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Water Hardness Removal Methods

This document discusses four methods for removing permanent water hardness: 1) ion exchange using a resin bed to exchange calcium and magnesium ions for sodium or potassium ions, 2) reverse osmosis using a semipermeable membrane to block dissolved minerals, 3) lime-soda ash softening using a chemical reaction to form precipitates from calcium, magnesium, lime, and soda ash, and 4) distillation which boils water and collects condensed vapor to separate minerals.

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Kiran Shrestha
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360 views1 page

Water Hardness Removal Methods

This document discusses four methods for removing permanent water hardness: 1) ion exchange using a resin bed to exchange calcium and magnesium ions for sodium or potassium ions, 2) reverse osmosis using a semipermeable membrane to block dissolved minerals, 3) lime-soda ash softening using a chemical reaction to form precipitates from calcium, magnesium, lime, and soda ash, and 4) distillation which boils water and collects condensed vapor to separate minerals.

Uploaded by

Kiran Shrestha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6/10/23, 8:01 PM Water Hardness Removal Methods

1. Ion Exchange: Ion exchange is one of the most effective methods for removing permanent
hardness. It involves the use of a water softener unit that contains a resin bed with
exchangeable sodium or potassium ions. The hard water passes through the resin bed, and the
calcium and magnesium ions are exchanged with sodium or potassium ions, effectively
softening the water. Periodically, the resin bed needs to be regenerated using a brine solution
to restore its capacity.
2. Reverse Osmosis (RO): Reverse osmosis is a filtration process that can effectively remove
permanent hardness along with other impurities. It works by forcing water through a
semipermeable membrane that blocks the passage of dissolved minerals, including calcium and
magnesium ions. RO systems are commonly used for drinking water treatment and can provide
both softened and purified water.
3. Lime-Soda Ash Softening: Lime (calcium hydroxide) and soda ash (sodium carbonate) can be
added to water to remove permanent hardness through a chemical reaction. This process is
typically used in large-scale or municipal water treatment plants. The lime and soda ash react
with the calcium and magnesium ions, forming insoluble precipitates that can be removed
through settling or filtration.
4. Distillation: Distillation is a water treatment method that involves boiling water and collecting
the condensed vapor. The process separates the water from its dissolved minerals, including the
calcium and magnesium ions responsible for permanent hardness. However, distillation is not
commonly used for household water treatment due to its energy-intensive nature

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