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TTO 3-YB-4

WEEK 2: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND - Scientific Inquiry is also called the Scientific
Method
SOCIETY
SCIENCE HYPOTHESIS VS THEORY
System of knowledge of the natural world gained A hypothesis proposes a tentative explanation or
through scientific method. prediction. ... A theory, on the other hand, is a
substantiated explanation for an occurrence.
Physics - concerned with the nature and properties Theories rely on tested and verified data, and
of matter and energy. scientists widely accepted theories to be true,
Meteorology - concerned with the processes and though not unimpeachable.
phenomena of the atmosphere, especially as a
means of forecasting the weather. HYPOTHESIS
Astronomy - deals with celestial objects, space, and - Never really proven
the physical universe as a whole. - After many tests → True
Taxonomy - classification, especially of organisms;
systematics. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Pathology - the science of the causes and effects of - Takes the form of experimental or
diseases, comparative method.
- In ecology, we manipulate variable
1ST SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
1) Galileo Galilei STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD
- Italian astronomer, physicist and 1. Problem/Question
engineer, sometimes described as a - Develop a question or problem that
polymath can be solved through
- Telescope experimentation.
- Moons of Jupiter 2. Observation/Research
2) Nicolas Copernicus - Make observations and research
- Polish astronomer known as the father your topic of interest.
of modern astronomy. He was the first 3. Formulate a Hypothesis
modern European scientist to propose - Predict a possible answer to the
that Earth and other planets revolve problem or question
around the sun, or the Heliocentric - It should answer the original
Theory of the universe. question, and it should be testable
- Example: If soil temperatures rise,
3) Charles Darwin then plant growth will increase.
- Theory of evolution had three main
components: that variation occurred
randomly among members of a 4. Testing the Hypothesis
species; that an individual's traits could - Develop and follow a procedure.
be inherited by its progeny; and that Include a detailed materials list.
the struggle for existence would allow - The outcome must be measurable
only those with favorable traits to (quantifiable).
survive. 5. Collect and Analyze Results (Data Analysis)
- Charles Darwin formulated the - Modify the procedure if needed.
theory of evolution. - Confirm the results by retesting.
Include tables, graphs, and
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY photographs.
- A process that is used to solve everyday 6. Conclusion
problems or questions. - Include a statement that accepts or
rejects the hypothesis.
 - Make recommendations for further SOCIETY
study and possible improvements A group of people living as a community or an
7. Communicate the Results organized group of people for a common purpose.
- Be prepared to present the project to
an audience. EVOLUTION OF SOCIETIES
- Expect questions from the audience. 1. Hunter and Gatherer Societies- the most
primitive of all societies.
TECHNOLOGY 2. Shifting and Farming- e.g. slash and burn
- Greek words tekhne meaning “art or craft” farming
and logi meaning, a subject or interest”. 3. Agricultural and Mining Societies- both
- Practical application of knowledge depend on the natural resources of the
- Science of industrial arts and manufacture world to sustain the needs of people but
- Material products or result of human both entail the risk of environmental
fabrication and making. damage.
4. Manufacturing and Processing Societies-
DEVELOPMENT VS INNOVATIONS the use of coal marked the start of
INNOVATIONS industrialization.
- This involves commercialization of 5. Synthesizing and Recycling Societies-
prototype inventions of Research and production of synthetic food and other
Development into marketable products or resources and recycling of nonrenewable
processes. resources.

DEVELOPMENT WEEK 3: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT

- Involves transforming research findings
into prototype inventions of new materials, Science and technology is evident since the
devices and processes. beginning of time. New knowledge made it possible
to create new things that would help people
CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY BASED ON A improve their everyday living
COUNTRY’S LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGICAL
SOPHISTICATION. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT
1. FIRST WAVE TECHNOLOGY - AGRICULTURE PERIODS
AGE: Comprising the pre- industrial 1. Ancient period (7 Continents)
technologies which are labor-intensive, 2. Medieval period
small-scale, decentralized and based on 3. Renaissance Period
empirical rather than scientific knowledge. 4. Industrial Revolution
2. SECOND WAVE TECHNOLOGY: Comprising 5. (18th Century)
the industrial technologies which were 6. 19th Century
developed since the time of industrial 7. 20th Century
revolution until the end of World War II.
These are usually capital-intensive ANCIENT PERIOD
technologies and are essentially based on 1. Sumerian Civilization
the classical principles of classical physics, Significant Contributions
chemistry and biology.  Cuneiform- a set of word pictures
3. THIRD WAVE TECHNOLOGY: Comprising the depicted in symbols made of
post-industrial or the high technologies triangular marks.
which are called science-intensive since  Sexagesimal - using the number 60
they are based on the modern scientific as base, system of counting and a
knowledge of the structures, properties form of place notation.
and interaction of molecules, atoms and  Ziggurats- Mountain of god, served
nuclei. as the sacred place of their chief
god
 Potter’s wheel.
  Wheeled vehicle made of solid - Introduction of a uniform system of gold
wooden wheels on axles now and silver coinage.
regarded as the greatest - The first regular postal system in the world
mechanical invention of all time.
 materia medica -made up of  North American makes stone arrowheads.
assorted botanical, zoological and  Peruvians build a long canal tool to irrigate
mineralogical ingredients. their crops.
 seed plow  Pottery is made in Southern America.
 sail boat  Boats in China are equipped with anchors.
 Intricate system of canals, dikes  The plow is invented in both China and
and reservoir. Mesopotamia.
 the City of Uruk- a great wonder  A lunar calendar is developed in China.
not only because it is considered to  The earliest-known clay pots are made in
be the first true city in the world Japan.
 Code of Ur-NAmmu- the oldest  Chinese doctors begin
surviving law in the world. It is the  using acupuncture
earliest existing legal text  Bronze is first made People in Iran make
wine.
2. Babylonian Civilization
- Babylonia- ancient region bordering the MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq) - Known as “Dark Ages” is considered to be
3. Egyptian Civilization one of the creative periods in the history of
- Egypt- located in the Northeastern part of humans and said to be the start of the
the African continent, a desert country industrial revolution.
thriving on an agricultural economy. - Charlemagne (742-814) a medieval
4. Greek Civilization emperor who ruled Western Europe in 800-
- Greece: is an archipelago in the 814, tried to establish a scholastic tradition.
Southeastern part of Europe. - Later middle Ages (around 1250-1500 A.D.)
 Known as the birthplace of western saw advancements in the philosophy of
philosophy. science and the refinement of the scientific
5. Roman Civilization method.
- The Roman Empire was perceived to be the - One of the greatest inventions during the
strongest political and social entity in the Middle Ages was the printing press of
west. Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1395-1468) in the
- Considered to be the cradle of politics and 15th century.
governance.
6. Arabic/Islamic Civilization RENAISSANCE PERIOD
- Arabia is a rocky peninsula in Southwestern - The term Renaissance is used to refer to
Asia. the period of rebirth as age of preparation
- The most influential Muslim intellectual for the 17th century scientific development
contribution to the modern world was their and achievements.
synthesis of the scientific and technological - Wood printing and papermaking originated
knowledge they learned from and from China in 1250-1350.
transmitted to the various cultures they - Western Europe: printing books
encountered.
7. Chinese Civilization
- It is considered to be the oldest civilization  Nicolaus Copernicus presented the theory
in Asia. of Heliocentric.
- It is also known as the middle kingdom,  Isaac Newton’s discoveries about gravity.
located on the far east of Asia.  Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) improved the
8. Indus-Hindu Civilization telescope about gravity.
9. Persian Civilization
 • Much of these events happened known as
TH
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (18 CENTURY) the Intellectual Revolution.
- It began in Great Britain and spread across • Used to refer to the great intellectual
Europe, America, and even Asia from 1760 achievements of science from sixteenth to
to 1840. seventeenth century marking a radical
- A time of scientific and technological change in the assumptions attitudes and
advancement this spanned the period methods in scientific inquiry.
during late 18th century to early 19th • Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were
century. the only authorities accepted as truth
- One of the major setbacks of the Industrial • A geocentric model of the universe, in
- Revolution was skilled workers were set which the Earth is at the center was
aside because of operation of new supported during the Middle Ages
machines were used. • Until the mid-1500’s, European scholars
accepted and believed the teachings of
 Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer.
invented the telephone. • Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the
 George Stephenson (1781-1922) center of the universe.
developed the first steam-powered • Industrial revolution- refers to complex
locomotive. technological innovations from 1750 to
 1879, Thomas Edison invented the light 1895 characterized by the substitutions of
bulb. machines for human skill and machine
 Steam engine by Scottish James Watt power for that of human and animal
(1736- 1819) bringing a shift from handicraft to
manufacture and marking the birth of
19TH CENTURY modern economy.
• Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) formulated
CAUSES OR GENESIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
the Periodic Table.
REVOLUTION
• John Dalton (1766-1844) published atomic
theory in 1803. • Printing press spread new ideas
• Joseph Thomson discovered the electron • Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of
in 1897 scientific research because of technology
• Henri Becquerel- discovered radioactivity needed for navigation
in 1896 • Translation of the works of Muslim scholars
• Marie Curie and Pierre Curie- discovered opened the minds of European thinkers to
radium in 1898 new scientific knowledge

20th CENTURY NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

- Use of Scientific methods and funding for • A polish mathematician and astronomer
research. who studied in Italy.
• In 1543 Copernicus published De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the
WEEK 4: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres).
• It has been established that most, if not all, • In his book, Copernicus made two
of the discoveries and inventions in science conclusions: The universe is heliocentric, or
and technology during each time period sun-centered. The Earth is merely one of
were due to human needs and wants. several planets revolving around the sun.
 • Copernicus proposed the idea that Earth • Newton published his scientific ideas in his
revolved around the sun, and not vice book Mathematical Principles of Natural
versa… The sun was the center of the Philosophy.
Universe, not the Earth. • He invented calculus.
• Most scholars rejected his theory because
it went against Ptolemy, the Church, and CHARLES DARWIN
because it called for the Earth to rotate on • Darwin developed the biological theory of
its axis. evolution that explains how modern
organisms evolved over long periods of
TYCHO BRAHE time through descent from common
• Provided evidence that supported ancestors
Copernicus’ heliocentric theory. • ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
• Brahe set up an astronomical observatory. • SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
• Observed the sky, accumulating data about
the movement of the stars and planets. LAMARCK’S EVOLUTIONARY HYPOTHESES
• Proposed that the use or disuse of organs
JOHANNES KEPLER (BRAHE’S ASSISTANT) caused organisms to gain or lose traits over
• Used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of time.
the planets revolving around the sun. • Suggest that species are not fixed
• Kepler’s calculations supported Copernicus’
heliocentric theory. THOMAS MALTHUS
• Showed that planets moved in oval shaped • People were being born faster than people
orbits, and not perfect circles, as Ptolemy were dying
and Copernicus believed.
ORGANIC EVOLUTION
GALILEO GALILEI • the slow and gradual process by which
• Built upon the scientific foundations laid by living organisms have changed from the
Copernicus and Kepler. simplest unicellular form to the most
• Galileo built the first telescope. complex multi-cellular forms that are
• Galileo also found that all objects fall at the existing today.
same speed.
• The Church opposed Galileo's claim that SIGMUND FREUD
the Earth was fixed. Galileo recanted his • Studied hysteria.
ideas in 1633 after being threatened with • Father of psychoanalysis.
death by the Inquisition. Galileo's ideas • Psychology was considered more of an art
were house-arrested. rather than a science.
• Psychoanalysis- is the study that explains
SIR ISAAC NEWTON human behavior.
• Built upon the work of Copernicus and
Galileo. LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: ICEBERG THEORY
• Most influential scientist of the Scientific • Conscious mind – like the top of the
Revolution. iceberg, only a small portion of our mind is
• Used math to prove the existence of accessible to us.
gravity. • Preconscious mind – material that is
unconscious, but can be easily brought into
 awareness. Moves back & forth easily COLONIAL PERIOD
between conscious & unconscious. • Spaniards introduced formal education and
• Unconscious mind – is completely outside founded scientific institution.
of our awareness (could produce anxiety if • Provided the Philippines with parish
made conscious). schools in which religion, arithmetic,
writing, reading and music were taught.
STRUCTURES OF PERSONALITY (Like UST)
1. Id – “pleasure principle” unconscious • Contributed by constructing roads,
impulses that want to be gratified, without churches, bridges, walls, forts and other
regard to potential punishment. infrastructures.
- Original Core of an Individual personality • The American period provided the
- Biological Driven Philippines with an extensive public
- Primarily Unconscious education system.
2. Ego “reality principle” – tries to satisfy id
impulses while minimizing punishment & POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
guilt.
- Self- Identity which arises out of ID MARCOS ERA AND MARTIAL LAW
- It controls voluntary motion and self- • Strengthened the development of science
reservation behavior and technology in the Philippines.
3. Superego – the “moral principle” of our • Provided science- teaching equipment for a
personality which tells us right from wrong period of 4 years
our conscience. • In 1968, he also recognized that
- Developing out of the Ego technology was the top reason in economic
- Serves as conscience development, and gave extra funds to
support projects in applied science and
WEEK 5: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & science education.
NATION BUILDING • Presidential Decree No. 49,
series of 1972 as a support for promoting
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD the scientific research and invention.
• Filipinos were engaged in different kinds of CORAZON AQUINO PRESIDENCY
activities like farming, weaving, • President Corazon Aquino replaced the
shipbuilding and mining. National Science and Technology Authority
• Banaue Rice Terraces are cultured products to Department of Science and Technology,
of engineering built with minimal giving the science and technology a seat in
equipment, largely by hand. the government cabinet.
• Had an alphabet called alibata and the In 1989, the budget allocation for science
emergence of writing system called and technology was increased into 1.054
baybayin. The Laguna billion pesos.
• Copperplate Inscription is a legal document
said to be the earliest known calendar- FIDEL RAMOS PRESIDENCY
dated document found in the Philippines. • Increase personnel specializing in the
• Shamans or babaylans were the first science and technology field. Health care
healers within the tribal communities and services were promoted through local
the use of medicinal or herbal plants was programs such as “Doctors to the Barrio
the common way of treating ailments. Program”. Magna Carta for Science and
 Technology Personnel was established. He • Angel Alcala – promote biodiversity in the
believes that science and technology was aquatic ecosystems of the Philippines.
one of the means wherein the Philippines • Fe Del Mundo - founder of the first
could attain the status of new pediatric hospital in the Philippines.
industrialized country. • Eduardo Quisumbing - leading authority of
plants in the Philippines. Author of
JOSEPH ESTRADA PRESIDENCY taxonomic and morphological papers,
• Signed the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, many of which deal with orchids including
designed to protect and preserve the Medicinal Plants in the Philippines.
environment and Electronic Commerce Act • Emil Q Javier - plant geneticist and
of 2000 which outlaws computer hacking. agronomist who contributed in Agriculture.
• Germiniano T. de Ocampo - Father of
GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO PRESIDENCY Modern Philippine ophthalmology. He was
• Science and technology reached its golden the founder of the Philippine Eye Bank.
age.
R.A 9367 or the “biofuels” act that
promotes the development and usage of
biofuels throughout
the country.

BENIGNO AQUINO
• In 2014, Pres. Benigno Aquino honors
scientists’contributions.

RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE

• Balik Scientist law\
• This sharing of expertise significantly
contributed to the acceleration of the
scientific, agro-industrial and economic
development of the country.

NATIONAL SCIENTIST
• Ramon C. Barba - inventing a way to induce
more flowers in mango trees using ethrel
and potassium nitrate.
• Edgardo Gomez - led the world’s first
national-scale assessment of damage to
coral reefs. Pioneered giant clam breeding
and other protective areas for coastal
communities of the Philippines.
• Gavino C. Trono - “The father of
Kappaphycus farming”, focuses on marine
phycology particularly seaweed
biodiversity.