Midterms reviewer for Reading

& Writing
TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE CONTEXT OF TEXT DEVELOPMENT

Discourse Hypertext
- comes from word discursus, in medieval latin - is a text that contains links to other sources of
meaning “argument” information which readers can immediately access
- in late latin it means “conversation” with just a single click.
- is a formal and often lengthy discussion of a topic, - a feature of computer programs that allows the
where concepts and insights are arranged in an user of electronic media to select a word from text
organized and logical manner. and receive additional information pertaining to that
- often sociated with speech, but it may also be word.
written
- serves as a writer’s scholarly analysis of a concept Multiple paths of inquiry
or theory proposed by another writer. - readers can have different avenues to acquire the
necessary information with no hassle.
PURPOSE OF DISCOURSE
3 main purpose of discourse, mainly; Individualized learning opportunities
 To inform - these multiple paths of inquiries are customized for
- a descriptive and comprehensive discussion on the learners for better learning acquisition.
the topic. It points out what one should know about
a topic or subject. Reader control
 To persuade - the readers have the control in navigating the
- to convince the readers that the proposed claim or system such as choosing the links we want to visit.
solution is better than any other proposal.
 To entertain Intertextuality
- aims to amuse. Provides a source of entertainment Inter- means used to form words meaning between
for its readers. or among groups of people, things, or places.
Text- written words on a book or any magazine.
Analyzing discourse
- is usually contextual. The reader tries to consider - which means intertextuality is the shaping of a
several factors that may have influenced the writer text meaning by another text.
to make certain claims. Those factors explain the - the interconnectedness of comparable or related
author’s biases, philosophy, and educational amd works reflects and influences an audience’s
professional backgrounds, among others. interpretation of the material.

FACTORS IN ANALYZING DISCOURSE TYPES OF INTERTEXTUALITY

3 main factors of analyzing discourse, mainly;  Allusion
 Culture - an expression that calls attention of something
- the beliefs, customs, attitudes, language and other explicitly mentioning it.
things that define culture may influence the author’s  Parody
perspective on several issues. - one piece of a writing or a movie uses many of the
 Social environment same elements of another but does it in a new and
- The author’s physical surroundings and social funny way.
relationships, as well as the culture of the time may It may copy the settings, plot, characters, or other
have influenced his or her writing. parts of the original work.
 Experiences - “mimicking”
- personal accounts or firsthand experience of  Pastiche
events. Establish credibility and reliability of - borrows elements from one work or more works
information presented in any discourse. and reconfigures them to create something new.
- reworking of a original work but not humorous
like the parody.
- a respectful type of borrowing that gives credit to
the original and is not plagiarism.
COMPARE AND CONTRAST PATTERNS OF WRITTEN Logos
TEXTS ACROSS DISCIPLINES - comes from logic, therefore writers use logic,
reasoning, and rationality to convince audiences of
4 macro skills of communication their perspective.
 Reading Pathos
 Writing - invokes and appeals to the emotions of the
 Speaking audiences.
 Listening  Problem-solution
Texts start with a negative situation (problem) and
Writing ends with a positive situation(solution)
- is the process of choosing the appropriate letters,
character, and symbols. Elements of narrative writing
- a nonverbal way of expressing ideas, thoughts, Narrative
and feelings. - is a story that you write or tell to someone,
usually in great detail
Patterns or writing development - can be a work of poetry or prose, novel, and etc.
 Cause and effect
- presents why something happens, what causes it, Elements of narrative writing
what are the effects.  Characters
Note: cue words to signify a cause starts with “cause - in a story, a character is a human, animal, being,
of, because of, for, due to, as, and since”. creature or an object.
 Classification  Setting
- a pattern of written text groups or classified items - defined as the time, place, and duration of the
or things into their parts, types, kinds, kinds, and or story an author chooses to write about.
categories.  Plot
Note: cues which signifies a classification pattern is - is the sequence of events that make up your story.
“a part of, a kind of, a type of, a group of, a way of, - freytag’s pyramid or “plot pyramid”.
a class of, an example of, and divided into”.  Point of view
 Comparison-contrast - POV for shorthand, refers to who is telling a story,
- Involves the identification of similarities of at least or who is narrating it.
two things, ideas, concepts, or persons being First person - I, we, us, and me.
compared while contrast compasses the Second person - You
identification of differences between or among two Third person - he, she, they, them.
subjects or topic.  Theme
Note: cues for comparison are “similarly, in like - is the message woven throughout it, often about
manner, and in the same way”. important topics such as human nature, life, or
 Definition society.
Denotation - refers to the literal meaning of the  Tone
word. - tone in writing is the overall mood or attitude
Connotation - the feeling or idea that the words conveyed by the narrator’s word choice in a story.
suggest to its literal meaning. - narrator’s tone can be formal or informal, positive
 Description or negative, lighthearted or dramatic.
- identifying concrete details about appearances,  Style
characteristics, and actions. - a writing style an author uses when writing a story.
Note: adjectives and adverbs are used in the Linear - narrative style tells the narrator’s story in
description. chronological order, or from beginning to end.
 Persuasion Nonlinear - narrative style doesn’t go in
The literary technique that writers use to present chronological order.
their ideas through reasoning and logic.  Conflict
- to influence the audience and move them into - where the protagonist wants something, but
action. someone or something is standing in their way.
Three types of persuasion Man vs man
Ethos Man vs nature
- it is linked with morality and ethics Man vs self
- writers or speakers convince their audience of their Man vs technology
goodwill and present themselves as trustworthy.  Resolution
- is the end of the story. It occurs after the climax.
TYPES OF CLAIMS
FACT, VALUE, AND POLICY

Claim
- statement you make to convince someone to
support your idea or position.
- Expresses a specific position on some doubtful or
controversial issue that the arguer wants the
audience persuade or convince, and it is
substantiated by supporting ideas.
- claims are usually found in text such as opinion
columns, position papers, and advertisements,
meant to persuade or convince their readers to
believe or act.

Characteristics of a claim
 Should be argumentative or arguable.
 Specific and focused.
 Should be interesting and engaging.
 Should have reasonable weigh of support
 Should be logical

CLAIMS OF FACT
- asserts that something has existed, does exist, or
will exist.
-debates whether the statement of the claim is
correct or incorrect, valid or invalid, true or false.
- deal with making predictions about the nature of
future events

CLAIMS OF VALUE
- requires you to consider the worth or merit of
something.
- a position claiming that something is good or bad
or one thing is better than another.
- subjective in nature.

CLAIMS OF POLICY
- statements that aims to move you to take a course
of action or change of behavior.
- argues that certain conditions should exist, or that
something should or should not be done, in order
to solve a problem.
- these statements commonly contain words such
as should, must, and ought to.

Summary
Claims of fact
- statements required
- proofs/evidence
Claims of value
-statements are opinionated/subjective
evaluations
Claims of policy
- statements are aimed to solve certain problems.
ASSERTIONS, COUNTERCLAIMS, AND EVIDENCES EVIDENCES
- the proof or an argument, claim, or a
ASSERTION counterclaim.
- a strong declaration or to express strong belief - highly required in writing, debates, and even in
- a sentence that is either true or false. Most of the daily discourse.
time written in a declarative sentence. - helps you validate the truthfulness of a statement
- declarative sentence is the most common type of a whether a claim or counterclaim.
sentence where the writer makes a statement to
five a fact or offers an explanation Things you can include evidence in:
 Facts or statistics
Statement of fact  Opinion from experts in line with your
- statement that can be proven objectively by direct discussion.
experience, testimonies of witnesses, and verified  Articles
observations.  Studies
Statement of convention
- is a way which something is done similar to Characteristics of a good evidence
traditions and norms. Its truthfulness can be  Unified
verified only by reference to historical events, laws,  Relevance
rules, science, and customs.  Specific and concrete
Ex.  Accurate
Humans are classified as mammals because humans  Representative
have the same distinctive features.
Statement of opinion 3 ways of generating evidences
- based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify  Quotation
due to the uncertainty or producing satisfactory  Paraphrasing
proofs of soundness.  Summarizing
Statement of preferences
- states that a personal choice in which a writer is Steps in making evidences
under no obligation to support or prove the  Point - what you are trying to prove or say.
truthfulness of the statement.  Evidence - what sources could you cite to
-they are subjective and cannot be objectively reinforce your point.
proven or logically attacked.  Explanation - how does this evidence apply to
your statement.
COUNTERCLAIMS  Link - how can you transition from 1 point to
- the opposite of the claim. It is a statement that another
contradicts one’s claim and is usually proven and
supported by both reasons.

4 elements in an argument
1. Claim - main argument
2. Counterclaim - the opposite of the claim/arguing
the claim
3. Reason - tells why a claim is made. An explanation
is made in relation to the claim or counterclaim
4. Evidence - fact or research to support the
claim/counterclaim and reason.