CLEAN COAL ENERGY
APPLICATION OF COAL WATER SLURRY
IN POWER GENERATION
BY
IR. PONTJO H. SOEDJANTO,
CEO of CHIPS ENERGY CO., LTD
ANTON S. WAHJOSOEDIBJO
President Director PT Pranata Energi Nusantara
(PENConsulting)
PROF. ZHIJUN ZHOU, PH.D
Associate Professor at Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
ABSTRACT
Coal Water Slurry (hereinafter referred to as CWS) is a new type of liquid, environmentally friendly, that can
replace petroleum as fuel in the energy and process industries, consisting of 65% ‐ 70% coal, 30% ‐ 35% water
and micro quantities of chemical additives. CWS has oil like appearance, can be handled like liquid, burns like
oil and coal, the cost is just slightly higher than coal. The product has characteristics as Heavy Fuel Oil with
good fluidity; stable during storage; and can be transported conveniently like liquid, through pipes and by
pumps. The capital investment costs is very low relative to coal gasification and liquefaction processes, which
can be more than US$6.5 billion for a 100,000 bpd complex, as compared to US$150 million for CWS of the
same size. It has high combustion efficiency and low in pollution discharge. The successful introduction of CWS
technology into the industries, in China, to replace heavy fuel oil has a very significant impact in the utilization
of low rank coal, for new thermal power plant. The simultaneous and parallel development of advanced coal
cleaning technologies as in the case of CWS could allow Indonesia to make a fast transition, economically,
away from our limited resource of oil and natural gas to our most abundant resource of coal. Coal based CWS
will be the fuel of the 21st century and beyond.
This paper will discuss the proven application of CWS technology in China as a clean fuel for power generation.
It also presents its application in the energy and cost efficiency project to convert heavy fuel oil with coal water
slurry in a 2x50 MW Steam Power Plant in Indonesia. A new type of contract has to be developed for this
energy savings undertaking. Beside the technical aspect, the paper will also discuss the financial, economic and
contractual aspects.
Indonesia currently operates 2,000 MW liquid fuel fired steam turbine power plants and is projecting 60% of
additional power plant capacities using clean coal in the second phase of 10,000 MW accelerated power
projects to meet growing demands. These projects provide opportunities for CWS applications.
INTRODUCTION
What is CWS?
Coal Water Slurry (referred to as “CWS”) is a coal based liquid‐fuel, environmentally friendly, that
can be used to replace petroleum as fuel in the energy and process industries. It is a mixture of 65%
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～70% coal with 29%～34% water and minor (1%) quantities of chemical additives. Therefore, CWS
is a liquid‐slurry of powdered coal and water, which maintains a stable state over a long period when
a small amount of additive is added properly. Thus, the product has an oil like appearance, good
fluidity, which is stable during storage and can be transported conveniently by pipeline, can be
moved by pumping, high in combustion efficiency, low in pollutant discharge, and widely used as
fuel in power plant boilers, industrial boilers and kilns to substitute oil, gas and pulverized coal.
For that reason, the Coal Water Slurry is an energy source with lower pollution which will contribute
to improve environmental protection; it also easier in handling with convenience in storage,
transportation and combustion, just like Heavy Oil, overcoming the disadvantages of solid coal.
THE DEVELOPMENT, CURRENT APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR CWS
Because of the oil crisis in 1970s, America, Sweden, England, France, Japan, Russia, Italy and China
began to study oil‐replaced fuel such as coal oil mixture and coal water mixture.
CWS technology has been tested on many industry boiler and experiments were carried out in
75MW and 120MW utility boilers. In Japan, CWS has been fired in 110t/h units in Hokkaido in 1990.
In addition, Japan and China developed a 220t/h CWS firing boiler together.
In 1981,Zhejiang University proposed the CWS research plan for the first time in China, then the plan
were ranked in State Key Projects “sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth five‐year program”. Then CWS
technology was developed and applied widely in China. So far, newly built or retrofitted CWS‐fired
boiler by ZJU is over 70 units in about 20 provinces. The oil save quantity per year is about 1.5 Mt
according to the boiler capacities. Two 220t/h oil‐fired boilers
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a) Easy to transport. It has the properties of liquid with viscosity close to water; hence the
mixture of coal powder and water at certain ratio is still possible to be transported trough
pipeline. This improves the transportation efficiency and reduce transport cost
b) Lower dust particle pollution and gas emission. By applying transportation through pipeline,
the pollution caused by coal dust particles can be reduced. On the other hand, CWS
combustion will reduce combustion temperature about 3 to 5%. The temperature drop has
taken place as a result of the heat utilized to vaporize the water. The decrease of the
combustion temperature will reduce the formation of NOx gas.
c) More advantageous combustion process at high temperature, where water and coal in the
CWS could react producing CO and H2 which will accelerate combustion process
d) Price differential between MFO (US$300/MT) and CWS (US$100/MT) will reduce fuel cost by
about 30%.
e) CWS Application for a typical power plant:
2. To realize the clean use of coal, by using energy source economically and rationally; this
improves environmental impact. In order to produce Coal Water Slurry, the coal need to be
pulverized and then mixed with water to cause the production of coal slurry with low sulfur
content which will satisfy the air pollution regulations.
3. Energy saving effect:
CWS has high combustion efficiency (generally above 95% ‐ 98%). CWS combustion is low in
wastage (sealed storage and transportation) and easy to control. The energy‐saving effect is
remarkable. Using CWS as fuel, the combustion efficiency increase by more than 10%, which can
save energy by more than 20%.
4. Provide a new manner of Coal Transportation.
The Coal Water Slurry (CWS) is made by mixing pulverized coal with water and small amount of
chemicals; the coal as CWS is then transportable by pipeline. Conversion of coal to CWS is
technically and logistically attractive because it opens the possibility to exploite coals mines
remote from rail and highway system, economically and sold as Coal Water Slurry. This suggest
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lower transportation costs than by using conventional transportation methods, from areas
lacking rail and road facilities, which will reduce heavy vehicles traffic for coal transportation,
significantly, and ultimately reduce the road maintenance.
5. Burning CWS replacing loose coal improves regional environment
The coal particle size for CWS is finer than the particle size of coal in the pulverized coal boiler.
This is connected with the CWS stability and improvement of combustion efficiency. In order to
achieve product stability and its flow properties meeting the fuel specification, additive as
surfactant is added into the CWS product. The quantity is in the range of 1 – 4% of the total CWS.
Fly ash emissions depend on the fuel ash content in the slurry. Chemical characteristics of CWS
ash are generally found to be similar to those of the parent pulverized coal in large boilers where
carbon conversion is high. However, the bulk density of CWS ash is lower and, other conditions
being equal; its deposition in the furnace is drastically reduced which will improve environment
conditions.
6. Replacing Heavy Oil as well as Diesel Oil
The utilization of Coal Water Slurry (CWS) or a mixture of coal, water and chemical additives in
industrial and power plant boilers is technically and economically attractive as an alternative fuel
to replace the petroleum based fuel, especially Gasoil, Marine Fuel Oil (MFO), High Speed Diesel
(HSD) and other oil derivatives.
A feasibility study has been conducted for the application of CWS to replace MFO at one of
Thermal Power Plant in Indonesia, with total design capacity of 300 MW consisting of 2 x 50 MW
and 1 x 200 MW.
The Power Plant uses petroleum based fuel oil as the primary fuel, namely MFO. Lately, with the
increase of the fuel oil price, the operating cost of the Power Plant is getting very expensive. The
condition became worst because of the plant old age which significantly decreases the
performance from the initial condition. In order to increase the existing performance and reduce
operating costs of the Power Plant, taking into consideration of the technical conditions of
existing boilers, we have performed a feasibility study to replace existing MFO fuel with Coal
Water Slurry as fuel at the boiler. The study covers technical, economical, financial and business
aspects Results of the study has proven that CWS has the capability to technically and
economically replace petroleum fuel. The project is financially viable and offers a good business
opportunity using lease‐to‐own or energy saving performance contractual approach.
Appendix A shows highlights of the study results.
INSTALLATION CONCEPT OF CWS SYSTEM
1. Fuel Preparation Phase.
In this phase the main attention will be the strategy to produce CWS, connected to the selection
aspect of coal selection suitable to be utilized as CWS and the aspect to maintain the coal
stability in the CWS. The first aspect, namely coal selection suitable to be used as the raw
material for CWS, involves selecting good coal as CWS raw material that has the following
properties:
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• Compatible calorific value with the caloric value of the fuel to be replaced. For new
power plants, coal with GCV of 4200 – 6100 kcal/kg can be used as CWS raw materials.
• Stable during the combustion,
• It must be reactive that can reduce the saturation effect resulted by the mixing with
water during the combustion.
From the above information and based on the available experience, the type of coal which is in
accordance with the properties and is well suited is Bituminous type coal. After the coal selection
phase has been executed, the next phase which is still related with coal is converting it into Coal
Water Slurry (CWS).
The key parameter which must be observed in this phase is to determine the particle size of the
coal and the coal concentration in the CWS that will be used. For CWS, the size of coal particles
to be used should be smaller size distribution than the pulverized coal for fuel, which is about
40‐50 micrometer. That is done, in order to obtain good flow characteristics and to prevent
coagulation especially at the nozzle area.
The next parameter is to determine the coal concentration to be used as CWS. The limitation of
coal concentration is the fluidity of CWS which is measured in viscosity unit (dimension). The
higher the coal concentration in CWS, the higher the viscosity which means the fluidity will be
lower. On the other hand, the lower the coal concentration in CWS then the calorific value of
CWS will be smaller and this means the heat release will be smaller. At this point in time the
good coal concentration in the CWS is in the neighborhood of 70%, which at this concentration
the CWS fluidity is still within acceptable limit.
Other than aforementioned coal properties, another property required is to stabilize the coal
particles in the CWS; this is necessary because of the basic difference in properties between coal
as solid material and water as liquid, of which if the two are mixed, the coal tends to precipitate
in the water. To prevent precipitation, a surfactant agent as additive is required, in order to
generate coal dispersed stabilization in the water. This stable state can be maintained by mixing
additive of natural gum type of material or usually polysaccharide is used in the mixture of coal
and water. In general, the mixing process phases of coal and water can be seen in the
accompanying diagram.
CWS preparation process
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2. Storage, Handling and Transportation of CWS.
a. Storage and Handling Systems.
The storage and handling need of fuel depend mostly on the type of fuels and its application.
In general for CWS, there are two characters of its utilization, namely for large capacity
boilers that requires large CWS reserve and for smaller but continuous CWS consumer. The
big storage serves as buffer storage is needed for utilization in big boilers, whereas in this
condition the CWS storage time is relatively long enough. For those conditions, the CWS
storage tanks must be equipped with mixing facilities to keep the coal in the CWS stable and
to prevent precipitation. Another type is for continuous process, meaning that CWS does not
stay long in the storage tank; therefore, the number of mixers utilized is not necessarily as
many as the previous system. In addition with the mixer, other item that must be observed
in the storage system is the temperature, it must be sufficient to keep the CWS viscosity at
good flowing condition. The heat source to maintain the CWS temperature is the heat from
waste processes.
b. Transportation
To transfer CWS from the storage tanks to the combustion system required transfer pumps.
The pumps are used to cause CWS flowing at high pressure, especially at the atomizer area
in the combustion system. The main factor that must be considered in selecting pumps for
CWS service is the abrasive resistant factor of the slurry. In general diaphragm and
centrifugal type pumps can be used to move CWS, however, more frequently positive
displacement type pumps are preferred which operate at low rpm. Other than pumps, other
equipment which is used to transport CWS from the storage tank to the combustion
chamber is pipe or piping system. CWS, flow rate is maintained at low velocity, in order to
avoid erosion at the pipe wall. Specifically, the requirements used as design reference for
CWS process piping are:
1. To maintain the linear velocity in the range of 0.6 – 2.4 m/sec.
2. For easy cleaning, in the event of plugging caused by drying of CWS, the use flange joint
or T – type joint is preferred. Within the piping system, there must be assurance that no
spaces causing the flow to become stagnant or there may be leakages causing the water
of the CWS flowing out or drying up the CWS
3. The losses of flow resulted by friction at the flow channel due to high fuel viscosity can
be calculated using Darcy’s equation. This equation can be modified for non‐Newtonian
or can also be performed by making over capacity from the pump design. Other aspect
that also usually performed is by using variable speed pumps.
4. The piping system to the combustion chamber system must be equipped with water
purging facilities, specifically to be used during shutdown condition. Other items that
must be observed in the piping system are valves. In principle, the valves to be used
must be sufficiently resistant against CWS erosion, minimize plugging of the flow, and
the valve can easily be used to adjust the flow. Usually, valves with many curves at the
body should be avoided for CWS application. Valves that can be used at the CWS piping
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system are ball valves, plug valves and gate valves. Other than those stated above, some
tools that are also required, specifically for monitoring and controlling CWS flow are
thermocouples, pressure gauges, flow and temperature control.
THE TRANSPORTATION MODE, IF CWS IS PREPARED AT THE MINE MOUTH
THE STATUS OF CWS DEVELOPMENT UNTIL TO DAY
During the oil crisis in early seventies, coal is started to be considered as one of the fuel alternatives
to replace oil; in this respect there was an idea to develop Coal Water Mixture or CWM, now also
known as Coal Water Slurry or CWS. After completion of basic research and laboratory scale
experiment, in early 1980’s the boiler design with CWM as fuel was beginning to be demonstrated,
especially in industrialized countries such as USA, Sweden, Italy, China, Japan and some others. In
the middle till end 1980’s in some countries stated above, have already built and operated small size
power plants using CWM as fuel. However, the interest to continue developing CWM in some
countries such as USA started to decline by end 1980’s, in line with the international oil price
beginning to stabilize, but in the other countries like Japan, China, Italy and Russia the interest to
continue developing CWM still growing. The peak in CWM technology development was during the
years 1983 – 1995, during those years some of the countries mentioned earlier keep developing
CWM to build power generation using CWM as fuel for commercial purposes.
Usually the CWM application is for small scale generators in the order of ten (10) MWe. Data shows
that during 1983 – 1995, Japan was the biggest user of CWM applied in the power generation. Japan
has used around 1.6 million tons during that period and has successfully built a plant with a capacity
of 15 tons/hour. Russia has used about 300,000 ton of CWM and has built a long distance and
sophisticated transportation system, capable to supply 3 MT/year of CWM for power plant
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requirement at Novosibirsk. Italia has consumed around 200,000 Ton of CWM and capable to built
CWM plant with a capacity of 100,000 Ton per year. Korea and Sweden have consumed about
100,000 MT for power generation, USA and Canada around 70,000 ton, and China around 50,000 ton.
In Indonesia CWM started to be developed in mid 1990s till early 2000s. Several research and
development institutions performed to develop CWM, but it was discontinued before reaching the
commercial application in the industries and power generation.
The development of CWM reached its peak in mid till the end of 1990s. Institute for Thermal Power
Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, has successfully developed suitable additives for
Coal Water Mixtures or Coal Water Slurry and modification of the combustion process of the existing
fuel system by considering the following principles in each utilization stage:
a. Up to the burners, the CWS handling system is similar with liquid or heavy oil.
b. The operation process of CWS is similar to heavy oil.
c. The handling of CWS environmental aspect after burning is the same with coal.
Further development involves the combustion technology covering the burner system, either from
the design, structural or construction material aspect, and technology for CWS supply as clean and
environmentally friendly fuel, covering development of coal handling/upgrading system, preparation
and CWS handling system. After the end of 1990s, the development of CWS was not as fast as the
previous period. However, Japan and China are the two countries that are consistent in developing
CWM/CWS application: Japan, for instant, by developing small scale power generation using CWM
as fuel. While China concentrated the development on product improvement for CWMS services,
such as equipment for CWS plant, CWS burners and boilers burning CWS. Those products have been
commercialized and are currently available in the market for power generation and industrial
heaters.
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APPENDIX A
FEASIBILITY STUDY
REPLACE MARINE FUEL OIL WITH COAL WATER SLURRY
2 X 50 MW STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANT
CHIPS Energy Company Ltd in cooperation with PT Pranata Energi Nusantara (PENConsulting) has
conducted a feasibility study to replace Marine Fuel Oil (MFO) with Coal Water Slurry (CWS) for a
2x50 MW Steam Turbine Power Plant in Central Java. The plant, operated since 1975, initially used
subsidized High Speed Diesel (HSD) fuel, which has been replaced by MFO with caloric value of
9,500 – 10,500 kcal/kg, following drastic increase of liquid fuel price in 2007/2008. Each plant is
equipped with one boiler of 220 ton/hr capacity, which has been de‐rated by as much as 30% due to
its old‐age.
There are two alternatives for the fuel change over:
1. To retrofit existing boilers with new CWS burner system and modify the combustion
chamber
2. To replace the boilers and the burner system with new ones specially designed for CWS fuel
Favorable differential economics of replacing the boilers over retrofitting the boilers warrant
replacing the old age boiler with new boiler, specifically design for CWS fuel. The caloric value of the
coal for the CWS is calculated for optimum boiler size and burner design to fit existing space. By
replacing the boiler, the life expectancy of the plant can be extended by approximately 30 years.
Table below shows results of economic analysis, “investment” cost, cash flow, and cost savings as
results of changing the fuel from MFO to CWS by replacing the boiler with a new one for the 2x50
MW Plant. The cost includes replacing the burner system and fuel control system, and modifying the
fuel storage and piping system:
1. Cost for replacing old boilers & piping modification (Component A) (US$/kWh) 0.0056
2. Total Cost for Replacing 2 Boilers & CWS fuel piping and storage modification (US$ 000) 65,010
3. Additional cost for Operation & Maintenance (Components B & D) (US$/kWh) 0.0064
4. Cost saving from MFO to CWS fuel conversion (Component C) (US$/kWh) 0.0625
5. IRR (%) 60.86
6. Net Present Value (US$ 000) 91,202
7. Pay Out Time (Years) 1.49
8. Net cash in flow (Annual savings) (US$ 000) 43,614
9. Annual Installment (5‐year period, 10% interest, payment on monthly basis – US$ 000)` 16,575
The CWS used for this project is processed outside the power plant premises, at the coal mine‐
mouth or near the coal / CWS shipping terminal in Kalimantan, to take the advantage of CWS over
coal in transportation and existing MFO receiving terminal and storage at the power plant side. The
CWS will be purchased CIF power plant receiving terminal.
Savings calculation due to changing from MFO to CWS fuels are shown in the following table:
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# COMPONENT MFO CWS SAVINGS
1 Fuel to generate electricity [liter/kWh] 0.252 0.529
2 Fuel Price [IDR/liter] 5,000 1,283.40
3 Fuel Unit Price [IDR/kWh] 1,260 679.18
4 Savings [IDR/kWh] 580.92
5 Savings [USD/kWh] 0.0672
6 Annual Savings for 2 x 50 MW [USD] 43.614,000
The project can be carried out by the plant owner with the following economic parameters:
o Capital Cost (replace 2 boilers, fuel piping and storage modification) USD 65,010,000
o IRR 60.86%
o Payout 1.49 years
Alternatively the project can be financed by a project developer using a leasing agreement or rent‐
to‐own agreement covered under the so called Energy Saving Performance Contract, whereby the
project developer will invest through project financing a capital investment of USD 65,010,000 and
obtain annual installment of USD 16,575,000, payable by the plant owner in 5‐year period, with
payment on monthly basis, including 10% interest. The plant owner will have a performance
guarantee under contract for annual savings of USD 43,614,000, of which about 38% will be used to
pay the installment in 5 years on equal monthly payment basis.
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APPENDIX B
LIST OF CWS BOILERS APPLYING ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY PROPRIETARY
TECHNOLOGY
No Consumer Boiler Capacity Amount Type Year Remark
1 Zhejiang 1.5MW test 1 1983 The ignition of CWS was successful for the first
University boiler time in China
2 Beijing 20t/h Oil Boiler 1 Retrofitted 1984 20t/h oil boiler, as an industrial boiler, was
Papermaking retrofitted to CWS boiler for the first time in
Factory China
3 Beijing 60t/h oil boiler 1 Retrofitted 1989 60t/h oil boiler was retrofitted to CWS boiler for
Papermaking the first time in China
Factory
4 Beijing 35t/h 2 New 1991 The first 35t/h CWS special boiler in China
Papermaking
Factory
5 Shengli Oil Plant 3MW piping- 1 Retrofitted 1994 The first Piping-typed Hot water Boiler was
typed hot water retrofitted to CWS boiler
boiler
6 Shengli oil plant 7MW hot water 1 Retrofitted 1994
boiler
7 Henan oil plant 4t/h chain-grate 1 Retrofitted 1995 Chain grate boiler was retrofitted to CWS for
boiler the first time in China
8 Bayi coal plant 4t/h, 10t/h chain 2 Retrofitted 1998,20
grate boiler 01
9 Baiyanghe power 220t/h oil boiler 3 Retrofitted 1992- The boiler in power plant was retrofitted to
plant 1999 CWS boiler for the first time in China, and
passed the state electric power administration’s
confirmation in1999, advanced in the world.
10 Shengli oil plant 10t/h oil boiler 1 Retrofitted 2000
11 Shengli oil plant 14MW hot water 1 Retrofitted 2000 The 14MW oil-fired hot water was retrofitted to
boiler CWS boiler for the first time.
12 Jilin oil plant 1.75MW hot 1 Retrofitted 2000
water boiler
13 Maoming Power 220t/h oil boiler 2 Retrofitted 2000-
plant 2001
14 Qingdao 1-10t/h 6 Retrofitted 2000- The first 1-10t/h CWS special boiler in China
Haizhong Corp 2001
15 Coal Pottery Drying 1 Retrofitted 2000
transportation Stove
and sale Corp, in
Fujian
iii
No Consumer Boiler Capacity Amount Type Year Remark
16 Shantou power 220t/h oil boiler 1 Retrofitted 2001 For the first time,220t/h oil fired boiler was
plant retrofitted to CWS boiler in the world, and
passed the confirmation of the Office of
Science and Technology in
Guangdong,in2001,adanced in the world.
17 Datong Huihai 4t/h 1 Retrofitted 2001
Corp.
18 Shengli oil plant 7MW,14MW hot 18 New 2001
water boiler
19 Huainan coal 10t/h 1 New 2002
plant
20 Xinwen coal plant 4t/h chain-grate 2 Retrofitted 2002
boiler
21 Liaohe oil plant 24t/h high 1 Retrofitted 2002 For the first time,the highpressure steam
pressure steam infusing boiler was retrofitted to CWS boiler in
infusing boiler the world.
22 One residential 7MW hot water 1 Retrofitted 2002
area in Daqing boiler
23 Suzhou Lintong 4t/h 1 Retrofitted 2002
coloring matter
chemical Corp.
Suzhou Lintong Caustic soda 10 Retrofitted For the first time, the causticsoda boiler was
coloring matter boiler retrofitted to CWS boiler in the world.
chemical Corp.
24 Huaibei Chemical 20t/h chain 1 Retrofitted In the world,for the first time,the CWS made by
factory grate boiler organic waste water was burned.
25 Shanghai 10t/h 3 New 2003-
Xianneng Corp 2004
26 Shenyang 75t/h fluidized 1 Retrofitted 2003 For the first time,75t/h Fluidized Bed boiler was
Paraffin Factory bed retrofitted to CWS boiler in the word.
27 Jilin 65t/h oil fired 2 Retrofitted 2003 The 65t/h Oil-fired Boiler was retrofitted to CWS
Petrochemical oil boiler boiler for the first time in China.
refining Factory
28 Shandong Qilu 65t/h oil fired 2 Retrofitted 2003
Petrochemical boiler
factory
29 Jilin 75t/h 1 New The first 75t/h CWS special boiler in China
Petrochemical
Ethene factory
30 Maoming Power 410t/h oil fired 2 Retrofitted 2003- The first 410t/h oil-fired boiler was retrofitted to
plant boiler 2005 CWS boiler
iv
No Consumer Boiler Capacity Amount Type Year Remark
31 Suzhou pringting 2 Million Kcal 2004
and dyeing heat-transferring
factory oil boiler
32 Qingdao Kaiyuan 130t/h 3 New 2004 The first 130t/h CWS boiler in the world
Corp.
33 Zaozhuang Mine 130t/h 1 New 2004
office
34 Xinjiang Zhongtai Caustic Soda 1 retrofitted 2004
Corp. boiler
35 Xinjiang Three- 4t/h 1 retrofitted 2004
dimension
Weaving Corp.
36 Shantou 45t/h 2 new 2005 The first 45t/h CWS special boiler in China
zhongxing corp.
37 Nanhai 670t/h 1 new 2004- The largest CWS special boiler in the world
Longguang Group 2005
38 Shantou Power 220t/h oil boiler 1 retrofitted 2005- The first CWS boiler cofiring oil coke slurry and
Plant 2006 water coke slurry in China
