Chemical Structures Of Hormones

I. Biogenic Amine Hormones -

hormones derived from tyrosine (dopamine catecholamines ) ,

2. Peptide
/ Protein / glycoprotein Hormones
-

hormones composed of a sequence of amino acids

( Oxytocin ,
Insulin ,
FSH )

3. Steroid Hormones -

hormones derived from cholesterol (testosterone )

TARGET CELLS are cells that express accessible , functional receptors that the hormone

binds to .
A cell may act as a target for several hormones .

HORMONE RECEPTORS Au hormone receptors are proteins

intracellular receptors
bind nonpolar hormones
p
can be located on the plasma membrane or inside target cells
↳ membrane / cell surface receptors
bind polar hormones

The hypothalamus synthesis 9 hormones Which

Pituitary Hormones are delivered to the pituitary gland .

Posterior Pituitary ( 2 Hormones ) Anterior Pituitary (7 Hormones)

,µµ ᵗ
Hypothalamus """ " " "
cell

secretory are " "

neuro
Anterior
pituitary
posterior

1%1
↳ TSH ACTH , FSH / LH GH
> Oxytocin ADH / ,
, ,

PRL , Endorphins
The Thyroid Gland Thyroid hormones :
tetraiodotnyromne (1-4)
trllodothyronlnec-13 )

stimulatory Factors that release thyroid hormones

1. TRH

2. TSH

3. Exposure to cold
Major Biological Actions
of the

Thyroid Hormones Inhibitory Factors

1. Inc basal metabolic rate

.
(BMR ) 1. Inc . blood levels of -14/-13
2. Inc .
Stroke volume and cardiac 2. Iodide excess * Wolff -

Chaikoff Effect
muscle contractility ,
MCHR

3. hypertension

4. Stimulate erythropoietin CEPO)

production ,
Inc .
erythropoiesis ,

Inc oxygen carrying capacity of blood

-

5. Stimulate motility of GI tract

6. Promote normal pulmonary function by

regulating the respiratory centers in the

medulla Oblongata
7. Promote normal function of the reproductive

system

Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism
◦
caused by either Iodide deficiency ◦
Inc . BMR ,
Inc . Core body temp
excess excessive
sweating
◦
or

◦ cold Intolerance , Weight gain hypotension

,
◦ Inc .
appetite accompanied by
due to bradycardia , chronic constipation weight-loss ( loss of bone density )
◦ Advanced hypothyroidism in adults OMCGI motility ( diarrhea )
IS known as myxedema leads to metabolic acidosis

◦ Hashimoto 's thyroiditis : an autoimmune ◦

tachycardia hypertension ,

disorder which Immune system creates Goiter ( Graves disease)

'
◦
in

antibodies that damage your thyroid gland

Calcium HOMEOSTASIS Thyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone

( PTH ) and Calcitonin

Biological Actions Of PTH

In the kidneys ,
PTH stimulates calcium

reabsorption to Inc . blood calcium levels

(hypercalcemia)

Hyperparathyroidism
caused by damaged parathyroid glands
or PTH gene mutation

Pseudo hyperparathyroidism :
genetic disorder

leading to dysfunctional PTH receptors

( PTH levels in blood are elevated )

clinical features of hypocalcemia

>
neuromuscular hyper excitability

Hyperparathyroidism >
positive Chvostek Sign
Primary hyperparathyroidism : caused by > cardiac arrhythmia ( prolonged QT
tumor of the parathyroid glands interval I
> dec contractile force ,
dec stroke
caused by
secondary hyperparathyroidism :
volume
renal failure

clinical features of hypercalcemia

>
osteoporosis
> depressed nervous system activity
>
hypertension ,
vasoconstriction
>
polyana
The Adrenal Gland consists of the outer adrenal cortex and

inner adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex -
divided Into 3 zones

1. Outer Zone :
synthesizes aldosterone
2. middle Zone : synthesizes cortisol
3. Inner Zone :
synthesizes the adrenal androgens

Major Biological Actions

Of Cortisol

1. Inc appetite , weight gain

2. Inhibits cellular glucose uptake ,
MC blood glucose
3. Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver

4. Stimulates protein catabolism in skeletal muscle

to allow for enzyme synthesis

5. Inc . Cardiac output

6. Stimulates sodium and water reabsorption (renal )

Hyper cortisol ISM =

Cushing Syndrome

Adrenal Insufficiency ( Al )

1. loss of appetite , weight loss ,

fatigue
2. hyponatremia -

due to absence of aldosterone

3. hypotension -

dec cardiac output

.

4. hypoglycemia
Addison 's disease -

hyper pigmentation Of Skin

Adrenal Medulla : the catecholamines Tyrosine

↓
L -

dopa
Stimuli for release of catecholamines
↓
are hypoglycemia stress hemorrhage Dopamine
, , ,

activation of sympathetic nervous system ↓

THR ,
↑ cardiac output TBP No epinephrine
,

↓
vasoconstriction , dec GI motility
Epinephrine
Pancreatic Hormones INSULIN
Alpha cells secrete glucagon stimuli for Insulin Release

Beta cells secrete insulin

◦
hyperglycemia
Epsilon cells secrete Ghrelin ◦
Vagal ( parasympathetic)
stimulation via muscarinic
receptors

Dysfunction Of Insulin
Major 13101091cal ACTIONS
of Insulin
HYPO function leads -10 diabetes

mellitus ( DM ) 1. Stimulates cellular uptake of glucose

Type 1 : destruction of B pancreatic 2. ↑

glycolysis ,
↑ glycogenesis ,
↑ protein

synthesis (more uptake of acids)

cells . . -
no Insulin produced amino

Type 2 : insulin receptor desensitization 3. ↓ gluconeogenesis ↓ / IPOIYSIS

,

( insulin resistance )

main symptoms of Diabetes

◦
more common in type 1 :

lethargy ,
smell of acetone in breath ,

weight-loss , hyperventilation ,

nausea , vomiting

◦ Other symptoms :

blurred VISION Polyana , , glycosuria ,

hyperkalemia ( shortened QT interval on EKG) ,

cardiac muscle weakness , poor wound healing