INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Civil Engineering
Submitted to

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,

BELAGAVI-590018, KARNATAKA

Submitted By
Mr.Santosh.M.Kontikall 2KE20CV029
Mr.Tabraj.M.Nadaf 2KE21CV431
Mr.Prem.Naik 2KE20CV021
Mr.Manoj.V.N 2KE20CV014

Internship Coordinator

Prof. Shabarish V. Patil

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(NBA Accredited)

K.L.E. Society’s
K. L. E. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HUBBALLI-27
2023-24
 INTERNSHIP REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Civil Engineering
Submitted to

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,

BELAGAVI-590018, KARNATAKA

Submitted By
Mr.Santosh.M.Kontikall 2KE20CV029
Mr.Tabraj.M.Nadaf 2KE21CV431
Mr.Prem.Naik 2KE20CV021
Mr.Manoj.V.N 2KE20CV014

Internship Coordinator

Prof. Shabarish V. Patil

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(NBA Accredited)

K.L.E. Society’s
K. L. E. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HUBBALLI-27
2023-24
 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI-
590018

K.L.E. Society’s
K. L. E. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HUBBALLI-27
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Santosh M Kontikall (2KE20CV029), Mr. Tabraj M Nadaf
(2KE21CV431), Mr. Prem B Naik (2KE20CV021), Mr. Manoj V N (2KE20CV014), has
satisfactorily completed an “INTERNSHIP” (18CVI85) prescribed by Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2022-23. The report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of internship work prescribed
for Bachelor of Engineering degree.

Prof. Shabarish V. Patil Dr. Rajashekhar S. Laddimath Dr. Sharad G. Joshi

Coordinator Head of the Department Principal

Name of The Examiners Signature with Date

1.

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our proud privilege and pleasure to acknowledge the kind help and
guidance received from several people in preparation for this Internship report. It would
not have been possible to prepare this report in this form without valuable suggestions, co-
operation, and guidance.

First and foremost, express my sincere thanks to Dr. Sharad G. Joshi,

Principal,and Dr. Manu.T.M, Dean Academics KLE Institute of Technology, Hubballi
for providing us with this opportunity and lending us constant support and encouragement
during our internship.
We are thankful to Dr. Rajashekhar S. Laddimath, H.O.D Civil Engineering
Department, for his timely support and advice.
We are thankful to Prof. Shabarish V. Patil, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engineering Department, for actively guiding us during our internship course as an internal
guide and providing a large platform for learning.
We are thankful to the ER. Amrut T. Meharwade Chairman and Managing
Director,Horizon Constructions for providing us with an internship opportunity.

We thank all those who directly or indirectly helped us with the completion of this
internship. Above all, we would like to thank the almighty for giving us the precious
guidanceto complete the is Internship course successfully.
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CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

LIST OF FIGURES vii

CHAPTER1

COMPANY PROFILE 1
1.1 Vision and Mission 2
1.2 Service Offered by The Company 2
1.3 Quality Assurance 3
1.4 Safety measures 3

CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT 4
2.1 Function 4
2.2 Roles and Responsibilities Construction Company 4

CHAPTER 3
TASKS PERFORMED
3.1 Site Details 10
3.2 Footing 13
3.3 Column 14
3.4 Drop wall 16
3.5 Plinth beam 16
3.6 Staircase 17
3.7 Roof Beam 20
3.8 Slab Concrete 20
3.9 Bar bending 20
3.10 Steel design 21
3.11 Test on fresh concrete 22

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CHAPTER 4
REFLECTION NOTE 40
4.1 Objectives of the engineering task that 1performed 40
4.2 Over all benefits gained from the internship 40
4.3 Communication skills development 41
4.4 Practical skills development 41
4.5 Upgrading theoretical knowledge 42
4.6 Leadership Skills development 42
4.7 Challenges faced during the internship and measurement taken For Solution. 44

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION 45

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List of Figures

Sl.no. Fig. No Name of the figure Page no.

1 3.1 Raju Meharwade residential building 10
2 3.2 Ground floor presentation plan 11
3 3.3 First Floor Interior Layout dwg 12
4 3.4 Center line Drawing 13
5 3.5 Placing of Column 14
6 3.6 column and footing details 15
7 3.7 Plinth beam 16
8 3.8 Pond curing 19
9 3.9 Center line drawing of staircase 21
10 3.10 Staircase 22
11 3.11 Bar bending at site 24
12 3.12 Steel details 26
13 3.13 Steel reinforcement 27
14 3.14 Laying of slab concrete by transit mixer 28
15 3.15 Slab Details 28

16 3.16 Slump Cone Procedure 29

17 3.17 Types of slumps 30
19 3.18 Cube casting 30

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CHAPTER 1
COMPANY PROFILE

Internship is a practical experience opportunity offered by companies to learn

practicalaspects of professional work life which is very different from what we learn in the
classrooms. Since learning happens through education, exposure and experience,
internship provides us ataste of learning through exposure and experience.
There are many benefits of internship. When you work you learn. It can add
remarkablevalue to the student’s career. In an internship, the students are given the chance
to showcase their skills, talents, commitment, and value to a prospective employer.
During site visit got the chance to explore and observe the construction of foundation,
footings, columns, slab, and other finishing works of the Residential Apartment
buildings.Thename of the construction company is It is involved in building of complete
constructions or parts there of civil engineering.

1. COMPANY PROFILE
➢ COMPANY NAME: A S BETGERI CLASS-1 CONTRACTOR

➢ COMPANY ESTABLISHED: The Company was started in the year 1985.

➢ MANAGING DIRECTOR: ASHFAQ S BETGERI

➢ COMPANY’S EMAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]

➢ REGISTERED ADDRESS: Corporate office #16. Venkateshwara complex,

near NTTF, Dharwad-580001 (Karnataka)

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1.1 Vision and Mission

➢ Vision:

➢ HORIZON CONSTRUCTION: vision is to strengthen its construction business

by 1 upholding its rigid engineering & construction standards and by instantly acting to
the changing of projects complexity by adopting & implementing up to date technology
Experience and reputation are built on commitment and accomplishment to the clients’
needsexcellence.

➢ Mission:

➢ Our viewpoint is to meet beyond the expectations of our clients, associated workforce
through extended relationships through honesty, professionalism and quality which is
a necessity for success.

➢ To supply integrated services to clients, by adapting its capabilities, integrity, quality,

time value and sense of competitive challenging guided & empoweredby its core
values.
➢ Our long-term perception is seeking to build lasting relationships with our clientsand
partners by delivering the Projects on time, budget & quality, within an environment
of motivated employee focused on continuous improvement, highest &rigid business
standards, work ethic sand corporate citizenship, leading to added value for our client
and sustained return on investment to our shareholders.

1.2 Services offered by the company.

Company specializes in new construction, interior remodels, exterior remodels

and building maintenance for retail, offices, financial institutions, educational facilities,
warehouses. Examples of work completed at these facilities include creating innovative
offices, installing modular buildings, creating public greenways and parks, upgrading
interior and exterior for ADA compliance, and erecting metal building/canopies. Our in-
housework includes but is not limited to sidewalks, concrete pads and ramps, framing,
drywall, acoustical ceilings, wood trim work, doors, frames, locks, and pallet racking
systems. For work not completed in-house, we have an extensive list of qualified
contractors. Here are services offered:

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➢ Emergency Services
➢ Pre-construction Design and Estimating
➢ Construction Management
➢ Design/Build
➢ Construction Management
➢ Office Buildouts, Renovation and Expansion
➢ Remodeling
They can fast track your project and offer cost-saving solutions to meet your
budgetgoals. They encourage creating an eco-friendly and high-performance building to save
you money on building expenses for years to come.

1.3 QUALITYASSURANCE
➢ Skilled labors: its highly trained, educated.
➢ Good quality materials: The good qualities have already been tested for safety.
➢ Technical supervision: assistance and supervision related to the seller during
unpacking.
➢ Proper curing: increase durability strength, watertightness, abrasion
andresistance tofreezing thawing.
➢ Proper shuttering: the term used for temporary timber, plywood metal or usedto
providesupport to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self-support.
➢ Completing project on time: part of being a web designer is dealing with
therealitythat deadlines are a part of your job.

1.4 SAFETYMEASURES
Safety measures are very essential to be considered during construction. Safety
measures undertaken at construction site:
➢ Use of ladders: A ladder is a vertical or inclined set of rungs or step.
➢ Proper scaffolding: A temporary structure used to support a work crew and
material to aidin the construction.
➢ Insurance of workers: A commercial insurance policy that cover the legal
liability ofemployer to provide compensation to its workmen in case of their death or
accident. Safety helmets, shoes, jackets etc.
➢ First aid: it is the initial response and assistance to an accident situation.

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CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

An owner is the person who owns the project and has full authority to control the
wholeproject. He is mainly involved in the process for supporting the financial matter
forthe construction project to go through easily. The team includes structural engineer,
architectural engineers, sanitary engineers, electrical engineers, and other experienced
engineers inother professions.

2.1 Functions
➢ Project design: From the very first step of the process, a lot of effort should be
dedicated to putting the project together, define its objectives and proceed with theinitial
planning. Based on this information, you can then proceed with choosing the right
contractor and the best building team available.

➢ Development of the project: During this stage of the process, solid communication
and collaboration between the numerous stakeholders are key. That being, finding the
right project management tools, using innovative materialsand keep the whole team on
the same page are some of the most substantial parameters when it comes to the
development of theproject.

➢ Budget and delays: Managing the budget in the most efficient way possible despite
any delays is also fundamental.
➢ Completion of the project: After the completion of the project a review of the
whole process should be done. In that way, the management team can detect any
mistakes done during the process and make sure that won’t be repeated again. On top of
that, any disputes that might have emerged during the project can be solved after
examining its different aspects.

2.2 Rules and Responsibilities of a construction company

Owner: An owner is the person who owns the project and has full authority to control the
whole project. He is mainly involved in the process for supporting the financial matter for

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the construction project to go through easily. He must pay forfees and charges associated
with the work. Besides, he must work together with architect and other consultants to
achieve the goal of the construction project.

➢ Design and supervision team: The team includes structural engineer, architectural
engineers, sanitary engineers, electrical engineers and other experienced engineers in other
professions. The design and supervision team are a team from the consultant side which
guide every work executed in that site and gives supervision for the contractor based on
the drawing and the specification (bill of quantity). This team mostly comes to the site
when there is amiss understanding on drawings, working techniques, drawing detailing
error, and for meeting between the three parties. The team provides continuous service to
the project from start to finish, establishing and maintaining the quality and integrity of
each design.
➢ Planner: The builder’s planner is responsible for selecting the most cost and time effective
method of carrying out the work, programming each activity of work ina coordinate order
to provide continuity of work primary for the builder’s operations establishing labor and
plant requirements providing details of site requirements such as staffing and the proposed
layout of the site.
➢ Structural Engineer: The responsibility of the Structural Engineer is to designthe
building structure, including the drainage installation. SE must co-ordinate their design to meet
the architect’s design and give advice to client on the most appropriate form of structure for
the building. Besides, he also supports cost advice to the Quantity Surveyor involving to all
aspects of the building structure.
➢ Project Manager: The project manager has so many responsibilities at the site and in our
site this position is accountable for the contractor or the owner and is appointed by the owner
of the construction company. The main duty of the manager is Manage the whole site work
execution, make payment to subcontract workers, approve material request, Analyses the work
processes, executes sub- contracting agreements, Reviews and checks the reports made by the
office engineer. It is also the responsibility of the Project Managerto secure acceptance and
approval of deliverables from the Project Sponsor and Stakeholders. The Project Manager is
responsible for communication, including status reporting, riskmanagement, escalation of
issues that cannot be resolved in the team, and, in

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general, making sure the project is delivered in budget, on schedule, and within scope.

➢ Site Engineer: Site engineer shall be accountable for the following tasks and
responsibilities: Studying the work plan submitted by the contactor and suggests any
modifications. To watch and inspect the construction work and assure that it is done in full
accordance with the drawings, technical specifications, and bills of quantities. Supervising
the works on site in accordance with the contract documents and using the template and
procedure established by the consultant. Inspecting and testing materials prior to their use
at site as per sample approvedby the consultant and ensuring removal of rejected material
out from site. Ensuring the correct implementation of the works according to technical
specifications, to designs and quality of materials Checking of layout and setting out of
buildings with respect to existing structures and site levels. Checking and testing of
completed works before they are covered by the contractor, taking photos on a regular basis
and also on account of defective work. Ensuring that health and safety measures are
adopted and followed to the full extent. Prepare weekly report and suggest and instruct
additional safety measures if needed. Maintain a filing system for all site memos and
instructions, measured quantities of work and materials on site, reports and other
documents and correspondence pertaining to the construction activities and maintain a site
order book to be made available for the consultants and senior officers to write comments
or defects in construction noticed during site visits and carrying out compliance at site.
➢ Construction Workers: Construction workers are different according to their different
fields. They are a very special breed of worker. They own their specific jobs, duties, and
responsibilities in the construction sites. They must follow the client to achieve their
functions.
➢ Forman: A Forman is the worker or tradesman who oversees a constructioncrew and is
a skilled supervisor who is responsible to work side by side with the project manager,
property owner, and other construction design engineers in order tocomplete a project in a
given time limit. His job is to employ the suitable workers on the various tasks to complete
the job and supervise all phases of the construction project from start to end or supervise
only a portion of the building process. Normally the foreman is a construction worker with
many years of experience in a particular trade who is charged with organizing the overall
construction of a particular project. Typically, the foreman

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is a person with specialist knowledge of a given trade who has moved into the position
and is now focused on an overall management of all trades rather than any specialized
group.A good foreman is thekeystone of their projects since they control every work

project manager, site engineer etc. Forman also have a duty of motivating workers and
choosing good workers for every aspect of work.

➢ Surveyor: In any construction a surveyor is mandatory so, in our site the surveyorworks
starting from setting out to checking verticality, keeping the natural level ofthe building,
checking elevation of columns.
➢ Skilled and non-skilled persons: This group includes masons, carpenter, bar benders
and the daily laborers. In our country workers of such group are appointed only by
experiencethese have its own advantage on the constriction. They work everything as they
ordered bywithier the Forman or the site engineer.

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CHAPTER 3
TASKS PERFORMED

Will try to describe activities and practices that were done by hosting company
during my internship time. During internship time the practical works started from
excavation to some superstructure work. used observation methods as well as participate in
all activities that have done in the site to achieve my task and to find out the practical
knowledge.
The site work was a very important task for me because the internship main
objectivelies over here and gained much knowledge from the site like communication skill,
handling workers, management skill etc.

Table.No.3.1 Tasks Performed

Date Day Work Schedule

14-08-2023 Monday Office Visit
15-08-2023 Tuesday Site Visit
16-09-2023 Wednesday Site Visit
17-08-2023 Thursday Site Visit
18-08-2023 Friday Site Visit
19-08-2023 Saturday Office Visit
21-08-2023 Monday Site Visit
22-08-2023 Tuesday Site Visit
23-08-2023 Wednesday Site Visit
24-08-2023 Thursday Site Visit
25-08-2023 Friday Site Visit
26-08-2023 Saturday Office Visit
28-08-2023 Monday Site Visit
29-08-2023 Tuesday Site Visit
30-08-2023 Wednesday Site Visit
31-08-2023 Thursday Site Visit
01-09-2023 Friday Site Visit

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02-09-2023 Saturday Site Visit

03-09-2023 Monday Site Visit
04-09-2023 Tuesday Site Visit
05-09-2023 Wednesday Site Visit
06-09-2023 Thursday Site Visit
07-09-2023 Friday Site Visit
08-09-2023 Saturday Site Visit
09-09-2023 Monday Site Visit
10-09-2023 Tuesday Office Visit

3.1 Site Details:

This company handles two project one is Navanagar and Dharwad. The project is of
Karnataka slum development board (KSDB) for. The size of the plot i n N a v a n a g a r
is 986.72sqm and were as in Dharwad 1233.80sqm. The building comprises of G+3 floors,
Ground floor 246.88 sq m and Dharwad super built-up area 308.45sq m. The total height
of the building is 15m (Based on bye laws) and its road width is 12m. All 4 sides are open
with ample car parking along with ramp, with landscaping, high- end premium segment
construction having spacious 1 bedroom, pooja room, kitchen, dining hall, Livingroom in
ground floor, first floor, second floor and Third floor.

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Fig 3.2 Ground Floor Presentation Plan Navanagar site

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Fig 3.2 Ground Floor Presentation Plan Dharwad site

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Fig 3.2 FF,SF,&TF Presentation Plan Navanagar site

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Fig 3.2 Column Footing Layout Plan Navanagar site

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Fig 3.2 Column Footing Layout Plan Dharwad site

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3.2 Footing
➢ Concrete support under a foundation that rests in solid ground is known as footing. Footings
distribute the weight of structure over the ground.
➢ Isolated rectangular footings are adopted on this site.
➢ Isolated footings are footings which carry a load from a single column. Reinforcement is
provided in the form of steel bars and is placed in both directions. Under normal conditions,
square & rectangular footings are economical for supporting columns &wall.

➢ Concrete used for footing is of M20grade.

➢ Steel used is of Fe 500grade.

Fig 3.3 Placing of Footing

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3.3 Columns
Columns are rigid vertical structural members designed primarily to support
Axial compressive loads coming from beams and slabs and then transfer it to ground through
Footing.
➢ Total no. of columns at this site are 16.
➢ Cross section of the columns is rectangular in shape.
➢ Grade of concrete used is M20.
➢ Both 2 legged and 4 legged stirrups are used alternatively
➢ Reinforcement details of the columns are given below.

Fig 3.5 Placing of Column

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Fig 3.6 column and footing details

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3.4 Plinth beam

Fig 3.7 Plinth beam

Plinth beam is reinforced concrete beam constructed at ground level between the wallsand its
foundation.
➢ Concrete used is of M20 grade.
➢ Steel used is of Fe500 grade, dia of bars is 16mm.

3.5 Masonry wall

➢ Masonry walls are the important part ofthe building structures.

➢ The structure durability depends on themasonry walls.
➢ It provides strength, support, durabilityto the building structures.
➢ It controls the temperature inside and outside the structure.
➢ Building materials like brick, stones, marble, granite, limestone, concrete blocketc.
areused for masonry.
➢ They are joined together by using binding material such as mortar.
➢ In combination of building materials, preparing of mortar, labors, masons, workers play
an important role.
The wall thickness which we have adopted in our project is 6 inches and 4.5 inches walls,in
which main walls are provided with 6 inches and partition walls of 4.5 inches. The bricks
we used for the project are “clay bricks” (190x90x90) “4.484 inches”. The maximum
height of the masonry walls is “7 feet” (2.13m) excluding lintel and slab.

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The masonry walls consist of windows, doors, ventilators, switch boards, arches, or
openings etc. The sizes of doors and windows are.
D= 1.00x2.10m D1=0.90x2.10m
D2=0.75x2.10m (kitchen door)W=1.50x1.20m
W1=1.20x1.20m W2= 1.20x0.90m (kitchen window)V=
0.60x0.60m
The walls are also provided with plastering, coping, lintels, slabs, skirting etc. The
silllevel of the windows is provided as follows-
2-feet height for bedroom from base.4-feet height for kitchens from base.
5-feet height for bathrooms from the base. Coping thickness is to be provided up to (2-2.5
inches).
Coping is provided between the bricks, masonry wall at the height of sill level to prevent
cracks on the wall up to the lintel. It helps in providing the strength to the wall.

3.6 Beams
Beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the
beam’s axis.

➢ Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending.

➢ The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam support points.
➢ The total effect of all the forces acting on the beams is to produce shear forces
andbendingmoment within the beam that in turn reduce internal stresses, strains and
deflections of thebeam.
➢ Beams are characterized by their means of support, profile (shape of cross section),
lengthand their material.

Classification of beams based on supports:

➢ Simply supported: Beams supported on the ends which are free to rotate and
havenomoment resistance.
➢ Fixed: A beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation.
➢ Over hanging: A simple beam existing beyond its on one end.
➢ Double over hanging: A simple beam with both ends extending beyond its support
on both ends.

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➢ Continuous: A beam extending over more than 2supports.

➢ Cantilever: A projecting beam with both ends extending beyond its supports
on bothends.

1) Trussed: A beam strengthened by adding acable or rod to form a truss.

General shapes: Most beams in reinforced concrete in the buildings have
rectangular cross sections. Also, other shapes like L (angles), C (channel) or tubes
are also used in constructionwhen there are special requirements.
Stresses acting on the beam: Most probably compressive, tensile and shear stresses
of loads are applied to them.
3.7 Curing
Curing is the process of maintaining satisfactory moisture content and temperature
in freshly cast concrete for a definite period of time immediately following
placement. Curing of cement consists in the establishment of a temperature
humidity system required for the hardening of a compacted concrete mix and in the
protection ofthe concrete from jarring vibrations, impacts and so on. Effective
method of curing concrete consists of covering its surface with a protective
polymer film or applying a water asphalt emulsion, ethanol varnish a many-
component varnish with washing, naphthenic, and other fabrications, and other
composition to prevent them evaporation of moisture. After placing the concrete,
horizontal surface may also be covered with sand or sawdust, which is then wetted
periodically,At this Site Pond Curing is done to maintain the moisture.

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3.8 Staircase

Stairs are required for ascending and descending from floor to floor. A stair consists
of a number of steps to move from one level to another. The room/space housing stairs is
called staircase.

Fig 3.11 Staircase

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Flight: The stretch between two landings is known as flight.

Rise: It is the vertical distance between the two consecutive steps. In other wordsthe
vertical portion of the step is known as rise.
Tread: The horizontal portion of the step is known as tread. The horizontal distance
between two consecutive risers is called as go, going or run
➢ Number of steps should be a max of 12 to 15 steps.
➢ Width of stairs is kept at about 900mm in residential buildings.
➢ In public buildings it may go up to 1800 to 2400mm depending upon rush hour
utilization.
➢ The width of landing should be at least equal to the width of the stairs.

Railing: This is a molded block of wood or some other material, provided to afford
assistanceand safeguard to the people while going on the stairs. The height of a railing
should be nearly75cm above the line of nosing. We have used one way for steps and two
ways for landings. We have built 3 flights. Normally there should be only 2 flights, but 3
flights are built becausethere is a lift at the center.

Various types of staircases:

1. Straight stairs.
2. Dog legged stairs.
3. Open newel stairs.
4. Geometrical stairs
5. Spiral stairs

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3.9 Bar bending

Fig 3.12 Bar bending at site

➢ It is a device that binds rebar (reinforcement bar for concrete structures) to plan.

➢ Steel bars in reinforcement concrete are cut and bend in different shapes
accordingtoreinforcement of structural design.
➢ This gives the manufacturers the proper bends and tensile strengths of the steel
requiredtomake certain shapes or other concrete constructions that are required.

3.9 Steel design

➢ Steel design, or more specifically, structural steel design, is an area of
structuralengineeringused to design steel structures.
➢ These structures include schools, houses, bridges, commercial centers, tall buildings,
warehouses, aircraft, ships and stadiums. The design and use of
➢ employed in the design of steel structures.

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Fig 3.14 Steel reinforcement

3.11Slab concrete
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting ofa flat,
horizontal surface made of cost concrete.
➢ Steel-reinforcement slabs, typically between 100 and 500mm thick are most often use
toconstruct floors and ceiling, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving.
➢ In this site RMC transit mixer is used to lay the concrete slab.

➢ It is a mixture of Portland or other cements, water and aggregates: sand, gravel, or

crushedstone.

Fig 3.15 Laying of slab concrete by transit mixer

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3.12 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE:

The following are the tests conducted on concrete.

➢ Compaction factor
➢ Vee-bee consistometer.
➢ Slump test
➢ Cube casting.

➢ Slump test:

The slump test can therefore be used on site to check a mix of concrete has the
expectedfluid properties and degree of wetness. In general, wetter mixes are moreworkable
than drier,Mixes, but concrete of the same consistency may vary in workability. The test
is also used todetermine consistency between individual batches.

The slump test measures the resulting behavior of a compacted inverted cone of
concreteunderthe action of gravity. It indicates the consistency or wetness of the concrete.

Procedure:

Slump cone Tamping procedure Removing cone Height measurement

Fig 3.16 Slump Cone Procedure

The test is carried out using a metal mould in the shape of a conical frustum known
as a slump cone or Abrams cone that is open at both ends and has an attached handle. The
tooltypically has an internal diameter of 4 in (100 mm) at the top and of 8 in (200 mm

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at thebottom with a height of 1 ft. (300 mm).The cone is placed on a hard non-absorbent
surface.This cone is filled with fresh concrete in three stages. Each time, each layer is
tamped 25 timeswith a 2 ft (600 mm)-long bullet-nosed metal rod measuring in (16 mm)
in diameter At the end of the third stage, the concrete is struck off flush with the top of the
mould. The mould iscarefully lifted vertically upwards with twisting motion, so as not to
disturb the concrete cone.

The concrete then subsides. This subsidence is termed as slump, and is measured
to the nearest 5 mm if the slump is <100 mm and to the nearest 10 mm if the slump is
>100 mm.
The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped
concrete, the slump is termed as true slump, shear slump or collapse slump. If a shear or
collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test repeated. A collapse
slump is an indication that the mix is too wet.

Only a true slump is of any use in the test. A collapse slump will generally mean that the
mixis too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which the slump test is not appropriate.
Verydry mixes: having slump 0 – 25 mm are used in road making, low workability mixes;
havingslump 10 – 40 mm are used for foundations with light.

Fig 3.17 Types of slumps

Reinforcement, medium workability mixes; 50 – 90 for normal reinforced concrete

placedwith vibration, high workability concrete; > 100.

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Collapse Shear True

In a collapse slump In a shear slump the top In a true slump the

the concrete collapses portion of the concrete shears concrete simply
completely. off and slips sideways. subsides, keeping more
or less to shape.

The slump test is suitable for slumps of medium to high workability, slump in the
range of 5 – 260 mm, the test fails to determine the difference in workability in stiff mixes
which

have zero slump, or for wet mixes that give a collapse slump. It is limited to

concrete formed of aggregates of less than 38 mm(1.5 inch).

Slump value =120mm (high workability 100-175mm) Slump volume =

H/3(A1+A2+√A1XA2)
A1= πd²/4=π x5²/4A1 = 78.53cm
A2= πd²/4
A2 = π*20²/4 A2 = 314.15cm²
V=30/3(78.53+314.15+√78.53x314.15)V = 5497.4cm²
Grade of concrete=

M20=1:1.5:3

Cement=320kg/m^3

20mm coarse aggregate=

683kg/m^3 12.5mm coarse

aggregate=455kg/m^3

Fine
aggregate=794kg/m^3
Total water=176kg/m^3;
Water cement ratio=0.55

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➢ Cube casting:
Concrete cube casting is most important activity as we judge the concrete in
place by testing the cubes casted for it. At Transit mixer – when concrete is unloaded to placing
location / concrete pump hopper through transit mixer. You can take direct sample concrete from the
transit mixer in a tray or in wheel barrow.

Sample Preparation:

Fig 3.18 Cube casting

➢ Casting concrete cubes: Prepare concrete cubes as per the relevant standards (e.g., ASTM
C39/C39M for the US). Common cube sizes are 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm. Image of Concrete
cube mold Opens in a new window Concrete cube mold.

➢ Curing: Cure the concrete cubes in a controlled environment (usually at 20°C and 100% relative
humidity) for a specified period, typically 28 days. This allows the concrete to gain its characteristic
strength.

➢ Testing machine: Use a compression testing machine with sufficient capacity to crush the concrete
cubes. Image of Compression testing machine Opens in a new window Compression testing machine.

➢ Placing the cube: Place the cube in the machine with the casting faces perpendicular to the loading
platens. Ensure proper alignment to avoid eccentric loading.

➢ Loading: Apply load continuously and at a specified rate (e.g., 2 kN/s) until the cube fails.

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➢ Recording data: Record the applied load at failure and any observations like cracking
patterns.

➢ Compressive strength: Calculate the compressive strength by dividing the maximum

applied load by the cross-sectional area of the cube.

➢ Average strength: If multiple cubes were tested, calculate the average compressive strength.

➢ Interpretation: Compare the obtained compressive strength with the specified design
strength for the concrete mix.
Analyze the failure pattern to identify any potential issues with the concrete mix or
casting process.

➢ Additional Notes: The specific procedure may vary depending on the applicable standards
and testing protocols. There are alternative methods for determining concrete compressive
strength, such as using cylinders or cores drilled from existing structures. Proper safety
precautions should be followed during the testing process. I hope this overview provides a
general understanding of the procedure for determining the compressive strength of concrete.

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CHAPTER 4
REFLECTION

During the internship program a lot of knowledge in terms of improving our practical skill. The
various types of orientation programs, tasks, and training that we have been undertaking during
this past four weeks on the site enhanced our knowledge in quality testing of materials.
➢ Glad to see that what we have learnt in the university can be repeated in the working world.
➢ This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field workscan be
only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have an experience in quality
maintenance.
➢ Acquire a high level of confidence to de-al with problems that arise during construction.
➢ During these past four weeks, able to see the different theoretical aspects and methodologies.
➢ Generally, the internship program laid a sound foundation for us to start our career.We are
proud to be able to contribute towards nation building during the country's extremely
critical period of the history.

4.1 Objectives of the engineering task that Performed.

The objective of this engineering task is as follows;

➢ To introduce ourselves in professional fields
➢ How the projects are effectively and efficiently made practically
➢ To enable us an experience sharing
➢ To develop our knowledge of the workflow and harmonious communication.

4.2 Over all benefits gained from the internship

➢ During our internship experience at Horizon Constructions Pvt. Ltd., we have benefited a lot
from the internship experience.
➢ We benefited greatly from working with the dedicated professionals in the company. The
company has provided us with a conductive working atmosphere when we do our activities.

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➢ Within these four weeks of the program, we have had the opportunity to improve our
practical, interpersonal communication, team playing, leadership skills and
➢ our theoretical knowledge. We also have had the opportunity to understand work ethics.
➢ We will try to describe what we have learnt in the different aspects that we have
mentioned until now.
4.3 Communication skills development

➢ During the site work we were able to ask different kinds of people from allwalks oflife.
During these times we have gained confidence on how:
➢ To ask different questions

➢ To make discussions

➢ To answer questions when asked

➢ To respond to the superior, etc.

➢ Due to the internship experience, we have improved our communication skills well and as a result,
we could talk to any person at the site in confidence andeasily as muchas possible.
➢ During those four weeks we had the chance to make friendship with other intern studentswho came
from other universities. It has enhanced our interpersonal and speaking skills.

4.4 Practical skills Development

➢ During these four weeks, we have got the opportunity to learn different aspects of practical skills.
Most of the time, in the class students focused on the theoretical part and it was difficult to
understand the real work.
➢ The company is comfortable for me to improve my practical skill by connecting the theoretical
part with the real situation.
➢ The benefit that I have gained during my internship time is not only from my advisor or engineer,
but also from bar bender and even from day workers.
➢ Ingredients of concrete itself are sand, water, cement and aggregate.

➢ The types of excavation like pit, trench and bulk and where they are needed to excavate.
➢ Mainly about the reinforced bars and their uses

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How to bend reinforcement bars using drawing given by drawings We will be definitely

sensible to scale this practice up and to replicate it in other disciplines as well

4.5 Upgrading theoretical Knowledge

➢ We have been able to gain a great deal of knowledge in this internship experience.
➢ Among them are:
➢ Learning and reading different plans that were used asguidance. Observing different
construction works and theirimportance.
➢ Observing some of the structures.
➢ These things have widened our knowledge required for construction work.
➢ We also have been able to differentiate the different parts that are seen in construction
materials.

4.6 Leadership Skills Development

➢ Leadership skill is very important for the successful accomplishment of the project. Theleaders
are responsible for the work activities. Therefore, leadership skill is vital.
➢ This internship allowed me to see how leadership skill affects project goal.
➢ Without the leader, there is no follower, without follower, there is no doer and withoutdoer,
there is no action. a leader with leadership skills plays a significant importance.
➢ Some basic points that I observe about leadership skills are listed as follows.
➢ The leaders shall tolerate differences and find alternative methods.
➢ The leaders should have a proper plan and schedule for different activities.
➢ this good behavior during our stays on the site with him.
➢ He also told us lots of practical cases that related to work ethics that he could see when he was
working in different places during his stay with the quality maintenance industryrelated to ethics.
➢ On my stays on the site, we were very punctual, attentive and responsible to ourprofession.
So, in the program, we have developed our work ethics.

Steps towards Better Work Ethics

1. Attendance: - Attendance and punctuality often have a large impact on individual and team
success. Being tired or absenteeism can also profoundly result a negative impact in a jobperformance.
How You Can Maintain Good Attendance:

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➢ Make work a high priority.

➢ Know your schedule.
➢ Make use of an ALARM clock
➢ Get enough sleep.
➢ Arrange your transportation.
➢ Inform your supervisor of an absence.

2. Character: - An employer expects employees to work together toward achieving the objectives
of the company. The wise employee who is interested in having a good relationshipwith an employer
will try to help the employer achieve success.
Thus employers expect employees to develop certain desirable traits that will helpthem to
perform their jobs well so that the company can succeed.
Some of these traits include the following:
➢ Loyalty
➢ Honesty
➢ Trustworthiness
➢ Dependability
➢ Reliability
➢ Initiative
➢ Self-discipline
➢ Self-responsibility

3. Teamwork - It is vital that employees work as a team. It is important not only to their personal
success and advancement, but also to that of their co-workers and to the company. Sometimes working
as a team takes place in a classroom setting. Teamwork doesn’t necessarily mean helping your
classmate. Teamwork in the classroom might be working quietly as not to disturb your classmates.
4. Attitude - It is very important to demonstrate a positive attitude, appear self-confident,and have
realistic expectations for self. Developing and maintaining a positive attitude involves setting Realistic
expectations for ourselves at school and at work. These goals shouldbe challenging, but obtainable.
5. Productivity - In order to be a productive student and employee, a Person must follow

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safety procedures, conserve materials, keep the work area neat and clean and follow directionsproperly.
6. Organizational skills - Employers consider effective time Management and organizational
skills as good work habits. To begin managing wisely the time you spendat work, to prepare for
assignments at home, and to manage your life at home and work.
7. Simultaneously, you need to know and to put into practice some good time management
techniques.
8. Communication - Is how we interact with each other. Communication, whether it is verbal or
nonverbal, must be clear, to the point, empathetic, and one must keep in mind that we must always
treat others as we would like others to treat us.

4.7 Challenges faced during the internship and measurement taken for solution.
In intern time, I faced some challenges to perform my task effectively. Someof the challenges and
respective measures I have taken are listed below.
➢ There was luck of office engineers to attend the meetings held in company. Therefore, I was
unable to see how take off of the meeting and products services andother related activity is
performed. To solve this problem, I have tried to discuss itwith supervisor and other workers in
my free time.
➢ There were tests performed in the site for soil property. They know the soil property easily by
experience also. This was the other major problem faced in the internship.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

This internship program was an opportunity to know about new things and different works in field
of civil to know about practical application of civil engineering and aspects of the consultancy.
Importance of site work, teamwork, responsibilities to be taken care of, and hands on experience
imparted much practical knowledge. It was possible to achieve many learning goals, technical and
professional skills.
➢ Internship experience has been an invaluable opportunity to learn and develop professional
ethics. Through working alongside experienced professionals and observing their behaviour,
learned the importance of punctuality, dependability, and taking initiative. Learned that a
positive attitude and willingness to learn can go a long way in making a good impression and
building strong relationships with colleagues. overall.
➢ It also gave the Importance of site work, teamwork, and responsibilities to be taken careof, and
hands on experience imparted much practical knowledge.
➢ The internship facilitated the internees to develop and improve skills, abilities and knowledge.
It is commonly observed that, applying theoretical knowledge learned during the academic
period to practical field is much difficult task for a fresher. However, this internship program
played a vital role in teaching the skill of applying comprehensive knowledge to the field.

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