 4 — — (1 - cos η τ) cos η θ )
n
1 1
(B')
20 d { sm n m π J x
V
'

M ANqNirl „ j A . n

=
10 d— \ ~~W 9
i S m n m o 7 r s m n m 7 r

(1 — cos re π ) cos η θ } (c')

712 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

τ, 2 N N rl _ A sm re m ττ .
M = — - — Σ \ —— — s m η m ττ s m η mi τ
x 2 n 0
i2
ΙΟ 7Γ α { re sm nm w
9 Ί 3 0
x

sin η m π cos η 0 j h e n r y s ( D )
2
7

A 7 4 7Γ iVg rl ^ 2
( A n . , Λ ,

Δ JR, — ^ ^I 2 R
^ 2 ( s
* n 2
n m
^ l
sin « w i 7 r 1
r
2
,
1 1
ΙΟ π d 9
Ire sin re m π j x

General expression with both polar and winding symmetry.

(Be = 2
\^ a
d
h
Σ {A n (1 - cos η ττ) cos η θ) (a")

_ π /ι f sin η w 0 7Γ , , Λ \
Φι = π η^ 2
ι Α η — ( 1 — cos re τ ) cos η θ (B")
20 d I smnm 7T x J 7

^ai = —77^—1 Σ s —— sm n m τ sm n m π (1 — cos re π ) 0 x

2

ΙΟ a 9
I re 2

cos re 0 j (c")

2 NiN rl- A 2 smww x . n 0

ilf i o = —-7^ — Σ < —= : sm re m ττ sm re W i π 0

ΙΟ ττ ^ 9
I re smnm T 3
x

sin nm T 2 (1 — cos re π ) cos re 0 >

j 2
(D")

Α Τ 4 7Γ iV 2
rI ( A . .
Δι /> a = a
Σ ^ —— sm re w* π (1 — cos re 7r) >
n
j 2
(e ")

* j 2 Ni 2
r l ΧΛ / A n sin re m 7Γ sin re W i 7Γ
2
0
2

ΙΟ 9
7Γ ^ I re sm η m x π

(l - cos re ττ) >

j 2
(F " )

I n using a n y of t h e formulas given a b o v e for machines h a v i n g

m o r e t h a n t w o poles, it m u s t b e divided b y t h e n u m b e r of pairs
of poles a n d likewise t h e expression for M or Δι L m u s t be m u l t i ­
plied b y t h e n u m b e r of pairs of poles, which leaves t h e formula
for t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s u n c h a n g e d .
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 713

Let us next consider t h e a c t u a l i n d u c t i o n in t h e air gap with

a d i s t r i b u t e d winding o p e r a t i n g w i t h t h r e e - p h a s e c u r r e n t s . Let
i i be t h e magnetizing c u r r e n t of t h e first p h a s e i
m and i m 2 m?>

those of t h e other phases. T h e i n d u c t i o n due t o one g r o u p of

coils of phase 1 is

Φι = * l ^ ^ ? Σ ( — \ - sin re w π sin η mi π cos re θ \

1
(30)
10 π a { re J
0 2

a n d if t h e phase displacement of 2 a n d 3 from 1 be φ ί2 a n d <p u

^ 8 N imi J 1 . . / \ I
Φ = —77: τ 2 2
Ι — ν s m n w
o ττ sm re w 7Γ cos (ret/ — <£>ι) V n

10 7Γ α
2
I re J
z 2 2

(31)
8 iV i Ί 1 ·
3 m 3_ ·v , \ a

Φ 3 = —ττ; r - Σ < —— sm re w 7Γ sm re w π cos (re 0 — <z> ) 0 2 13

10 π α I re 2

(32)
F o r symmetrically grouped coils t h e formulas become

Φι = — τ τ τ - ^ τ - Σ ( — 4 - sin re w π sin re w π (1 — cos re π )

10 π I re 2 0 x

cos nO) (33)

8 Ni2 m2 _ / 1 . Ν N

— — Σ < —— sm re re? 7Γ sm re m (1 — cos re π) cos re? 0 2

10 7Γ d Ire 2

(Θ - Φ 1 2 ) (34)

8 Ν ζ ImZ Ί 1 • . · /I Χ
= —ττ; r Σ \ — Τ Γ * η m ο π sm η w m
(1 — cos re π ) cos m
Ν

Φ3 7Γ
10 π Ire 2 3

(0- ] (35)

F o r a s y m m e t r i c a l t h r e e - p h a s e m o t o r with full p i t c h coils

w = 0.5, mi = w = ws. = 0.166 (33), (39) a n d (35) become
0 2

of t h e four

8_^ι_^_ J c o s 0 _ 2 c o s 3 0 + 1 c o s 5 0 + 1 c o s 7 0
10 7Γ d ( 9 25 49

- ^ cos 9 0 + - j i j COS Π 0 + 7 ^ cos 13 0 + } (36)

714 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES [June 28

which is t h e field due t o one group of coils alone. T h e w a v e is

flattened b y t h e t h i r d group of harmonics b u t all t h e other
harmonics are peaking values. T h e r e is therefore a decided
gain in such a w a v e form of flux since it p e r m i t s of high funda­
m e n t a l flux density.
T h e m a x i m u m \^alue of flux is a p p r o x i m a t e l y

B max = 0.823 · - M i ^ g a u s (37)

1U 7Γ a

where d is given in centimeters.

1.67iVii . ,
Bmax = 1 maxwells per square inch,
D m n

7Γ a

with d given in inches.

For the total winding t h e r e s u l t a n t induction will be t h e sum
of Β ι, Β , a n d2 B. If we t a k e t h e symmetrical winding with
angles between planes of s y m m e t r y
2ττ 4ττ ,
φ12 = - y - and φ η = -γ-, we h a v e

cos η θ = —ψ Λ 2~

cos \ (38)

cos

If we m u l t i p l y these t h r e e q u a n t i t i e s successively by I \,
m

a I \, a / m i a n d add, we h a v e
2
m

-jn θ
l~i \ (1 + a - ( » - ) + a<»+*>) ( +
a
—

X (1 + α»+» + a - ^ " ) ) ) 1
} (39)

a n d giving η successive odd values from 1 u p , we find for (39)

t h e following values

η = 1 (39) becomes - | I \ m e~ je

η = 3 « " 0
1918] FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES 715

η =

11 = 7 " " -| e-' * 7

« = 7 " " 0

η = 11 " " I
. 2 . 2 « jr „

« = η " " 2 7 m l sin - ^ p - e

2

W e m a y therefore express ÛJ by-

OS = real p a r t of

16Nj , m ( 1 . . , T S
10 wd Σ \ r - Sill M W o 7Γ s i n « Wli χ (1 — COS tt 7Γ)

. 2 . 2 η ir

2 wπ 3

X sin 2
— — e j (40)

I t will be obvious t h a t if we proceed a r o u n d t h e cylinder in t h e

negative direction of r o t a t i o n a t a n a n g u l a r speed w a n d I \ m

is e q u a l t o I \ e > for η — 1 t h e value of Β γ will r e m a i n

m
jwt

c o n s t a n t a n d real, hence B m u s t be a c o n s t a n t field r o t a t i n g a t

x

a n g u l a r velocity w in t h e negative direction. T h e value of Β m a y

be expressed in h a r m o n i c form, b u t in this form it does n o t illus­
t r a t e t h e r o t a t i n g field t h e o r y so a p t l y . T h e h a r m o n i c form is
given below a n d is simpler in a p p e a r a n c e t h a n (40).

Φ = *~T77~~~"~~7* Σ (—\r 1
sin η m τ sin η m\ 7Γ (1 — cos η π
10 π α \ η2 0

. 2 η ττ
η θ} (41)
2

sm 2
— τ ζ — cos

For a s y m m e t r i c a l three-phase m o t o r with full pitch coil

(tw = 0.5 W i = 0.166) (B becomes
0

© « ^rf ^ 1 1
2 { cos θ + cos 5 θ + ~ cos 7 0
10 π d I 25 49

+ ^ cos Π θ + ~ cos I S θ + . . } (42)

716 FORTESCUE: SYMMETRICAL COORDINATES [June 28

This gives for t h e m a x i m u m induction a p p r o x i m a t e l y

<B - 1-075 X 12 i y ^ x _ 1.29 Ni i m

® ~~ max
10 π d ¥d g a U S S ( 4 3 )

where d is measured in centimeters.

3.28 X Ni imi . - .
(Bmox = j maxwell per s q u a r e inch
n
(44)
( A A

7Γ a

where d is m e a s u r e d in inches a n d Ν is t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of
turns per pair of poles.