Answer Key for Problem Set Dealing with Concentration Units
1 a. The formula for sodium sulfate is Na2SO4.
grams N a 2 S O4
w / w % Na 2 SO4 = x 100
grams solution
The mass of solute is 15.0 g Na2SO4. The mass of solvent (water) is 400.0 g, so the mass of solution is:
15.0 g Na2SO4 + 400.0 g H2O = 415.0 g solution
15. 0 g N a 2 S O 4
w/w% N a 2 SO4 = x 100 = 3.61% N a 2 S O4
415.0 g solution
1 b. The molar mass of Na2SO4. must be calculated to find the moles of Na2SO4.
Molar mass of Na2SO4. = 2 AW of Na + AW of S + 4 AW of O (where AW = atomic weight)
= 2(22.99 g/mol) + 32.07 g/mol + 4(16.00 g/mol) = 142.05 g Na2SO4./mol Na2SO4.
Find the moles of Na2SO4.:
1 mole N a 2 S O4
15.0 g N a 2 S O4 x = 0.106 mol N a 2 S O4
142.05 g Na 2 S O4
Find the volume of solution in liters. Recall from part a, the mass of solution is 415.0g.
1 mL solution 1 L solution
415.0 g solution x x = 0.3930 L solution
1.056 g solution 1000 mL solution
Calculate the molarity:
0.106 mol N a2 SO 4
Molarity of N a 2 SO 4 = =0.270 M N a 2 S O4
0.3930 L solution
1 c. The moles of Na2SO4 is already known from part b. Find the kilograms of solvent (water):
1 kg H2 O
400.0 g H2 O x = 0.4000 kg H2 O
1000 g H2 O
Calculate the molality of Na2SO4 :
0.106 mol N a2 SO4
molality of N a 2 S O4 = = 0.265 m N a2 SO4
0.4000 kg water
1 d. Calculate the parts per thousand of Na2SO4 from the mass of solute and mass of solution:
15.0 g N a 2 S O4
ppt N a 2 S O4 = x 1000 = 36.1 ppt N a 2 S O4
415 g solution
1 e. Parts per million may also be expressed as mg solute/L solution. In this case, converting the
molarity to ppm will be the simplest route:
0.270 mol N a 2 S O4 2 mol N a
+
22.99 g Na
+
a
+¿
4 +
x x x 1000 mg N = 1.24 x 1 0 ppm N a ¿
L solution 1 mol N a2 SO4 1 mol N a + 1 g Na
+
1 e. For the mole fraction of sulfate, we need to have:
2-
2- mol S O4
mole fraction S O 4 = 2- +
mol S O4 + mol N a +mol H2 O
Find the moles of Na+ :
+
2 mol N a +
0. 106 mol N a 2 S O4 x = 0. 212 mol N a
1 mol N a 2 SO4
Find the moles of SO42- :
2-
1 mol SO4 2−¿¿
0. 106 mol N a 2 S O4 x = 0. 106 mol S O4
1 mol N a2 SO4
Find the moles of H2O:
1 mol H2 O
400.0 g H2 O x =22.20 mol H2 O
18.02 g H2 O
Calculate the mole fraction of sulfate:
2-
2- 0.106 mol SO4
X of S O4 = + 2-
= 0.0 0471
0. 212 mol N a + 0. 106 mol SO4 + 22.20 mol H2 O
2 a. Assume exactly 1 liter (1000 mL) of solution, which is the quantity present in the denominator of the
known concentration unit (molarity). This also means you have 12.0 mol HCl present. Convert the
moles of HCl to a mass of HCl:
36.46 g HCl
12.0 mol HCl x = 437.5 g HCl
1 mol HCl
Find the mass of solution using the density of the solution:
1.107 g solution
1000 mL solution x = 1107 g solution
1 mL solution
Calculate the mass percent of HCl:
437.5 g HCl
x 100 = 39.5 % HCl
1107 g solution
2 b. Find the mass of solvent:
1107 g solution – 437.5 g HCl = 670 g H2O
Convert the mass of solvent to kilograms:
1 kg H2 O
6 70 g H2 O x = 0.6 70 kg H2 O
1000 g H2 O
Calculate the molality:
12.0 mol HCl
=17. 9 m HCl
0.6 70 kg H2 O
2 c. Find the moles of H2O:
1 mol H2 O
6 70 g H2 O x = 3 7 .2 mol H2 O
18.02 g H2 O
Calculate the mole fraction of HCl:
12.0 mol HCl
X of HCl = = 0.244
12.0 mol HCl + 3 7 .2 mol H 2 O
3 a. Assume exactly 1 kg (1000 g) of water (solvent), which is the quantity present in the denominator of
the known concentration unit (molality). This also means you have 0.300 mol Ca(NO 3)2.
To find the mass of calcium nitrate, you need the molar mass of Ca(NO3)2:
Molar mass of Ca(NO3)2 = AW of Ca + 2 AW of N + 6 AW of O (where AW = atomic weight)
= 40.08 g/mol + 2(14.01 g/mol) + 6(16.00 g/mol) = 164.10 g Ca(NO3)2/mol Ca(NO3)2
Calculate the mass of Ca(NO3)2 :
164 .10 g Ca(N O3 )2
0.300 mol Ca(N O3 ) 2 x = 49.2 g Ca(N O3 ) 2
1 mol Ca(N O3 )2
Find the mass of solution:
mass of solution = 49.2 g Ca(NO3)2 + 1000.0 g H2O = 1049.2 g solution
Calculate the mass percent of Ca(NO3)2 :
49.2 g Ca(N O3 ) 2
x 100 = 4.69 %Ca(N O3 ) 2
1049.2 g solution
3 b. To find the mass of nitrate ion, you need the molar mass of nitrate ion (NO 3¯ ):
Molar mass of NO3¯ = AW of N + 3 AW of O (where AW = atomic weight)
= 14.01 g/mol + 3(16.00 g/mol) = 62.01 g NO3¯/mol NO3¯
Calculate the mass of nitrate ion:
- -
2 mol N O3 62.01 g N O3
0.300 mol Ca(N O3 ) 2 x x
1 mol Ca(N O3 )2 1 mol N O−¿ −¿ ¿
3 = 37.2 g NO 3 ¿
Calculate the mass percent of nitrate ion:
-
37.2 g N O3 −¿ ¿
x 100 = 3.55 %N O3
1049.2 g Ca(N O3 ) 2
3 c. Find the mass of calcium ion:
2+ 2+
1 mol Ca 40.08 g Ca 2+
0.300 mol Ca(N O3 ) 2 x x = 12.0 g Ca
1 mol Ca(N O 3 ) 2 1 mol C a2+
Calculate the mass percent of calcium ion:
2+
12. 0 g Ca 2+
x 100 = 1.14 %C a
1049.2 g Ca(N O 3 ) 2
Notice how the sum of %Ca2+ and %NO3¯ sum to the %Ca(NO3)2.
3 d. Convert the mass of solution to volume of solution in liters:
1 mL solution 1 L solution
1049.2 g solution x x = 1.040 L solution
1.009 g solution 1000 mL solution
Calculate the molarity:
0.300 mol Ca(N O3 ) 2
= 0.288 M Ca(N O 3 )2
1.040 L solution
3 e. Calculate the molarity of nitrate ions:
-
0.288 mol Ca(N O3 ) 2 2 mol N O3 −¿¿
x = 0.576 M N O3
1 L solution 1 mol Ca(N O3 )2
3 f. Find the moles of calcium ion:
2+¿
a 2+
0.300 mol Ca(N O3 )2 x 1 mol C = 0.300 mol C a ¿
1 mol Ca(N O3 ) 2
Find the moles of nitrate ion:
−¿
O
0.300 mol Ca(N O3 )2 x 2 mol N 3 =0.600 mol N O−¿
3 ¿
¿
1 mol Ca(N O3 )2
Find the moles of water:
1 mol H2 O
1000 g H2 O x = 55.49 mol H2 O
18.02 g H2 O
Calculate the mole fraction of calcium ion:
2+
0.300 mol C a
−¿ + 55.49 mol H2 O
2 +¿ + 0.600 mol N O3 = 0.00532¿
0.300 mol C a ¿
3 g. Calculate the mole fraction of nitrate ion:
−¿
O3
0.600 mol N = 0.0106 ¿
0.300 mol Ca 2+ + 0.600 mol N O-3 + 55.49 mol H2 O
4. Recall that parts per million may also be expressed as mg solute/liter of solution or mg solute per
kilograms solution. Either case will work here because the density of the solution is given as 1.00 g/mL.
Assume exactly 1 liter of solution (1000 g solution) so that the mass of solute (25.0 mg of magnesium
ion) is known.
4 a. Convert milligrams of magnesium ion to grams magnesium ion:
−3 2+
1 x 10 g Mg
2 +¿ x 2+
= 0.0250 g M g2+ ¿
1 mg M g
25.0 mg M g
Calculate the w/w% magnesium ion:
2+
0.0250 g M g 2+
x 100 = 0.00250 %M g
1000 g solution
4 b. Find the number of grams of chloride ion keeping in mind the chemical formula of magnesium
chloride is MgCl2:
2+ −¿ −¿
1 mol M g l l
2+¿ x 2+
x 2 mol C 2+
x 35.45 g C -
=0.0729g C l - ¿ ¿¿
24.30 g M g 1 mol M g 1 mol C l
0.0250 g M g
Calculate the w/w% of Cl¯:
−¿
l −¿¿
0.0729 g C x 100 = 0.00729 %C l ¿
1000 g solution
4 c. Find the number of grams of magnesium chloride:
2+ 1 mol M g
2+
1 mol MgC l 2 95.20 g MgC l 2
0.0250 g M g x 2+
x 2+
x = 0.0979 g MgC l 2
24.30 g M g 1 mol M g 1 mol MgC l 2
Calculate the w/w % MgCl2:
0.0929 g MgC l 2
x 100 = 0.00929 % MgC l 2
1000 g solution
4 d. Find the moles of magnesium chloride:
1 mol MgC l 2
0.0979 g MgC l 2 x = 0.00103 mol MgC l 2
95.20 g MgC l 2
Calculate the molarity of MgC l 2 :
0.00103 mol MgC l 2
= 0.00103 M MgC l 2
1 L solution
4 e. Calculate the molarity of magnesium ions:
0.00103 mol MgC l 2 1 mol M g 2+ 2+
x = 0.00103 M M g
1 L solution 1 mol MgC l 2
4 f. Calculate the molarity of chloride ions:
0.00103 mol MgC l 2 l
−¿
-
x 2mol C = 0.00206 mol Cl ¿
1 L solution 1 mol MgC l 2
4 g. Find the mass of water:
1000 g solution – 0.0979 g MgCl2 = 999.9021 g H2O
Convert this mass to kilograms:
1 kg H2 O
999.9021 g H2 O x = 0.9999021 kg H2 O
1000 g H2 O
Calculate the molality of MgCl2:
0.00103 mol MgC l 2
= 0.00103 m MgC l 2
0.9999021 kg H2 O
