SNI 1727:2013

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Indonesian National Standard

Minimum Design Loads for buildings and

other structures

ICS 19.040; 17.120.20 National Standardization Agency

93.020
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Table of Contents

Table of
Contents.................................................................................................................................... i
Foreword.................................................................................................................................. xi
1 General ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Scope.................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Definition and Symbols........................................................................................................ 1
1.2.1 Definition ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.2 Symbols ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Basic Requirements ............................................................................................................ 4
1.3.2 Serviceability .................................................................................................... 5
1.3.3 Self-Straining Forces ............................................................................................... 5
1.3.4 Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.5 Counteracting Structural Actions.................................................................................... 6
1.4 General Structural Integrity ............................................................................................. . 6
1.4.1 Combination of Loads for Integrity Loads ....................................................................... 6
1.4.2 Load Path Connection .............................................................................................. 7
1.4.3 Lateral Pressures.................................................................................................... 7
1.4.4 Connection on Pedestal......................................................................................... 7
1.4.5 Anchors and Structural Wall ........................................................................................ 7
1.4.6 Loads and Extraordinary Events...................................................................................... 7
1.5 Classification of Building and other structures.......................................................... 8
1.5.1 Risk Category ......................................................................................................... 8
1.5.2 Compounding Risk Category................................................. 8
1.5.3 Toxic Substances and Highly toxic dan Explosive Materials ................. 8
1.6 Additional and Alteration of Existing Structures........................... 9
1.7 Loads Tests ...................................................................................................................... 9
1.8 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents.............................................. 9
2 Load Combinations ........................................................................................................... 11
2.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 11
2.2 Symbols ......................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Combining Factor Loads Using Strength Design, ............... 11
2.3.1 Applicability................................................................................................................. 11
2.3.2 Basic Combinations....................................................................................................... 11
2.3.3 Load Combination Including Flood Load....................................... 12
2.3.4 Load Combinations Including Atmospheric Ice Loads................................................. 13

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2.3.5 Load Combinations Including Self-Straining Forces ...................................................... 13
2.3.6 Load Combinations for Non Specific Loads ................................................................... 13
2.4 Combining Nominal Loads Allowable Stress .................................................................. 13
2.4.1 Basic Combinations ........................................................................................................ 13
2.4.2 Load Combinations Including Flood Loads ................................................................... 14
2.4.3 Load Combinations Including Atmospheric Ice ............................................................ 14
2.4.4 Load Combinations Including Self-Straining Forces (Self-Straining) ............................ 14
2.5 Load Combination for Extraordinary Events ................................................................... 15
2.5.1 Applicability .................................................................................................................... 15
2.5.2 Load Combinations ........................................................................................................ 15
3 Dead Loads, Soil Loads and Hydrostatic Pressure ............................................................ 15
3.1 Dead Loads....................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1 Definition ....................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.2 Weight of Materials and Constructions ......................................................................... 15
3.1.3 Weight of Fixed Service Equipment ............................................................................. 16
3.2 Soil Loads and Hydrostatic Pressure .............................................................................. 16
3.2.1 Lateral Pressure ............................................................................................................ 16
3.2.2 Uplift on Floors and Foundations .................................................................................. 16
4 Live Loads ............................................................................................................................ 18
4.1 Terms and Definitions ........................................................................................................ 18
4.2 Loads Not Specified .......................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Uniformly Distributed Loads ............................................................................................. 18
4.3.1 Required Live Loads ....................................................................................................... 18
4.3.2 Provisions for Partitions ................................................................................................. 18
4.3.3 Partial Loading ................................................................................................................ 19
4.4 Concentrated Live Loads ................................................................................................. 19
4.5 Loads on Handrails, Guardrail Systems, Grab Bar Systems, Vehicle Barrier Systems,
and Fixed Ladders,……………………………………………………………………………….. 19
4.5.1 Loads on Handrails and Guardrail Systems .................................................................. 19
4.5.2 Loads on Grab Bar Systems ......................................................................................... 19
4.5.3 Loads on Vehicle Barrier Systems ................................................................................. 20
4.5.4 Loads on Fixed Ladders ................................................................................................. 20
4.6 Impact Loads ..................................................................................................................... 20
4.6.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 20
4.6.2 Elevators ......................................................................................................................... 20
4.6.3 Machinery ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.7 Reduction in Live Loads ................................................................................................... 20

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4.7.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 20
4.7.2 Reduction in Uniformly Distributed Live
loads................................................................................................................... 21
4.7.3 Heavy Live Loads ......................................................................................................... 21
4.7.4 Passangers Car Garages ............................................................................................ 21
4.7.5 Special Occupancies..................................................................................................... 22
4.7.6 Limitations on One-Way Slab....................................................................................... 22
4.8 Reduction in Roof Live Loads.................................................................................. 22
4.8.1 General......................................................................................................................... 22
4.8.2 Flat, Pitched, and Curved Roof................................................................. 22
4.8.3 Special Purpose Roofs.............................................................................................. 23
4.9 Crane Loads .................................................................................................................... 23
4.9.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 23
4.9.2 Maximum Wheel Load ............................................................................................... 23
4.9.3 Vertical Impact Force .................................................................................................... 23
4.9.4 Lateral Force ................................................................................................................. 24
4.9.5 Longitudinal Force ........................................................................................................ 24
4.10 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents............................................ 24
5 Flood Loads .................................................................................................................... 30
5.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 30
5.2 Terms and Definitions ..................................................................................................... 30
5.3 Design Requirements ................................................................................................ 31
5.3.1 Design Loads......................................................................................................... 31
5.3.2 Erosion and Scour..................................................................................................... 31
5.3.3 Loads on breakaway walls........................................ 31
5.4 Loads During Flooding................................................................................................... 31
5.4.1 Load Basis.............................................................................................................. 31
5.4.2 Hydrostatic Loads....................................................................................................... 31
5.4.3 Hydrodynamic Loads................................................................................................... 32
5.4.4 Wave Loads ....................................................................................................... 32
[Link] Breaking Wave Loads on Vertical Pilings and Columns ... 33
[Link] Breaking Wave Loads on Vertical Walls.............................. 33
5.4.5 Impact Loads............................................................................................................... 37
5.5 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents....................................... 37
6 This article is maintained for the purpose of standard changes in the future.............. 38
7 Snow Loads................................................................................................................... 38
8 Rain Loads....................................................................................................... 38
8.1 Symbols and Notation...................................................................................................... 38

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8.2 Roof Drainage................................................................................................................ 38
8.3 Design Rain Loads..................................................................................................... 38
8.4 Water Puddle Instability........................................................................................... 38
8.5 Controlled Drainage....................................................................................................... 39
9 This article is maintained for the purpose of standard changes in the future............. 40
10 Ice Loads........................................................................................................................ 40
11 Up to Article 25.................................................................................................. 40
26 Wind Loads: General Requirements............................................................................. 41
26.1 Procedures.................................................................................................................... 41
26.1.1 Scope........................................................................................................... 41
26.1.2 Allowable Procedures.............................................................................................. 41
26.2 Definitions..................................................................................................................... 41
26.3 Symbols........................................................................................................................ 45
26.4 General......................................................................................................................... 49
26.4.1 Sign Convension....................................................................................................... 49
26.4.2 Critical Load Condition................................................................................................. 49
26.4.3 Wind Pressures Action on Opposite Faces of Each Building
49
26.5 Wind Danger Zone...................................................................................................... 49
26.5.1 Basic Wind Speed............................................................................................ 49
26.5.2 Special Wind Regions.............................................................................................. 49
26.5.3 Estimation of Basic Wind Speed from Regional Climatic Data............................. 50
26.5.4 Limitation.............................................................................................................. 50
26.6 Wind Directions........................................................................................................... 50
26.7 Exposure...................................................................................................................... 51
26.7.1 Wind Directions and Sectors................................................................................... 51
26.7.2 Surface Roughness Categories............................................................................... 51
26.7.3 Exposure Categories................................................................................................... 51
26.7.4 Exposure Requirements.............................................................................................. 52
26.8 Topographic Effects....................................................................................... 52
26.8.1 Wind Speed-Up over Hills, Ridges, and Escarpments .... 52
26.8.2 Topographic Factor............................................................................................ 54
26.9 GUST EFFECT FACTOR.............................................................................................. 54
26.9.1 Gust Effect Factor......................................................................................... 54
26.9.2 Determining Frequency............................................................................................... 55
26.9.3 Estimated Natural Frequency..................................................................................... 55
26.9.4 Rigid Structures..................................................................... 56

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26.9.5 Flexible or Dynamically Sensitive Structures ..... 57
26.9.6 Rational Analysis ...................................................................................................... 59
26.9.7 Limitation .............................................................................................................. 59
26.10 Enclosure Classifications ........................................................................................... 59
26.10.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 59
26.10.2 Opening.................................................................................................................... 59
26.10.3 Protected Glass Opening ................................................................... 59

26.10.4 Multiple Classifications............................................................................................... 60

26.11 Internal Pressure Coefficients..................................................................................60
26.11.1 Internal Pressure Coefficients ................................................................................. 60
27 Wind Loads on buildings-main wind-force resisting system (referrer procedures)......... 62
27.1 Scope ............................................................................................ 62
27.1.1 Building Types ............................................................................................. 62
27.1.2 Conditions ................................................................................................................... 62
27.1.3 Limitations........................................................................................... 62
27.1.4 Safety .................................................................................................................... 62
27.1.5 Minimum Design Wind Loads....................................................................... 62
27.2 General Requirements ............................................................................................... 63
27.2.1 Wind Loads Parameters required under Articl 26 ..................................... 63
27.3 Velocity Pressure ......................................................................................................... 65
27.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients ...................................................... 65
27.3.2 Velocity Pressure .................................................................................................... 66
27.4 Wind Loads— main wind-force resisting system.................................................... 66
27.4.1 Enclosed Rigid and Partially Enclosed Buildings ...................................... 66
27.4.2 Enclosed Flexible and Partially Enclosed Buildings ................................ 70
27.4.3 Open Buildings with Monoslope, Pitched, or Troughed Roofs 70

27.4.4 Consoles from Roofs .................................................................................................. 76

27.4.5 Parapets .................................................................................................................... 76
27.4.6 Design Wind Load Cases ...................................................................................... 76
27.5 General Requirements.............................................................................................. 78
27.5.1 Design Procedures ................................................................................................. 78
27.5.2 Conditions ................................................................................................................ 79
27.6 Wind Loads — main wind-force resisting system .................................................... 80
27.6.1 Wall and Roof Surfaces —Building Class 1and 2 .......................... 80
27.6.2 Parapets .................................................................................................................... 81
27.6.3 Consoles from Roofs.................................................................................................. 81

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28 Wind Loads on Buildings-main wind-force resisting system (envelope procedures) ..... 118
28.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 118
28.1.1 Building Types ............................................................................................................ 118
28.1.2 Conditions .................................................................................................................. 118
28.1.3 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 118
28.1.4 Safety .......................................................................................................................... 118
28.2 General Requirements ................................................................................................ 118
28.2.1 Wind Loads Parameters required under Article 26 ................................................... 119
28.3 Velocity Pressure .......................................................................................................... 119
28.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients .................................................................. 119
28.4 Wind Loads—main wind-force resisting system .......................................................... 120
28.4.1 Design Wind Loads on Low-Rise Buildings ............................................................. 120
[Link] External Pressure Coefficients (GCpf) ................................................................... 120
28.4.2 Parapets..................................................................................................................... 120
28.4.3 Roof Console ............................................................................................................. 121
28.4.4 Minimum Design Wind Loads ................................................................................... 121
28.5 General Requirements ................................................................................................ 125
28.5.1 Wind Loads Parameters required under Article 26 ................................................... 125
28.6 Wind Loads —main wind-force resisting system ......................................................... 125
28.6.1 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 125
28.6.2 Conditions .................................................................................................................. 126
28.6.3 Design Wind Loads .................................................................................................. 126
28.6.4 Minimum Design Wind Loads.................................................................................... 130
29 Wind Loads on Other Structures and Equipment for Buildings – main wind-force resisting
system .................................................................................................................................... 131
29.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 131
29.1.1 Structure Types ......................................................................................................... 131
29.1.2 Conditions .................................................................................................................. 131
29.1.3 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 131
29.1.4 Safety ......................................................................................................................... 131
29.2 General Requirements ................................................................................................. 131
29.2.1 Wind Loads Parameters required under Article 26 ................................................... 131
29.3 Velocity Pressure .......................................................................................................... 132
29.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients .................................................................. 132
29.3.2 Velocity Pressure ....................................................................................................... 132
29.4 Design Wind Loads —solid freestanding walls and solid sign ..................................... 134
29.4.1 Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Sign .................................................................. 134
29.4.2 Attached Solid Sign ................................................................................................... 135

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29.5 Design Wind Loads—other strucutures ........................................................................135
29.5.1 Rooftop Structures and Equipment for Buildings with height of 18,3 m ....................135
29.6 Parapets ........................................................................................................................136
29.7 Roof console..................................................................................................................136
29.8 Minimum Design Wind Loads .......................................................................................136
30 Wind Loads-components and cladding (c&c) ..................................................................141
30.1 Scope.............................................................................................................................141
30.1.1 Building Types ............................................................................................................141
30.1.2 Conditions...................................................................................................................141
30.1.3 Limitations ..................................................................................................................142
30.1.4 Safety..........................................................................................................................142
30.1.5 Air absorber cladding .................................................................................................142
30.2 General Requirements .................................................................................................142
30.2.1 Wind Loads Parameters required under Article 26 ...................................................142
30.2.2 Minimum Design Wind Loads ...................................................................................142
2 2
30.2.3 Tributary Areas greater than 700 ft (65 m ) ..............................................................142
30.2.4 External Pressure Coefficients ..................................................................................143
30.3 Velocity Pressure .........................................................................................................143
30.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients ...................................................................143
30.3.2 Velocity Pressure ........................................................................................................143
Part 1: Low-Rise Buildings ....................................................................................................145
30.4 Building Types ...............................................................................................................145
30.4.1 Conditions ..................................................................................................................145
30.4.2 Design Wind Pressure ...............................................................................................145
Part 2: Low-Rise Buildings (simple) .......................................................................................146
30.5 Building Types ...............................................................................................................146
30.5.1 Conditions...................................................................................................................146
30.5.2 Design Wind Pressure ...............................................................................................147
Part 3: Buildings withh> 60 ft (18,3 m) ...................................................................................148
30.6 Building Types ...............................................................................................................148
30.6.1 Conditions...................................................................................................................148
30.6.2 Design Wind Pressure ...............................................................................................148
Part 4: Buildings withh ≤ 160 ft (48,8 m) (simple) ..................................................................150
30.7 Building Types ..............................................................................................................150
30.7.1 Wind Loads—components and cladding ...................................................................150
Part 5: Open Buildings............................................................................................................162
30.8 Building Types ...............................................................................................................162

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30.8.1 Conditions.................................................................................................................. 163
30.8.2 Design Wind Pressure...................................................................................... 163
Part 6: Rooftop Structures and Equipment for Buildings .............. 164
30.9 Parapets ...................................................................................................................... 164
30.10 Roof Console.............................................................................. 166
30.11 Rooftop Structures and Equipment for Buildingswith height of 18,3 m ............. 167
31 Wind Tunnel Procedures ............................................................................... 190
31.1 Scope............................................................................................... 190
31.2 Test Conditions ....................................................................................................... 190
31.3 Dynamic Response .................................................................................................... 190
31.4 Load Effects ......................................................................................................... 190
31.4.1 Repeated average Interval of Load Effects ......................................................... 190
31.4.2 Limitations on Wind Speed ............................................................................... 191
31.4.3 Limitations on Loads ........................................................................ 191
31.5 Wind-Borne Debris .................................................................................. 191
Appendix C .......................................................................................................................... 192
C.1 Deflection, vibration, and deviation Lendutan, getaran, dan simpangan 192
C.1.1 Vertical deflection......................................................................................... 192
C.1.2 Wall and Frame deviations .................................................................... 192
C.1.3 Vibration .................................................................................................................... 192
C.2 Long-term deflection design ................................................................................. 192
C.3 Deflection opponent ......................................................................................................192
C.4 Expansion and Contraction .......................................................................................... 193
C.5 Durability ................................................................................................................... 193
Appendix B ............................................................................................................................ 193
B.0 Scope ............................................................................................................. 193
B.1 Single or two-storey buildings which meet the following requirements ........ 194
B.2 Buildings determined by seismic loads ............................................ 194
B.2.1 Buildings with no flexible diaphragm at every level ..................... 194
B.2.2 Buildings with flexible diaphragm at every level .............................. 194
B.3 Classified as Regular Torsional Buildings resulted from wind loads ........ 194
B.4 Buildings with flexible diaphragm and are designed for increased wind load
........................................................................................................... 195
B.5 Buildings with simple diaphragm class 1 and class 2 (h ≤ 48,8 m) ............ 195
B.5.1 Case A –Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings ................................................. 195
B.5.2 Case B – Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings. ................................................. 195
B.5.3 Case C – Building Class 1 and Class . ..................................................... 195

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B.5.4 Case D – Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings. ....................................................................196
B.5.5 Case E - Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings. .....................................................................196
B.5.6 Case F – Class 1 Building ...........................................................................................196

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Foreword

Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures was prepared by the Committee of
Standardization Engineering on Construction and Building, through the Task Force of
Structure and Building Construction Division in subcommittee of Standardization Engineering
for Settlement. This standard was initiated by the Research and Development Center of
Settlements, Research and DevelopmentAgency, Ministry of Public Works.

This standard is a revision of INS 1727 regarding Minimum design loads for buildings and
other structures. The revision of this standard is the adoption of SEI / ASCE 7-10, Minimum
Design Loads for Buildings and Structures Others, by adopting the contents of appropriate
articles withload conditions of buildings and other structures in Indonesia.

The articles in SEI/ASCE7-10 related to snow loads and iceloads in this standard are equal
to zero, while the Part on earthquake loads are also not covered by this standard because it
has been published in INS1726: 2013, on Planning procedures for earthquakes resistance to
houses and buildings.

This standard is categorized as standard with comformity level as adoption modification.

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Minimum Design Loads for buildings and other structures

1 General

1.1 Scope

This standard provides minimum load requirements for the design of buildings and other
structures that are subject to building code requirements. Loads and appropriate load
combinations, which have been developed to be used together, are set forth for strength
design and allowable stress design. For design strengths and allowable stress limits, design
specifications for conventional structural materials used in buildings and modifications
contained inthis standard shall be followed.

1.2 Definitions and symbols

1.2.1 Definition

The following terms and definitions apply to the provisions of the entire standard.

Allowable Stress Design: A method of proportioning structural members such that

elastically computed stresses produced in the members by nominal loads do not exceed
specified allowable stresses (also called "working stress design").
Authority Having Jurisdication :The organization, office, or individual charged with the
responsibility of administering and enforcing the provisions of this standard.
Buildings: Structures, usually enclosed by walls and a roof, constructed to provide support
or shelter for an intended occupancy..
DesignStrength : The product of the nominal strength and a resistance factor.

Essential Facilities: Buildings and other structures that are intended to remain operational
in the event of extreme environmental loading from wind, or earthquakes.
Factored Load: The product of the nominal load and a load factor.

Highly Toxic Substance:As defined in Government Regulations/Decree of Minister of

Environment.

Superiority Factor: Factor that contributes the risk level to human life, health and well-being
associated with property damage or loss of use or function.

Limit state: A condition beyond which a structure or member becomes unfit for service and
is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to
be unsafe (strength limit state).
Load Effects: Forces and deformations produced in structural members by the applied
loads.
Load factor: A factor that accounts for deviations of the actual load from the nominal load,
for uncertainties in the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect, and for the
probability that more than one extreme load will occur simultaneously.

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Loads: Forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants
and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, and restrained
dimensional changes.
Nominal Loads: The magnitudes of the loads specified in this standard for dead, live, soil,
wind, rain, flood, and earthquake.
Notional Loads: Virtual load employed on ananalysis of the structuretotake into account the
destabilizing effects that are not accounted for interms of design.

Nominal Strength: The capacity of a structure or member to resist the effects of loads, as
determined by computations using specified material strengths and dimensions and formulas
derived from accepted principles of structural mechanics or by field tests or laboratory tests
of scaled models, allowing for modeling effects and differences between laboratory and field
conditions.

Occupancy: The purpose for which a building or other structure, or part thereof, is used or
intended to be used.
Other structures: Structures, other than buildings, for which loads are specified in this
standard.
P-Delta Effect: The second order effect on shears and moments of frame members induced
by axial loads on a laterallybuilding frame.
Resistance Factor: A factor that accounts for deviations of the actual strength from the
nominal strength and themanner and consequences of failure (also called "strength reduction
factor").
Risk Category: A categorization of buildings and other structures for determining the
loadflood, wind, snow, ice, and earthquakes based on the risks associated with the
performance unacceptable. See Table1.5-1.

Strength Design: A method of proportioning structural members such that the computed
forces produced in the members by the factored loads do not exceed the member design
strength (also called "load and resistance factor design").
Temporary facilities: Buildings or other structures that are to be in service for a limited time
and have a limited exposure period for environmental loadings.
Toxic Substance: As defined in Government Regulations/ Decree of Minister of
Environment.
.

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Tabel 1.5-1 –Risk Category of Buildings and Other Structures for

Flood, Wind,Snow, Earthquake*, and Ice Loads

The Use or Utilization Buildings and Structure Functions Risk Category

Buildings and other structures that represents a low hazard to human life in the
event of failure. I

All buildings and other structures except those listed in Risk Categories I, III, and IV. II

Buildings and other structures that represent a substantial hazard to human life in
the event of failure. III

Buildings and other structures, not included in Risk Category IV, with potential to
cause a substantial economic impact and/or mass disruption of day-to-day civilian
life in the event of failure.

Buildings and other structures not included in Risk Category IV (including, but not
limited to, facilities, process, handle, store, use, or dispose such substances as
hazardous fuel, hazardous waste, or explosives) containing sufficient quantities of
toxic or explosive substances to be dangerous to the public if released.

Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities.

IV
Buildings and other structures that represent a substantial hazard to human life in
the event of failure.

Buildings and other structures (including, but not limited to, facilities, process,
handle, store, use, or dispose such substances as hazardous fuel, hazardous
waste, or explosives) containing sufficient quantities of toxic or explosive
a
substances to be dangerous to the public if released .

Buildings and other structures required to maintain the functions of Risk Category IV
from other structures.

Notes:
*
Building Types in accordance with Tabel 1 SNI 1726
a
Buildings and other structures containing toxic, highly toxic substances, or explosives shall be eligible
for classification as Lower Risk Category ifit can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the authority
having jurisdiction by a hazard assessment as described in Article 1.5.3 that a release of substances
associated with related risk of Risk Category.

1.2.2 Symbols

Fx Minimum Design lateral forces applied at the level x of structure and is used for the
purpose of evaluating structural integrity under Article 1.4.3.
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Wxpart of dead loads from total structure, D, located or assigned at Level x

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D Dead load
L Live load
LrRoof live load

N Notional Lateral Load is used to evaluate comformity with minimum structural integrity
criteria

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R Rainwater Load
S Snow Load

1.3 Basic Requirements

1.3.1 Strength and Rigidity

Buildings and other structures, and all parts thereof, shall be designed and constructed
with the appropriate strength and rigidity for giving structural stability, protecting
nonstructural components and system, as well as fulfilling service ability requirement
under Article 1.3.2.

The applicable strength shall be demonstrated by using one or more of the following
procedures:

a. Strength Procedures under Article [Link],

b. Allowable Stress Procedurs under Article [Link], or
c. Meet the approval from the authority for individual projects, Procedures based on
Performance of Article [Link].

It is allowed to use alternative procedures for different parts ofa structure and for
different load combinations, meet the limitations on Part 2. When resistance to
extraordinary events are taken into account, the procedure of Article 2.5 shall be used.

[Link] Strength Procedures

Structural and non-structural componentsandthe connections shall have adequate

strength to withstand the applicable load combinations of Article2.3 from this standard
without exceeding strength limits states for construction material.

[Link] Allowable Stress

Structural and non-structural components and the connections shall have adequate
strength to withstand the applicable load combinations of Article2.4 from this standard
without exceeding allowable stress for construction material.

[Link] Procedures Based on Performance

Structural and non-structural components and the connections shall be shown by

analysis or by a combination of analysis and testing to provide are liability that is not
less than that expected for similar components designed based on Strength Procedures
Article1.3.1.1if it meets the effect of dead load, live, environment, andothers.
Consideration shall be given to the uncertainty of loading and durability.

[Link].1 Analysis

The analysis will use rational methods based on the common principles of mechanical
engineering and will consider all sources of significant deformation and resistance.
Rigidity,strength, attenuation assumptions,and other properties of the components and
connections included in the analysis shall be based on test data which is approved or
referenced Standard.
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[Link].2 Testing

Testing is used to support the performance ability of structural and non-structural

components and the connections as load should accurately represent the material,
configuration, construction, intensity of loading, and limitation condition anticipated in the
structure. If an approved industry standards or practice governing the testing of the same
components is available, the testing program and the determination of the value of the design
of the test program must comply with industry standards and practices. When the standards
or practices do not exist, the specimen must be built to the same scale as the intended
application unless it can be demonstrated that the scale effect is not significant to the
performance shown. Evaluation of test results should be made based on the values obtained
from not less than 3 testing, provided that the deviation of each value obtained from any
single test is not different from the average value for all tests by more than 15%. If the
deviation from the average value for any single test exceeds 15%, additional tests must be
carried out until any deviation from the average value of any single test does not exceed 15%
or a minimum of six tests have been conducted. Testing will not be eliminated unless the
reason for the exception is given. The test report should document the location, time and
date of the test, the characteristics of the specimens tested, laboratory facilities, test
configuration, load applied and the deformation from the load, and the damage shown by
specimens, together with loading and deformation where such damage happen.

[Link].3 Documentation

The procedures used to demonstrate compliance with this article and the analysis and testing
shall be documented in one or more reports submitted to the authorities and to independent
observers.
[Link].4 Review

The procedures and the results of the analysis, testing and calculations used to demonstrate
compliance with the requirements of this article shall be assessed independently and
approved by the authoritity. Reviewing includes one or more persons who have the skills and
knowledge required to evaluate compliance, including knowledge of the expected
performance, structural behavior and components, specific loads are taken into account, the
analysis of the structure of the type that is done, construction materials, and testing
laboratories elements and components for determining the structural durability and
performance characteristics. The review shall include assumptions, criteria, procedures,
calculations, analysis model, test setup, test data, final drawings and reports. Once
completed satisfactorily, the reviewer shall submit a letter to authority that shows the scope
of the study and their findings.
1.3.2 Serviceability

Copyrights of the National Standard Agency, the copy solely to be posted on [Link] and not to be commercialized”
Structural systems, and members thereof,shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to
limit deflections,lateral drift, vibration, or any other deformations that adversely affect the
intended use and performance of buildings and otherstructures.
1.3.3 Self-Straining Forces

Provision shall be made for anticipated self-straining forces arising from differential
settlements of foundations and from restrained dimensional changes due totemperature,
moisture, shrinkage, creep, and similar effects.

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1.3.4 Analysis

Load effects on each structural component shall be determined by methods of structural

analysis that take intoaccount equilibrium, general stability, geometric compatibility,and both
short- and long-term material properties. Structural components that tend to accumulate
residual deformations under repeated serviceloads shall calculate the eccentricities occuring
during their service life.

1.3.5 Counteracting Structural Actions

All structural components and systems, and all components and cladding in a building
orother structures, shall be designed to resist forces due to earthquake and wind, with
consideration of overturning, sliding, and uplift, and continuous load paths shall be provided
for transmitting these forces to the foundation. Where sliding is used to isolate the elements,
the effects of friction between sliding elements shall be included as a force. Where all or a
portion of the resistance to these forces is provided by dead load, the dead load shall be
taken as the minimum dead load. Consideration shall be given to the effects of vertical and
horizontal deflections resulting from such forces.

1.4 General Structural Integrity

All structures shall be equipped with a continuous flow of loads in accordance with the
requirements of Article 1.4.2 and shall have a complete lateral force resisting system with
adequate strength to withstand the force -style shown in Article 1.4.3. All of the structural
components of the system shall be connected to the structural components of the structure
in accordance with Article 1.4.4. Structural wall shall be anchored to the diaphragm and the
supporting elements in accordance with Article 1.4.5. Effects on the structure and
components as a result of the forces set out in this article shall be taken as a notional load,
N, and combined with the effects of other loads in accordance with the load combination as
reffered to Article 2.3 or Article 2.4. When the resistance of a material depends on the
duration of the load, the load notional permitted as a burden with a duration of 10 minutes.
The structure is designed in accordance with the requirements of this standard for seismic
design category B, C, D, E, or F shall be considered to meet the requirements of Article
1.4.2, 1.4.3, 1.4.4 and 1.4.5.

1.4.1 Load Combinations for Integrity loads

Notional load, N, required under Article1.4.2 to1.4.5 shall be combined with other loads
according to Article1.4.1.1 of the strength design and Article1.4.1.2 for allowable stress
design.

[Link] Combining notional loads using strength design

a. 1.2D + 1.0N + L + 0,2S

b. 0.9D + 1.0N

[Link] Combining notional loads using allowable stress

a. D+0.7N
b. D + 0.75 (0.7N) + 0.75L + 0.75 (LrorS or R)
c. 0.6D + 0.7N

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1.4.2 Load Path Connection

All parts of the structure between the joint separators shall be interconnected to form a
continuous path to-lateral force resistance system, and the connection shall be able to
channel the lateral force caused by the connected parts. Any smallest part of the structure
shall be tied to the rest of the structure with elements that have the strenght to resist not less
than 5% of the weight.

1.4.3 Lateral Forces

Each structure shall be analyzed for the effects of static lateral force applied independently in
each of twoorthogonal directions. At each direction, static lateral force at all levels shall be
applied [Link] analysis purposes, the force at every level shall be determined by
using Equation1.4-1 as follows:
Fx= 0.01 Wx(1.4-1)

where
Fx= design lateral force set at the levelx and
Wx= part of dead load of total structure, D, located or assigned at level x.

The structures that are explicitly designed for stability, by taking into account the second-
order effects, shall be considered to mee tthe requirements of this Part.

1.4.4 Connection on Pedestal

A positive connection that withstand a horizontal force that works in parallel with the
structural components shall be provided on each beam, girder, or truss either directly with the
elements supporting or slab designed to workas adiaphragm. When the connection is
through a diaphragm, the structural component which supports elements shall also be
connected to the diaphragm. Connection shall have the strength to resist a force of 5 percent
of non factored dead load plus live load reaction imposed by the supporting structural
components.

1.4.5 Anchor from structural walls

A wall that is the foundation of vertical loads or lateral sliding resistance to a part of the
structure shall be anchored to the roof and all floors as well as structural components that
provide lateral support to the walls or supported by the wall. Anchors shall provide a direct
connection between the wal land roof construction or floor construction. The connection shall
be able to resist a force level horizontal force perpendicular to the wall which is equal to 0.2
times of the wall tributary weight the connection, but not less than 5psf(0.24 kN/m2).
1.4.6 Loads and Extraordinary Events

When calculated, the resistance design to load and extraordinary events shall be in
accordance with the procedures of Article2.5.

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1.5 Classification of Buildings and other structures

1.5.1 Risk Category

Buildings andother structures shall be classified, based on the risk to human life, health and
well-being associated with damage or failure of them to the nature ofthe occupancy or use,
according toTable1.5-1for the purposes of applying the provisions of the flood, wind, snow,
earthquakes and ice. Any building or other structures shall be assigned to categories that
apply higher risk or higher categories. The minimum design loads for structures should
include important factors prevailing in Table1.5-2, as required by other provisions of this
Standard. It is allowed to imposea building or other structures to several risk categories
based on the type of load conditions being evaluated (such as snow or seismic).

When the building regulations or other referenced standard requires a Occupancy Category,
Risk Category shall not be taken lower than Occupancy Category required therein.

Tabel 1.5-2 Interest Factors based on building risk category and other structures
a
for snow, ice, and earthquake loads
Risk Category Snow Ice thickness Ice-wind Seismic
from Interest -interest I Interest Interest
Tabel 1.5-1 Factors, Factosr, Factors Factors,
Is Ii Iw Ie
I 0,80 0,80 1,00 1,00
II 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
III 1,10 1,25 1,00 1,25
IV 1,20 1,25 1,00 1,50
a
Component Factorsinterest , Ip, is applicable toearthquake loads, are not included inthis table
because depending on the interests of individual components rather than the entire building , or
occupancy. See Article1.3.1.3.

1.5.2 Compounding Risk Category

When buildingsor other structures are divided in accordance with the independent structural
system, the classification for each section allowed to be determined independently. When
the system of the building, as a way out that is required, HVAC, or electricity, to apart of the
higher risk category pass or depend on other parts of buildings orother structures that have a
lower risk category and the parts shall be set to a higher risk category.

1.5.3 Toxic substance and highly toxic substances, and explosive materials

Buildings and other structures that contain toxic substances, highly toxic, or explosive
materials classified as Structural Category II if toxic substances, highly toxic, or explosive
material sshall be proven by the authorized institutionsand meet the requirements of not
threatening public health.

To guarantee the quality of this classification, the owner or operator of the buildings or other
structures which have toxic substances,highly toxic or explosive material should havea risk
management plan that sets three minimum things: that is hazard mitigation, prevention
program and emergency response plans.

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Hazard mitigation shall include the preparation and reporting of the worst scenario for any
structure that is being reviewed,by showing every potential effect to the public. As a minimum
condition,the worst case shall include a thorough failure of a vessel, piping systems, orother
storage structures. In this assessment, the evaluation of the effectiveness of measurement
for disaster prevention shall be based onthe assumption that the total collapse of the
structure of the main storage has occurred. Impact around the buildings shall be determined
in terms of thelocal population affected [Link] ensure the quality of the classification,
the hazard assessment shall show that the notification of hazardous building materials as a
result of the worst inciden tthe worst case does not endanger public health beyond the
structure reviewed.

Prevention programs shall consist of a comprehensive element of safety management

process, which is based on accident prevention through the application of management
control at the location of the planning, implementation, operation, and maintenance.
Secondary prevention of toxic substances, highly toxic, or explosive materials (including but
not limited to, double-walled tank, trenches with sufficient dimensions to accommodate spill
of toxic, highly toxic, or explosive materials within the limits of ownership and prevent a
release of harmful pollutants into the air, soil, groundwater, or water surface) and may be
used to prevent the risk of the release of hazardous substances. When prevention is
available, it shall be designed for the entire load of the environment and does not qualify for
this classification lowered. In hurricane-prone areas, guidelines and procedures shall
reduceefectively the wind effect on the critical structural element or alternatively provide
Safety during and after hurricane and able to reduce the risk of damage.

As general conditions, the emergency response plan shall address public notification,
emergency medical treatment for accidental exposure to humans, and procedures for
emergency response to releases that have consequences beyond the property boundary of
the facility. The emergency response plan shall address the potential that resources for
response could be compromised by the event that has caused the emergency.

1.6 Addition and Alteration of Existing Structures

When buildings and other structures that have been built to been larged, oroverhauled, the
affected structural components if necessary should be strengthened, so that the factored
loads specified in this rule can be accepted without going through strong plan of construction
materials. When using allowable stress design, strength is required if the stress from nominal
loads exceeding allowable stres of construction materials.

1.7 Load Test

Load test of any construction shall be performed if requested by the competent authority if
there is reason to question the safety of the structure to the functions.

1.8 Consensus Standard and other referenced documents

This article contains a list of consensus standards and other documents adopted by
reference in this article

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OSHA
Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration
200 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC20210

29 CFR 1910.1200 Appendix A with Amendments as of February 1, 2000.

Section 1.2
OSHA Standards for General Industry, 29 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) Parts
1910.1200
Appendix A, United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, WashingtonDC, 2005

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2 Combination of Loads

2.1 General

Buildings and other structures shall be designed using provisions of Article 2.3 or 2.4. If
structural elements designed based on standard material or particular specifications, shall be
designed specifically according to Article 2.3 or Article 2.4.

2.2 Symbols

AK= load or load effect from extraordinary events

D = dead load
Di= weight of ice

E = earthquake load
F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights
Fa= flood load

H = load due to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure, or pressure of bulk
materials
L = live load
Lr= live roof load

R = rain load
S = snow load
T = self-straining forces
W = wind load
Wi= wind on icea determined in accordance with Article 10

2.3 Combining factor loads using strength design method

2.3.1Applicability

The load combinations and load factorsgiven in Article 2.3.2 shall be used only in those
cases in whichthey are specifically authorized by the applicable material design standard.
2.3.2 Basic Combinations

Structures, components, and foundations shall be designed so that their design strength
equals or exceeds the effects of the factored loads in the following combinations:

1. 1.4D
2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5 (LrorS orR)

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3. 1.2D + 1. 6 (LrorS orR) + (L or 0,5W)
4. 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5 (Lr orS orR)

5. 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S

6. 0.9D + 1,0W
7. 0.9D + 1.0E

Exceptions:
1. The load factor on L in combinations (3), (4), and (5) is permitted to equal 0.5 for all
occupancies in which Lo in Table 4-1 is less than orequal to 100 psf(4.79
kN/m with the exception of garages or areas occupied as places of public assembly.
2. In combination 2, 4 and 5, load companion S shall be taken as one of flat roof snow loads
(pf) or sloped roof snow loads(ps).
If there is Fluid load F, combinations shall include the same load factors such as dead loadD
on a combination 1 to 5 and 7.
If there is loadH, they shall be included as follows:

1. If effect H adds load effect main variable, including H with a load factor of 1.6;
2. If the effect of H resists load effect main variable, includingH with a load factor of 0.9 in
which the load is fixed or the load factor of 0 for all other conditions.

The effect of one or more loads which do not work shall be investigated. The most
unfavorable effect from both wind and earthquake loads shall be investigated, in accordance
with condition, but it is not necessary to be taken into account to work simultaneously. See
ASCE / SEI 7-10 Article 12.4 (See INS 1726) for a specific definition of earthquake loads E.1
Each relevant strength limit state shall beinvestigated.

2.3.3 Load Combinations including flood load

When a structure is located in a flood zone(Articlel 5.3.1) , the following load combinations
shall be considered apart from basic combinations in Article 2.3.2:

1. In V-Zones or Coastal A-Zones, with a value of1,0Wshall be replaced into1.0W+ 2.0Fa.

2. In non-coastal A-Zones, load combinations (4) and (6) with a value of1.0W shall be
replaced into 0.5W+ 1.0Fa.

Notes :
The same earthquake loadE of Article12.4 from ASCE/SEI 7-10(See INS1726) is used inArticle 2.3.2
and Article 2.4.1. See Article 11from ASCE/SEI 7-10(See INS 1726), on the explanation for seismic
provisions.

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2.3.4 Load Combinations Including Atmospheric Ice Loads

It is not used in Indonesia

2.3.5 Load Combinations Including Self-Straining Forces

If applicable, loadT structural effects shall be considered in combination with other loads. The
load factor on loadT should be set by taking into account the uncertainties associated with
the possible magnitude of the load, the probability that the maximum effectT will occur
simultaneously with the load applied to the other, and the adverse potential has
consequences if the effect ofT is greater than assumed. The load factoronT shall not have a
value less than 1.0.

2.3.6 Load Combinations for Non-specific Loads

If approved by the authoritity, the responsible professional planners are allowed to determine
the load combination effects for strength design using a consistent method with the
requirements ofthe load combinations under Article2.3.2. Such method shall be based on
probability theory and accompanied by documentation regarding the analysis and supporting
data collection which can be accepted by the authority.

2.4 Combining Nominal Loads Using Allowble Stress Design

2.4.1 Basic Combinations

Loads listed here shall be considered to work in the following combinations; whichever
produces the most unfavorable effects inside the building, foundation, or a structural
component that [Link] of or more loads without working shall be considered.

1. D
2. D + L
3. D + (LrorS or R)
4. D + 0.75L + 0.75(LrorS or R)

5. D + (0.6W or 0.7E)
6a. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75(LrorSorR)

6b. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.7E) + 0.75S

7. 0.6D + 0.6W
8. 0.6D + 0.7E

Exeptions:
1. In the combination 4 and 6, the load companion S shall be taken as one of the flat roof
snow loads(pf) or sloping roof snow load(ps).
2. For non-building structure, in which the wind load is determined from the coefficient
pressure, Cf, identified in Figure 29.5-1, 29.5-2 and 29.5-3 and the projected area
contributes the wind force to elements of the foundation exceeding 1000 square feet in
bothvertical and horizontal areas, shall be allowed to replace W with 0.9W in
combination 7 to foundation design, excluding structuralanchor the to the foundation.
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3. It is allowed to replace 0.6D with 0.9D in combination 8 for Design of Reinforced Masonry
Shear Walls, where the walls meet the requirements of Article14.4.2ASCE/SEI 7-10 (See
INS 1726).

When the fluidF load presented, this loadshall be included inthe combinations 1 to 6 and 8by
the same factoras that used for dead loadD.

Where loadH presented, it shall be included as follows:

1. When effect of H added to main variable load effect, includingHwith a load factor of 1.0;
2. When effect ofH resists tomain variable load effect, including H with a load factor of 0.6
where fixed load or load factor of 0 for all conditions.

The most unfavorable effects of wind and earthquake loads shall be taken into account, if
appropriate, but they shall not be assumed towork simultaneously. See Article1.4 and12.4 for
the specific definition of the effect of earthquake loadsE.2
Improved allowable stress shall not be used with loads or load combinations given in this
standard unless it could show that such improvement is justified by structural behavior
caused by rate or load duration.

2.4.2 Load Combinations Including Flood Load

When a structure is located in a flood zone, the following load combinations shall be
considered other than basic combinations of Article 2.4.1:
1. In V-Zones or Coastal A-Zones (Article 5.3. l), 1.5 Fa shall be added to other loads in
combinations (5), (6), and (7),and earthquake load shall be set equal to zero in (5) and
(6).
2. In non-coastal A-Zones, 0.75 Fa shall be added to combinations (5), (6), and (7), and E
shall be set equal to zero in combinations (5) and (6).
2
Ethe same articles of Article 1.4 and 12.4 ASCE/SEI 7-10 (See INS 1726) used for article 2.3.2and
2.4.1.

2.4.3 Load Combinations including Ice Atmospheric Loads

When a structure is subjected to atmospheric ice and wind-on-ice loads, the following load
combinations shall be considered:
1. 0.7 Dishall be added to combination 2.
2. (LrorS orR) in combination 3 shall be replaced with 0.7 Di + 0.7 Wi+S.
3. 0.6 W in combination 7 shall be replaced with 0.7 Di + 0.7 Wi

2.4.4 Load Combinations Including Self-Straining

If necessary, a structural effect of Tload shall be considered in combination with other loads.
When the effect of the maximum loadT is notlikely to occur simultaneously with other
variable load maximum effect, allowed to reduce the amount of T which

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Calculated in combination with other loads. FactionT calculated in combination with other
loads not less than 0.75.

2.5 Load Combinations for Extraordinary Events

2.5.1 Applicability

Where required by the applicable code, standard, or the authority having jurisdiction, strength
and stability shall be checked to ensure that structures are capable of withstanding the
effects of extraordinary (i.e., low-probability) events, such as fires, explosions, and vehicular
impact.
2.5.2 Combinations of Loads

[Link] Capacity

To checkthe capacity of a structure or structural element to resists the effects of an

extraordinary events, the following gravity load combinations shall betaken into account:
(0.9 or 1.2)D + Ak+ 0.5L + 0.2S (2.5-1)

where :
Ak= load or load effects resulted from extraordinary eventsA.

[Link] Remaining Capacity

To check the capacity of remaining bearer-load ofthe structure or structural element after the
occurrence of damage, the load supporting elements identified by Responsible Professional
Planneras if eliminated, and the capacity of the damaged structures shall be evaluated by
using following combination of gravity loads:
(0.9 or 1.2)D + 0.5L + 0.2(Lror SorR) (2.5-2)

2.5.3 Stability Requirements

Stability shall be provided for the entire structure and for each element. Each method that
takes into account the effect of the second-order effects is allowed.

3 Dead Loads, Soil Loads, Hydrostatic Pressure

3.1 Dead Loads

3.1.1 Definition

Dead loads consist of the weight of all materialsof construction incorporated into the building
including,walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, builtin, fixedpartitions, finishing, cladding,
and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items, and fixed service
equipment including the weight of cranes.

3.1.2 Weight of Material and Constructions

In determining dead loads for purposes of design, the actual weights of materials and
constructions shall be used provided that in the absence of definite information, values
approved by the authority.

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3.1.3 Weight of Fixed Service Equipment

In determining dead loads for purposes of design, the weight of fixed service equipment,
such as plumbing stacks and risers, electrical feeders, and heating, ventilating, and air
conditioning systems shall be included.
3.2 Soil Loads and Hydrostatic Pressure

3.2.1 Lateral Pressures

In the design of structures below grade,provision shall be made for the lateral pressure of
adjacent soil. If soil loads are not given in a soil investigation report approved by the authority
having jurisdiction, then the soil loads specified in Table 3-1 shall be used as the minimum
design lateral loads. Due allowance shall be made for possible surcharge from fixed or
moving loads. When aportion or the whole of the adjacent soil is below a free-water surface,
computations shall be based upon the weight of the soil diminished by buoyancy, plus full
hydrostatic pressure.

The lateral pressure shall be increased if soils with expansion potential are present at the
site as determined by a geotechnicalinvestigation.
3.2.2 Uplift on Floors and Foundation

In the design of basementfloors and similar approximately horizontal elements below grade,
the upward pressure of water, where applicable, shall be taken as the full hydrostatic
pressure applied over the entire area. The hydrostatic load shall be measured from the
underside of the construction. Any other upward loads shall be included in the design.

Where expansive soils are present under foundations or slabson-ground, the foundations,
slabs, and other components shall be designed to tolerate the movement or resist the
upward loads caused by the expansive soils, or the expansive soil shall be removed or
stabilized around and beneath the structure.

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Tabel 3.2-1 Design Lateral Soil Load
a
Description of Backfill Unified Soil Design Lateral Soil Load
No. Material Classification
psf per foot per depth
2
(kN/m per meter per depth)
Well-graded, clean gravels, b
1 gravel-sand mixes GW 35 (5.50)
b
2 Poorly graded clean gravels, GP 35 (5,50)
gravel-sand mixes
Silty gravels, poorly graded gravel-
3 sand mixes
b
GM 35(5.50)

Clayey gravels, poorly graded

4 gravel-and clay mixes
b
GC 45(7.07)

b
5 Well-graded, clean sand; SW 35(5,50)
gravel-sand mixes
b
6 Poorly graded silty sand; SP 35(5.50)
sand-gravel mixes
Silty sand, poorly graded sand-silt b
7 mixes SM 45(7.07)
c
8 Sand-silt clay mix with plastic fines SM-SC 85(13.35)

Clayey sand, poorly graded sand- c

9 clay mixes SC 85(13.35)
c
10 Inorganic silts and clayey silts ML 85(13.35)
c
11 Mixture of Inorganic silts and clay ML-CL 85(13.35)
Inorganic clays of low to medium
12 plasticity
CL 100(15.71)
13 Organic silts and silts-clay, low d
plasticity OL
14 Inorganic clayey silts, elastic silts d
MH
15 Inorganic clay of high plasticity d
CH
16 Organic clays and silty clays d
OH

Notes:
a
Design lateral soil loads are given for moist conditions for the specified soils at their optimum densities. Actual
field conditions shall govern. Submerged or saturated soil pressures shall include the weight of the buoyant soil
plus the hydrostatic loads.
b
' For relatively rigid walls, as when braced by floors, the design lateral soil load shall be increased for sand and
gravel type soils to 60 psf (2.87 kN/m2) per foot (meter) of depth. Basement walls extending not more than 8
ft (2.44 m) below grade and supporting light floor systems are not considered as being relatively rigid walls.
c
For relatively rigid walls, as when braced by floors, the design lateral load shall be increased for silt and clay
type soils to 100 psf (4.79 kN/m2) per foot (meter) of depth. Basement walls extending not more than 8 ft
d
(2.44 ) below grade and supporting light floor systems are not considered as being relatively rigid walls.
Unsuitable as backfill material.

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4 Live loads

4.1 Terms and definitions

Fixed ladder: A ladder that is permanently attached to astructure, building, or equipment.

Grab bar system: A bar provided to support body weight in locations such as toilets,
showers, and tub enclosures.
Guardrail system: A system of building componentsnear open sides of an elevated surface
for the purpose of minimizing the possibility of a fall from the elevated surface by people,
equipment, or material.
Handrail: A rail grasped by hand for guidance and support. A handrail assembly includes the
handrail, supportingattachments,and structures.
Helipad: A structural surface where a helicopter can land, take off, and park.

Live load: A load produced by the use and occupancy ofthe building or other structure that
does not include construction or environmental loads, such as wind load, rain load,
earthquake load, flood load, or dead load.
Roof Live Load: A load on a roof produced (1) duringmaintenance by workers, equipment,
and materials and (2) during the life of the structure by movable objects, such as planters or
other similar small decorative appurtenances that are not occupancy related.
Curtain Closure: Buildings or parts of buildings, concentrated itself in whole or in part, in the
form ofa wall or a roof that resist insects or sun using fiber glass, aluminum, plastic, or
asimilar lightweight material, which closesthe occupancy or used as aswimming pool
covering an open space, patio or the rear deck, and holtikulura and agriculture production
facilities.

Vehicle Barrier System: A system of building components near open sides of a garage floor
or ramp, or building walls that act as restraints for vehicles
4.2 Loads Not Specified

For occupancies or uses not designated in this article,the live load shall be determined in
accordance with a method approved by the authority.
4.3 Uniformly Distributed Loads

4.3.1 Required Live Loads

The live loads used in the designof buildings and other structures shall be the maximum
loads expected by the intended use or occupancy, but shall in no case be less than the
minimum uniformly distributed unit loads required by Table 4-1.

4.3.2 Provision for Partitions

In office buildings or other buildings whre partitions will be erected or rearranged, provision
for partition weight shall be made, whether or not partitions are shown on the plans. Partition
load shall not be less than 15 psf (0,72 kN/m2).

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80 psf (3.83 kN/m2).
4.3.3 Partial Loading

The full intensity of the appropriately reduced live load appliedonly to a portion of a structure
or member shall be accounted for if it produces a more unfavorable effect than the same
intensity applied over the full structure or member. Roof live loads are to be distributed as
specified in Table 4-1.
4.4Concentrated Live Loads

Floors, roofs, and other similar surfaces shall be designed to support safely the uniformly
distributed live loads prescribed inArticle 4.3 or the concentrated load, in pounds or
kilonewtons (kN), given in Table 4-1, whichever produces the greater loadeffects. Unless
otherwise specified, the indicated concentrationshall be assumed to be uniformly distributed
over an area 2.5 ft(762 mm) square x2,5 ft (762 m2)] and shall be located so asto produce
the maximum load effects in the structural members.

4.5 Loads on Handrails, Guardrails Systems, Grab Bar Systems, Vehicle Barrier
Systems, and Fixed Ladders

4.5.1 Loads on Handrails and Guardrails Systems

All handrail assemblies and guardrail systems shall be designed toresist a single
concentrated load of 200 lb (0.89 kN) applied inany direction at any point along the top and to
produce maximum load effects on element taken into account.

Further, all handrail assemblies and guardrail systems shall bedesigned to resist a load of 50
lb/ft (pound-force per linear foot)(0.73 kN/m) applied in any direction at the top and to
transferthis load through the supports to the structure. This load need not be assumed to act
concurrently with the load specified in thepreceding paragraph, and this load need not be
considered for the following occupancies:

1. One- and two-family dwellings.

2. Factory, industrial, and storage occupancies, in areas thatare not accessible to the public
and that serve an occupantload not greater than 50.

Intermediate rails (all those except the handrail), balusters, and panel fillers shall be
designed to withstand a horizontally applied normal load of 50 lb (0.22 kN) on an area not to
exceed12 in. x 12 in.(305 mm x 305 mm) including openings and space between rails.
Reactions due to this loading are not required to be superimposed with those of either
preceding paragraph.

4.5.2 Loads on Grab Bar Systems

Grab bar systems shall be designed to resist a single concentrated load of 250 lb (1.11 kN)
applied in any direction at any point.

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4.5.3 Loads on Vehicle Barrier Systems

Vehicle barrier systemsfor passenger cars shall be designed to resist a single load of6,000 lb
(26.70 kN) applied horizontally in any direction to the barrier system, and shall have
anchorages or attachments capable of transferring this load to the structure. For design of
the system,the load shall be assumed to act at a minimum height of 1 ft 6 in.(460 mm) and 2
ft 3 in. (686 mm) above the floor or ramp, in placetoproduce [Link] load
shall be installed in an area not exceeding 12 in. x 12 in. (305 mm x 305 mm). and is not
required to be assumed to act on currently with any handrail or guardrail loadings specified in
Section 4.5.1. Garages accommodating trucks and buses shall be designed in accordance
with AASTHO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.

4.5.4 Loads on Fixed Ladders

The minimum design live load support safely the uniformly distributed live loads prescribed in
on fixed ladders with rungs shall be a single concentrated loadof 300 lb (1.33 kN), and shall
be applied at any point to producethe maximum load effect on the element being considered.
Thenumber and position of additional concentrated live load unitsshall be a minimum of 1
unit of 300 lb (1.33 kN) for every 10 ft(3,048 mm) of ladder height.

When rails of fixed ladders extend above a floor or platform atthe top of the ladder, each side
rail extension shall be designed toresist a concentrated live load of 100 lb (0.445 kN) in any
directionat any height up to the top of the side rail extension. Ship ladderswith treads instead
of rungs shall have minimum design loads asstairs, defined in Table 4-1.

4.6 Impact Loads

4.6.1 General

The live loads specified in Article 4.3 until 4.5 shall be assumed to include adequate
allowance for ordinary impact conditions. Provision shall be made in the structural design for
uses and loads that involve unusual vibration and impact forces.
4.6.2 Elevators

All elements that carry thedynamic load of escalators shall be designed within the limits of
deflection prescribed by ASME A17.1.
4.6.3 Machinery

For the purpose of design, the weight of machinery and moving loads shall be increased as
follows to allow for impact: (1) light machinery, shaft- or motor-driven, 20 percent; (2)
reciprocating machinery or power-driven units, 50 percent. All percentages shall be
increased where specified by the manufacturer.
4.7 Reduction in Live Loads

4.7.1 General

Except for roof uniform live loads, all other minimum uniformly distributed live loads, Lo, in
Table 4-1, may be reduced according to provisions of Article 4.7.2 until Article [Link]
following provisions.

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4.7.2Reduction in Uniformly Distributed Live Load

Subject to the limitations of Article 4.7.3through 4.7.6, members for which a value of KLLAT is

“Copyrights of the National Standard Agency, the copy solely to be posted on [Link] and not to be commercialized"”
400 ft2(37.16 m2) or more are permitted to be designed for a reduced live load in accordance
with the following formula:

In SI:

where
2 2
L = reduced design live load per ft (m ) of area supported by structural components
2 2
L = unreduced design live load per ft (m ) of area supported by structural components
o
(see Tabel 4-1)
K
LL = live load element factor (see Tabel 4-2)
2 2
A = tributary area in ft (m )
T

L shall not be less than 0.50 Lo,, for members supporting one floor and L shall not be less
than 0.40 Lo for members supportingtwo or more floors.
Exception :Forstructuralcomponentsin residencesof one ortwofamilies who hold more than
one floor, as an alternative toEquation4.7.1canbe used floor live load reduction as follows:
L = 0.7 x (Lo1+ Lo2+ .. )

Lo1,Lo2..is unreduced floor live load applied at every level which rest many floors by ignoring
tributary area. The effect ofreducedfloor live loadfloor, L, shall not be smaller than that
produced by the biggest effect of unreduced floorlive load working itself at a level..

4.7.3 Heavy Live Loads

Live loads that exceed 100 lb/ft2 (4.79 kN/m2) shall not be reduced.
Exception:
Live loads for structural components supporting two or more floors may be reduced by 20
percent.
4.7.4Passanger Car Garages

The live loads shall not be reduced in passenger car garages.

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Exception: Live loads for structural components supporting two or more floors may be
reduced by 20 percent.
4.7.5 Special Occupancies

Live loads shall not be reduced in public assembly occupancies.

4.7.6 Limitations on One-Way Slab

The tributary area, AT, for one-way slab shall not exceed an area defined by the slab span
times a width normal to the span of 1.5 times the slab span.

4.8 Reduction in Roof Live Loads

4.8.1 General

The minimum uniformly distributed roof live loads, Lo, in Table 4-1, are permitted to be
reduced according to requirements of Article 4.8.2 and 4.8.3.
4.8.2 Flat, Pitched, and Curved Roofs

Ordinary flat, pitched, curved roofs, and awnings, as well as canopies, apart from
manufacturing roof construction stood by a frame structur are permitted to be designed for a
reduced rooflive load, as specified in Eq. 4.8-1 or other controlling combinationsof loads, as
discussed in Article 2, whichever producesthe greater load. In structures such as
greenhouses, where specialscaffolding is used as a work surface for workmen and
materialsduring maintenance and repair operations, a lower roof load than specified in Eq.
4.8-1 shall not be used unless approved by the authority. On such structures, the minimum
rooflive load shall be 12 psf (0.58 kNlm2).
Lr= LoR1R2 where 12≤ Lr≤20 (4.8-1)

In SI:

Lr= LoR1R2where 0,58≤ Lr≤0,96

where

Lr= reduced live load per ft2 (m2) of horizontal projection rested by structural components.
Lo= unreduced live load beban per ft2 (m2) of horizontal projection rested by structural
components(see Tabel 4-1).
The reduction factors R1andR2 shall be determined as follows:
2
1 forA≤200ft
T
2 2
R = 1,2 – 0,001 A for200 ft <A600ft
1 T T
2
0.6 forA ≥ 600ft

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In SI: 2
1 forAT≤18,58m
2 2
R = 1,2 – 0,011 A for 18,58 m <AT55,74m
1 T
2
0,6 forAT≥ 55,74m

where
2 2
AT= tributary area in ft (m ) supported by each structural component and

1 forF≤4
R2= 1,2 – 0,05 F for4<F<12
0,6 for F≥12
where:
for a pitched roof, F = number of inches of rise per foot (in SI: F = 0.12 x slope, with
slopeexpressed in percentagepoints) and, for an arch or dome, F = rise-to-span ratio
multiplied by 32.

4.8.3 Special Purpose Roofs

Roofs that have an occupancy function, such as roof gardens, assembly purposes, or other
special purposes are permitted to have their uniformly distributed live load reduced in
accordance with the requirements of Article 4.7.
4.9 Crane Loads

4.9.1 General

The crane live load shall be the rated capacity of the crane. Designloads for the runway
beams, including connections and supportbrackets, of moving bridge cranes and monorail
cranes shallinclude the maximum wheel loads of the crane and the vertical impact,lateral,
and longitudinal forces induced by the moving crane.
4.9.2 Maximum Wheel Load

The maximum wheel loads shall be the wheel loads produced by the weight of the bridge,
as applicable, plus the sum of the rated capacity and the weight ofthe trolley with the trolley
positioned on its runway at the location where the resulting load effect is maximum.
4.9.3 Vertical Impact Force

The maximum wheel loads of the crane shall be increased by the percentages shown in the
following text to determine the induced vertical impact or vibration force
Monorail cranes (powered) 25
Cab-operated or remotely operated bridge cranes
(powered) 25
Pendant-operated bridge cranes (powered) 10
Bridge cranes or monorail cranes with hand-geared
bridge, trolley, and hoist 0

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4.9.4 Lateral Force

The lateral force on crane runway beamswith electrically powered trolleys shall be calculated
as 20 percent of the sum of the rated capacity of the crane and the weight of the hoist and
trolley. The lateral force shall be assumed to act horizontally at the traction surface of a
runway beam, in either direction perpendicular to the beam, and shall be distributed with due
regard to the lateral stiffness of the runway beam and supporting structure.

4.9.5 Longitudinal Force

The longitudinal force on crane runwaybeams, except for bridge cranes with hand-geared
bridges,shall be calculated as 10 percent of the maximum wheel loads ofthe crane. The
longitudinal force shall be assumed to act horizontallyat the traction surface of a runway
beam in either direction parallel to the beam.

4.10 Consensus Standard and other referenced documents

This article lists the consensus standards and other documents which are adopted by
reference within this Part.
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
rd th
25 West 43 Street, 4 Floor
New York, NY 10036

ANSI A17.2
Article 4.7.1
AmericanNationalStandardPracticeforthe InspectionofElevators,Escalators,andMoving
Walks(Inspectors’Manual),1988.

ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ThreeParkAvenue
New York, NY 10016-5900

ANSI / ASME A17.1

Article 4.7.1
American National Standard Safety Code for Elevators dan Escalators, 1993.

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Tabel 4-1 Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads,
Loand Minimum Concentrated Live Loads

Uniform Concentrated
2
Occupancy or use psf (kN/m ) lb (kN)
Apartements (see residential)
Access floor systems
Office use 50 (2.4) 2 000 (8.9)
Computer use 100 (4.79) 2 000 (8.9)
a
Armories and drill rooms 150 (7.18)
Assembly areas a
Fixed seats (fastened to floor) 100 (4.79)
a
Lobbies 100 (4.79)
a
Movable seats 100 (4.79)
a
Platforms (assembly) 100 (4.79)
a
Stage floors 150 (7.18)
1.5 times live load
for the served
areas, and not
exceeding 100 psf
Balconies and deck (4.79kN/m2)

Catwalks for maintenance access 40 (1,92) 300 (1.33)

Corridors
First Floor
100 (4,79)
Other floors
Same as
occupancy served
except as indicated

a
Dining rooms and restaurants 100 (4,79)

Dwelling (see residential)

Elevator Machine room (on area of 2 in.x 2 in. [50 mmx50
mm]) 300 (1.33)
Finishing light floor plate construction ( on area 1 in.x 1
in. [25 mm x 25 mm]) 200 (0,89)
Fire escapes 100 (4.79)
On single-family dwelling only 40 (1.92)
Fixed ladders See article 4.5
a,b,c
Garages/Parking 40 (1.92)
Passanger vehicles only c
Trucks dan buses

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Tabel 4-1 ( Continued )

Uniform Concentrated
2
Occupancy or use psf (kN/m ) lb (kN)
Handrails, guardrails, grab bars See article 4.5
Helipad 60 e,f,g
de
(2.87) nonreduc
able

Hospitals:
Operating rooms, laboratories 60 (2.87) 1 000 (4.45)
Patient rooms 40 (1.92) 1 000 (4.45)
Corridors above first floors 80 (3.83) 1 000 (4.45)
Hotel (see Residential)
Libraries
Reading rooms 60 (2.87) 1 000 (4.45)
a, h
Stack rooms 150 (7.18) 1 000 (4.45)
Corridors above first floors 80 (3.83) 1 000 (4.45)
Manufacturing a
Light 125 (6.00) 2 000 (8.90)
a
Heavy 250 (11.97) 3 000
(13.40)
Office Buildings:
File and computer rooms shall be designed for heavier loads
based on anticipated occupancy

Lobbies and first floor corridors 100 (4.79) 2 000 (8.90)

Offices 50 (2.40) 2 000 (8.90)
Corridors above first floors 80 (3.83) 2 000 (8.90)
Penal Institutions
Cell blocks 40 (1.92)
Corridors 100 (4.79)
Recreational areas
Bowling alleys, PoolroomsKolam renang, and similar a
recreational areas 75 (3.59)
a
Ballrooms and Dance halls 100 (4.79)
a
Gymnasiums 100 (4,79)
Reviewing stands indoor or outdoor 100 (4,79)a,k
a,k
Stadiums and arenas with fixed seats 60 (2.87)
(fastened to floor)
Residential
Dwellings (one family and two family) l
Uninhabitable attics without storage 10 (0.48)
m
Uninhabitable attics with storage 20 (0.96)
Habitable attics and sleeping areas 30 (144)
All other areas except stairs and balconies 40 (1.92)
All others dwellings
Private rooms and corridors serving them 40 (1.92)
a
Public rooms and corridors serving them 100 (4.79)

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Tabel 4-1 ( Continued )

Uniform Concentrated
2
Occupancy and use psf (kN/m ) lb (kN)
Roofs n
Ordinary flat, pitched, and curved roofs 20 (0.96)
Roofs used for promenade purposes 100 (4.79)
Same as
Roofs used for other special purposes dwelling served
i

Roofs for other occupancies a

Awnings and canopies

Pabric Construction supported by lightweight rigid 5 (0,24)
skeleton structure nonreducable

5 (0.24)
Cover screen foundation frame
unreducable 200 (0,89)
A nd based on
tributary area of
rested roof by frame

All other constructions 20 (0.96) 2 000 (8.9)

Primary roof structural components exposed to work floor

Single panel point of lower chord of roof trusses or any point

along primary structural members supporting roofs over
manufacturing, storage warehouses, and repair garages
300 (1.33)

All other primary roof structural components 300 (1.33)

All roof surfaces subject to maintenance workers

Schools
Classrooms 40 (1.92) 1 000 (4,5)
Corridors above first floor 80 (383) 1 000 (4,5)
First floor corridors 100 (4.79) 1 000 (4,5)
Scuttles, skylight ribs, and accessible ceilings
200 (0.89)
a,p q
Sidewalks, vehicular driveways, and yards subject to trucks 250 (11.97) 8 000 (35,6)

r
Stairs and exit ways 100 (4,79) 300
r
One and two- family residences only 40 (1,92) 300

Storage areas above ceilings 20 (0,96)

Storage warehouses before delivered to retailers
(shall be designed for heavier loads if required for anticipated storage)
a
Light 125 (6,00)
a
Heavy 250 (11,97)

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Tabel 4-1 ( Continued )
Uniform Concentrated
2
Occupancy or use psf (kN/m ) lb (kN)
Stores
Retail
1 000 (4,45)
First floor 100 (4,79)
Upper floor 75 (3,59) 1 000 (4,45)
Wholesale, all floors 125 (6,00)a 1 000
(4,45)
See Article
Vehicle Barriers
4.5
Walkways and elevated platforms (other than exit ways)
60 (2,87)

Yards and terraces, pedestrian 100 (4,79)a

a
Reduction in live load for this use is not permitted by Article 4.7 unless it is stated specifically exception.
b
Floors in garages or portions of a building used for the storage of motor vehicles shall be designed for the uniformly distributed
live loads of Table 4-1 or the following concentrated load: (1) for garages restricted to passenger vehicles accommodating not
more than nine passengers, 3,000 lb (13.35 kN) acting on an area of 4.5 in. by 4.5 in. (114 mm by 114 mm) footprint of a jack;
and (2) for mechanical parking structures without slab or deck that are used for storing passenger car only, 2,250 lb (10 kN) per
wheel.
c
Design for trucksand buses shall comply with AASTHOLRFD Bridge Design Specification; however the termsof static and
.
dynamicload requirements need not apply
d
Uniformly distributed loadof 40psf(1.92kN/m2) is the basic design ofthe helicopter which has a maximum weight at3
000lbswhen take off(13:35 kN) orless. This load shall not bereduced
e
Labelling helicopter capacityshall be installed in accordance with the authorities
f
Twosingleconcentrated loads, withineach8ft(2.44 m) to be mounted onthe landing area(depute twomainbarshelicopter,
eithertype ofboltorwheeltype) eachhave amagnitude0,75xmaximumtake-offweight ofthe helicopterandplacedtoproduce
themaximum loadeffectsonstructural [Link] loads shall be installedcoveringanareaof8 in.x8in. (200
mmx200mm) and shall not beconcentricwiththe live loadevenlyorothercentralized.
g
Asingle-center loadof3000lbs(13:35 kN) shallbe installedonan arealarge4.5-in. x4.5in. (114 mmx114mm), placedin a manner
toproducemaximum loadeffectsonstructural [Link] loadsneed not be
consideredworkingconcentricwithconcentratedlive loadorotherevenly
h
The loadacting on thefloor ofthe storagespacerackdoes not move anddouble-sidedbookcaselibraryhasthe following limitations: (1)
Highnominalbookcaseshall not be morethan90in. (2290 mm); (2) thickshelfof no more than12 in.(305 mm) foreachside; and(3) two-
sidedbookcasethat hasparallellinesshould be separatedby a gapof no lessofwidth36in. (914 mm).
k
In addition to the verticallive load,the design shallincludestylerockinghorizontalacting oneach rowofthe
standasfollows: mountedloadholder24lbperftofthe holderworksin a directionparallel toeachrowseatdan10lbperftofthe
holderworkingin aperpendicular directionofeach lineholder,Rockingstylehorizontal, perpendicularandparalleldoes
notneed to worktogether.
l
Space under the roofcan not beinhabitedwithoutstorageis a placewhere themaximumclearance heightbetween
thejoistandrafterlessthan42in. (1067 mm), or wherethereis no twoormoreadjacenttrusseswith abodyconfigurationthat is
ableto accommodateasquarewith ahigh measure42in (1067 mm) width24in. (610 mm) orgreater, between theareas
oftrusses. Live loaddoes notneed to bemountedconcentratedlywithother live loadrequirements.
m
Space under the roofcan not beinhabitedwithoutstorageis a placewhere themaximumclearance heightbetween
thejoistandrafterlessthan42in. (1067 mm), or wherethereis no twoormoreadjacenttrusseswith abodyconfigurationthat is
ableto accommodateasquarewith ahigh measure42in (1067 mm) width24in. (610 mm) orgreater, between theareas
oftrusses. Onthe truss,live loadshall only beinstalledon the trunksunderwhich twoconditionsshall be metasfollows:
i. Space under the roof can be accessed from the opening of the size of width of 20 in. (508 mm) and length of 30 in.
(762 mm) placed on a high net of 30 in. (762 mm); and
ii. the slopeofthe bottomtrussrodshall not be greaterthantwoverticalunitsto12 unitshorizontal(slope 9.5%). The rest ofthe
bottomtrussshall be designedfor unconcentrated live load uniformlydistributedno less than10lbperft2(0.48 kN/m2).
n
When therooflive loaduniformly distributed reduced to less than20lbperft2(0.96 kN/m2) according toArticle4.8.1and used to
design structural components laid outso as to create continuity, rooflive loadreduced shall be mounted adjacent to
thespan Alternatively,whichever results inthe greatest load effect.
o
The roofis usedfor other purposesshall be designedforloadscorrespondingas requestedby the authorities.
p
Other uniformly distributed loadsin accordance with theapproved method, whichcontains provisions forloadingtrucks,
q
alsoshall be considered ifnecessary.
Concentratedwheel loadshall be usedinarea of 4.5in. x4.5in. (114 mmx114mm).
r
Minimum concentrated load on stair tread (on area of 2in. x 2 in. [50 mm x 50mm]) shall be installed unconcentrated with
uniformly distributed load.

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Tabel 4-2 Live Load Element Factor, KLL
a
Element KLL
Interior columns 4
Exterior columns without cantilever slabs 4
Edges columns with cantilever slabs 3
Corner columns with cantilever slabs 2
Edge beams with cantilever slabs 2
Interior beams 2
All structural components not identified above:
Edge beams with cantilever slabs
Cantilever beams
One-way slabs 1
Two-way slabs
Structural components without provisions for continuous
Shear transfer normal to their span
a
In lieu of the preceeding values, KLLis permitted to be calculated.

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5 Flood Loads

5.1 General

The provisions of this article apply to buildings and other structures located in areas prone to
flooding as defined on a flood hazard map.
5.2 Terms and definitions

The following definitions apply to the provisions of this article:

Approved: Acceptable to the authority.

Base flood: The flood having a 1 percent chance of beingequaled or exceeded in any given
year.
Base Flood Elevation/BFE: The elevation of flooding, including wave height, having a 1
percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year.
Breakaway wall: Any type of wall subject to floodingthat is not required to provide structural
support to a building or other structure, and that is designed and constructed such that,
under base flood or lesser flood conditions, it will collapse in such a way that: (I) it allows the
free passage of floodwaters, and (2) it does not damage the structure or supporting
foundation system.

Coastal A-Zone:An area within a special flood hazardarea, landward of a V-Zone or

landward of an open coast withoutmapped V-Zones. To be classified as a Coastal A-Zone,
the principal source of flooding must be astronomical tides, storm surges, seiches, or
tsunamis, not riverine flooding, and the potential forbreaking wave heights greater than or
equal to 1.5 ft (0.46 m)must exist during the base flood.

Coastal high hazard area (Zona -V): An areawithin a Special Flood Hazard Area, extending
from offshore to the inland limit of a primary frontal dune along an open coast, and any other
area that is subject to high-velocity wave action from storms or seismic sources.
Design Flood: The greater of the following two floodevents: (I) the Base Flood, affecting
those areas identified as Special Flood Hazard Areas on the community's FIRM; or (2) the
flood corresponding to the area designated as a Flood Hazard Area on a community's Flood
Hazard Map or otherwise legally designated.
Design Flood Elevation/DFE): The elevation of thedesign flood, including wave height,
relative to the datum specified on a community's flood hazard map.
Flood Hazard Area: The area subject to flooding duringthe design flood.

Flood Hazard Map: The map delineating Flood Hazard Areas adopted by the authority.
.
Flood Insurance Rate Map: An officialmap of a community on which the authority has
determined as both special flood hazard areas and the risk premium zones applicable to the
community.

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Special Flood Hazard Area: The land in the floodplain subject toa 1 percent or greater
chance of flooding in any given year. Theseareas are delineated on a community's FIRM or
related institutions.
5.3 Design Requirements

5.3.1 Design Loads

Structural systems of buildings or otherstructures shall be designed, constructed, connected,

and anchored to resist flotation, collapse, and permanent lateral displacement due to action
of flood loads associated with the design flood (see Article 5.3.3) and other loads in
accordance with the load combinations of Article 2.

5.3.2 Erotion and Scour

The effects of erosion and scour shall be included in the calculation of loads on buildings and
other structures in flood hazard areas.
5.3.3 Loads on breakaway walls

Walls and partitions required by this standard as Breakaway Walls shall be designed for the
largest of the followingloads acting perpendicular to the plane of the wall::
1. The wind load specified in Article 26.
2. The earthquake load specified in INS 1726.
2
3. 10 psf (0.48 kN/m ).

The loading at which breakaway walls shall not exceed 20 psf (0.96 kN/m2) unless the design
meets thefollowing conditions:
1. Breakaway wall collapse is designed to result from a flood load less than that which
occurs during the base flood; and
2. The supporting foundation and the elevated portion of the building shall be designed
against collapse, permanent lateral displacement, and other structural damage due to
the effects of flood loads in combination with other loads as specified in Article 2.

5.4 Loads during Flood

5.4.1 Load basis

In flood hazard areas, the structural design shall be based on the design flood approved by
the authority.
5.4.2 Hydrostatic Loads

Hydrostatic loads caused by a depthof water to the level of the DFE shall be applied over all
surfaces involved, both above and below ground level, except that for surfaces exposed to
free water, the design depth shall be increased by 1 ft (0.30 m).

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Reduced uplift and lateral loads on surfaces of enclosed spaces below the DFE shall apply
only if provision is made for entry and exit of floodwater.
5.4.3 Hydrodynamic Loads

Dynamic effects of moving water shall be determined by a detailed analysis utilizing basic
concepts of fluid mechanics.
Exception: Where water velocities do not exceed 10 ft/s (3.05 mls), dynamic effects of
moving water shall be permitted to be converted intoequivalent hydrostatic loads by
increasing the DFE for design purposes by an equivalent surcharge depth, dh, on the
headwater side and above the ground level only, equal to
dh = a.V² ( 5.4.1)
2g

where
V = average velocity of water in ft/s (m/s)
g =acceleration due to gravitiy 32.2 ft/s (9.81 m/s2)
a =coefficient of drag or shape factor (not less than1.25)

The equivalent surcharge depth shall be added to the DFE designdepth and the resultant
hydrostatic pressures applied to, and uniformly distributed across, the vertical projected area
of the building or structure that is perpendicular to the flow. Surfaces parallel to the flow or
surfaces wetted by the tail water shall be subject to the hydrostatic pressures for depths to
the DFE only.

5.4.4 Wave Loads

Wave loads shall be determined by one of thefollowing three methods: (1) by using the
analytical procedures outlined in this section, (2) by more advanced numerical modeling
procedures, or (3) by laboratory test procedures (physical modeling).
Wave loads are those loads that result from water waves propagating over the water surface
and striking a building or otherstructure. Design and construction of buildings and other
structures subject to wave loads shall account for the following loads:waves breaking on any
portion of the building or structure; upliftforces caused by shoaling waves beneath a building
or structure,or portion thereof; wave run up striking any portion of thebuilding or structure;
wave-induced drag and inertia forces; andwave-induced scour at the base of a building or
structure, or itsfoundation. Wave loads shall be included for both V-Zones andA-Zones. In V-
Zones, waves are 3 ft (0.91 m) high, or higher; incoastal flood plains landward of the V-Zone,
waves are less than3 ft high (0.91 m).Nonbreaking and broken wave loads shall be
calculated usingthe procedures described in Sections 5.4.2 and 5.4.3 that show how to
calculate hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads.

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Breaking wave loads shall be calculated using the procedures described in [Link] through
[Link]. Breaking wave heights used in the procedures described in [Link]
through [Link] shall be calculated for V-Zones and Coastal AZones using Eqs. 5-2 and 5-3.

Hb=0.78ds(5.4-2)

where

Hb= breaking wave height in ft (m)

ds = local still water depth in ft (m)

The local still water depth shall be calculated using Eq. 5-3,unless more advanced
procedures or laboratory tests permitted by this section are used.

ds=0.65 BFE - G (5.4-3)

where
BFE = BFE in ft (m)
G = ground elevation in ft (m)

[Link] Breaking wave loads on vertical pilings and columns

The net force resulting from a breaking wave acting on a rigid vertical pile or column shall be
assumed to act at the still water elevation and shall be calculated by the following Equation
(5-4):

where

FD = net wave force, in lb (kN)

3 3
= unit weight of water = 62,4 pcf (9.80 kN/m ) for fresh water and = 64,0 pcf (10.05 kN/m ) for
Yw salt water

CD = coefficient of drag for breaking waves, = 1,75 for round piles or columns
, and = 2,25 for square piles or columns

D = pile or column diameter, in ft (m) for circular section, or for a square piles or columns
, 1.4 times the width of the pile or column in fit (m)

Hb = breaking wave height, in ft (m)

[Link] Breaking Wave Loads on Vertical Walls

Maximum pressures and net forces resulting from a normally incident breaking
wave (depth-limited in size, with Hb, = 0.78d,) acting on a rigid vertical wall shall be
calculated by the following Equation (5.4-5) and Equation (5.4-6):

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and.

where
Pmax= maximum combined dynamic,(Cp Ywds)and static1,2wdswave pressure , also referred to as
2 2
a shock pressure in lb/ft (kN/m )

Ft = net breaking wave force per unit length of structure, also referred to as shock, impulse, or
wave impact force in lb/ft (kN/m), acting near the still water elevation
Cp= dynamic pressure coefficient(1,6 Cp3,5)(see Tabel 5.4-1)
3 3 3
w = unit weight of water, in lb per ft (kN/m ) = 62,4 pcf (9.80 kN/m ) for fresh water, and 64,0
3
pcf(10.5 kN/m ) for salt water

ds = still water depth in ft (m) at base of buildings or other structures where the wave breaks

This procedure assumes the vertical wall causes a reflected orstanding wave against the
waterward side of the wall with the crest of the wave at a height of 1.2ds, above the still water
level. Thus, the dynamic static and total pressure distributions against the wall are as shown
in Fig. 5.4-1.
This procedure also assumes the space behind the vertical wallis dry, with no fluid balancing
the static component of the wave force on the outside of the wall. If free water exists behind
the wall, a portion of the hydrostatic component of the wave pressure and force disappears
(see Fig. 5.4-2) and the net force shall be computed by Eq. 5.4-7 (the maximum combined
wave pressure is still computed with Eq. 5.4-5).

Where
= net breaking wave force per unit length of structure, also referred to as shock, impulse, or
Ft wave impact force in lb/ft (kN/m), acting near the still water elevation.

Cp = dynamic pressure coefficient1.6 Cp 3,5 (see Tabel 5.4-1)

3 3 3
Yw = unit weight of water, in lb per ft (kN/m ), for fresh water = 62.4 pcf (9.80 kN/m ) and for
3
salt water 64.0 pcf (10.05 kN/m )
ds = still water depth in ft (m) at base of buildings or other structures where the wave breaks

Tabel 5.4-1 –Value of Dynamic Pressure Coefficient, Cp

a
Building Risk Category Cp

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I 1,6
II 2,8
III 3,2
IV 3,5
a
For building risk category, see tabel 1.5-1.

Figure 5.4-1 Breaking Wave Pressure Againts Vertical Walls

(space behind vertical wall is dry)

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Figure 5.4-2 Breaking Wave Pressure Againts Vertical Walls(stil
water equal on both sides of wall)

[Link] Breaking wave loads on nonvertical walls

Breaking wave forces given by Eqs. 5.4-6 and 5.4-7 shall be modified ininstances where the
walls or surfaces upon which the breaking waves act are nonvertical. The horizontal
component of breaking wave force shall be given by Equation 5.4-8

Fnv= Ft sin2a(5.4-8)

where

Fnv = horizontal component of breaking wave force in lb/ft (kN/m)

Ft = net breaking wave force acting on a vertical surface in lb/ft (kN/m)

a = vertical angle between nonvertical surface and the horizontal

[Link] Breaking Wave Loads from Obliquely Incident Waves

Breaking wave forces given by Eqs. 5.4-6 and 5.4-7 shall be modified for obliquely incident
waves . Breaking wave forces from non-normally incident waves shall be given by Equation
5.4-9

Foi= Ft sin2a(5.4-9)

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where
Foi= horizontal component of obliquely incident breaking wave force inlb/ft (kN/m)
Ft = net breaking wave force (normally incident waves) acting on a vertical surface in lb/ft (kN/m)
a = horizontal angle between the direction of wave approach and the vertical surface

5.4.5 Impact Loads

Impact loads are those that result fromdebris, ice, and any object transported by floodwaters
striking against buildings and structures, or parts thereof. Impact loads shall be determined
using a rational approach as concentrated loads acting horizontally at the most critical
location at or below the DFE.

5.5 Consensus Standards and other referenced documents

This section lists the consensus standards and other documentswhich are adopted by
reference within this article:

ASCE/SEI
American Society of Civil Engineers
Structural Engineering Institute
1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Reston, VA 20191-4400

ASCE/SEI 24
Section 5.3.3
Flood Resistant Design and Construction, 1998

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6 Wind Loads

This article is maintained for the purposes of standard changes that will come.

In preparing the wind load provisions contained in this standard, Subcommittee on

WindLoad(WLSC) of ASCE7 has its main objective that is to establishan increase inclarity
and optimal use of standards. As a result of these efforts, the provisions of ASCE7 wind
loads are presented in Article 26 through Article31.

7 Snow Loads

This Article does not apply in Indonesia

8 Rain Loads

8.1 Symbols and Notations

R = rain load on the undeflected roof, in lb/ft2 (kNlm2).When the phrase "undeflected roof' is
used, deflections from loads (including dead loads) shall not be considered when
determining the amount of rain on the roof.
ds=depth of water on the undeflected roof up to the inlet ofthe secondary drainage system
when the primary drainage system is blocked (i.e., the static head), in in. (mm).
dh=additional depth of water on the undeflected roof abovethe inlet of the secondary
drainage system at its design flow (i.e., the hydraulic head), in (mm).

8.2 Roof Drainage

Roof drainage systems shall be designed in accordance with theprovisions of the code
having jurisdiction. The flow capacity of secondary (overflow) drains or scuppers shall not be
less than that of the primary drains or scuppers.
8.3 Design Rain Loads

Each portion of a roof shall be designed to sustain the load of allrainwater that will
accumulate on it if the primary drainage systemfor that portion is blocked plus the uniform
load caused by waterthat rises above the inlet of the secondary drainage system at itsdesign
flow.
R = 5.2(ds+dh) (8.3-1)

In SI: R = 0.0098(ds + dh)

If the secondary drainage systems contain drain lines, such linesand their point of discharge
shall be separate from the primary drain lines.
8.4 Water Puddle Instability

Water puddle refers to the water retention that causes deflection relatively to the flat roof.
Vulnerable basins shall be investigated bystructural analysis to ensure that the basin has
sufficient rigidity to prevent progressive deflection (ie, instability)as due to rain or snow that
melts into [Link] on monoslope roof which is less than1/4in. /Ft., or where the water
trapped in the basin(in whole or in part) if the main channel systemis blocked, but the
functional secondary channel system, shall be declared asa vulnerable [Link] roof
surface with a slopeof at least1/4in. perft(1.19 °) towards free drainage
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Point does not have tobe considered as vulnerable basin..
Whichever is bigger between the same snow load orrainload with design conditions for
blocked primary channels system shall be used in this analysis.

8.5 Controlled Drainage

Roofs equipped with hardware to control the rate of drainage shall be equipped with a
secondary drainage system at a higher elevation that limits accumulation of water on the roof
above that elevation. Such roofs shall be designed to sustain the load of all rainwater that will
accumulate on them to the elevation of the secondary drainage system plus the uniform load
caused by water that rises above the inlet of the secondary drainage system at its design
flow (determined from Article 8.3).

Such roofs shall also be checked for water puddleinstability (determined from Article 8.4).

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9 Provisions on Seismic Loads

This article is maintained for the purposes ofstandard changes that will come.

In preparing the seismic provisions of Article 11 through Article23 and Annex11.A and
Appendix11.B of ASCE7, compiled separately as INS1726.

10 Ice Loads

This article does not apply in Indonesia

ARTICLE11UP TOARTICLE25OF THEEARTHQUAKELOADININDONESIA, ENTRYIN

THESCOPEOF INS1726
Notes:
This standards include article numbering method following SEI / ASCE 7-10 as a reference
standard in this INS .This is intended to search in guarantee against the reference standard
so as to facilitate the application of the substance to unite the perception of this standard

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26 Wind Loads: general

26.1 Procedures

26.1.1 Scope

Buildings and other structures, including the Main Wind-Force Resisting System (MWFRS)
and all components and cladding thereof, shall be designed and constructed to resist wind
loads as specified in Article 26 until Article 31. Provisions on this Article defines basic wind
parameters to be used with other provisions in this standard..

26.1.2 Allowed Procedures

The design wind loads for buildingsand other structures, including the MWFRS and
component andcladding elements thereof, shall be determined using one of thefollowing
procedures required. An outlineof the overall process for determining wind loads, including
the reference section, provided on Figure 26.1-1

[Link] Main Wind Force Resisting Systems (MWFRS)

MWFRS of wind loads to be determined using one of thefollowing procedures:

(1) Steering Procedures for buildings of all heights as specified in Article27 of the buildings
meeting the requirements specified therein;
(2) The Envelopes Procedures for low-rise buildings as specified in Article28 of the building
meeting the requirements specified therein;
(3) Steering Procedures for Building Supplies(structural part ofthe roof and equipment
parts on the roof) and other structures(such as freestandingsolid walls and free-
standing billboards , chimneys, tanks, open billboards, framework, and tower truss)as
required under Article 29;
(4) Wind Tunnel Prosedures for all buildings and other structures as required in Article 31.
[Link] Components and Claddings

Wind loads on components and cladding on all buildings and other structures shall be
designed to use one of the following procedures:

(1) Analytical Proceduresis available in Part1 to Part 6, as appropriate, of Article 30;

(2) Wind Tunnel Procedure as required underArticle 31.

26.2 Definitions

The following definitions apply to the provisions of Article26 to Article31:

Approved:Acceptable to the authority.

Basic Wind Speed,v:Three-second gust speed at 33 ft(10 m) above the ground in Exposure
C (see Section 26.7.3) as determined in accordance with Section 26.5.1.

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Building, enclosed:A building that does not comply with the requirements for open or
partially enclosed buildings.
Building Envelope:Cladding, roofing, exterior walls,glazing, door assemblies, window
assemblies, skylight assemblies,and other components enclosing the building.
Building and other structures, Flexible:Slender buildings and other structures that have a
fundamentalnatural frequency less than 1 Hz.
Building, Low Rise:Enclosed or partially enclosedbuildings that comply with the following
conditions:
1. Mean roof height h less than or equal to 60 ft (18 m).

[Link] roof height h does not exceed least horizontal dimension.

Building, Open:A building having each wall at least80 percent open. This condition is
expressed for each wall by the equation ao≥0,8ag where
ao= total area of openings in a wall that receives positiveexternal pressure, in ft2 (m2)
ag=the gross area of that wall in which ao, is identified, in ft2 (m2)

Building, Partially Enclosed:A building thatcomplies with both of the following conditions:

1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds
the sum of the areas of openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and
roof) by more than 10 percent..
2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds
4 ft2 (0.37 m2) or 1 percent of the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the
percentageof openings in the balance of the building envelope does not exceed 20
percent.

These conditions are expressed by the following

1. Ao>1,10Aoi
2 2
equations: 2. Ao>4 ft (0,37 m )or>0,01Ag,

Whichever is smaller, andAoi/Agi≤0,20

where
dimana

Ao, Ag are as defined for Open Building

the sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope(walls and roof) not including Ao, in
Aoi= 2 2
ft (m )
Agi= the sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope(walls and roof) not including Ag, in
2 2
ft (m )
Building or other structures, Regular-shape:A building or other structures having no
unusual geometrical irregularity in spatial form.
Building or other structures, Rigid:A buildingor other structures whose fundamental
frequency is greater than or equal to 1 Hz.
Building, simple diaphragm:A building in whichboth windward and leeward wind loads are
transmitted through floor and roof diaphragms to the same vertical MWFRS (e.g., non-
structural separations).
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Wind Loads:a building with MWFRS against every major axis proportioned so that the
maximum transition at every level in cases, torsional windl oad cases, from Figure27.4-8,
does not exceed the maximum transition at the same location in the image case 1of 27.4-8,
wind load case basis.

Article 26 – General Reguirements:Use of determining basic parameter for

determining wind load on SPBU & K&K. Basic parameters:

- Basic Wind Speed, V

- Wind direction factors, Kd, See Article 26.6
- Exposure Category, see Articlel 26.7
- Topografi Factor, Kzt, see Article 26.8
- Gust Effect Factor, see Article 26.9
- Enclosure Classifications, see Articlel 26.10
- Internal Pressure Coefficient, (GCpi), see Article 26-11

Wind load on MWFRS can be Wind load on K&K can be

determined with: determined with :

Article 27: Steering Procedures Article 30:

for all heights of buildings - Envelope Procedures
in Part 1 and 2, , atau
- Steering Procedures in Part 3.4
Article 28: Envelope Procedures for and 5
Low-Rise buildings Building equipments (console

Article 29: Steering Procedures

for building equipments (roof
console and parapets) and other
structures Article31: Wind Tunner
Procedures for all buildings or
Article 31: Wind Tunner other structures
Procedures for all buildings or
other structures

Figure26.1-1- Outline of the process used to Determine Wind Load. Additional

line sand Notes are available at the beginning of each Part for step-by-step
detail in determining wind loads.

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Components and Cladding (C&C):Elements of the building envelope that do not qualify as
part of the MWFRS.
Design Force, f:Equivalent static force to be used in the determination of wind loads for
open buildings and other structures.
Design Pressure, p:Equivalent static pressure to be used in the determination of wind loads
for buildings.
Diaphragm:roof, floor, or other membrane or breising system that works to channel the
lateral force resisting system to the mainvertical windloads. for analysis due to wind load, the
diaphragm is made onlyof steel deck, steeldeck contains concrete and concrete slab, each
has a ratiospan-to-height cross sectionoftwoorless, may be idealizedas a rigiddiaphragm.
The diaphragm is made of structural wood panels may be idealized as a flexiblediaphragm.

Steering Procedures: procedures for determining wind loads on building sand other
structures for the specific wind direction, where in the external pressure coefficients used
were obtained from wind tunnel testing models of prototypical building swhich previously
corresponding to the wind direction.
Eave Height,he: distance from ground level on the side of the building to the roofline of the
lowest part of a particular wall. If the height of the lowest part of the roof is varied along the
wall, use an average height.
Wide Effective Wind,a:are used to determine(gcp)to component element sand cladding,
effective wind area in Figure30.4-1 until 30.4-7, 30.5-1,30.6-1, and30.8-1 until 30.8-3is the
span length multiplied by the effective width which shall not be smaller than one-thirdspan
length. For fasteners, effective wind area shall not be larger than the tributary at any
fasteners.

Envelope Procedures:procedures to determine wind loads cases on buildings,where the

coefficient of external pressure-clone derived from wind tunnel testing models of buildings
prototypical previously rotated gradually to 360 degrees, like the case ofthe pressure-clone
that produces action key structural(lift, geserhorizontal, bending moment,etc.) which is the
envelope of the maximum values among all possible wind direction.

Escarpment: Also known as scarp, with respect to topographic effects in Article 26, a cliff or
steep slope generally separating two levels or gently sloping areas (see Fig.26.8-1).
Free roof:Roof with a configuration generally conforming to those shown in Figs. 27.4-4
through 27.4-6 (monoslope, pitched, or troughed) in an open building with no enclosing walls
underneath the roof surface.
Glazing:Glass or transparent or translucent plastic sheet used in windows, doors, skylights,
or curtain walls.
Glazing, ImpactResistant:Glazing that has been shown by testing to withstand the impact
of projectile. See Article [Link]

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Hill: With respect to topographic effects in Article 26.8,a land surface characterized by strong
relief in any horizontal direction (see Fig. 26.8-1).
Hurricane Prone Region: areasthat are proneto hurricanes attack (basis wind speeds for
building with ii risk category greater than115 miles/hour).

Impact Safety systems: construction of which has been demonstrated by testing to

withstand the impact of projec tiles and applied, embedded, or locked in exterior [Link]
article26.10.3.2.
Main Wind Force Resisting Systems (MWFRS): An assemblage of structural elements
assigned to provide support and stability for the overall structure. The system generally
receives wind loading from more than one surface.

Mean roof height,h: The average of the roof eaveheight and the height to the highest point
on the roof surface, except that, for roof angles of less than or equal to 10°, the mean roof
height shall be the roof heave height.
Openings:Apertures or holes in the building envelope that allow air to flow through the
building envelope and that are designed as "open" during design winds as defined by these
provisions.
Recognised Literature: Published research findings and technical papers that are approved

Ridge: With respect to topographic effects in Article 26.8, an elongated crest of a hill
characterized by strong relief in twodirections (see Fig. 26.8-1).
Wind Tunner Procedures:procedures for determining wind loads on buildings and other
structures, where the pressureand/orforce and moment determined for each wind direction
into account,building modelorother structure and its surroundings, in accordance with
article31.

Wind-borne Debris Regions:Areas within hurricane prone regions where impact Safety is
required for opening, glazing, see Article 26.10.3.
26.3 Symbols

The following symbol apply only to the provisionsof Part 26 until Article 31:
2 2
A = effective wind area,in ft (m )
Af = area of open buildings and other structures either perpendicular to the wind
direction or projected on perpendicular field to the wind direction, in ft2 (m2)
Ag= the gross area of that wall in which A, is identified, in ft2 (m2)
Agi=the sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope (walls and roof) including
Ag, in ft2 (m2)

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2 2
Ao= total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure, in ft (m )
Aoi=the sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope (walls and roof) not
includingAo, in ft2 (m2)
2 2
Aog= total area of openings in the building envelope, in ft (m )
As= gross area of the solid freestanding wall or solid sign, in ft2(m2)
a = width of pressure coefficient zone,, in ft (m)
B = horizontal dimension of building measured normal to wind direction, in ft (m)

h = mean hourly wind speed factor in Eq. 26.9-16 from Tabel 26.9-1

h = 3-s gust speed factor from Tabel 26.9-1

Cf = force coefficient to be used in determination of wind loads for other structures

CN = net pressure coefficient to be used in determination of wind loads for open buildings

Cp = external pressure coefficient to be used in determination of wind loads for buildings

c = turbulence intensity factor in Eq. 26.9-7 from Tabel 26.9-1

D = diameter of a circular structure or member, in ft (m)
D′ = depth of protruding elements such as ribs and spoilers, in ft (m)
F = design wind force for other structures, in lb (N)
G = gust effect factor
Gf = gust effect factor for MWFRSs of flexible buildings and other structures
(GCpn)= combined net pressure coefficient for a parapet
(GCp) = product of external pressure coefficient and gusteffectfactor to be used in
determination of wind loadsfor buildings
(GCpf) = product of the equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust-effect factor to be
used in determinationof wind loads for MWFRS of low-rise buildings
(GCpi) = product of internal pressure coefficient and gust effect factor to be used
in determination of wind loads for buildings

(GCr) = product of the equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust-effect

factor to be used in determination of wind loads for rooftop structure

gQ = peak factor for background response in Eqs26.9-6 and 26.9-10

gR = peak factor for resonant response in Eq. 26.9-10

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gv= peak factor for wind response in Eqs. 26.9-6 and 26.9-10

H = height of hill or escarpment in Fig.26.8-1, in ft (m)

h= mean roof height of a building or height of otherstructure, except that eave height
shall be usedfor roof angle θof less than or equal to 10°,in ft (m)

= roof eave height at a particular wall, or the average height if the eave varies along the
he Wall

hp = height of top of parapet on Fig. 27.6-4 and 30.7-1

Z
= intensity of turbulence from Eq. 26.9-7
K1, K2, K3= multipliers in Fig. 26.8-1to obtain Kzt
Kd= wind direction factor in Table 26.6-1
Kh= velocity pressure exposure coefficient evaluated at height z= h
Kz= velocity pressure exposure coefficient evaluated at heightz
Kzt= topographic factor as defined in Article 26.8

L= horizontal dimension of a building measured parallel to the wind direction,in ft (m)

Lh = distance upwind of crest of hill or escarpmentin Fig. 26.8-1 to where the difference
in
groundelevation is half the height of hill or escarpment,in ft (m)
Lz = integral length scale of turbulence, in ft (m)
Lr = horizontal dimension of return comer for a solid freestanding wall or solid sign from
Fig. 29.4-1, in ft (m)
ℓ= integral length scale factor from Table 26.9-1, ft (m)

N1 = reduced frequency from Eq. 26.9-14

Na = natural frequencylimitof lowerestimate(Hz) fromArticle26.9.2
n1 = building natural frequency, Hz
2
p= design pressure to be used in determination of wind loads for buildings, in lb/ft
2
(N/m )

2 2
PL= wind pressure acting on leeward face in Fig. 27.4-8,in lb/ft (N/m )
2 2
pnet= net design wind pressure from Eq. 30.5-1, in lb/ft (N/m )
pnet30= net design wind pressure for Exposure B at h = 30 ft and I = 1.0 from Fig.30.5-1, in
2 2
lb/ft (N/m )
2 2
pp = combined net pressure on a parapet from Eq.27.4-5, in lb/ft (N/m )
2 2
ps = net design wind pressure from Eq. 28.6-1, in lb/ft (N/m )
ps30= simplified design wind pressure for Exposure B at h = 30 ft and I = 1.0 from Fig.28.6-
2 2
1,in lb/ft (N/m )

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2 2
PW= wind pressure acting on windward face in Fig. 27.4-8,in lb/ft (N/m )
Q = background response factor from Eq.26.9-8
2 2
q = velocity pressure, in lb/ft (N/m )
2 2
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at heightz = h, in lb/ft (N/m )
2 2
qi = velocity pressure for internal pressure determination, in lb/ft (N/m )
2 2
qp = elocity pressure at top of parapet,in lb/ft (N/m )
2 2
qz = elocity pressure evaluated at height z above ground, in lb/ft (N/m )
R = resonant response factor from Eq.26.9-12
RB, Rh, RL= values from Eq.26.9-15
Ri = reduction factor from Eq. 26.11-1
Rn= value from Eq.26.9-13

s= vertical dimension of the solid freestanding wall or solid sign from Fig. 29.4-1, in
f(m)
r = rise-to-span ratio for arched roofs

V=basic wind speed obtained fromFig. 26-5-1A until 26.5-1C, in mi/h (m/s). The basic
wind speed corresponds to a 3-s gust speed at 33 ft (10 m) above ground in
exposure Category C
3 3
Vi = unpartitioned internal volume , ft (m )

V
z
= mean hourly wind speed at height 7, ft/s (m/s)
W = width of building in Figs. 30.4-3 and 30.4-5A and 30.4-5B andwidth of span in Figs
30.4-4 and 30.4-6, in ft (m)
X= distance to center of pressure from windward edge in Fig 26.8-1, in ft (m)
z = height above ground leve, in ft (m)

ž= equivalent height of structure, in ft (m)

zg= nominal height of the atmospheric boundarylayer used in this standard. Values
appear inTable 26.9-1
zmin = exposure constant from Tabel 26.9-1
a = 3-s gust-speed power law exponent from Tabel 26.9-1

â= reciprocal of a from Table 26.9-1

ā = mean hourly wind-speed power law exponent in Eq. 26.9-16 from Tabel 26.9-1
ß= damping ratio, percent critical for buildings or other structures

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∈= ratio of solid area to gross area for solid freestanding wall, solid sign, open sign, face of a
trussed tower, or lattice structure
ʎ= adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Figs28.6-1 dan 30.5-1
ē= integral length scale power law exponent in Eq. 26.9-9 from Tabel 26.9-1
ŋ= value used in Eq. 26.9-15 (See Article 26.9.4)
θ = angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degree
v= height-to-width ratio for solid sign

26.4 General

26.4.1 Sign Convention

Positive pressure acts toward the surface and negative pressure acts away from the surface.

26.4.2 Critical Load Condition

The value of theexternal and internal pressureshould be combinedalgebraicallyto
determinethe mostcriticalload
26.4.3 Wind Pressure ActionOpposite Faces of Each Building

In the calculation of designwindloadforMWFRSandcomponents andcladdingofbuildings, the

algebraic sumof the pressuresacting onthe oppositefaceofeachsurface of thebuildingshall
betaken into account

26.5 Wind Danger Zone

26.5.1 Basic Wind Speed

The basic wind speed, V , used inthe determination of design wind loads on buildings and
other structures shall be determined from the authorized institution, according to the risk
category of buildings and structures.
The wind shall be assumed to come from any horizontal [Link] windspeed shall be
increased if the record or experience shows that the wind speed is higher than specified.
26.5.2 Special Wind Regions

Mountainous terrain,gorges, and special regions shall be examined for unusual wind
conditions. The authority having jurisdiction shall,if necessary, adjust the values given to
account for higher local wind speeds. Such adjustment shall be based on meteorological
information and an estimate of the basic wind speed obtained.

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26.5.3 Estimation of Basic Wind Speeds from Regional Climate Data

In areas outside hurricane-prone regions, regional climatic data shall only be used in lieu of
the basic wind speeds when (1) approved extreme-valuestatistical-analysis procedures have
been employed in reducing the data; and (2) the length of record, sampling error, averaging
time, anemometer height, data quality, and terrain exposure of the anemometer have been
taken into account. Reduction in basic wind speed shall be permitted.

In hurricane-prone regions, wind speeds derived from simulation techniques shall only be
used in lieu of the basic wind speeds when approved simulation and extreme value
statistical analysis procedures are used.
In areas outside hurricane-prone regions, when the basic windspeed is estimated from
regional climatic data, the basic windspeed shall be not less than the wind speed associated
with mean recurrence interval, and the estimate shall be adjusted for equivalence to a 3-s
gustwind speed at 33 ft (10 m) above ground in exposure CategoryC. The data analysis shall
be performed in accordance with thisPart.

26.5.4 Limitations

Tornadoes have not been considered in developing the basic wind-speed distributions.

26.6 Wind Direction

The wind direction factor, Kd, shall be determined from Table 26.6-1. This factor shall only
be applied when used in conjunction with load combinations specified in Article 2.3 and
[Link] effect ofwind directionin determiningwind loadsin accordance withArticle31 shall
bebased on the analysisforwind speed in accordancewiththe requirements of Article26.5.3.

Tabel 26.6-1 –Wind Direction Factor, Kd

Structure Type Wind Direction FactorKd*

Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85

Curving Roof 0.85

The same Chimney, Tank, and Structure
Rectangular 0.90
Hexagon 0.95
Round 095
Free standing solid wall and billboards
Free standing solid and billboards bound 085
Open billboards and lattice framework 0.85
Truss Tower
Triangle, square, rectangular 085
Other Sections 0.95
* Direction FactorKd t has been calibrated with load combinations defined in Article 2. This
factor shallapply when used in accordance with the load combinations specified in Article 2.3
and Article 2.4.

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26.7Exposure

For each wind direction considered, the upwind exposure category shall be based on ground
surface roughness that is determined from natural topography, vegetation, and constructed
facilities.
26.7.1 Wind Directions and Sectors

For each selected wind direction at which the wind loads are to be evaluated, the exposure of
the building or structure shall be determined for the two upwind sectors extending 45" either
side of the selected wind direction. The exposures in these two sectors shall be determined
in accordance with Articles 26.7.2 and 26.7.3 and the exposure resulting in the highest wind
loads shall be used to represent the winds from that direction.

26.7.2 Surface Roughness Categories

A ground surface roughness within each 45" sector shall be determined for a distance
upwind of the site as defined in Article 26.7.3 from the categories defined in the following
text, for the purpose of assigning an exposure category as defined in Article 26.7.3.

Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas,or other terrain with
numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or larger.

Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructionshaving heights generally less
than 30 ft (9.1 m). This category includes flat open country, grasslands.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces..This category includes
smooth mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.

26.7.3 Exposure Catergories

ExposureB: For buildings with an average roof height of less than or equal to30ft(9,1m),
ExposureB shall apply where the ground surface roughness, as defined by Surface
RoughnessB, prevails in the up winds direction for distances greater than 1,500ft(457m) . For
the high roof of the building with an average of height more than30ft(9,1m), ExposureB shall
apply where Surface Roughness B prevails in the up windsdirection for distances greater
than2.600ft(792 m) or 20 times higher building, whichever is greater.

Exposure C: Exposure C shall apply for all cases where Exposures B or D do not apply.

Exposure D: Exposure D shall apply where the ground surface roughness, as defined by
Surface Roughness D, prevails in the upwind direction for a distance greater than 5,000 ft
(1,524 m) or 20 times the building height, whichever is greater. Exposure D shall extend into
downwind areas of Surface Roughness B or C for a distance of 600 ft (183 m) or 20 times
the height of the building, whichever is greater.

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For a site located in the transition zone between exposure categories, the category resulting
in the largest wind forces shall beused.
Exception:An intermediate exposure between the preceding categories is pennitted in a
transition zone provided that it is detennined by arational analysis method defined in the
recognized literature.
26.7.4 Exposure Requirements
[Link] Steering Procedures (in relation to wind directions)

For each wind direction taken into account, design wind loads of the MWFRS enclosed and
partially enclosed buildings using Steering procedure of Article 27shall based on the
exposureas described in Article26.7.3. Wind loads for open building design with free roof
monoslope, gable, orhip roofs shall be based on the exposure, as described in Article26.7.3,
resulting in the highestwind loads for any wind direction at the location.

[Link] Envelope Procedures

Design wind load of MWFRSf or all low-rise buildings designed using Envelopes
ProceduresArticle 28 shall be based on the categories of exposures that result in the highest
wind loadsfor any wind direction at the location.

[Link] Steering Procedures for Building Equipments and Other Structures

Design Wind loads of building equipment(such as the structure of the upper roof and
equipment) and other structures(such as freestanding solid wallsand billboards, chimneys,
tanks, open billboardslattice framework, and towertruss) as required in Article 29 shall be
based on the exposure that is appropriate for each wind direction taken into account.

[Link] Components and Cladding

Design Wind pressure for components and cladding shall be based on the categories of
exposures that result in the highest wind loadsforany wind direction at the location.

26.8 Topographic Effects

26.8.1 Wind Speed-Up over Hills, Ridges, and Escarpments

Wind speed-up effects at isolated hills, ridges, and escarpments constituting abrupt changes
in the general topography, located in any exposure category, shall be included in the design
when buildings and other site conditions and locations of structures meet all of the following
conditions:
1. Isolated hill, ridge, or escarpment and unblocked vertical wind direction to the top by
other similar topographic features with comparable height for 100 times the height of
the topographic feature(100H) or 2 mi (3.22 km), whichever is less. This distance
shall be measured horizontally from the point at which the height H of the hill, ridge,
or escarpment is determined.
2. The hill, ridge, or escarpment protrudes above the height of upwind terrain features
within a 2-mi (3.22 km) radius in any quadrant by a factor of two or more.

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[Link] structure is located as shown in Fig. 26.8-1 in the upper one-half of a hill or ridge or
near the crest of an escarpment.

Escrapm
ents 2-D Ridgesor3-D Symmetricalhill

Topographic Multiplier for Exposure

C
Multiplier Multiplier
K1 MultiplierK2 K3
Escrapme Escrapme All other Escrapme
H/Lh x/Lh cases x/Lh
Hill nt Hill nt Hill nt Hill
2-D 2-D 3-D 2-D 2-D 2-D 3-D

0,20 0,29 0,17 0,21 0,00 1,00 1,00 0,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
0,25 0,36 0,21 0,26 0,50 0,88 0,67 0,10 0,74 0,78 0,67
0,30 0,43 0,26 0,32 1,00 0,75 0,33 0,20 0,55 0,61 0,45
0,35 0,51 0,30 0,37 1,50 0,63 0,00 0,30 0,41 0,47 0,30
0,40 0,58 0,34 0,42 2,00 0,50 0,00 0,40 0,30 0,37 0,20
0,45 0,65 0,38 0,47 2,50 0,38 0,00 0,50 0,22 0,29 0,14
0,50 0,72 0,43 0,53 3,00 0,25 0,00 0,60 0,17 0,22 0,09
3,50 0,13 0,00 0,70 0,12 0,17 0,06
4,00 0 ,00 0 ,00 0 ,80 0,09 0,14 0 ,04
0,90 0 ,07 0 ,11 0,03
1,00 0,05 0,08 0,02
1,50 0,01 0,02 0,00
2,00 0,00 0,00 0,00

Notes :

1, For Values ofH/Lh, x/Lhdan z/Lhother than shown, linier interpolation is permitted.
2. ForH/Lh>0,5, assumeH/Lh = 0,5 for evaluatingK1and substituteLhinto 2Hfor calculating K2
danK3.
3. Multipliers are based on assumption that wind towards hill or escarpment along the direction of maximum slope.
4. Notation:
H : height of hill or Relative escarpment to elevation in the upwind terrain, in, feet (meter).
Lh: horizontal distance of upwind side, from top of hil or escarpment until half of height of hill or scrapment, in
feet (meter)
K1: factor to account for topographic shapeand maximum speed up effect.
K2: factor to account for reduction in speed up ini relation to the distance of upwind and down wind of crest.
K3: factor to account for reduction in speed increase in relation to the height of elevation of local area.
x : distances(up wind or down wind) from crest to building site, in feet (meter).
z : height above local ground level, in feet (meter).

μ: horizontal attenuation factor.

y: height attenuation factor.
Equations:
2
Kzt= (1 + K1K2K3)

K1determined from table below

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Parameter to increase speed over the hill and escarpment

K1/(H /Lh)
Up wind of Down wind of
Shape of Hill Exposure crest crest
B C D

2-dimension ridge
(or valley with negative 1,30 1,5 1,55 3 1,5 1,5
H in K1/(H/Lh)

2-dimension escrapments 0,75 0,85 0,95 2,5 1,5 4

3-dimension symmetrical hill 0,95 1,05 1,15 4 1,5 1,5

Figure 26.8-1 –Topographic Factor, Kzt

4. H/Lh≥0,2.

5. H is greater than or equal to 15 ft (4,5 m) for Exposure C and D and60 ft (18 m) for
Exposure B.

26.8.2 Topograhic Factor

The wind speed up effect shall be included in the calculation of design wind loads by using the
factor Kzt:
2
Kzt= (1 + K1K2K3) (26.8-1)
whereK1, K2, dan K3given in Figure 26.8-1.

If site conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the conditions specified in Article
26.8.1,Kzt= 1.0.

26.9Gust Effect Factor

26.9.1 Gust Effect Factor: The gust-effect factor for rigid structures shall be taken as 0.85.

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26.9.2 Frequency Determination

To determine whether a building or other structures is rigid or flexible as defined in

Article26.2, the natural frequency of the fundamental, n1, shall be defined using structural
properties and deformation characteristics of the anchoring element in the analysis that
proved [Link]- rise buildings, as defined Article 26.2, allowed tobe considered rigid.

[Link] Limitation on Estimated Natural Frequency

As an alternative to conduct an analysis to determinen1, the estimated natural frequency o
fthe building, na, may be calculated in accordance with Article26.9.3 of the structural steel
buildings,concrete, or brickwall construction that meet thefollowing requirements:

1. The height of building is less than or equal to 300 ft (91 m), and
2. The height of building is less than 4 times the effective length, Leff.
Effective Length, Leff, the calculation shall be determined by the following equation:

Addition of the height of building

where
hi is height above level classi
Li is length of building in parallel with wind direction

26.9.3 Estimated Natural Frquency

Natural frequency of the lower-limit estimates (na), in Hertz, concrete or structural steel buildings
that meet the conditions of Article [Link], may be determined from one of the following
equations:

For structural steel building for resistant moment:

na= 22.2 lh 0.8
(26.9-2)

For concrete building for resistant moment:

na= 43.5 lh0.9 (26.9-3)

For structural steel and concrete buildings with other lateral forces resistance systems:
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For concrete shear wall or brick wallsbuildings , may also use

55 of 195
(26.9-5)
na= 75 l h (26.9-4)

na= 385 ( Cw)0.5l h

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Notes
h = mean roof height (ft)
n = total shear walls for effective building in lateral force resisting system taken into account.
2
AB= structural basic area(ft )
2
Ai= horizontalcross-sectional areaof theshear walls “ i” (ft )
Di= length of shear walls “i” (ft)
hi= height of shear walls“i” (ft)

26.9.4 Rigid Buildings and Other structures

For rigid buildings or other structures as described in Article 26.2, gust factor effects shall be taken by 0.85
or calculated by the formula:

Where is turbulence intensity of height where is equivalent heightz Of structure shall be determined 0,6h, but not less than
zmin for all height of buildings h. zmin and c is listed exposure in tabel 26.9-1; gQ and gv shall be taken 3.4. Response of
background Q is

Formula

Where ℓ and ē is constants listed in Tabel 26.9-1.

where B and h are described in Articles 26.3 and z Ladalah integral length scale of turbulence on the high equivalent is

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(26.9-9)

In SI:

Where ℓ andē is constants listed in Tabel 26.9-1.

Zmin= minimum height which can ensure equivalent heightGreater than 0,6horFor building with h

In metric

Zmin= minimum height which can ensure equivalent height - Greater than 0,6hor

For building with Shall be taken asmin

Tabel 26.9-1 –Land Exposure Constants

26.9.5 Flexible or Dynamically Sensitive Buildings or other Structures

For flexible or dynamically sensitive structures as defined in Article 26 .2, the gust-effect factor shall be
calculated by

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gq and gv Shall be taken as 3.4 and gr is given by

R, resonant response factor, is

where the subscript L in Eq. 26.9-15 shall be taken as h, B, and L,respectively, where h, B, and
L are defined in Article 26.3.
n1= building natural frequency

set
Rℓ=Rh 4.6n1h/⊽ź
set
Rℓ=RB 4.6n1B/⊽
set
ź Rℓ=RL 15.4n1L/⊽ź
ß= damping ratio, percentage from critical damping ( 2% of use 0.02 in Equation)

V:= mean hourly wind speed (ft/s) at height determined from Eq.26.9-16:

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where h and 6 are constants listed in Table 26.9-1 and V is the basicwind speed in mil/h.

26.9.6 Rational Analysis

In lieu of the procedure defined in Article 26.9.3 and 26.9.4, determination of the gust-effect
factor by any rational analysis defined in the recognized literature is permitted.
26.9.7 Limitations
Where combined gust-effect factors and pressure coefficients (GCp, GCpi, and GCpj) are
given in figures and tables, the gust-effect factor shall not be determined separately.

26.10 Enclosure Classifications

26.10.1 General

For the purpose of determining internal pressurecoefficients, all buildings shall be classified
as enclosed, partially enclosed, or open as defined in Article 26.2.
26.10.2 Openings

A determination shall be made of the amount of openings in the building envelope to

determine the enclosure classification.

26.10.3 Glazing Opening Safety

Glazing Opening in Risk Categroy Building II, III or IV in high wind prone area shall be
protected like required in this Article.

[Link] Wind Born Debris

Glazed openings shall be protected in accordance with Section [Link] in the following
locations:

1. Within one mile of shoreline average water level where the basic wind speed is equal to
or greater than130mi/h(58 m/s), or
2. In areas where basic wind speed is equal to or greater than140mi/h(63 m/s)

For buildings and other structures with the Risk Categories IIand the buildings and other
structures Risk Category III, except health care facilities, wind-borne debris region shall be
based on Figure26.5-1A. For health care facilities Risk Category III and buildings and other
structures Risk Category IV, wind-borne debris region shall be basedon26.5-1BFig. The risk
category should be determined in accordance with Article1.5.

Exception: Glazing buildings located over 60 ft (18.3 m)above the ground and over 30 ft (9.2
m) above aggregate, including roof with gravel and stone ballastlocated within 1,500 ft (458
m) of the building shall be permitted to be unprotected.

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26.10.3.2Safety Requirements for Glazing Opening

Glazing and impact protection systems in buildings and other structures are classified as Risk
Category IV in accordance with Article 1.5 which shall be protected with impact protection
system or impact-resistant glass.

Impact protection system and impact resistant glass shall be subjected to the projectile and
cyclic pressure differential test according to ASTM E1996 accordingly. Tests is taken to prove
compliance with ASTM E1996 should be according to ASTM E1886. Retaining glass-impact
and impact protection systems shall meet the criteria for pass / fail Article 7 of ASTM E1996
based projectiles required by Table 3 or Table 4 ASTM E1996.

Exeption: Othertesting method and/orthe performance criteriaare allowedto usewhenapproved

Glass-and impact protectionsystemsfor buildings and structuresareclassifiedasRisk CategoryIVin

accordance withArticle1.5 shall meet the requirements"increase protection"of Table3ASTME1996. Glass
andsystem-impact protectionatallOtherstructuresshallmeetthe requirements of "basic protection"
ofTable3ASTME1996..

26.10.4 Multiple Classificationsi

If a building by definition complies with both the "open" and "partially enclosed" definitions,
it shall be classified as an "open" building. A building that does not comply with either the "open" or
"partially enclosed definitions shall be classified as an "enclosed" building.

26.11 Internal Pressure Coefficients

26.11.1 External Pressure CoefficientsKoefisients

Internal pressure coefficients, GCp;, shall be determined from Tabel 26.11-1 based on building enclosure
classifications determined from Article 26.10

[Link] Reduction Factor Large Volume Buildings, Ri

For a partially enclosed building containing a single, unpartitioned large volume, the internal pressure
coefficient, (GCpi),shall be multiplied by the following reduction factor, Ri:
Ri= 1,0 or

where
2
Aog = total area of openings in the building envelope (walls and roofs and, in ft )
3
Vi = unpartitioned internal volumevolume , in ft

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Main Wind Force Resisting Systems All Height
and Components and Cladding
Tabel 26.11-1 Internal Pressure Walls and Roofs
Coefficient, (GCpi)
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open
Buildings,

Enclosure Classifications (GCpi)

Open Buildings 0,00
Pertially Enclosed Buildings + 0,55
- 0,55
Enclosed Buildings + 0,18
- 0,18

1. Plus and Minus signs signify pressure acting toward and away from internal
surfaces, respectively.
2. Values of (GCpi) shall be used withqzatauqh as specified.
3. Two cases shall be considered to determine critical load requirements for the
appropriate conditions:

(i) A positive value of (GCpi) applied to all internal surfaces

(ii) A negative value of (GCpi) applied to all internal surfaces

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27 Wind Loads on Buildings–MWFRS (steering procedures)

27.1 Scope

27.1.1 Building Types

This article is used for determining wind loads on MWFRS for closed, partiallyclosed, and
open buildings , of all heights using direction procedures.
1) Part 1 is applied to buildings of all heights where it is necessary to separate the wind
load is applied to up wind, down wind and buidling side to account for internal factor
in structural componenst of MWFRS
2) Part2 is applied to theclass of special purpose for buildings that are categorized as
diafragmatic building simple closed, as defined inArticle26.2, withh≤160ft(48.8 m).

27.1.2 Conditions

Designwind load Buildings determined under this article shall meet all the following
conditions:
1. A regular shaped building or structure as defined in Article26.2.
2. Buildings which do not have characteristics response that lead to the imposition of the
wind with the transverse direction, windvortexshedding, instabilitydue to galloping or
rapid flutter; or not located at the location where the effects of repeated blow shall way
or as a result of the obstruction on up wind requiring special consideration.

27.1.3 Limitations

The provisionsof this articlehas consideredload enlargement effect caused bygustthat

resonateswith the vibrationdirection ofthe windfrom flexiblebuilding.. Buildingsthat do
notmeet the requirementsof Article27.1.2, orhaveshapesorunusualcharacteristics response,
shall be designedusingrecognised literature onwind load effects orhave touse awind
tunnelprocedurespecified in Article31.

27.1.4 Safety

No reduction for speed pressure due to the protective buildings and other structures or by
regional features.

27.1.5 Minimum Design Wind Loads

Wind loadused in the designMWFRSforenclosedorpartiallyenclosed buildingsshall not

besmaller than 16lb/ft2(0.77 kN/m2) multiplied by thewall areaof the buildingand8lb/ft2(0.38
kN/m2) multipliedwith aroof areaof the buildingprojected ona vertical planeperpendicular tothe
wind direction [Link]-bearing wallsand roofshall be appliedsimultaneously.
Designwind forcesfor openbuildings shallnot belessthan16lb/ft2(0.77 kN/m2) multiplied by
theareaAf.

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Bagian 1: Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and open buildings from all height

27.2 General requirements

Step by step todeterminewind loadsonMWFRS forthe closed, partiallyclosed, andopen

buildings onallheightspecifiedin Table27.2-1.

Notes: UsePart1ofArticle 27todeterminethe wind pressureonMWFRSfor closed,

partiallyclosedoropenbuildings withthe form ofgeneral planning, height ofbuildings
orroofgeometrycorresponding to the [Link] provisionusing"all
traditionalheight”.(Steering Procesures) tocalculate thewind
pressureequationusingequationsspecificwind pressurewhichapplies toeachsurface of
thebuilding.

27.2.1 Wind Load Parameters Required in Article 26

The following Wind load Parameter shall be determined according to Article 26:
– Basic Wind Speed,V(Article 26.5)
– Wind Direction factor,Kd(Article 26.6)

– Exposure Category(Article 26.7)

– Topograhic Factor,Kzt(Article 26.8)

– Gust Effect Facto (Article 26.9)

– Enclosure Classifications (Article 26.10)
– Internal Pressure Coefficients, (GCpi) (Article26-11).

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Step1: Specify risk category for buildings or other structures,see
Tabel1.4-1
Step 2: Specify basic wind speed,V, for appropriate risk category
Step 3: Specify wind load parameters:
- Wind direction factor,Kd, see Article 26.6 and Tabel 26.6-1
- Exposure Category, see Article 26.7
- Topograhic Factor, Kzt, see Article 26.8 and Tabel 26.8-1
- Gust Effect Factor, G, see Article 26.9
- Encloure Classifications, see Article 26.10
- Internal Pressure Coefficients, (GCpi), see Article 26.11 and Tabel 26.11-1
Step 4: Specify velocity pressure exposure coefficients,KzatauKh, see Tabel 27.3-1
Stelp 5: Specify velocity pressureq, orqhEquation 27.3-1
Step 6: Specify external pressure coefficients,CporCN
- Figure 27.4-1 for flat wall and roof, gable, hip, monoslope or,mansard
- Figure 27.4-2 fordoomed roof
- Figure27.4-3 for curvedroof
- Figure 27.4-4 for monoslope roof,open buildings
- Figure 27.4-5 for pitched roof, open buildings
- Figurer 27.4-6 for hip roof, open buildings
- Figure 27.4-7 for wind load along special pitch for monoslope, pitched,
or hip roofs, open buildings
Step 7:Calculate wind pressure ,p, at each surface of building
- Equation 27.4-1 for rigid buildings
- Equation 27.4-2 for flexible buildings
- Equation 27.4-3 for open buildings

Tabel 27.2-1 Step by step to determine wind load of MWFRS for Enclosed,
Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings, from All Height

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27.3 Velocity Pressure

27.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients

Based onexposurecategoriesspecifiedin Article26.7.3, the

velocitypressureexposurecoefficientKzorKh, as applicable, shall be determined

komersialkan”
“Hak Cipta Badan Standardisasi Nasional, Copy standar ini dibuat untuk penayangan di [Link]. id dan tidak untuk di
fromTable27.3-1. Forsites that arelocatedinthe transition zonebetween close exposure
categories ofexposurecloseto thesoilsurface roughnesschanges, are allowedtouseintermediate
valuesofKzorKh, whichare listedin Table27.3-1as long as itis determinedby the method
ofrational analysiscontained in recognised literature

Main Wind force Resisting SystemSistem – Part 1 All Height

Velocity Exposure Coefficients, Kh dan Kz
Table 27.3-1

Height over ground level , z

B C D
ft (m)
0-15 (0-4,6) 0,57 0,85 1,03
20 (6,1) 0,62 0,90 1,08
25 (7,6) 0,66 0,94 1,12
30 (9,1) 0,70 0,98 1,16
40 (12,2) 0,76 1,04 1,22
50 (15,2) 0,81 1,09 1,27
60 (18) 0,85 1,13 1,31
70 (21,3) 0,89 1,17 1,34
80 (24,4) 0,93 1,21 1,38
90 (27,4) 0,96 1,24 1,40
100 (30,5) 0,99 1,26 1,43
120 (36,6) 1,04 1,31 1,48
140 (42,7) 1,09 1,36 1,52
160 (48,8) 1,13 1,39 1,55
180 (54,9) 1,17 1,43 1,58
200 (61,0) 1,20 1,46 1,61
250 (76,2) 1,28 1,53 1,68
300 (91,4) 1,35 1,59 1,73
350 (106,7) 1,41 1,64 1,78
400 (121,9) 1,47 1,69 1,82
450 (137,2) 1,52 1,73 1,86
500 (152,4) 1,56 1,77 1,89
Notes:
1. Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kz can be determined from the following formula;:
For15 ft. z zg For z< 15 ft.

2/ 2/

[Link] Tabulated in Tabel 26.9.1.

g
3. Linier Interplation for appropriate height medium value z
4. Exposre Category specified in Article 26.7

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27.3.2 Velociy Pressure

Velocity Pressure, qz, evaluated at the height z shall becalculated with the following Equation
2 2
qz= 0,00256KzKztKdV (lb/ft ) (27.3-1)
2 2
[In SI: qz= 0,613KzKztKdV (N/m ); V in m/s]

where
= wind direction factor, see Article 26.6
= velocity exposure coefficients koefisien, see Article 27.3.1
= special topographic factor, see Article 26.8.2
=basic wind speed, see Article 26.5
= velocity pressure calculated using Equation 27.3-1 at height z
= velocity pressure calculated using Equation 27.3-1 at mean at mean roof heightpada h.

Numerical coefficient of 0.00256 (0.613 in SI) should be used unless there is enough
available climate data to justify the selection of different values of these coefficients for
application design.

27.4 Wind Loads—main wind forcer resisting systems

27.4.1 Rigid, Enclosed and Bangunan Gedung Kaku Tertutup dan Tertutup Sebagian

Design Wind Pressure of MWFRS for building and all height shall be determined by following
Equation:

2 2
p = qGCp– qi(GCpi) (lb/ft ) (N/m ) (27.4-1)

di mana
q = qz for upwind side measured at heighz above ground
q = qhf for side wall of upwind, side walls, and roof measured h
.
qi = qh for wall on the side of up wind, the side wall, the wall of down wind, and the roof
enclosed buildings for evaluating a negative internal pressure in partially enclosed
buildings.
qi = qz to evaluate positive internal pressure for partially enclosed buildings when heightz
determined as highest opening for buildings which affect positive internal pressurei
For building located at wind borne debris, impact-resistant glass that is not protected by a
cover or impact resistant, shall be treated as openings in accordance with Article 26.10.3. to
counting the positive internal pressure, qi may conservatively calculated at heighth
(qi = QH)
G = guest effect factor faktor, see Article 26.9
Cp = external pressure coefficients from Figure 27.4-1, 27.4-2 and 27.4-3
(GCpi) = internal pressure coefficients from Tabel 26.11-1

q and qi shall be calculated by using exposure set in Article [Link] shall be

determined together on wall of up wind and downwind on roof surface as specified in Figure
27.4-1, 27.4-2 and 27.4-3.

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Main Retaining Wind Load System – Part 1 Total Height

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External pressure coefficient,
Figure 27.4-1 Cp
Enclosed Building, Partial closed

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External pressure coefficient,
Figure 27.4-1 Cp
Enclosed Building, Partial closed

Wall pressure coefficient,

Surface L/B Cp Used with
Wall where wind bllow All grade 0,8 qz
Wall where wind exhause 0–1 - 0,5
2 - 0,3
4 - 0,2 qh
Edge of wall All grade - 0,7 qh

Roof pressure coefficient, Cp ,to be used with qh

Wall where wind blows Where wind exhaust
Wind direction Angle, θ (degree) Angle, θ (degree)
h/L 10 15 20 25 30 35 45 60# 10 15 20
-0,7 -0,5 -0,3 -0,2 -0,2 0,0*
<0,25 -0,18 0,0* 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,01 θ - 0,3 - 0,5 - 0,6

-0,9 -0,7 -0,4 -0,3 -0,2 -0,2 0,0*

Upright to the 0,5 -0,18 -0,18 0,0* 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,01 θ - 0,5 - 0,5 - 0,6
ridge
untuk *
θ 100 -1,3** -1,0 -0,7 -0,5 -0,3 -0,2 0,0 - 0,7 - 0,6 - 0,6
>1,0 -0,18 -0,18 -0,18 0,0* 0,2 0,2 0,4 0,01 θ
horizontal from
Cp
Wind blows * Grade for the interpolation purpose

0 - h/2 -0,9, -0,18

0,5
h/2 - h -0,9, -0,18 ** Grade may be reduced in proper area as follows:

h until 2h -0,5, -0,18

Upright to the
ridge > 2h -0,3, -0,18
θ< 100
paralel 2
Upright to Area (ft ) Reduction factor
allsides 0 until h/2 -1,3**, -0,18 100 (9,3 m2) 1,0

1,0 250 (23,2 m2) 0,9

>h/2 -0,7, -0,18 1000 (92,9 m2) 0,8

Note:
1. Positive and negative shows the tension working towards and away from the surface
2. Linier interpolation for L/B, h/l and θ are allowed. It can be taken only among the same grades. In case it is different, 0,0 for the
interpolation is assumed.
3. In case there are two Cp, it shows that the slope roof where wind in has negative or positive stress or should be design
for both conditions. Interpolations for ratio h/L can be taken only among same Cp
3. Partial slopes, all roofs are surface for the wind in or out
4. For flexible buildings, use proper Gf as per Article 26.9.4
5. Refer to picture 27.4-2 for dome roof and picture 27.4-3 for curve roof
6. Notation:
B: Horizontal Dimension buildings, in feet (meter) measured upright to the horizontal wind
L: Horizontal dimension buildings in feet (meter) measured in line with the wind direction.
7. The average height in feet (meter), except for the curve θ ≤ 10 the highest bottom part of the roof is used
z: Height above the ground in meter
G: Wind blows factor
2 2
qz,qh: Velocity pressure in pounds per ft (N/m ), evaluated based on the related height
θ: Horizontal angle roof over the horizontal in degree
8. For mansard roof, horizontal area and slope area where wind in needs to be deemed as the wind out from the table
9. Except for the MRWLS from permanent frame, horizontal moves is not more than designated design by ignoring wind load on
the roof surface area.
#For the slope more than 80° use Cp= 0,8

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External pressure coefficient,
Figure 27.4-1 Cp
Enclosed Building, Partial closed

Note:

1. Two load cases need to be reviewed

Case A. Cp among A and B and B and C needs to be adjusted by linier interpolar along the curves on the dome which is
collateral with the wind direction
0
Case B. Cp grade needs to be constant from A for θ ≤ 25 and to determined by linier interpolar from the 25 to B and from
B to C
2. Cp values is used with hDf
3. Positive and negative shows the pressure coming into or away from the surface.
4. Cp is constant on the dome surface for the curve which is vertical to the wind direction; For example, curves through B-B-B
and all vertical curves to B-B-B
5. For hD/D between graphic curves, linier interpolation is allowed.
0
6. θ = 0 on the dome foundation. f is measured based on on the central of the dome
7. Horizontal moving shall not more than designated one by ignoring the wind style on the surface.
For f/D For grade
8. f/D which is less than 0,05 use picture 27.4-1
9. Except for the MRWLS from permanent frame, horizontal moves is not more than designated design by ignoring wind
load on the roof surface area.
#For the slope more than 80°, use Cp= 0,8

Main Wind Load Retention System and Components and Klading - Part Seuma

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Height
Picture 27.4-3 External pressure coefficient, Cp Curve Roof
Enclosed Building, Partial closed

Cp
Condition High span A half of the A fourth of the
A fourth of the wind in area
centre wind out
Roof on the 0 <r< 0,2 - 0,9 - 0,7 - r - 0,5
0,2 ≤ r< 0,3* 1,5r – 0,3 - 0,7 - r - 0,5
relevation
structure 0,3 ≤ r ≤ 0,6 2,75r – 0,7 - 0,7 t - r - 0,5
Roof above the
ground 0 <r ≤ 0,6 1,4r - 0,7 - r - 0,5

* If the span ratio is 0,2 ≤ r ≤ 0,3 then alternative efficient at (6r – 2,1) shall be used on the fourth of the wind in.

Note:
1. The grade is to determine the average load on the main retaining wind load system
2. Positive and negative remarks show the stress which is going and far away from the surface
3. For the parallel wind blow, use stress coefficient as per picture 27.4-1. By directing to the peak of the wind.
4. For component and clading (1) on the roof parimeter, use external coefficient as on picture 30.4-2A, B and C with θ.based on
the slope of the basic line and (2) for the remaining areas, use external stress coefficient from the table multiplied with 0.87.

27.4.2 Flexible Enclosed Building, partial closed

Wind pressure for MRWLS of the flexible buildings shall be determined as follows

2 2
p = qGfCp– qi(GCpi) (lb/ft ) (N/m ) (27.4-2)
where q, qi, Cp, and (GCpi) as explained on Article 27.4.1 and G (impact of the wind blows)
determined on Article 26..5

10. Open building with half-slope roof, ridge, or concave

Netto design for MRWLS of the open buildings with its half-slope roof, ridge, or concave shall be
determined as follows:
p = qhGCN(27.4-3)

where
qh= velocity pressure is evaluated on the h average of height using exposure as per explained on Article 26.7.3
which causes the highest wind load for the wind direction at average location.
G = Factor of wind blows effect from Article 26.9

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CN= Netto Coefficient shall be determined as on Figure 27.4-4 until 27.4-7

Coefficient for nett pressure, CN, including contribution for the bottom and above. All load
cases on every sides need to be investigated. Plus and minus show the pressure towards
and along the surface of the roof.

For free roof with its horizontal side θ less than or equal to 5° and filled in with fasia panel,
then the panel fasia needs to be counted as the upside-down parapet. The loads of fasia to
the loads of MRWLS shall be determined on Article 27.4.5 with qp equals to qh

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Main Retaining Wind Load System – Part 1 0,25 ≤ h/L ≤ 1,0
Picture 27.4-4 External pressure coefficient, Cn Free sided slopping roof
Enclosed Building, Partial closed θ ≤ 450 , = 00, 1800

0 0
Angle Wind direction, = 0 Wind direction, = 0
Roof Case load Wind is not Wind is not Wind is not blocked Wind is not
blocked blocked blocked
CNW CNL CNW CNL CNW CNL CNW CNL
0 A 1,2 0,3 -0,5 -1,2 1,2 0,3 -0,5 -1,2
0
B -1,1 -0,1 -1,1 -0,6 -1,1 -0,1 -1,1 -0,6
0 A -0,6 -1 -1 -1,5 0,9 1,5 -0,2 -1,2
7,5
B -1,4 0 -1,7 -0,8 1,6 0,3 0,8 -0,3
0 A -0,9 -1,3 -1,1 -1,5 1,3 1,6 0,4 -1,1
15
B -1,9 0 -2,1 -0,6 1,8 0,6 1,2 -0,3
0 A -1,5 -1,6 -1,5 -1,7 1,7 1,8 0,5 -1
22,5
B -2,4 -0,3 -2,3 -0,9 2,2 0,7 1,3 0
0 A -1,8 -1,8 -1,5 -1,8 2,1 2,1 0,6 -1
30
B -2,5 -0,5 -2,3 -1,1 2,6 1 1,6 0,1
0 A -1,8 -1,8 -1,5 -1,8 2,1 2,2 0,7 -0,9
37,5
B -2,4 -0,6 -2,2 -1,1 2,7 1,1 1,9 0,3
0 A -1,6 -1,8 -1,3 -1,8 2,2 2,5 0,8 -0,9
45
B -2,3 -0,7 -1,9 -1,2 2,6 1,4 2,1 0,4

Catatan:
1. CNWdan CNL shows netto pressure (contribution of the surface from top and bottom) half of the roof
surface for the wind in and out
2. Wind is not blocked shows that wind is not hindered or equals to 50%. Wind is blocked shows that the objects
under the roof hinder the wind (blocked > 50%)
0 0 0
3. For θ between 7,5 and 45 Linier interpolation shall deemed for the θ< 7,5
4. Positive and negative shows the stress going onto the surface and out of the surface
5. All loads cases need to be studied first
6. Notation:
L : dimension of the roof in the horizontal side,
H : measured along the wind direction ft (m)
7. : average height of the roof
ft (m): wind direction
θ : roof angle over the horizontal space, in degree

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Main Retaining Wind Load System – Part 1 0,25 ≤ h/L ≤ 1,0
Picture 27.4-5 External pressure coefficient, Cn Free sided slopping roof
0 0
Enclosed Building, Partial closed θ ≤ 45 , = 00, 180

0
Angle Roof Wind direction, = 0 Wind direction,
Load Case 0
Not blocked = Blocked0
CNW CNL CNW CNL
0 A 1,1 -0,3 -1,6 -1
7,5
B 0,2 -1,2 -0,9 -1,7
0 A 1,1 -0,4 -1,2 -1
15
B 0,1 -1,1 -0,6 -1,6
0 A 1,1 0,1 -1,2 -1,2
22,5
B -0,1 -0,8 -0,8 -1,7
0 A 1,3 0,3 -0,7 -0,7
30
B -0,1 -0,9 -0,2 -1,1
0 A 1,3 0,6 -0,6 -0,6
37,5
B -0,2 -0,6 -0,3 -0,9
0 A 1,1 0,9 -0,5 -0,5
45
B -0,3 -0,5 -0,3 -0,7

Note:
1. CNWdan CNL CNL shows netto pressure (contribution from bottom and top) half of the surface for the
wind in and wind out.
2. Wind direction is not blocked relatively hinder the wind direction which is not blocked ≤ 50%. Wind direction
not blocked shown by the material under the roof (> 50% hinderance)
0 0 linear
3. For θ between 7,5 and 45 interpolation is allowed
4. Positive and negative shows the pressure coming in and out the rofftop.
5. All pressure in every angle needs to be checked.
6. Notation:
L : dimension of the roof in the horizontal side, measured along the wind direction ft (m)
h : average height of the roof ft
(m) wind direction
θ : roof angle over the horizontal space, in degree

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Main Retaining Wind Load System – Part 1 0,25 ≤ h/L ≤ 1,0
Picture 27.4-6 External pressure coefficient, Cn Free concave roof
0 0 0
Enclosed Building, Partial closed θ ≤ 45 , = 0 , 180

Wind 0 0
Angle roof direction, = 0 , 180
Load Case Not blocked Blocked
Θ
CNW CNL CNW CNL
0 A -1,1 0,3 -1,6 -0,5
7,5 B -0,2 1,2 -0,9 -0,8
0 A -1,1 0,4 -1,2 -0,5
15 B 0,1 1,1 -0,6 -0,8
0 A -1,1 -0,1 -1,2 -0,6
22,5 B -0,1 0,8 -0,8 -0,8
0 A -1,3 -0,3 -1,4 -0,4
30 B -0,1 0,9 -0,2 -0,5
0 A -1,3 -0,6 -1,4 -0,3
37,5 B 0,2 0,6 -0,3 -0,4
0 A -1,1 -0,9 -1,2 -0,3
45 B 0,3 0,5 -0,3 -0,4

Note:
1. CNWdan CNL CNL shows netto pressure (contribution from bottom and top) half of the surface for the wind
in and wind out.
2. Wind direction is not blocked relatively hinder the wind direction which is not blocked ≤ 50%. Wind
direction not blocked shown by the material under the roof (> 50% hinderance)
0 0 linear
3. For θ between 7,5 and 45 interpolation is allowed
4. Positive and negative shows the pressure coming in and out the rofftop.
5. All pressure in every angle needs to be checked.
6. Notation:
L : dimension of the roof in the horizontal side, measured along the wind direction ft (m)
h : average height of the roof ft (m)
wind direction
θ : roof angle over the horizontal space, in degree
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Main Retaining Wind Load System – Part 1 0,25 ≤ h/L ≤ 1,0
Picture 27.4-7 Netto Pressure Coefficient, Nt Free concave roof
0 0 0
Open Building, Partial closed θ ≤ 45 , ≤= 90 , 270

Wind direction Wind direction

Horizontal area from Not blocked blocked
the edge of the wind Roof side θ Load CN CN
All types A -0,8 -1,2
0
≤h θ ≤ 45 B 0,8 0,5
All types A -0,6 -0,9
0
>h, ≤ 2h θ ≤ 45 B 0,5 0,5
All types A -0,3 -0,6
0
> 2h θ ≤ 45 B 0,3 0,3

Catatan:

1. CN shows netto pressure (contribution from bottom and top).

2. Wind direction is not blocked relatively hinder the wind direction which is not blocked ≤ 50%. Wind direction not blocked
shown by the material under the roof (> 50% hinderance)
3. Positive and negative shows the pressure coming in and out the rofftop.
4. All pressure in every angle needs to be checked.
5. For the sloping roof with θ< 50, CN is used for a case where = 00 and 0,05 less or equal with h/L less or equal with 0,25. See
Picture 27.4-4
6. Notation:

L : dimension of the roof in the horizontal side, measured along the wind direction ft (m)
h : average heigh of the roof (ft) (m).
See picture 27.4-4, 27.4-5 or 27.4-6 for graphic picture of this dimension.
Wind direction, in degree
θ : roof angle over the horizontal side, in degree

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27.4.4 Roof Console

Positive external pressure going down from the roof consol shall be determined using Cp=
0,8 and combine with top surface pressure as per figure 27.4-1.

27.4.5 Parapets

Design Wind pressure for parapet effect on MRWLS of rigid or flexible buildings with flat,
gable, or hip roofs shall be determined by the formula below
2
pp= qp(GCpn) (lb/ft ) (27.4-4)

where
pp = parapet combination of the neto on parapet due to the combination of the back parapet and
front parapet. Plus and minus show that neto is moving forward (and move away) of the front side
(exterior)
qp= velocity pressure is evaluated on the parapet (GCpn) = combination of the coeficient
1. +1,5 for the parapet from the wind in side
2. –1,0 for the parapet from the wind out side

27.4.6 Design Wind load case

MRWLS of the buildings over all heights, wind load which determined based on this Part,
shall be designed as per figure 27.4-8

EXCEPTIONS: Buildings meet the requirements B.1Appendix D needs to be designed for

case 1 and case 3 only as per figure 27.4-8

Accentricity e for the rigid structure shall be measured from its façade and each main pivot
(eX, eY)

(27.4-5)
where
eQ= eccentricity e as measured for rigid structure as per figure 27.4 -8 eR= distance
between sliding centre and mass on each floor
,gQ, Q, gR, and R shall be as on Article 26.9
z

Eccentricity e shall be plus or minus, choose the one with high risk

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Main Retaining Wind Load System – Part 1 All heights

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Figure 27.4-8 Wind load and design case
Open Building, Partial closed

Case 1 Case 4

Case 1 full stress from the wind the design shall be upright to each of main structures
Case 2 third fourth stress from the wind the design shall be upright to the main pivot altogether with torsi
moment as per shown
Case 3 wind load as per case 1, 75% of the total appointed amount studied jointly
Case 4 wind load as per case 2,75% of the total appointed amount studied jointly

Note:
1. Design for the wind pressure on the wind in and wind out sides shall be in line with the Article 27.4.1 and 27.4.2 used
for all heights
2. Diagram shows the sketch of the building
3. Notation:
PWX, PWY : design stress on the wind in side which works at the main pivot x and y
PLX, PLY : design stress on the wind out side which works at the main pivot x and y
e (ex, ey) : eccentricity for the main pivot x,y over the structure
MT : :torque per height unit works at vertical pivot on the building

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Part 2 Enclosed simple diafraghma Buildings with h ≤ 160 ft (48,8 m)
27.5 General requirements

27.5.1 Design procedure

The procedures shall be used to determine the wind load MRWLS of the buildings with
simple diafraghma as mentioned on Article 26.2 with main roof height h ≤ 160 ft (48,8 m).

Steps to determine wind load as per Table 27.5-1

Notes: Part 2 of Article 27 is the simple method to determine wind load for the MWFRS of the
Enclosed Buildings, simple diafragma with height h is ≤ 160 ft (48,8 m) The wind load is taken from
the table. Buildings is taken from general plannings and roof geomethry which is same to the figure.
This is the simplified method from traditional all height as mentioned on Part 1 from Article 27.

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Table 27.5-1 Steps to determine wind load of the MRWLS simple buildings

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( h ≤ 160 ft. (48,8 m))

Step 1: Determine the Risk category or other structures see table 1.5-1

Step 2: Determine the Speed of the wind, for the proper risk category

Step 3: Determine parameter of the wind load

1. Wind line factor Kd, see Article 26.6 and table 26.6-1
2. Exposure categories B,C or D see Article 26.7
3. Topography fator Kzt, see Article 26.8 and Picture 2638-1
4. Closing, see the Article 26.10

Step 4: Table 27.6-1 to determine the neto on the roof wall and basement ph , p0

Step 5: Table 27.6-2 to determine the pressure of the roof pz.

Step 6: To determine factor topography Kzt, and wall pressure use Article 26.8

Step 7: Determine load for wall and roof at the same time

27.5.2 Condition

Besides all requirements on Article 27.1.2, all buildings whose wind load determined on this
article has to meet all following conditions for Building category 1 or 2 (see figure 27.5-1)

Building Category 1:

1. Building shall be simple-closed diaphragma as explained on Article 26.2

2. Average height shall be h ≤ 60 ft (18,3 m)
3. Ratio L/B shall not less than 0,2 or more than5,0 (0,2 ≤ L/B ≤ 5,0).
4. Topography effect Kzt= 1,0 or the wind pressure determined on this article shall be multiplied by
Kzt on each heigh Z as mentioned on Article 26.8. It is allowed to use Kzt grade for a building measured on
0,33h. As an alternative it is allowed to input wind velocity table same with
K where Kztbased on height of 0,33h.
zt

Building Category 2:

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1. Building shall be simple-closed diaphragma as explained on Article 26.2
2. Average height shall be 60ft<h ≤ 160 ft (18,3 m < h ≤ 48,8 m).
3. Ratio L/B shall not less than 0,5 or more than2,0 (0,5 ≤ L/B ≤ 2,0).
4. Hertz of the building not less than 75/hon manah, in feet.
5. Topography effect Kzt= 1,0 or the wind pressure determined on this article shall be multiplied
by Kzt on each heigh Z as mentioned on Article 26.8. It is allowed to use Kzt grade for a building measured
on 0,33h. As an alternative it is allowed to input wind velocity table same with
K where Kztbased on height of 0,33h.
zt

27.5.3 Wind load parameter as on Article 26

See Article 26 to determine basic wind speed V (Article 26.5) and exposure category (Article
26.7) and topographic factor Kzt (Article 26.8)

27.5.4 Diaphragma flexibility

The procedures shall be used for unflexible and flexible diaphragm buildings. The structural
analysis has to calculate the relative rigidness from vertical diaphragm and elements from
MRWLS.

Diaphragm made of wood may be deemed as flexible. Diaphragmmade of metal deck

without a slab of concrete, deck contains concrete and concrete slab ,with span to dept ratio
of 2 or less, it is allowed to be deemed as rigid for wind load calculation.. .

27.6 Wind load – main wind force resisting system

27.6.1 Surface of the wall and roof – Class 1 and 2 buildings

Net Wind pressure for the wall and roof shall refer to the Table 27.6-1 and 27.6-2 for each
category which meet the direction on Article 26.7

For building category 1 with L/B less than 0.5 use tabulated wind pressure for L/B = 0,5. For
building category 1 with L/B bigger than 2.0 usetabulated wind pressure forL/B = 2,0.

Net Wind pressure shall used on projected area of the wall on the wind direction, and the
exterior side shall used on projected area of the wind direction that complies with Notes 3
Table 27.6-1, along with roof pressure from Table 27.6-2 as on Figure 27.6-1.

When twocasesareshown in Table ofroofpressure, the effectofeachload caseshall

beinvestigated separately. MRWLSineach directionshall be designedforwindload casesas
definedin Figure27.4-8.

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EXCEPTION: Case on torsional load as on Figure 27.4-8 (case 2 and 4) shall not necessary to be
taken intofor buildings complying with therequirements of Appendix D

27.6.2 Parapet

Effects of the horizontal wind on vertical surface for the design of MRWLS shall be based on
horizontal wind pressure apllied on projected area from the parapet equals to 2,25 pressure
tabulated on Table 27.6-1 for L/B = 1,0. Netto pressure which is used to calculate the load on
the wind in and out on the facade. Parapet pressure shall be determined along with the wind
and roof pressure as on Figure 27.6-2. The height of h used by using table = 27.6-1 to
determine the Parapet shall be as high as on the top of parapet on Figure 27.6-2 (use h = hp)

27.6.3 Console from the roof

The effects of the vertical wind on each console shall be based on positive wind pressure on
the bottom of the wind equals to 75% from the edge roof of table 27.6-2 for Zona 1 or Zona 3.
This pressure has to be applied for roof consol of wind in and should be as on Figure 27.6-3

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Main Reinforce Wind Load System - Chapter 2 h ≤ 160 ft. (48,8 m)

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Figure 27.5-1 Building category
Simple diafraghma for the Enclosed Building Requirements for the geometry

Note: Phase of the room may be flat, pelana, slope on both sides

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Main Reinforce Wind Load System - Chapter 2 h ≤ 160 ft. (48,8 m)

Figure 27.6-1 Wind Pressure-Wall and Roof

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Enclosed Building with simple diaphragma Requirements for the geometry

Note: Phase of the room may be flat, pelana, slope on both sides

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Main Reinforce Wind Load System - Chapter 2 h ≤160 ft. (48,8 m)

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Figure 27.6-1 Wind Pressure-Wall and Roof Aplication from Wind
Pressure
See Table 27.6-1 and Table
Enclosed Building with simple diaphragma 27.6-2

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Main Reinforce Wind Load System - Chapter 2 h ≤160 ft. (48,8 m)
Figure 27.6-1 Wind Pressure-Wall and Roof Aplication from Wind
Pressure
See Table 27.6-1 and Table

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Enclosed Building with simple diaphragma 27.6-2

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Main Reinforce Wind Load System - Chapter 2 h ≤160 ft. (48,8 m)

Figure 27.6-2 Wind Pressure-Wall and Roof Aplication from Wind
Pressure
See Table 27.6-1 and Table
Enclosed Building with simple diaphragma 27.6-2

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SNI 1727:2013

Main Wind Force Resisting System – Part 2 h ≤160 ft. (48,8 m)

Figure 27.6- 1 Wind Pressure – Wall
Enclosed Building with simple diapraghma Wall load application

Angin

Sketch Wind Pressure Elevation

Notes for Wind Pressure Table 27.6-1:

1. For each exposure (B, C or D) V, L/Bandh, determines ph (top number) and P0(bottom
number) netto wall pressure horizontal wind.
2. External pressure on the edge of the wall shall be flat all over the surface and taken at 54%
from ph pressure which is tabulated for 0,2 ≤ L/B≤1,0and 64% from phpressure which is tabulated
for 2,0 ≤ L/B ≤ 5,0. Linear interpolation may be used for 1,0 <L/B< 2,0. External pressure
exclude internal sides.
3. Determine wall pressure as per figure above to the area of the projected wall facing the
wind in and apply the wind netto pressure on the external to the area facing the wind
direction along with the pressure from Table 27.6-2
4. Distribution of the wall pressure which is tabulated between facade on the side of the wind
in and wind out shall be based on linear distribution with the height of the building as on
figure above and external wall pressure on the wind out deemed as evenly distributed over
the wall on the wind out area works at 38% from Ph for 0,2 ≤ L/B ≤ 1,0 and 27% from phfor
2,0 ≤ L/B ≤ 5,0. Interpolation linear may be used for 1,0 <L/B< 2,0. The remain pressure
shall be put on the wall where the wind in as the external pressure working to the facade.
Wall pressure where wind in and out by ignoring the effect of the internal pressure.
5. Interpolation among grades from V , hand L/B are allowed .

Notation:
L = building sketch dimension paralel to the wind direction (ft.)
B = building sketch dimension upright to the wind direction (ft.)
h = average height of the roof (ft.)
ph, p0= netto pressure during wind blows on the top and bottom of the building (psf)

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SNI 1727:2013

Table 27.6-2
MWFRS – Part 2: Wind Load – Roof MWFRS – Roof
Exposure C V = 130-150 mph
h = 50-80 ft.

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Table 27.6-2
MWFRS – Part 2: Wind Load – Roof MWFRS – Roof
V = 160-200 mph
Exposure C
h = 50-80 ft.

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Table 27.6-2
MWFRS – Part 2: Wind Load – Roof MWFRS – Roof
V = 110-120 mph
Exposure C h = 90-120 ft.

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Table 27.6-2
MWFRS – Roof
MWFRS – Part 2: Wind Load – Roof
V = 130-150 mph
Exposure C h = 90-120 ft.

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Table 27.6-2
MWFRS – Part 2: Wind Load – Roof MWFRS – Roof
Exposure C V = 160-200 mph
h = 90-120 ft.

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Table 27.6-2
MWFRS – Part 2: Wind Load – Roof MWFRS – Roof
V = 110-120 mph
Exposure C h = 130-160 ft.

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Table 27.6-2
MWFRS – Part 2: Wind Load – Roof MWFRS – Roof
Exposure C V = 130-150 mph
h = 130-160 ft.

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Table 27.6-2
MWFRS – Part 2: Wind Load – Roof MWFRS – Roof
V = 160-200 mph
Exposure C h = 130-160 ft.

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28 Wind Load on Buildings -– MWFRS (envelope procedure)

28.1 Scope

28.1.1 Building Types

This article shall be used to determine wind load on MWFRS for low-rise buildings through
Envelope Procedure.

T Part 1 used for all low-rise buildings, thus it is necessary to separate wind load in the
upwind and down wind and edge of the wall in order to achieve internal style in line with
the structure component of MWFRS.
U Part 2 used for all specific low-rise buildings which is designed as the enclosed with
simple diaphragma building as mentioned in Article 26.2

28.1.2 Conditions

Buildings with design wind load as determined in this article shall meet the following
conditions:

1.4 Building shall be in the form of building or structure as mentioned on Article 26.2.
1.5 Buildings which have no characteristics so that has crosswise wind load, whirlwind,
instablitiy due to tremors or uncontrolled movings, or not place where canal as the
hinderance of the wind in which needs particular attention.

28.1.3 Limitation

This article considers the volume of the load caused by the wind blow. Buildings not meet the
criteria of Article 28.1.2 or owns particular shape or characteristics response shall be
designed using regular literature and saving the data as wind load effect or has to use wind
canal as mentioned on Article 31.

28.1.4 Safety

There will be no velocity pressure reduction due to the safety on the building and other
structures..

bagian 1: Enclosed-low rise and partially enclosed buildings

28.2 General Requirements

Steps on determine the wind load on MWFRS on the low-rise buildings as on Table 28.2-1.

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Notes: Use Part 1 from Article 28 to determine wind pressure on MWFRS of the enclosed low rise
buildings, partially enclosed or open buildings with flat, gable or hip roofs, This provision uses
Envelope Procedure by calculating the pressure wind from its specifications of the building. For the
type and height of the buildings, usually result the lowest wind pressure from all of the analysis
method determined on this standard.

Table 28.2-1 Steps to determine Wind Load on MWFRS for Low-

rise Buildings

Step 1:Determine risk category of the buildings see Tabel 1.5-1

Step 2: Determine basic wind speed, V, for the appropriate risk

Step 3: Determine parameters of the wind load:

d. Wind direction factor, Kd, see Article 26.6 and Table 26.6-1
e. Exposure Category B, C or D, see Article 26.7
f. Topographic factor, Kzt, see Article 26.8 and figure 26.8-1
g. Enclosure clasification, see Article 26.10
h. Internal coefficient pressure, (GCpi), see Article 26.11 and Table 26.11-1

Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficientofsKzorKh, see Table 28.3-1

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure,qzorqh, Equation 28.3-1

Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient, (GCp), using Figure 28.4-1for flat and gable
roofs

Notes: See the explanation of FigureC28.4-1 for guidance on hip roof

Step 7: Calculate wind pressure,p, from the Equation 28.4-1

28.2.1 Parameter of the Wind Load as directed on Article 26

The following wind load parameters shall be determined according to Article 26:
– Basic wind speed V (Article 26.5)
– Wind direction factorKd(Article 26.6)
– Exposures category (Article 26.7)
– Topographic factorKzt(Article 26.8)
– Enclosure classification (Article 26.10)
– Internal pressure coefficients (GCpi) (Article 26.11).

28.3 Velocity Pressure

28.3.1 Velocity velocity pressure exposure coefficients

Based on Exposure Category determined on Article 26.7.3, velocity pressure exposure

coefficient,KzorKh, as applicable, shall be determined on Table 28.3-1.

For the area located in transition zone between adjacent exposure category with the
roughness of the ground, it is allowed to use middle grade from Kzor Kh,
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As per Table 28.3-1, as long as determined by the rational analyses method which is
explained in recognized literature.

28.3.2 Velocity pressure

Velocity pressure, qz, evaluated on the z height shall be calculateed with following equation:

2 2
qz= 0.00256 KzKztKdV (lb/ft ) (28.3-1)
2 2
[In SI: qz = 0,613 KzKztKdV (N/m ); V in m/s]
Where
Kd = Wind direction factor as stated on Article 26.6
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficients stated on Article 28.3.1
Kzt = Topographic factor as stated on Article 26.8.2
V = basic wind speed on Article 26.5.1
qh = velocity pressure qz calculateed using Equation 28.3-1 on main roof height h

Numerical coefficient 0,00256 (0,613 in SI) shall be used except weather forecast data is
sufficient to determine different grading factor for the application of the designing.

28.4 Wind Load—Main Wind Force Resiting System

28.4.1 Design Wind pressure for low rise buildings

Wind pressure for MWFRS of low-rise buildings shall be determined by following equation:

2 2
p = qh[(GCpf) – (GCpi)] (lb/ft ) (N/m ) (28.4-1)
Where
qh = velocity pressure measured based o mean roof hight t h as on Article 26.3
(gcpf) = external coefficient pressure as on figure 28.4-1
(gcpi) = internal coefficient pressure as on table 26.11-1

[Link] External Pressure Coefficient (GCpf)

Combination of gust effect factor and external pressure coefficient for low-rise buildings,
(GCpf), is inseparable .

28.4.2 Parapets

Wind pressure design for parapate effect on MWFRS of low rise building with flat , gable, or
hip roofs shall be determined as follows:

2
pp= qp(GCpn) (lb/ft ) (28.4-2)

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where

= combined net pressure combination on parapet due to net pressure combination on front and
back surfaces of parapate. Plus and minus means net pressure neto moving into (and
pp movingaway) on the front side of parapet.

qp = velocity pressure evaluated on the front side of parapet

GCpn= combined neto pressure coefficient
+1.5 for parapet in the upwind
–1.0 for parapet in the down wind
d. Roof Console

External positive pressure on the bottom side of roof console in the up wind the console shall
be determined using Cp= 0.7 on combination with top surface pressure by using Figure 28.4-
1.

28.4.4 Minimum Design Wind Load

Wind load used on the MWFRS design for the enclosed or partially closed buildings shall not
2 2 2 2
be smaller than 16 lb/ft (0.77 kN/m ) multiplied by wide wall area and 8 lb/ft (0.38 kN/m )
multiplied by the roof area of projected perpendicular to vertical plane towards to the
assumed wind direction.

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Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kh dan Kz
Table 28.3-1

Exposure
Height above the soil, z
B C D
ft (m)
0-15 (0-4,6) 0,70 0,85 1,03
20 (6,1) 0,70 0,90 1,08
25 (7,6) 0,70 0,94 1,12
30 (9,1) 0,70 0,98 1,16
40 (12,2) 0,76 1,04 1,22
50 (15,2) 0,81 1,09 1,27
60 (18) 0,85 1,13 1,37

Notes:

1. Velocity pressure exposure coefficients Kz shall be calculateed based on the following

formula:
for 15 ft. ≤ z ≤ zg for z< 15 ft.
Kz= 2.01z/2/Kz= 2.0115/z2/
g g

Notes: z shall not be less than 30 feet on exposureB .

2. ā and zgtabulated on Table 26.9-1.
3. Linear interpolation is permitted for mid grade on height Z
4. Exposure category as on Article 26.7

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Main Wind Force ResistingSystem – Part 1 h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)
Figure 28.4-1 External Pressure Coefficient (GCpf) Low-rise Walls and Roofs
Enclosed Building, partial
enclosed buildings

Wind direction

Wind in
angle
Wind is
angle
Arah Angin
Awind
direction Wind in angle

Wind in angle

Wind direction

Case Load A

Wind direction

Wind in angle

Wind direction

Wind diretion

Wind in angle

Load Case B

Kasus Beban Dasar

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Main Wind Force Resisting System – Part 1 h ≤60 ft.
Low rise walls
Figure 28.4-1 (continued) External Pressure coefficient , (GCpf) and roofs

Roof angle LOAD CASE A

Surface of Building
(degree) 1 2 3 4 1E 2E 3E 4E
0-5 0,40 -0,69 -0,37 -0,29 0,61 -1,07 -0,53 -0,43
20 0,53 -0,69 -0,48 -0,43 0,80 -1,07 -0,69 -0,64
30-45 0,56 0,21 -0,43 -0,37 0,69 0,27 -0,53 -0,48
90 0,56 0,56 -0,37 -0,37 0,69 0,69 -0,48 -0,48

Angle roof LOAD CASE B

Surface of Building
(degree) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E
0-90 -0,45 -0,69 -0,37 -0,45 0,40 -0,29 -0,48 -1,07 -0,53 -0,48 0,61 -0,43

Notes:
1. Positive and negative signs show the pressure working towards and away from the surface

2 For values of Ф other than as shown, it is allowed to use Linier interpolation.

[Link] shall be designed for all wind diretions using 8 load patterns as shown. The pattern applied on each angle as
Referance Angel.
[Link] of external and internal pressures (Table 26.11-1) shall be evaluated when needed to achieve the load
with worst impact.
[Link] torsional load case as shown below, pressures for zones marked with “T” (1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5T, 6T) shall be 25 % of
design wind full pressure (zone 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).
Exception: One-storey building with hless than or or equal to 30 ft (9.1 m), two-storey building or less built using soft steel
framework and designed by flexible diapraghma, torsi load case is not needed to be designed. Torsi load shall be applied on
eight basic patterns by using Referance angle(Upwind angle)
.
6. For design of MWFRS buildings, horizontal shear force shall not be less than as directed by ignoring wind load
on the roof
Exception:This provision does not apply For building using resisting frame for MWFRS.
0
7. For flat roof, use Ф= 0 and zone limiting element location 2/3 and zone 2E/3E on the mid-area of the building.
8. Roof Pressure Coefficients (GCpf), if negative at zone 2 and 2E, then zone 2/2E for the distance equals 0,5 times of
horizontal building paralel over MWFRSwhich is being designed or 2,5 multiply by the bottom roof at wall in the upwind,
whichever is smallet; remaining of the Zone2/2E up to pitch line shall use coefficient (GCpf) for zone 3/3E.
9. Notation:
A : 10 percent of the smallest horizontal dimension or 0,4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than of 4 % ofthe
smallest Horizontal dimension or 3 ft (0,9 m).
0
h : Main roof height, in feet (meter) except for Ф ≤10 the lowest bottom part is used:
Ф:Roof angle from horizontal, in degree.

Torsi Case A Torsi Case B

DISTANCE
RENTANG
wind direction

ARAH ANGIN

Transversal direction Longitudinal direction

Torsional load case

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Part 2: Enclosed Low-rise simple diaphragm Buildings

28.5 General Requirements

Requirements to determine wind load for MWFRS of enclosed low-risesimple diaphragm

buildings as on Table 28.5-1.

Notes: Part 2 of Article 28 is a simple method to determine wind load on MWFRS of low-
rise simple diaphragm buildingswith flaf,gable or hip roofs. Direct wind pressure on the
table and applied on the surface of projected building horizontally and vertically . This
method is called simplifying Envelope Procedure on Part1 of Article 28.

28.5.1 Wind load Parameters as specified on Article 26

The following wind load parameters specified on Article 26:
– Basic wind speed V (Article 26.5)
– Exposure category (Article 26.7)
– Topographic factor Kzt(Article 26.8)
– Enclosure classifications (Article 26.10)

Tabel 28.5-1 Steps to determine wind load of MWFRS for Low-rise simple
diaphragm buildings
Step 1: Determine the Risk category or other structures, see table 1.5-1

Step 2: Determine basic wind speed, v, for the proper risk category

Step 3: Determine parameter of the wind load:

- Exposure category B, C or D, see Article 26.7
- Topographic fator Kzt, see Article 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1
Step 4: Enter number to determine wind direction for h= 30 ft (9.1 m),ps30, see figure 28.6-1

Step 5: Enter numbers to determine the adjustment for height and exposure of the building,
ʎ,see figure 28.6-1

Step 6: Determine wind pressure as adjusted to,ps, see the Equation of 28.6-1

28.6 Wind load—main wind force resisting system

28.6.1 Scope

Building with wind load determined on this Article shall meet all conditions on Article 28.6.2. If
a building does not meet all requirements on Article 28.6.2, the wind load of MWFRS shall be
determined in Part 1 of this article, on Steering Procedures Article 27, or with Wind Tunnel
Procedures on Article 31

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28.6.2 Conditions

Buildings with MWFRS design shall meet the following requirements:

1. Building shall be a simpe diapraghma building as defined on Article 26.2.

2. Low-rise building as on Article 26.2.
3. Enclosed buildings as defined on Article 26.2 and meet the requirements of wind born
debris from Article 26.10.3.
4. Reguler building as defined on Article 26.2.
5. Unclassified Building as flexible building as defined on Article 26.2.
6. Building without responsive characteristic so that experiencing crossing wind load,
whirlwind, instability due to irregular vibration or moving, or not placed on the location
where canal or repeated blow needs as a result of obstruction of upwind which needs
particular attention.
7. Building with symmetry Articleal on each direction for flat or gable or hip roofs with θ ≤
45°.
8. Building with free of torsi load case as intended in Notes 5 Figure 28.4-1, or torsi load
case as defined on Article 5 does not control each MWFRS building.

28.6.3 Design wind load

Simplified wind load design, ps, for MWFRS of low-risesimple diaphragm buildings
shall be net pressure( total internal and external) working on the horizontal and
vertical projection of surface of building as shown in Figure 28.6-1. For horizontal
pressure (Zone A, B, C, D), psis the combination of net pressure in the upwind and
down wind. psdetermined by the following equation:

ps= Kzt pS30 (28.6-1)

where

ʎ = adjustment factor for exposure and height of building Figure 28.6-1

Kzt= topographic factor as defined on Article 26.8 evaluated on mean roof height, h
pS30= design wind pressure which is simplified for Exposure B, h = 30 ft (9.1 m) of Figure 28.6-1

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Main Wind Force Resisting System – Method 2 h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)
Figure 28.6-1 Design Wind pressure
Enclosed building Walls and roofs

Sudut di Sisi
angin datang

Case A

Sudut di Sisi
Angin Datang

Case B

Notes:
1. The pressure applied on horizontal and vertical projection, for exposure B, h = 30 ft (9.1 m).
Adjusted to other exposures and height with adjustment factor ʎ
2. Load pattern shall be applied on each angle of building as a reference angle (See Figure 28.4-
1).
0
3. For Case B use Ф = 0 .
0 0 o
4. Load Case1 and Load Case 2 shall be checked for 25 <Ф ≤ 45 . Load Case 2 at 25 given only
0 0
for interpolation between 25 and 30 .
5. Positif dan negative signs mean working towards and away the projected surface..
6. Linear interpolation is allowed for roof slope.
7. Horizontal load shall not be less than as an assumptionps = 0 on zone B and D.
8. If zone E or G on kantilever/overhang in the upwind of building, use EOHand GOH for the
horizontal [Link] cantilever/Overhang. Cantilever/overhang in the down wind and on the
edges shall be on basic zone.
9. Notation
a : 10 percent of the lowest horizontal dimension or 0,4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than
4% of the smallest horizontal dimension or 3 ft (0,9 m).
o
h : Main roof height in feet (meter), except for roof angle < 10 , height of lowest part of the roof
used.
Ф: horizontal roof angle, in degree

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Main Wind Force Resisting System – Method 2 h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)
Figure 28.6-1 (continued) Design Wind pressure
Enclosed building Walls and Roofs

Simple Basic wind pressure, ps30 (psf) (Exposure B h =30 ft. with I =1,0)

2
Conversion unit – 1.0 ft = 0.3048 m; 1.0 psf = 0.0479 kN/m

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Main Wind Force Resisting System – Method 2 h ≤60 ft.
Figure 28.6-1 (continued) Design Wind Pressure
Enclosed building Walls and Roofs

Simplified Design wind pressure, ps30 (psf) (Exposure B h =30 ft. with I =1,0)

Adjustment factor for height of the building and exposure,ʎ

Mean roof height Exposure

(ft) B C D
15 1,00 1,21 1,47
20 1,00 1,29 1,55
25 1,00 1,35 1,61
30 1,00 1,40 1,66
35 1,05 1,45 1,70
40 1,09 1,49 1,74
45 1,12 1,53 1,78
50 1,16 1,56 1,81
55 1,19 1,59 1,84
60 1,22 1,62 1,87

2
Conversion unit – 1.0 ft = 0.3048 m; 1.0 psf = 0.0479 kN/m

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28.6.4 Minimum Design Wind Pressure

The effect of design wind pressure of Article 28.6.3 shall not be less than minimum load
defined by assuming ps, for zone A and C = +16 psf, Zone B and D = +8 psf, meanwhile
psfor zone E, F, G, dan H = 0 psf.

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29 Wind loads on other structures and equipments of buildings– MWFRS

29.1 Scope

29.1.1 Structure types

This article is used to determine wind load on building equipments (structure and rooftop
equipments) and other structures from all heights (free standing solid wall, billboard,
chimney, tank, open advertisement, frameworks, tower truss) by using Steering Procedures.

Steps needed to determine the wind loads on equipments of buildings and other structures
as defined on Table 29.1-1.

Notes: Use Article 29 to determine wind load on MWFRS of free standing solid wall, billboard,
chimney, tank, open advertisement, framework and tower truss. Wind load on rooftop
structure and equipments determined by the provisions in this Article. Wind load
calculated uses specific equation based on Steering Procedures.

29.1.2 Conditions

The structures of design wind load based on this article shall meet the following conditions:

1. Regular structure determined on Article 26.2.

2. Structure without responsive characteristics so that having cross wind load, whirlwind,
instability due to irregular vibaration or moving, or not located where cannal or repeated
blowing as the hinderance in the upwind which requires special considerations.

29.1.3 Limitations

The provisionsof this articletakes into accountthe effects ofenlargement ofloadcaused

bygustthat resonateswithdirect wind vibration fromflexiblestructures. Structures which
do notmeet the requirementsof Article29.1.2, orhave unusual shapeorresponsive
characteristic,sshall be designedusing recognised literaturethat discusses gust
effectsorsetheWind TunnelProcedureset out inArticle 31.

29.1.4 Safety

There shall not be reduction in velocity pressure due to the clear Safety from buildings and
other structures or terrain feature.

29.2 General Requirements

29.2.1 Wind Load Parameter Specified on Article 26

The following wind load parameter shall be:determined by Article 26:

– Basic wind speedV (Article 26.5)

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– Wind directionKd(Article 26.6)
– Exposure category (Article 26.7)
– Topographic Factor Kzt(Article 26.8)
– Enclosure Classification (Article 26.10)

29.3 Velocity pressure

29.3.1 Velocity exposure pressure coefficient

Based on exposure category on Article 26.7.3, Appropriate velocity exposure pressure

coefficientKz or Kh, shall be determined on Table 29.3-1.

Forsites locatedinthe transition zonebetween categories ofexposureandsoilsurface

roughnesschanges, it is allowed to use themiddlevalueofKz or Kh, among thoselistedin
Table29.3-1, as long as itis determinedbyrational analysismethoddefinedin recognized
literature.

29.3.2 Velocity pressure

Velocity pressure, qz, evaluated on height z shall be calculated using the following equation:

qz=0.00256 KzKztKdV2(lb/ft2) (29.3-1)

2 2
[in SI: qz= 0,613 KzKztKdV (N/m ); Vin m/s]
where
Kd = wind direction factor as on Article 26.6
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient as on Article 29.3.1
Kzt = topographic factor as on Article 26.8.2
V = wind speed on Article 26.5
qh = velocity pressure calculated using Equation 29.3-1 on height h
Numerical coefficient 0.00256 (0.613 in SI) shall be used except there is enough wheather
forecast available to determine different factors in designing.

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Tabel 29.1-1 Steps to determine wind load of MWFRS for Equipment and Rooftop
Other Structures
Step 1: Determine Risk category or other structures see table 1.5-1

Step 2: Determine basic wind speed, v, for proper risk category

Step 3: Determine parameter of wind load:

- Wind direction factor Kd, see Article 26.6 and table 26.6-1
- Exposure categories B,C or D see Article 26.7
- Topographic factor,Kzt, see Article 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1
- Gust Effect factor, G, see Article 26.9

Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient,KzorKh, see Table 29.3-1

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure qzorqh, see Equation 29.3-1

Step 6: Determine force coefficient ,Cf:

- Free standing Billboard or solid wall, Figure 29.4-1
- Chimney, tank, top-roof equipments Figure 29.5-1
- Open billboard, frameworks Figure 29.5-2
- Tower truss Figure 29.5-3

Step 7: Calculate wind force,F:

Equation 29.4-1 for signs and walls
2. Equation 29.5-2 and 29.5-3 for rooftop structures and equipments
Equation 29.5-1 for other structures

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Velocity pressure exposure coefficient, KhandKz
Table 29.3-1

Exposure
Height over the ground, z
B C D
ft (m)
0-15 (0-4,6) 0,57 0,85 1,03
20 (6,1) 0,62 0,90 1,08
25 (7,6) 0,66 0,94 1,12
30 (9,1) 0,70 0,98 1,16
40 (12,2) 0,76 1,04 1,22
50 (15,2) 0,81 1,09 1,27
60 (18) 0,85 1,13 1,31
70 (21,3) 0,89 1,17 1,34
80 (24,4) 0,93 1,21 1,38
90 (27,4) 0,96 1,24 1,40
100 (30,5) 0,99 1,26 1,43
120 (36,6) 1,04 1,31 1,48
140 (42,7) 1,09 1,36 1,52
160 (48,8) 1,13 1,39 1,55
180 (54,9) 1,17 1,43 1,58
200 (61,0) 1,20 1,46 1,61
250 (76,2) 1,28 1,53 1,68
300 (91,4) 1,35 1,59 1,73
350 (106,7) 1,41 1,64 1,78
400 (121,9) 1,47 1,69 1,82
450 (137,2) 1,52 1,73 1,86
500 (152,4) 1,56 1,77 1,89

Notes:
1. Velocity pressure exposure coefficients Kz shall be determined by the followiing
formula:
For 15 ft. ≤ z ≤ zg For z < 15 ft.
2/ 2/
z/g 15/zg

Kz = 2.01 Kz = 2,01
2. αand zg tabulated on Table 26.9.1.
3. Linear Interpolation for medium grade z. applies
4. Exposure category as on Article 26.7.

29.4 Design Wind load —free standing solid wall and billboard

29.4.1 Free standing solid solid walls and billboard

Design wind force for free standing solid wall and billboard shall be determined by using the
following formula:

F = qhGCfAs(lb) (N) (29.4-1)

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where
qh= velocity pressure evaluated at height h (determined in Figure 29.4-1) as defined based on
Article 29.3.2
G = gust effect factor of Article 26.9
Cf = net force coefficients of Figure 29.4-1
2 2
As = gross area of free standing solid wals and billboard, in ft (m )

29.4.2 Attached Solid Billboard

Design Wind pressure on solid billboardsattached to thewall of a building, wherethe

fieldofbillboardsparallel toandin contactwith the wall, andbillboardsdo notpass throughthe
sideorthe top edge ofthe wall, shall bedetermined usingthe procedureforwind
pressureonwallin accordance with Article30, and set theinternalpressure coefficient(GCpi)
equal to 0.

This procedurealsoapplies to solid billboardsattachedbutnot in direct contactwith the wall, as

long as thegapbetween thebillboardandwall is not morethan3ft(0.9 m) and theedgeofthe
billboardat least3ft(0.9 m) inthe freeedgeofthe wall, ie, the sides andthe top andbottom
edgesofelevated wall(high).

29.5 Design Wind Load—other structures

Design wind load for other structures (chimney, tanks, rooftop equipments for h> 60°, similiar
structures, open billboards, frameworks, and tower truss) shall be determined by the
following equationt:

F = qzGCfAf(lb) (N) (29.5-1)

where
qz= velocity pressure evaluated at height h ( explained in Figure 29..4-1) as defined on Article 29.3,
from center of gravity Af
G = gust effect factor of Article 26.9
Cf= force coefficients from Figure 29.5-1 until 29.5-3
2 2
Af= projected area perpendicular to wind unless where Cf determined to actual surface , in ft (m )
2.5.4 Rooftop Structures and Equipments for buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)
Lateral Force Fh for rooftop structures and equipments for buildings with main roof height h ≤
60 ft (18.3 m) shall be determined by Equation 29.5-2.

Fh= qh(GCr)Af(lb) (N) (29.5-2)

where
(gcr) = 1.9 for rooftop structures and equipments af less than (0.1bh). (gcr) shall be reduced
linearlyfrom 1.9 until 1.0 when value af increase from (0.1bh) until (bh)
qh= velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height of building.
af= vertical projected area from rooftop structures and equipments on perpendicular area towards
2 2
wind, in ft (m )

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Vertical up-lift force, Fv, for rooftop structures and equipments shall be determined by
Equation 29.5-3.

Fv= qh(GCr)Ar(lb) (N) (29.5-3)

where
(GCr) = 1,5 for structure and top-roof utilities with untuk Ar less than (0,1BL). (GCr) may be reduced linearlly
of 1,5 until 1,0 when grade Ar increased of (0,1BL ) until (BL) velocity pressure is
qh= evaluated on the mean roof height of the roof top
2 2
Ar= widht projected in horizontal of the top-roof structure or utility, in ft (m )

Wind load on parapet as required on Article 27.4.5 for buildings of all height being designed
using reference procedure and article 28.4.2 for low-rise building designed using envlope
precedure.

29.6 Parapet

BebanWind load on parapet as required on Article 27.4.5 for buildings of all height being
designed using reference procedure and article 28.4.2 for low-rise building designed using
envlope precedure.

29.7 Roof Console

BebanWind load on roof consol as required on Article 27.4.4for buildings of all height being
designed using reference procedure and article 28.4.3for low-rise building designed using
envlope precedure.

29.8 Minimum Design Loads

2 2
Design for Wind force shall not be less than 16 lb/ft (0.77 kN/m )multiply by width of Af.

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n

g
e
o
Design of wind load All height m
Figure 29.4-1 Coefficient force,Cf Wall solid and billboard e
t
r
i
c

c
e
n
t
r
e

e
q
u
a
l
s
Cf,Case A and Case B
Distance Source Ratio,B/s
t
ratio, ≤ 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2 4 5 10 20 30 45 o
s/h
1 1,80 1,70 1,65 1,55 1,45 1,40 1,35 1,35 1,30 1,30 1,30 1,30 0
0,9 1,85 1,75 1,70 1,60 1,55 1,50 1,45 1,45 1,40 1,40 1,40 1,40 ,
0,7 1,90 1,85 1,75 1,70 1,65 1,60 1,60 1,55 1,55 1,55 1,55 1,55 0
0,5 1,95 1,80 1,80 1,75 1,75 1,70 1,70 1,70 1,70 1,70 1,70 1,75 5
0,3 1,95 1,90 1,85 1,80 1,80 1,80 1,80 1,80 1,80 1,85 1,85 1,85
0,2 1,95 1,90 1,85 1,80 1,80 1,80 1,80 1,80 1,85 1,90 1,90 1,95 m
≤ 0,16 1,95 1,90 1,85 1,85 1,80 1,80 1,85 1,85 1,85 1,90 1,90 1,95 u
l
Cf, Case C t
Sourc i
e p
Area Ratio l
Area Source Ratio, B/s i
(horizontal (horizontal e
side on wind side on wind d
surface) surface) ,B/s
13 45 w
i
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t
h

0s.d.s 2,25 2,60 2,90 3,10* 3,30* 3,40* 3,55* 3,65* 3,75* 0s.d.s 4,00* 4,30* m
ss.d.2s 1,50 1,70 1,90 2,00 2,15 2,25 2,30 2,35 2,45 ss.d.2s 2,60 2,55 e
2ss.d.3s 1,15 1,30 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,70 1,75 1,85 2ss.d. 3s 2,00 1,95 a
3ss.d. 10s 1,10 1,05 1,05 1,05 1,05 1,00 0,95 3ss.d. 4s 1,50 1,85 n

r
4ss.d. 5s 1,35 1,85 o
Grading shall
be multiplied o
with reduction f
factor as
follows, in case Reduction h
Lr /s
Factor 5ss.d. 10s 0,90 1,10 e
0,3 0,90 i
g
1,0 0,75 >10s 0,55 0,55 h
≥2 0,60
t
return corner
shows:
o
f
Notes :
1.”Billboard” term as Notes below also apply for “”free standing” t
[Link] with enclosed less than 30 % of dirty area shall be counted as solid billboard. Coefisien force for billboard with the h
1,5
enclosed is allowed multiplied with reduction factor (1 – (1 –ε) ). e
[Link] allow wind direction which is slope or upright, shall conisdeerd two cases as foolows
For case s/h< 1: b
CASE A: resultant force working upright to the front side of the billboard in vertical which crossing the geometthric centre. i
CASE B: resultant force working upright to the front side of the billboard in vertical which crossing the geometthric centre. l
Equals to 0,2times average widht of the billboard. l
For B/s≥2, CASE C shall be determined : b
CASE C: : resultant force working upright to the front side of the billboard in vertical which crossing the o
geometthric centre a
For s/h= 1 : r
 d.
[Link] CASE C where s/h< 0,8, force coefficient shall be multiplied by the reduction factor (1,8 –
s/h)

“Copyrights of the National Standard Agency, the copy solely to be posted on [Link] and not to be commercialized”
[Link] interpolation shall be applied for prices s/h, B/sandLr/swhich are not mentioned above.
[Link] :
B: horizontal dimention of the billboard
Billboard in feet (meter)
h: height of the billboard, in feet (meter)
s : vertical dimension of the billboard in feet (meter)
ε : ratio of solid area over the dirty area

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Lr: horizontal dimension of the wall curved; in feet (meter)
Other Structure All heights of
Chimney, Tank, Top-roof utilities & same
Figure 29.5-1 Force Coefficient, Cf structure

h/D
Cross Article Surface Type 1 7 25
Rectangular All 1,3 1,4 2,0
Rectangular All 1,0 1,1 1,5
Hexagon or Octagonal All 1,0 1,2 1,4
Circle Medium soft 0,5 0,6 0,7
Dqz2,5 Rough (D’/D=0,02) 0,7 0,8 0,9
Dqz53,D dlam,qzdla mN/m
2 0,8 1,0 1,2
Sangat kasar

(D’/D=0,08)
Circle
Dqz2,5
All 0,7 0,8 1,2
2
Dqz53,Ddlam,qzdlamN/m

Notes:
[Link] of Wind load shall be counted based on structure area projected on the upright
facing wind direction. The load deemed paralel to the wind direction.
[Link] interpolation is allowed for grade h/Dexcept as shown.
[Link]:
D: Circle Articleal diameter and the smallest horizontal side of the rectangular, hexagonal or
octagonal which is being determined, in feet (meter);
D’: height of protrude element such as framework and spoiler, feet (meter); and h:
height of the structure, in feet (meter); and
qz: velocity pressure being evaluated on height z above the soil, in pound per
[Link] any rooftop utilities on the building with the mean roof height h≤60 ft, Use Article
29.5.1.

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Other Structure All height
Figure 29.5-2 Force coefficient, Cf Enclosed Billboard &
Framework

Structure Circle Components

Component
Flat side Dqz2,5 Dqz2,5

Dqz5,3 Dqz5,3
< 0,1 2,0 1,2 0,8
0,1 s.d. 0,29 1,8 1,3 0,9
0,3 s.d. 0,7 1,6 1,5 1,1

Notes:
[Link] billboard consist of 30% or more over the bruto area classified as the enclosed
billboard..
[Link] for the wind load shall be based on area of the structures and elements being exposed in
upright to the wind direction. The load shall deemed as paralel working to the wind direction.

[Link] of Afconsistent with the load coefficient i.e. width of the solid projected upright to the
wind direction.
[Link]:
Σ: ratio of solid area over the gross area

D:Diameter of circle typical structure component, in feet (meter);

qz:Velocity pressure shall be evaluated on height Z above the ground in pound per
2
footsquarei(N/m ).

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Other Structure All height
Figure 29.5-3 Force coefficient, Cf
Enclosed Structure Tower Truss

Tower Surface
Per segi
Cf
2
4,05,94,0
Triangle
2
3,44,73,4

Notes:
1. For all wind direction being searched, width of Afis consistent with load coeficien i.e. area of
solid of tower front side projected on the surface of the tower being checked.
2.
3. Load coefficient being required is for the tower with structural side steel or structure component
with slope sides which are the same.

4. For the tower with circle structure, can be accepted by multiplying load coefficient which is
required for the follow factor when determine the wind load for structure component:

5. Wind load shall be used on the side which resulting force and maximum reaction component.
For tower with rectagular front face, wind load shall be multiplied with the below factor when the
wind facing as long as the tower diagonal
6. Wind forces on the tower utilites such as stairs, drain, lighting, elevator and others, shall be
counted using load coefficient which is appropriate on these elements
7. Shall be considered load due to the ice addings as per Article on 10.

8. Notation:
Σ: ratio of solid area over the net area on the front side of the tower being reviewed

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30 Wind load-component and cladding (C&C)

30.1 Scope

30.1.1 Building Type

This Article to determine wind pressure on component and cladding(C&C) on a building.

1) Part 1 valid for enclosed building or partial enclosed:

– Low-rise building (as on Article 26.2)

– Building with h ≤ 60 ft (18,3 m)

Building who has flat roof, gable roof, or cross gable roof, or hip, side-slope side, tierred
roof, or saw roof and wind pressure shall be counted based on similarity of the wind
pressure.

2) Building 2is the simple approachment and valid for enclosed building:

– Low-rise building building (see explanation on Article 26.2)

– Buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (18,3 m)

Building with flat roof, gable roof, or hip and wind pressure shall be determined directly on
the Table.

3) Part 3 is valid for the enclosed or partially enclosedbuildings :

– Building with h> 60 ft (18,3 m)

Building who has flat roof, gable roof, or spannedgable roof, or hip, monoslope, terraced
roof, or saw roof and wind pressure shall be counted based on similarity of the wind
pressure.

4) Part 4is simple approachment and valid for the enclosed building

– Building with h ≤ 160 ft (48,8 m)

Building who has flat roof, gable roof, hip, monoslope or mansard roof, and wind pressure
shall be counted based on the table.

5) Part 3 is valid for the enclosed building of all heights that have pitchedroof, monoslope
roof, or curved roof.

6) Part 6 is valid for the building such as roof consol or parapet also rooftop utilities.

30.1.2 Condition

Building with a design of wind load which is determined on this article shall meet following
conditions:

1. Well organized building as mentioned on Article 26.2.

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2. Building does not have respons characteristics so that has cross wind load, whirlwind,
instable due to the tremblings or irreguler tremblings, or not placed where canal or
repeatation wind load as a result of the hinderance of the wind sides that needs special
attention.
30.1.3 Limitation

The determinations of this article considering greated volume effect which is due to the wind
blow which is resonance with vibration of the wind for the flexible building. Load which is not
meeting the Article 30.1.2, or having or particular response, shall be determined using known
literature by documenting wind load effect or using wind canal procedure as mentioned on
Article 31.

30.1.4 Safety

No velocity pressure reduction due to the safety given on the building or other structure or
terrain features

30.1.5 Air absorber cladding

The design of the wind load as on Article 30 shall be used for air absorber cladding except
test data is approved or known literature proof lower load for air absorber cladding which is
being determined..

30.2 General Requirements

30.2.1 Parameter wind loads specified in Article 26

- Wind load following parameters listed in Article 26:

– Basic Wind Speed V (Article 26.5)

- Wind steering factor Kd (Article 26.6)

- Category exposures (Article 26.7)

- Topographic factor KZT (Article 26.8)

- Wind effect factor (Article 26.9)

- Classification of the enclosure (Article 26.10)

- Internal pressure coefficient (GCpi) (Article 11.26).

30.2.2 Minimum design wind pressure

Wind pressure design for components and Cladding and buildings can not be less of a net
pressure of 16 lb / ft2 (0.77 kN / m2) who works in a direction perpendicular to the surface.
2 2
30.2.3 Tributary Area is wider of 700 ft (65 m )

Components and ElemenCladding with larger tributary area of 700 ft2 (65 m2) shall be
designed using the provisions MWFRS.

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30.2.4 The coefficient of external pressure

Wind blow effect factor and external pressure coefficient combined for components and
Cladding, (GCP), which is given in Figure relating to this Part. The coefficient of wind and
wind blow effect factor shall not be separated.

30.3 Pressure velocity

30.3.1 Velocity pressure exposure coefficient

Based exposure categories specified in Article 26.7.3, the velocity pressure exposure
coefficient Kz or Kh, as applicable, shall be determined of Table 30.3-1. For sites that are
located in the transition zone between the categories of exposure, ie, close to the soil surface
roughness changes, intermediate values ofKz or Kh, among those shown in Table 30.3-1,
allowed, so long as determined by rational analysis method described in the known literature

30.3.2 Velocity Pressure

Velocity pressure, qz, evaluated at height z to be calculated by the following equation:30.2.4

Koefisien tekanan eksternal

2 2
qz= 0,00256 KzKztKdV (lb/ft ) (30.3-1)
2 2
[in SI: qz= 0,613 KzKztKdV (N/m ); V dalam m/s]

Where

Kd = wind Steering factors as in Article 26.6

Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient defined in Article 30.3.1 KZT = topographic factors set out
in Article 26.8

V = wind speed basis of Article 26.5

QH = velocity pressure calculated using Equation 30.3-1 at a height h

Numerical coefficient of 0.00256 (0.613 in SI) shall be used except where sufficient climatic
data are available to justify the choice of different values of this factor for the implementation
of the design.

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Velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kh and Kz

table 30.3-1

Height above ground level, Exposure

Z
B C D
ft (m)
0-15 (0-4,6) 0,70 0,85 1,03
20 (6,1) 0,70 0,90 1,08
25 (7,6) 0,70 0,94 1,12
30 (9,1) 0,70 0,98 1,16
40 (12,2) 0,76 1,04 1,22
50 (15,2) 0,81 1,09 1,27
60 (18) 0,85 1,13 1,31
70 (21,3) 0,89 1,17 1,34
80 (24,4) 0,93 1,21 1,38
90 (27,4) 0,96 1,24 1,40
100 (30,5) 0,99 1,26 1,43
120 (36,6) 1,04 1,31 1,48
140 (42,7) 1,09 1,36 1,52
160 (48,8) 1,13 1,39 1,55
180 (54,9) 1,17 1,43 1,58
200 (61,0) 1,20 1,46 1,61
250 (76,2) 1,28 1,53 1,68
300 (91,4) 1,35 1,59 1,73
350 (106,7) 1,41 1,64 1,78
400 (121,9) 1,47 1,69 1,82
450 (137,2) 1,52 1,73 1,86
500 (152,4) 1,56 1,77 1,89

Notes:
[Link] exposure velocity pressureKzcan be determined of the following formula:
For 15 ft. ≤ z ≤ zg Forz< 15 ft.
2/α 2/α
Kz = 2,01 (z/zg) Kz = 2,01 (15/zg)

Notes: z shall not be smaller of 30 feet in exposure B.

2. α and ZG tabulated in Table 26.9.1.
3. Apply linear interpolation for intermediate values of height z.
4. Category exposures laid down in Article 26.7.

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Part 1: Low-rise Building

30.4 Type of building

The provisions of Article 30.4 applies to enclosed and partiallyenclosedbuildings:

- Low-rise buildings(see the definition in Article 26.2)

- Building with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)

Buildings that have flat roofs, gable roof, spanned gable, hip roof, monoslope, terraced roof,
or saw roof. Step by -Step necessary for the determination of wind loads on components and
Cladding for this type of building is shown in Table 30.4-1.

30.4.1 Conditions

To determine the design wind pressures on components and Claddingyang using the
provisions of Article 30.4.2, the condition shown in selected figureshall conform with the
building that is being taken into account.

30.4.2 Design Wind Pressure

Design wind pressure on the components and elements of the building Cladding storey
building rendahdan denganh≤60 ft (18.3 m) to be determined of the following equation:

2 2
p = qh[(GCp) – (GCpi)] (lb/ft ) (N/m ) (30.4-1)

Where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height roof h as defined in article
30.3

(gcp)= External pressure coefficients are given in:

- Figure 30.4-1 (wall)
- Figure 30.4-2a to 30.4-2c (flat roofs, roof gable and hip roof)
- Figure 30.4-3 (a terraced roof)
- Figure 30.4-4 (spanned gable)
- Figure 30.4-5a and 30.4-5b (monoslope roof)
- Figure 30.4-6 (roof saws)
- Figure 30.4-7 (domed roof)
- Figure 27.4-3, footNotes 4 (curved roof)

(gcpi) = internal pressure coefficient given in Table 26.11-1

Notes: Use Article 1 of Article 30 to determine the air pressure in the low K & Kenclosed
low-rise and partially enclosed as defined in appropriate figure. The provisions in Part 1
based on a Envelope Procedures with wind pressure is calculated using the equation defined
as applicable surface of the building. For buildings that these provisions apply, this method
generally produces the lowest air pressure of all the methods of analysis contained in this
standard.

– Figure 30.4-2a to 30.4-2c (flat, gable and hip roofs)

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Table 30.4-1 Steps to Determine the Wind Load for K & K of Low-Rise EnClosed and
Partially Enlosed Buildings

Step 1: Determine the risk categories, see Table 1.5-1

Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the appropriate risk category

Step 3: Determine the wind load parameters:

- Wind direction factor, Kd, see Article 26.6 and Table 26.6-1

- Exposure categories B, C or D, see Article 26.7

- Topographic factors, KZT, see Article 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1

- Enclosure Classification, see Article 26.10

- Internal pressure coefficient, (GCpi), see Article 11.26 and Table 26.11-1

Step 4: Determine the velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kz or Kh, see Table 30.3-1

Step 5: Determine the velocity pressure, QH, Equation 30.3-1

Step 6: Determine the external pressure coefficient, (GCP)

- The walls, see Figure 30.4-1

- Flat roof, gable roof, hip roof, see Figure 30.4-2

- Terracedroof, see Figure 30.4-3

- Spanned gable, see Figure 30.4-4

- Monoslope roof, see Figure 30.4-5

- Saw roof, see Figure 30.4-6

- Dome Roof, see Figure 30.4-7

- Curved roof, see Figure 27.4-3 footNotes 4

Step 7: Calculate the wind pressure, p, Equation 30.4-1

Part 2: The low-rise buildings (simple)

30.5 Type of building

The provisions of Article 30.5 apply to enclosed buildings:

“Copyrights of the National Standard Agency, the copy solely to be posted on [Link] and not to be commercialized”
- Low-rise buildings (see the definition in Article 26.2)

- Building with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)

Buildings have flat roofs, roof gable or hip roof. Step -Step necessary to determine wind loads
on components and Cladding for building types are shown in Table 30.5-1.

30.5.1 Conditions

For the design of components and structures in the skin of the building shall meet all the
following conditions:

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1. The average roof height of h shall be small of or equal to 60 ft (18.3 m) (h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)).
2. Building the enclosed one as defined in Article 26.2 and in accordance with the provisions
of the dust carried by the wind of Article 26.10.3.

3. Building is a regular building or structure as defined in Article 26.2.

4. Building does not have response characteristics that has transverse wind load, whirlwind,
instabile due to the irregular tremorss, or not located at the location where the effects of the
canal or repeated blows as a result of side winds require special consideration.

5. Building has flat roofs, gable roof with θ ≤ 45 °, or hip roof with θ ≤ 27º.

30.5.2 Design Wind Pressure Neto design wind pressure, pnet, components and Cladding of
buildings designed using the procedures specified here represents the net pressure (the
number of internal and external) that shall be applied upright to each surface of the building
as shown in Figure 30.5-1 , pnetshall be determined by the following equation:

pnet = Kzt pnet30 (30.5-1)

Where

= Adjustment factor for building height and exposure ofFigure30.5-1

kzt = topographic factors as set out in Article 26.8 evaluated at 0.33 of roof height

pnet30 = net design wind pressure for exposure B, padah = 30 ft (9.1 m), ofFigure 30.5-1

Notes: Part 2 of Article 30 is a simple method to determine wind pressure and low-rise
closed building with flat roofs, gable roof or hip roofs. The provisions of Part 2 based on
EnvelopeProcedures of Part 1 with the wind pressure set of table and adjusted as applicable.

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Table 30.5-1 Steps to Determinethe Wind Load for K & K of Low-Rise enclosed Buildings
(Simple Method)
Step 1: Determine the risk categories, see Table 1.5-1

Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the appropriate risk category

Step 3: Determine the wind load parameters:

- Exposure categories B, C or D, see Article 26.7

- Topographic factors, KZT, see Article 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1

Step 4: Enter the Figure to determine wind pressure padah = 30 ft., Pnet30, see Figure 30.5-
1

Step 5: Enter the Figure to determine adjustments for height andbuilding exposure, see
Figure 30.5-1

Step 6: Determine the wind pressure adjusted, PNET, see Equation 30.5-1.

Part 3: Building with h> 60 ft (18.3 m)

30.6 Type of building

The provisions of Article 30.6 applies to enclosed building or partially enclosed with a roof
height of flat-Ratah> 60 ft. (18.3 m) with flat roofs, roof berbubung, gable roof, hip roof,
mansard roof, arched roof, or the roof of the dome. Steps needed to determine wind loads on
components and Cladding for different types of buildings are shown in Table 30.6-1.

30.6.1 Conditions

To determine the design wind pressures on components and Cladding by using the
provisions of Article 30.6.2, the condition shown in Figure elected shallcomply with the
building reviewed.

30.6.2 Design wind pressure Wind pressure and Cladding design components for the entire
building with h> 60 ft (18.3 m) to be determined of the following equation:

p = q (GCP) - qi (GCpi) (lb / ft2) (N / m2) (30.6-1)

Where

q = qz for wall in the upwind calculated at a height z above ground

q = qhfor wall in the down wind, the side walls and roof are evaluated at a height h

qi = qhuntuk wall on the side the wind is coming, the side wall, the wall on the windward side

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qi = qz for positive internal pressure evaluation in Enclosed building partly in height z is defined as the
highest level of openings in a building that may affect the positive internal pressure. For the evaluation
of positive internal pressure, qiboleh conservatively evaluated at height h (qi = QH)

(GCP) = external pressure coefficient given in:

- Figure 30.6-1 for Wall and Roof flat

- Figure 27.4-3, footNotes 4, to the curved roof

- Figure 30.4-7 for roof dome

- Notes 6 ofFigure 30.6-1 to the corner of the roof and other geometry (GCpi) = internal pressure
coefficient given in Table 26.11-1

q and qi shall be evaluated using exposure defined in Article26.7.3.

Exception: At the height of the roof of the building with 60 ft (18.3 m) and less of 90 ft (27.4 m), value
(GCP) ofFigure 30.4- 1 to 30.4-6 allowed to be used if the height to width ratio is one or less.

Notes: Use Part 3 of Article 30 to determine the air pressure to K & K ofbangunantertutup
and covered partly with h> 60 ft. which has the shape of the roof as defined dalamFigure
accordingly. This provision is based on the procedure of the Steering calculated set of
equations that apply to every surface of the building.

Table 30.6-1 Steps to determine wind loads K & K Enclosed or partially enclosed building with h>
60 ft (18.3 m)
Step 1: Determine the risk categories, see Table 1.5-1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the appropriate risk category
Step 3: Determine the wind load parameters:
- Wind direction factor, Kd, see Part 26.6 and Table 26.6-1
- Exposure categories B, C or D, see Article 26.7
- Topographic factors, KZT, see Article 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1
- Enclosure Classification, see Article 26.10
- Internal pressure coefficient, (GCpi), see Article 11.26 and Table 26.11-1
Step 4: Determine the velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kz or Kh, see Table 30.3-1
Step 5: Determine the velocity pressure, QH, Equation 30.3-1
Step 6: Determine the external pressure coefficient, (GCP)
- Wall and Roof flat (θ <100), see Figure 30.6-1
- The roof gable and hip roof, see Figure 30.4-2 per Notes 6 of
Figure 30.6-1
- The roof arch, see Figure 27.4-3, footNotes 4
- The roof of the dome, see Figure 30.4-7
Step 7: Calculate the wind pressure, p, Equation 30.6-1

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Part 4: Building with h ≤ 160 [Link] h ≤ 48,8 m (simple)
30.7 Types of buildings
The provisions of Article 30.7 applies to Enclosed roof building which has an average altitude
h ≤ 160 ft. (48.8 m) with a flat roof, gable roof, hip roof, monoslope or mansard roof. Steps
needed to determine wind loads on components and Cladding to the type of building shown
in Table 30.7-1.
30.7.1 Load-Wind Components And Cladding
[Link] Walls and roof surfaces
Design wind pressure on the zone indicated surface of Wall and Roof of Table 30.7-2 shall
be determined based on the basic wind speed corresponding V, the average roof height h,
and the roof slope θ. Tabulated pressure shall be multiplied by a factor of exposure
adjustment (FPE) shown in the table if the exposure is different of Exposure C. Pressure in
Table 30.7-2 are based on Effective wind area of 10 ft2 (0.93 m2). Reduction in wind
pressure for broad Effective larger wind can be taken by the multiplier reduction (FR) shown
in the table. Pressure-pressure is applied to the entire zone indicated inFigures.
Final design Wind pressure shall be determined in the following equation:
p = ptable (FPE) (FR) KZT (30.7-1)
Where:
FR = Effective reduction factor of Table 30.7-2 FPE = adjustment factor exposure of Table
30.7-2
KZT = topographic factor as defined in Article 26.8
[Link] Parapet
Design wind pressure on the surface of the parapet shall be based on wind pressure to the
edge of the zone and the zone corresponding corner where parapet is, as shown in Table
30.7-2, modified based on the load following two cases:
- Case Load A consists of the application of appropriate positive wall pressure tabel for the
front surface of the roof parapet while applying pressure or the negative edge of the roof
pressure zone corresponding corner of the table on the back surface of the parapet.
- Load Case B consists of the application of appropriate positive wall pressure of tabel for the
rear surface of the parapet wall and apply appropriate negative pressure of the front surface
tabel on parapet.
Notes: Part 4 of Article 30 is a simplified method to determine wind pressure for K & K of
enclosed building and sealed half with h ≤160 ft (48.8 m) has the shape of the roof as
mentioned in accordance Figure. This provision is based on the Steering procedure of Article
3 with the wind pressure of the table chosen directly and adjusted as applicable.
 “Copyrights of the National Standard Agency, the copy solely to be posted on [Link] and not to be commercialized
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Table 30.7-1 Steps to determine the Wind Load for K & K of Enclosed Buildings with h ≤ 160
ft (48.8 m)
Step 1: Determine the risk category of buildings, see Table 1.5-1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the appropriate risk category
Step 3: Determine the wind load parameters:
- Exposure categories B, C or D, see Article 26.7
Step 4: Insert Table 30.7-2 to determine the pressure at Wall and Roof, p, usingEquation
30.7-1. These types of roofs are:
- Flat roof (<100)
- Gable roof
- Hip roof
- Monoslope
- Mansrad roof

Step 5: Determine the topographical factor, KZT, and use factor for pressure specified
fromtabel (if appropriate), see Article 26.8.

Pressure in Table 30.7 -2 which is based on extensive wind [Link] 10

feet wide anginuntuk pressure greater efektivyang wind can be taken based on the reduction
factors shown in the table.

Pressure shall be applied on parapetmenurut Figure 30.7-1. Figure [Link] to

determine the pressure shall be high to the top of the parapet. Determine the final pressure
of Equation 30.7-1.

[Link] Console Roof

Design wind pressure on the roof console shall be based on wind pressure is displayed for
the zone in accordance with Table 30.7-2 modified as described here. For Zones 1 and 2, a
multiplier of 1.0 shall be used at pressures shown in Table 30.7-2. For Zone 3, a multiplier of
1.15 shall be used at pressures shown in Table 30.7-2.

Pressure on 30.7- Table 2 are based on extensive wind Effective of 10 square feet.
Reduction in wind pressure for broad Effective larger wind can be taken by the multiplier
reduksiyang shown in Table 30.7-2. Pressure on the roof console, including the pressure of
the upper and lower surfaces of [Link] on the underside of the console together
with the pressure of the adjacent wall. See Figure ofConsoleshown in Figure 30.7-
[Link] pressure of Equation 30.7-1.

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Components and Cladding – Part 4 h 160 ft. (48,8 m)
Tabel 30.7-2 Zone C&C Wall and Roof Pressures
Enclosed building C&C

Gable Rood

Flat roof

< 10

Hip roof
Monoslope roof

Mansard roof

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Notes to Table Pressure Wind Components and Cladding:

1. For each form of the roof, Exposure C, V and H specify Cladding pressure and wall for
appropriate zone as on the table below. For other exposures B or D, multiply the pressure
oftabel with the corresponding exposure adjustment factors as on below

2. Allowed interpolation between the values of h. To stress on the values of V the other of
which is shown in the table, multiply the value table for any given V 'dalatabel is as shown
below:

Pressure on the desired V = pressure of the table on V 'x [V desired / V'] 2

3. When shown two load cases, both positive and negative pressure shall be reviewed.

4. The pressure indicated for a wide effective wind = 10 ft2 (0.93 m2).

For larger effective wind area, the pressure may be reduced by the coefficient indicated
reduction applicable to each zone.

Notation:

h = mean roof height (ft)

V = the average wind speed (mph)

Pressure Roof and Wall - Components and Cladding

Exposure Adjustment Factor
Tinggi Bangunan Gedung (ft.)
h

Eksposur B Eksposur D

Exposure Adjustment Factor

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Component and Cladding – Part 4 h 160 ft. (48,8 m)
Table 30.7-2 Effective Wind Area K & K Wall and Roof Pressure
Enclosed building C&C

Reduction factor
Effective Wind Area
Reduction Factor

Effective Wind Area

2
(ft )

Reduction factor
Effective Wind Area

Pressure of
Roof Types Billboard Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone
1 2 3 4 5
Flat Minus D D D C E
Flat Plus NA NA NA D D
Gable, Mansard Minus B C C C E
Gable, Mansard Plus B B B D D
Hip Minus B C C C E
Hip Plus B B B D D
MonoSlope Minus A B D C E
MonoSlope Plus C C C D D
Console All A A B NA NA

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Components and Cladding – Part 4
Tabel 30.7-2

Exposure C

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Component and Cladding – Part 4
Tabel 30.7-2

Exposure C

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Components and Cladding – Part 4

Tabel 30.7-2

Exposure C

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Components and Cladding – Part

Tabel 30.7-2

Exposure C

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Components and Cladding – Part 4

Tabel 30.7-2

Exposure C

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Components and Cladding – Part

Tabel 30.7-2

Exposure C

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Part 5: Open Buildings

30.8 Building Types

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The provisions of Article30.8applies to open buildingsof allheights which have pitched ,
monoslopefree, orcurvedroofs. The stepsrequired to determinewind loadson components
andcladdingtothe type ofbuildingindicated in Table30.8-1

30.8.1 Conditions

To determine thedesignwindpressureson components andcladdingby usingthe provisions of

Article30.8.2, the conditionsindicated inthe selected figure shall be in accordancewith
thebuildingthat is beingtaken into account.

30.8.2 Design Wind Pressure

Netdesignwind pressureforthe componentand cladding elementsof openbuildingsfrom all

height with monoslope free, pitched and curved roofs shall be determinedby the following
equation:
p = qhGCN(30.8-1)

where
qh= velocity pressure evaluated on mean roof height h using exposure as described in Article
26.7.3 resulting inthe heaviest wind loadsforanywind directionatthe location.
G = gust effect factor from Article 26.9
CN= net pressure coefficients given in:
– Figure 30.8-1 for monoslope roof
– Figure 30.8-2 for pitched roofs
– Figure 30.8-3 for curved roofs

Net pressure Coefficients CN include contributions from top and bottom surfaces. All load
cases indicated for each angle of roof shall be checked. Plus and minus signs indicates that
pressure working on top surfaces.
Notes:Use Part 5 of Article 30 to determine wind pressure for components and cladding for open
buildings with gable,monoslope or curved roofs. This provision is based on Steering Procedures
with wind pressure calculated by specified equation for each roof surface.

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Tabel 30.8-1 Steps to Determine Wind Loads Components and
Cladding for Open Buildings
Step 1: Specify risk category, see Tabel 1.5-1

Step 2: Specify basic wind speed,V, for appropriate risk category

Step 3: Specify wind load parameters:

1.6 Wind direction factor, Kd, see Article 26.6 and Tabel 26.6-1
1.7 Exposure Category B, C or D, see Article 26.7
1.8 Topographic factor, Kzt, see Article 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1
1.9 Gust effect factor, G, see Article 26.9

Step 4: Specify velocity pressure exposure coefficients ,KzorKh, see Tabel 30.3-1

Step 5: Specify velocity pressure,qh, Equation 30.3-1

Step 6: Specify net pressure coefficients,CN

i. Monoslope roof, see Figure 30.8-1
j. Pitched roof, see Figure 30.8-2
k. Curved roof, see Figure 30.8-3

Step 7:Calculate wind pressure,p, Equation 30.8-1

PART 6: BUILDING EQUIPMENTS AND ROOF AND EQUIPMENT STRUCTURES

30.9 PARAPETS

Design wind pressure for components and cladding elements from parapets for all types and
height, except for enclosed buildings with h ≤ 160 ft (48.8 m) where provision of Part 4 used,
shall be determined by the following equation:
p = qp((GCp) – (GCpi)) (30.9-1)
where
qp
= velocity pressure evaluated on top of parapets
(GCp) = external pressure coefficients given in
– Figure 30.4-1 for walls with h ≤ 60 ft (48.8 m)
– Figure 30.4-2A until 30.4-2C for flat, glabe, and dan hip roofs
– Figure 30.4-3 for terraced roof
– Figure 30.4-4 for spanned glabe
– Figure 30.4-5A and 30-5B for monoslope roof
– Figure 30.4-6 for saw roof
– Figure 30.4-7 for doomed roof from all height
– Figre 30.6-1 for flat wall and roof with h> 60 ft (18.3 m)
– Figure 27.4-3 footNotes 4 for curved roof
(GCpi) =internal pressure coefficients from Tabel 26.11-1, based on parapet
porosity and enclosure.

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Two load cases, see Figure 30.9-1, shall be considered:

– Load Case A: Parapetin the upwind sideshall consist of appropriate

positivewallpressureapplication from Figure30.4-1(h≤60ft(18.3 m)) orFigure30.6-
1(h>60ft(18.3 m)) tothe surfaceon upwind from parapet while applying appropriate
negativepressure or angle Zone of roofcorner from Figure30.4-2(A, BorC), 30.4-3, 30.4-4,
30.4-5(A orB), 30.4-6, 30.4-7,Fig27.4-3footNotes4, orFigure30.6-1(h>60ft(18.3 m)) as
appliedtothe surfaceof downwind from parapet.
– Load Case B: Parapetin the downwind sideshall consistofappropriate
positivewallpressureapplicationfrom Figure30.4-1(h≤60ft(18.3 m)) orFigure30.6-
1(h>60ft(18.3 m)) tothe surfaceon upwind from theparapet, andappropriate
negativewallpressureapplication from Figure30.4-1(h≤60ft(18.3 m)) orFigure30.6-
1(h>60ft(18.3 m)) as applicabletothe surfaceinthe downwind. Edge and angle Zones
shall be arrangedas indicated inthe figureaccordingly.(GCP) shall be specifiedfor
appropriate angle roofand effective wind area from appropriate figures.

When internal pressure occurs, both cases shall be evaluated due to positive and negative
internal pressures

Steps required to determine wind loads for components and cladding from parapet are
indicated in Tabel 30.9-1.
Notes: UsePart 6of Article30todeterminewind pressurefor C& Cinthe roofconsoleand parapetof the
building. This provision is basedonthe Steeringprocedurethat iswind pressure iscalculated from the
equationset forthapplicabletoanyroof consoleorthe surface of parapet.

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Tabel 30.9-1 Steps to Determine Components and Cladding for Wind Load
Parapet
Step 1: Specify risk category for the building, see Tabel 1.5-1

Langkah 2: Specify basic wind,V, for appropriate risk category

Langkah 3: Specify wind load parameters:

Wind Direction Facto, Kd, see Article 26.6 and Tabel 26.6-1
Exposure Category B, C or D, see Articlel 26.7
Topographic Factor, Kzt, see Article 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1
Enclosure Classification, see Article 26.10
Internal Pressure Coefficients, (GCpi),see Article 26.11 and Tabel 26.11-1
Step 4: Specify velocity pressure exposure coefficients,Kh, on top of parapet see
Tabel 30.3-1
Step 5: Specify velocity pressure,qp, on top of parapetby using Equation
30.3-1
Step 6: Specify external pressure coefficients for wall and roof surfaces adjacent to
to parapet, (GCp)
Walls with h ≤ 60 ft. (18.3 m), see Figure 30.4-1
Flat, gable, and hip roofs, see Figure 30.4-2A until 30.4-2C
Terraced roof, see Figure 30.4-3
Spanned gable roof, see Figure 30.4-4
Monoslope roof, see Figure 30.4-5A and 30.4-5B
Saw roof, see Figure 30.4-6
Doomed roof from all height, see Figure 30.4-7
Wall and flat food with h> 60 ft. (18.3 m), see Figure 30.6-1
Curved roof, see footNotes 4 from Figure 27.4-3

Step 7: Calculate wind pressure,p, by using Equation 30.9-1 on the face ofparapet in
up wind and down wind, by considering two load cases (Case A and Case B) as
indicated in Figure 30.9-1.

30.10 Roof Console

Design wind pressure for roof console for enclosed and partially enclosed buildings from all
height, except for enclosed buildings with h ≤ 160 ft(48.8 m) on provision Part 4 used ,shall
be determined by the following equation:

2 2
p = qh[(GCp) – (GCpi)] (lb/ft ) (N/m ) (30.10-1)
where

qh = velocity pressure from Article 30.3.2 evaluated on mean roof height h

using exposure specified in Article 26.7.3
(GCp) = external pressure coefficient for console given in Figure 30.4-2A untill 30.4-2C
(flat, gable,and hip roofs), including contribution of top and bottom surfaces from console.
External pressure coefficient for the cover of the bottom of roof console is equal to external
pressure coefficient on adjacent wall surfaces, adapted to effective wind area, determined
from appropriate Figure 30.4-1or Figure 30.6-1
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(GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient given in Tabel 26.11-1

Steps required to determine wind loads for components and cladding of roof console are
indicated in Tabel 30.10-1.

Tabel 30.10 -1 Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Roof Console
Step 1: Specify risk category for building, see Tabel 1.5-1

Step 2: Specify basic speed,V, for appropriate risk category

Step 3: Specify wind load parameters:

Wind direction factors, Kd, see Article 26.6 and Tabel 26.6-1
Exposure Category B, C or D, see Article 26.7
Topographic factors, Kzt, see Article 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1
Enclosure Classification, see Article 26.10
Internal Pressure Coefficients, (GCpi), see Article 26.11 and Tabel 26.11-1
Step 4: Specify velocity pressure coefficients,Kh, see Tabel 30.3-1

Step 5: Specify velocity pressure,qh, on mean roof heighthby using Equation 30.3-1
Step 6: Specify external pressure coefficients, (GCp), by using Figure 30.4-2A
until 30.4-2C for flat, gable and hip roofs.

Step 7: Calculate wind pressure,p, by using Equation [Link] to Figure

30.10-1

30.11 Rooftop Structures and equipments for building with a value of h ≤ 60 ft. (18.3 m)

Pressure onthe componentsandcladdingoneachwallofthe rooftopstructureshall bethe same

as thelateral forcewhichis determinedin accordance with Article29.5.1divided bythe surface
areaof eachof rooftop structure andshall be consideredworkinginsideandoutside. Pressure on
components andcladding of theroofshall be equal tothe verticallift up force determinedin
accordance with Article29.5.1dividedbya projected horizontalareafrom rooftop structure and
shall be consideredworkinginan upward direction.

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Components and Cladding h ≤60 ft.(18.3 m)
Figure 30.4-1 External Pressure Coefficients, GCp
Enclosed , Partially Enclosed Buildings Walls
External Pressure CoefficientsGCp

2 2
Effective wind area, ft (m )
Notes:
[Link] scale indicates GCp to be used with qh.
2 2
[Link] scale indicates effective wind area in ft (m ).
[Link] and Minus signs indicate pressure working towards and away from appropriate
surfaces
[Link] component is designed for maximum positive and negative pressures.
0
5.A value of GCp for walls shall be reduced by 10% if Ф ≤ 10 .
[Link]:
a: 10 percentofthe smallest horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, butshall not be
lessthanoneof 4% ofsmallerhorizontaldimension or3ft. (0.9 m.
0
h: Mean roof height, in feet (meter), unless the height of roof bottom shall be used for Ф ≤ 10 .
Ф : The roof angle from horizontal, in degree.

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Components and Cladding h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)
Figure 30.4-2A External Pressure Coefficients, GCp 0
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings Gable Roof Ф ≤ 7

P
Koefisien Tekanan Eksternal, GC

Wide Effectiv Wind,

2
ft
G
C
E
n

n
e

e
k
a

k
s

a
r
t

l
,

2 2
Wide Effective, ft (m )

Notes:
[Link] scale indicates GCp to be used with qh.
[Link] scale indicates effective wind area, in square feet (square meter).
[Link] and Minus signs indicate the pressures working towards and away from appropriate
surfaces.
[Link] component is designed for maximum positive and negative pressures.
[Link] is equal to orhigherthan3ft(0.9 m) availablearoundthe roof withФ≤7°, the negative
value ofGCpinZone3shall bethe same asZone 2anda positive valueof GCpi in Zone 2and3shall
be equal tothatforeachwall in Zone4and5in Figure30.4-1.
[Link] of GCPforroofconsoleincludes thepressurecontributionfrom either toporbottomsurface.
[Link]:
a: 10 percentofsmallerhorizontaldimensionor 0.4h, whichever is smaller, butshall not be
lessthanoneof 4% fromthe smallesthorizontaldimensionor3ft. (0.9 m)
0
h: Height of the roof bottom shall be used for Ф≤10 .:
Ф Roof angle from horizontal, in degree.

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“Copyright of the National Standard Agency, the copy solely to be posted on
Components and Cladding h ≤60 ft. (18,3 m)
Figure 30.4-2B External Pressure Coefficients, GCp 0 0
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings Gable/Hip Roofs 7 < Ф ≤ 27

Koefisien Tekanan Eksternal, GCp

Koefisien Tekanan Eksternal, GCp

Atap

Konsol

2
2 2
Effective wind area, ft
Effective wind area, ft (m ) 2
(m )
Notes:
[Link] scale indicates that Skala GCp used wit qh.
[Link] scale indicates effective wind area, in square feet (square meter).
[Link] and Minus signs indicates pressure working towards and away from appropriate
surfaces.
[Link] component is designed for maximum positive and negative pressures.
[Link] of GCp for roof console includes pressure contribution either top or bottom surface.
0 0
[Link] hip roof with 7 <Ф ≤ 27 , roof edge line and pressure coefficients for gable roof shall be
0
installed on every roofedge. For hip roof with Ф ≤ 25 , Zone 3 is treated as Zone 2.
[Link]:
a: 10 percent of smallerhorizontontal dimension or 0,4 h, whichever is the smaller, but it shall
not be less than one of 4% from smallerhorizontal dimension or 3 ft. (0,9 m).
0
h: Height of the lowest roof shall be used Фfor≤10 .:
Ф Roof angle from horizontal , in degree.

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Components and Cladding h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)
External Pressure
0 0
Figure 30.4-2C Coefficients GCp Gable Roof 27 < Ф ≤ 45
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings

Atap
Konsol

TekananEksternal
Koefisien
Koefisien Tekanan

,GCp
Eksternal,GCp

2 2
Wide Effective Wind f, ft (m )
2 2
Effective wind area, ft (m )

Notes:
[Link] scala indicates GCp to be used with qh.
[Link] scale indicates effective wind area, in square feet (square metersi).
[Link] and Minus signs indicates the pressure working towards and away from appropriate
surfaces.
[Link] component is designed for maximum positive and negative pressures.
5.A value of GCp for roof console includes pressure contribution either from top or botton
surface.
[Link]:
a: 10 percent of the smallest horizongal or 0,4 h, whichever is smaller , but it shall not be less
that one of 4% from the smallest horizontal dimension or 3 ft. (0.9 m).
h: Mean roof height, in feet (meter).
:Ф :Roof angle from horizontal, in degree.

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Components and Cladding h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)
Figure 30.4-3 External Pressure Coefficients, GCp
Terraced Roof
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings

h1 ≥ 10 ft. (3 m)
b = 1.5 h1
b < 100 ft. (30.5 m)
hi = 0.3 until 0.7
h
W i
W = 0,25 until 0,75

Notes:
1. At thelower level, terraced roofis indicatedin Figure30.4-3, the Zonein questionandthepressure
coefficientfollowing Figure30.4-2A at the intersection of roofwith upper walls, Zone 3is
treatedasZone 2and Zone2is treatedasZone1. A Valuepositive of GCp is equal to Figure30.4-1 as
a striped area in Figure30.4-3.
2. Notation :
b: 1.5 h1 in Figure 30.4-3, but not greater than 100 ft (30.5 m)
h: Mean roof height,in feet (meter).
hi: h1atau h2 in Figure 30.4-3; h= h1+h2; h1≥10 ft (3.1 m);h1/h = 0.3 until 0,7.
W: Building Width in Figure 30.4-3.
Wi: W1or W2 or W3 in Figure 30.4-3.W= W1+ W2 or W1+ W2+ W3; Wi/W= 0.25 until0.75.
Ф: Roof angle from horizontal, in degree.

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Components and Cladding h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)
Figure 30.4-4 External Pressure Coefficients, GCp
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings Spanned gable roofs

BUILDING ELEVATIONS (2
spans or more)

G
C
E
o

p
e

e
k
a

k
s

PLAN AND ELEVATION

r
f

t
i

l
,
MONOSPAN MODULE
Koefisien Tekanan Eksternal, GCp

2 2
Effective wind area, ft (m )
2 2
Effective wind area, ft (m )
Notes:
[Link] scale indicates GCp to be used with qh.
[Link] scale indicates effective wind area, in feet squate (square meter).
[Link] and Minus signs indicate the pressure working towards and away from appropriate
surfaces.
[Link] component is designed for maximum positive and negative pressures
0
[Link] Ф≤ 10 , values of GCp from Figure 30.4-2A shall be used:
6. Notation:
a: 10 percent of the smallest horizontal dimension from monospan module or 0,4 h, whichever is smaller, but it shall not be
less than of 4% from the smallest horizontal dimension of monospan module or 3 ft. (0.9 m).
0
h: Mean roof height, in feet (meter), unless the height of the lowest roof shall be used for Ф≤10 .
W : Building module width , in feet (meter).
Ф: Roof angle from horizontal, in degree.

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Components and Cladding h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)
External Pressure Coefficients,
Figure 30.4-5A GCp Monoslope
0 0
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings 10 < Ф≤ 30

Tekanan Eksternal, GCp

Koefisi
en

semua Zone

2 2
Effective wind area, ft (m )

Notes:
1. Vertical scale indicates GCp to be used with qh.
2. Horizontal Scale indicates effective wind areaA, in square feet (square meter).
3. Plus and minus signs indicate the pressure working towards and away from appropriate surfaces.
4. Each component is designed for maximum positive and negative pressures.
0
5. For Ф ≤ 3 , values of GCp from Figure 30.4-2A shall be used.
6. Notation:
a : 10 percent from the smallest horizontal dimension or 0,4 h, whichever is smaller,
but it shall not be less than 4% of the smallest horizontal dimension or 3 ft. (0.9
m).
0
h : Height of the lowest roof shall be used for Ф≤10 .
W : Building width, in feet (meter).
Ф: Roof angle from horizontal, in degree..

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Components and Cladding h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)
Figure 30.4-5B External Pressure Coefficients, GCp Monoslope Roof
0 0
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings 10 <Ф ≤ 30
External Pressure Coefficients, GCp

2 2
Effective wind area, ft (m )

Notes:
[Link] scale indicates Skala vertical GCp to be used with qh.
[Link] scale indicates effective wind areaA, in square feet (square meter
[Link] and minus signs indicates the pressure working towards and away from appropriate
surfaces
[Link] component is designed for maximum positive and negative pressures.
[Link]:
a : 10 percent from the smallest horizontal dimension or 0,4 h, whichever is
smaller,but it shall not be less than 4% of the smallest horizontal dimension or
3 ft. (0.9 m).
h : Mean roof heigh, in feet (meter).
W : Building width, in feet (meter).
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Ф: Roof angle from horizontal, in degree

Components and Cladding h ≤60 ft. (18,3 m)

Figure 30.4-6 External Pressure Coefficients, GCp
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings Saw Roof
External Pressure Coefficients, GCp

2 2
Building Elevation Effective wind area, ft (m )
(2 or more spans)

Notes:
[Link] scale indicates GCp to be used with qh.
[Link] scale indicates effective wind areaA, in square feet (square meter).
3. Plus and minus signs indicate the pressure working towards and away from appropriate surfaces
4. Each component is designed for maximum positive and negative pressures
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0
[Link] Ф ≤ 10 , values of GCp from Figure 30.4-2A shall be used.
[Link]:
a: 10 percent of the smallest horizontal dimension or 0,4 h, whichever is smaller, but it shall not
be less than 4% from the smallest horizontal dimension or 3 ft. (0.9 m).
0
h: Mean roof height, in feet (meter), unless height of the lowest roof shall be used for Ф ≤ 10 ..
W : Building width, in feet (meter).
Ф : Roof angle from horizontal, in degree

Components and Cladding All Height

Figure 30.4-7 External Pressure Coefficients, GCp
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings Doomed Roof

Wind

Wind

External Pressure Coefficients for Basic Round Doom

Negative Positive Positive
Pressure Pressure Pressure
Ф, degree 0 – 90 0 – 60 61 – 90
GCp -0.9 + 0.9 + 0.5

Notes:
[Link] indicate GCp used with q(hD+f) wherehD+ f is height of the top of doom.
[Link] and minus signs indicate the pressure working towards and away from appropriate
surfaces.
3. Each component is desgned for maximum positive and negative pressures
4. Values are used for 0≤ hD/D≤0,5,0.2≤f/D≤0.5.
5. Ф=0 on bowstring, Ф=90° on the top of doom. f measured from bowstring to the top of doom.

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Components and Cladding–Method 1 h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)
Figure 30.5-1 External Pressure Coefficients, GCp Walls and Roofs
Enclosed Buildings

Notes:
[Link] as indicated is applied perpendicular to the surface, for exposure B, at
2.h=30 ft (9.1m). Adjust with other conditions by using Equation 30.5-1.
[Link] and minus sign indicate the pressure working towards and away appropriate surfaces
[Link] hip roof with θ ≤ 25°, Zone 3 shall be treated as Zone 2.
[Link] effective wind area given, the values can be interpolated, otherwise use related value with
lower effective wind area.
[Link]:
a: 10 percent of least horizontal dimension or 0,4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than 4% of
least horizontal dimension or 3 ft (0.9 m).

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h: Mean roof height, in feet (meter), unless the height of the lowest roof shall be used for roof
angle<10°.
θ: Roof angle from horizontal, in degree..

Components and Cladding – Method 1 h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)

Figure 30.5-1 (continued) Design Wind Pressure
Enclosed Buildings Walls and Roofs

Net Design Wind Pressure, pnet30(psf) (Exposure B ath= 30 ft.)

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Notes: for effective areas given above, the loads shall be interpolated, or use load with lower effective
area.

Final value, including all reduction permitted, shall be used in design not less than specified in
Article 30.2.2.

2 2 2
Conversion Unit– 1.0 ft = 0.3048 m; 1.0 ft = 0.0929 m ; 1,0 psf = 0.0479 kN/m

Components and Cladding – Method 1 h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)

Figure 30.5-1 (continued) Design Wind Pressure
Enclosed Buildings Walls & Roofs

Design Wind Pressure of Net Roof Console, pnet30 (psf) (Exposure B ath= 30 ft.)

Adjustment Factors
For Height and Exposure of Buildings

Mean Roof
Height Exposure
(ft) B C D
15 1,00 1,21 1,47
20 1,00 1,29 1,55
25 1,00 1,35 1,61
30 1,00 1,40 1,66

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35 1,05 1,45 1,70
40 1,09 1,49 1,74
45 1,12 1,53 1,78
50 1,16 1,56 1,81
55 1,19 1,59 1,84
60 1,22 1,62 1,87

2 2
Conversion Unit – 1.0 ft = 0.3048 m, 1.0 sf = 0.0929 m ; 1.0 psf = 0.0479 kN/m

Components and Cladding h ≤60 ft. (18.3 m)

Figure 30.6-1 External Pressure Coefficients, GCp
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings Walls & Roofs

ROOF PLAN GCpEksternal,

Coefficients Pressure

2 2
Effective wind area, ft (m )

WALL ELEVATION

Notes:
1. Vertical scale indicates GCp to be used with appropriate qz orqh.
2. Horizontal scale indicates effective wind areaA, in square feet (square meter).
3. Plus and minus signs indicates the pressure working towards and away from appropriate
surfaces.
4. Use qz with positifve values of GCpandqhwithGCp.
5. Each component is designed for maximum positive and negative pressures

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0
6. Coefficients for roof with Ф ≤ 10 . For angle and geometry of other roofs, use values of GCp from
7. Figure 30.4-2A, B and C and qh based on exposure defined in Article 26.7.
0
8. If a parapet is equal to or higher than 3 ft (0.9 m) ,installed around roof with Ф ≤ 10 ,
Zone 3 shall be
9. treated as Zone 2.
10. Notation:
a: 10 percent of the smallest horizontal dimension, but it shall not be less than 3 ft. (0.9 m).
0
h: Mean Roof height, in feet (meter), unless height of the lowest roof shall be used untuk Ф≤10 .
z : Height on the ground,in feet (meter).
Ф: Roof angle from horizontal, in degree.

Components and Cladding – Part 4 h ≤160 ft. (48.8 m)

Figure 30.7-1 Parapet Wind Load Application from Wind Load
Enclosed Simple
Diafragm Buildings Parapets

Parapet in the upwind Parapet in the downwind

Load Case A Load Case B
The top of parapet

Parapet in the upwind

Load Case A
1. Parapet pressure in the upwind(p1) is determined by using positive wall pressure(p5) of
Zone4 or 5 from Tabel 30.7‐2.
2. Parapet Pressure in the downwind (p2) is determined by using negative roof pressure (p 7) of
Zone 2 or 3 from Tabel 30.7‐2.

Parapet in the downwind

Load Case B
1. Parapet pressure in the upwind (p3) is determined by using positive wall pressure (p5) of Zone 4 or 5
from Tabel 30.7-2.
2. Parepet pressure in the downwind (p4) is determined by using negative wall pressure (p6) of Zone 4
or 5 fromTabel 30.7-2.

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Components and Cladding – Part 4 h ≤160 ft. (48.8 m)

Application from Console
Figure 30.7-2 Roof Console Wind Load Wind Load
Enclosed Simple Diafragm Buildings

povh = 1.0 x roof pressure p from tabel for Zone edge 1,

2
povh = 1.15 x roof pressure p from tabel for Zone angle 3

Notes:
1. povh = roof pressure on console from Zone edge in accordance with figures in roof pressure
table.
2. povh from figures including loads from top and bottom consoles

3. Pressure ps on the bottom of console is considered the same like wall pressurepw.

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Components and Cladding 0,25 ≤h/L ≤ 1,0

Figure 30.8-1 Net Pressure Coefficients, CN Monoslope Free Roofs
0
Open Buildings Ф≤ 45

Notes:
1. CN indicates net pressure (contribution from the top and bottom surfaces).
2. Clean Wind flow indicates Wind flow is not relatively unobstructed by blockage less than or equal
to 50%. Unobstructed Wind flow indicates that the object below roof blocking Wind flow (50%
blockage).
3. For a value Ф other than shown here, linier interpolation can be used.
4. Plus and minus signs indicate the pressure working towards and away from appropriate rooftop
surface.
5. Components and Cladding Elements shall be designed for designated positive and negative
coefficients.
6. Notation:
a: 10% from the smallest horizontal dimension or 0,4h, whichever is smaller, but it shall not be
less than 4% of the smallest horizontal dimension or 3 ft. (0.9 m).
h: Mean roof height, in feet (meter).
L : horizontal dimension buildings, measured along wind direction, ft. (m).:
Ф :Roof angle from horizontal, in degree.

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Figure 30.8-2 Net Pressure Coefficients, CN Pitched Free Roofs
0
Open Buildings Ф≤ 45

Notes:
1. CN indicates net pressure((contribution from the top and bottom surfaces).).
2. Net Wind flow indicates Wind flow is not relatively unobstructed by blockage less than or equal
to 50%. Unobstructed Wind flow indicates that the object below roof blocking Wind flow (50%
blockage).
3. For a value Ф other than shown here, linier interpolation can be used.
4. Plus and minus signs indicate the pressure working towards and away from appropriate rooftop
surface.
5. Components and Cladding Elments shall be designed for designated positive and negative
coefficients.
6. Notation:
a: 10% of the smallest horizontal dimension or 0,4h, whichever is smaller but not less than4% of
the smallest horizontal dimension or 3 ft. (0.9 m). Dimension “a” is as shown in Figure 30.8-1.
h: mean roof height, in feet (meter).
L : horizontal dimension for buildings, measured along wind direction, ft. (m).:
Ф: roof angle from horizontal, in degree.

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Components and Cladding 0.25 ≤ h/L ≤ 1,0
Figure 30.8-3 Net Pressure Coefficients, CN Curved Free Roofs
0
Open Buildings  ≤ 45

Notes:
[Link] net pressure (contribution from top and bottom surfaces)
[Link] wind flow without blockage indicates wind flow is not relatively unobstructedby blockage less
than or equal to
[Link] 50%. Unobstructed wind flow indicates the object below roof blocking wind flow (50%
blockage).
4. .For a value of  other than as shown here, linier interpolation can be used.
5. Plus and minus signs indicate the pressure working towards and away from appropriate rooftop
surface.
6. Components and Cladding Elements shall be designed for designated positive and negative
pressure coefficients.
7. Notation:
a: 10% of the smallest horizontal dimension or 0.4h,whichever is smaller but it shall not be less than 4% of the smallest
horizontal dimension or 3 ft. (0.9 m). Dimension “a” is as shown in Figure 30.8-1.
h: mean roof height, in feet (meter).
L : horizontal dimension for , measured along wind direction , ft. (m).
: roof angle from horizontal, in degree.

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Components and Cladding– Part 6 All Building Height
Figure 30.9-1 Parapet Wind Load Parapet Wind Load
All Building Types C&C

Parapet in the upwind Parapet in the downwind

Load Case A Load Case B

The top of parapet
ne

Parapet in the upwind

Load Case A
1. Parapet pressure in the upwind (p1) is determined by using positive wall pressure(p5) of zone
4 or 5 from appropriate figure..
2. Parapet pressure in the downwind(p2) is determined by using negative roof pressure (p7) of
zone 2 or 3 from prevailing figure.

Parapet in the downwind

Load Case B
1.10 Parapet pressure in the upwind(p3) is determined by using positive wall pressure (p5) of
zone 4 or 5 from appropriate figures.
1.11 Parapet pressure in the downwind (p4) is determined by using negative wall
pressure(p6) of zone 4 or 5 from appropriate figures.

Notes: See Notes 5 in Figure 30.4-2A and Notes 7 in Figure 30.6-1 for reduction in components and
cladding roof pressure when parapet is 3 ft or higher.

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Components and Cladding All Building Height
Figure 30.10-1 Wind Load –Roof Console Wind Load for Roof Console
All Building Types C&C

Notes:
1. Net roof pressure povh for roof console is determined from interior, appropriate edge or angle
zone, from figures..
2. Net pressure povh from figures including pressure contribution from top and bottom surfaces of
roof console.
3. Positive pressure on bottom roof console ps is equal to adjacent wall pressure pw.

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31 Wind Tunnel Procedure

31.1 Scope

Wind Tunnel Procedure shall be used when required by Articles 27.1.3, 28.1.3 and 29.1.3.
Wind Tunnel Procedure shall be used for each building or structure in lieu of design
procedure specified in Article 27 (MWFRS for buildings from all height and simple diaphragm
with h ≤ 160 ft (48.8 m), Article 28 (MWFRS for low-rise and low simple diaphragm
buildings), Article 29 (MWFRS for all other structures), and Article 30 (components and
cladding for all building types and other structures).

Notes: Article 31 shall be used for determining wind pressure for MWFRS and/or C&C from building
and structure. This method is considered to produce the most accurate wind pressure from specified
method in this Standard.

31.2 Test Conditions

Wind tunnel tests, or similar tests employingfluids other than air, used for the determination
of designwind loads for any building or other structure, shall be conducted in accordance with
this article. Tests for the determination ofmean and fluctuating forces and pressures shall
meet all of the following conditions

1. The natural atmospheric boundary layer has been modeled to account for the variation
of wind speed with height.
2. The relevant macro-(integral) length and micro-length scales of the longitudinal
component of atmospheric turbulence are modeled to approximately the same scale as
that used to model the building or other structures.
3. The modeled buildings and other and surrounding [Link] topography structures
and topography are geometrically similar to their full-scale counterparts, except for low-
rise building meeting the requirement of Article 28.1.2, test shall be permitted for the
modeled building in a single exposure site as defined in Article 26.7.3.
4. The projected area of the modeled building or other structures and surroundings is less
than 8 percent of the test section cross-sectional area unless correction is made for
blockage
5. The longitudinal pressure gradient in the wind tunnel test section is accounted for.
6. Reynolds numbers effects on pressure and forces are minimized.
7. Response Characteristics of the wind tunnel instrumentation are consistent with the
required measurements.

31.3 Dynamic Response

Tests for the purpose of determiningthe dynamic response of a building or other structures
shall be inaccordance with Article 31.2. The structural model and associatedanalysis shall
account for mass distribution, rigidity, anddamping.
31.4 Load Effects

31.4.1 Mean Recurrence Intervals of wind effects

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Load effects required forStrengthDesign shall be determined for the same mean recurrence
intervalasfor theAnalyticalMethod, whichusesrational analysis methods definedin recognized
literatureforcombiningthe data of directional wind tunnelwithdirectionalmeteorological
databased ona probabilistic model. Load effects required for Allowable StressDesign shall be
equal to load effects required StrengthDesigndivided [Link] buildings topossible
variationsin dynamical parameter value is requiredsensitivity study to providea
rationalbasisfordesign recommendations.

l. Limitations on Wind Speed

Wind speed or probabilistic estimation shall be met the limitations defined in Article 26.5.3.

31.4.3 Limitations on Loads

Loadsfor main wind force resisting system determinedbywind tunnel testingshall be

limitedsuch thatthe main loadsas a whole inthe direction ofxandyshall not be
lessthan80percentof theloadobtainedfromPart1of Article27ofArticle 28. Overall Main loads
are based on arollingmoment for flexible building and shear of otherbuildings.

Pressureforcomponents andcladdingdeterminedbywind tunnel testingshall belimited to

notlessthan 80percentofwhich is calculatedin Zone4for walls and Zone 1forroofusing the
procedureof [Link] zonesrefer toFigure30.4-1, 30.4-2A, 30.4-2B, 30.4-2C, 30.4-3,
30.4-4, 30.4-5A, 30.4-5B, 30.4-6, 30.4-7and30.6-1.

Limiting valuesof 80percentcan be reducedup to50percentforthe mainwindforce resisting

systemsand65percentforcomponentsandcladding ifoneofthe following conditionsapply:

1. Nobuildingor objectspecialeffectinnearby detailedmodels.

2. Load andpressurefromadditional testingforallsignificantwind directionwherethe buildingor
-specifically effected object replaced byroughness
representingadjacentroughnesscondition, butnot rougher thanexposureB, including inthe
test results.

Wind-Borne Debris

Glazing in buildings in wind-bornedebris regions shall be protected in accordance with Article

26.10.3.

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Appendix A
(Informative)
Serviceability Considerations

This Appendix is not a mandatory part of the standard, but providesguidance for design for
serviceability in order to maintainthe function of a building and the comfort of its occupants
duringnormal usage. Serviceability limits (e.g., maximum static deformations,accelerations,
etc.) shall be chosen with due regard tothe intended function of the structure.

Serviceability shall be checked using appropriate loads for thelimit state being considered
A.1 Deflection, Vibration, and Drift

A.1.1 Vertical Deflection

Deformations of floor and roofmembers and systems due to service loads shall not impair
theserviceability of the structure..
A.1.2 Drift of walls and frames

Lateral deflection or drift ofstructures and deformation of horizontal diaphragms and bracing
systems due to wind effects shall not impair the serviceability ofthe structure.
A.1.3 Vibrations

Floor systems supporting large open areasfree of partitions or other sources of damping,
where vibrationdue to pedestrian traffic might be objectionable, shall be designedwith due
regard for such vibration.
Mechanical equipment that can produce objectionable vibrationsin any portion of an
inhabited structure shall be isolated tominimize the transmission of such vibrations to the
structure.
Building structural systems shall be designed so that windinducedvibrations do not cause
occupant discomfort or damageto the building, its appurtenances or contents.
A.2 Design for Long-Term Deflection

Where required for acceptable building performance, structural components and systems
shall be designed to accommodate long-term irreversibledeflections under sustained load.

A.3 Camber

Special camber requirements that are necessary to bring a loadedmember into proper
relations with the work of other trades shallbe set forth in the design documents.

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Beams detailed without specified camber shall be positionedduring erection so that any
minor camber is upward. If camberinvolves the erection of any member under preload, this
shall benotedd in the design documents.

A.4 Expansion and Contraction

Dimensional changes in a structure and its elements due to variationsin temperature, relative
humidity, or other effects shall notimpair the serviceability of the structure.
Provision shall be made either to control crack widths or tolimit cracking by providing relief
joints.

A.5 Durability

Buildings and other structures shall be designed to tolerate long-termenvironmental effects or

shall be protected against such effects.
Notes:
Appendix A of this standard refers to the appendix of CSEI/ASCE 7-10

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Appendix B
(Informative
Buildings Exempt from Torsional Load Cases

B.0 Scope

Torsi Load Casein Figure27.4-8(Case 2andCase4) shall not be consideredfor buildingsthat

meetthe conditionsof ArticleB.1, B.2B.3,
B.4orB.5or, if itcan be showntheotherwaythat thetorsionalload caseof Figure27.4-8does not
specifyin its design.

B.1 One and two storey buildings meeting the following requirements

Onestory buildingswithhis less thanor equal to30ft, two-story buildings orlesswitha lightframe
construction, andtwo-story buildings orlessdesignedwitha flexiblediaphragm.

B.2 Buildings Controlled by Seismic Loading

B.2.1 Buildings with Diaphragms that are Not Flexible at Every Level

Regularbuilding structure(as defined in Article12.3.2) andmeet::

1. The eccentricitybetweenthe center of massandgeometric centerof the buildingat that

ratedoes notexceed15% ofthe overall widthof the buildingalong eachmajor axisreviewed
ateveryleveland,
2. Slide thedesign levelspecified forseismic loadas requiredin INS1726(Article 12 of the
ASCE/SEI7-10) ateachlevel ofthe floor shall beat least1.5 design rate slidespecified
forwind loadsas specifiedherein.

Eartquakeand design windload casesreviewedwhen evaluatingthis exceptionshall beload

cases without torsi.

B.2.2 Buildings with Diaphragms that are Flexible at Every Level

Regular building structure (as defined in INS 1726 [Article 12.3.2 ASCE / SEI 7-10) and in
accordance with the following:
1. Slide design seismic defined for vertical elements from lateral force resisting system
shall be 1.5 times design wind shear resisted by these elements.
Eartquakeand design windload cases reviewedwhen evaluatingthis exceptionshall beload
caseswithouttorsi.

B.3 Buildings Classified as Torsionally Reguler Under Wind Load

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Buildingsthat meetthe definition ofbuildingswithtorsionalregularities in Article 26.2.

EXCEPTION: Ifa buildingdoes notqualifyastorsionally regular under windloads, it is

permitted to design based on Loading Cases that is Case1due to basic
windloadproportionallyincreasedso thatthe maximum displacementat any rate shall not
lessthanthe maximum displacementforLoading Case2due totorsi

B.4 Buildings with Diaphragms that are Flexible and Designed for Increase Wind
Load
Torsionalwindloading casesshall not be reviewedif the force ofthe
windineveryverticalelementfor MWFRS ofa buildingscaledto 1.5times wind force that
iscalculated inthe same elementsas a result ofthe basic wind load..

B.5 Class 1 and Class 2 Simple Diaphragm Buildings (h ≤ 160 ft. [48.8 m]) meeting
the following requirements (refer to article 27.5.2)

B.5.1 Case A – Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings

Square Buildings with L/B = .1.0, with all the following conditions met:

1. Combination Rigidity from MWFRS at each direction of main axis shall be the same, and
2. Individual Rigidity of each MWFRS on every main axis direction shall be equal and
symmetrical with respect to the wind load applications center on the reviewed main axis,
and
3. Combination Rigidity for two most separate MWFRS lines for each main axis direction
shall be 100% of the total Rigidity in each direction of the main axis, and

4. The distance between two most separate MWFRS lines on each major axis direction
shall be at least 66% of the effective width of the building perpendicular to the reviewed
axis.
B.5.2 Case B – Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings

Square Buildings with L/B = 1.0, with all the following conditions met:

1. Combination Rigidity from MWFRS at each direction of main axis shall be the same, and
2. Individual Rigidity of each MWFRS on every main axis direction shall be equal and
symmetrical with respect to the wind load applications center on the reviewed main axis,
and
3. Combination Rigidity for two most separate MWFRS lines for each main axis direction
shall be 66% of the total Rigidity in each direction of the main axis, and

4. The distance between two most separate MWFRS lines on each major axis direction
shall be at least 66% of the effective width of the building perpendicular to the reviewed
axis.

B.5.3 Case C – Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings

Rectangular Buildings with L/B = 0.5 or 2.0 (L/B = 0.5, L/B = 2.0), with all the following
conditions met:

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1. Combination Rigidity for MWFRS at main axis shall be proportional to the width of
perpendicular sides to the reviewed main axis, and
2. Individual Rigidity at each MWFRS on main axis shall be the same and symmetrical with
respect to wind load application center on the reviewed main axis, and
3. Combination Rigidity of two most separate MWFRS lines shall be 100% of total Rigidity
at each main axis, and
4. The distance between two most separate MWFRS lines at each main axis shall be at
least 80% of effective width of building perpendicular to the reviewed main axis.

B.5.4 Case D – Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings

Rectangular Buildings with L/B = 0.5 or 2.0 (L/B = 0.5, L/B = 2.0), with all the following
conditions met:
1. Combination Rigidity for MWFRS at main axis shall be proportional to the width of
perpendicular sides to the reviewed main axis, and
2. Individual Rigidity of the most separate MWFRS lines on main axis shall be the same and
symmetrical with respect to wind load application center on the reviewed main axis, and
3. Combination Rigidity of two most separate MWFRS lines shall be 80% of total Rigidity at
each main axis, and
4. The distance between two most separate MWFRS lines at each main axis shall be at
least 100% of effective width of building perpendicular to the reviewed main axis.

B.5.5 Case E – Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings

RectangularbuildingswhichhaveL/Bbetween0.5 and1.0(0.5 <L /B<1.0)

orbetween1.0and2.0(1.0 <L /B<2, 0), the requirements ofrigidityandthe separation
distancebetween thetwomostseparatelinesofMWFRSineach directionshall
beinterpolatedbetweenCaseAandCaseCandbetweenCaseBandCaseD, (see Figure B.5-1.)

B.5.6 Case F – Class 1 Building

Rectangular buildinghas aL/Bbetween0.2and 0.5(0.2 ≤L/B<0.5) orbetween2.0and 5.0(2.0 <L

/B≤5,0),see FigureB.5-2, ifall the following conditionsare met
[Link] shall be at least two resistant lines at each main axis, and
5. [Link] MWFRS lines shall be symmetrical to wind load application center on the reviewed
axis, and
6. [Link] distance between MWFRS resistant line in main axis direction shall not exceed 2
times of theleasteffective widthof the buildinginamainaxis direction, and
7. [Link] for the most separatelineofMWFRSineachdirection ofthe
mainaxisshall be the sameandnot lessthan(25 +50/n) percentof thetotalRigiditywherenis
the requirednumber of resistant line in mainaxis directionas requiredby the
conditions1and3ofthis article. The value of n shall be 2, 3, or4

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Main Wind Force Resisting System – Appendix B h ≤160 ft.
MWFRS – Requirements of Case
Figure B.5-1 Case E E Abandoning Torsi Wind
Enclosed Simple Diaphragm Buildings See Figure 27.4-8

Interpolasi
Kasus A Kasus C
100% of kekakuan pada garis terluar 100% of kekakuan pada garis terluar

Interpolation
Case B Case D

67% from Rigidity of outer line 80% from Rigidity of outer line

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Main Wind Force Resisting System – Appendix B h ≤160 ft.
Figure B.5-2 Case F MWFRS– Requirements of Case F Abandoning Torsi Wind
Enclosed Simple Diaphragm Buildings See Figure 27.4-8

Minimum (25+50/n) % of Sisa kekakuan dalam setiap

kekakuan total arah y pada garis interior
setiap garis terluar

n = the number ofthe requiredresistantlineateverymainaxis direction (2≤ n ≤4)

Notes:
Appendix B of this standard refers to Appendix D SEI/ASCE 7-10

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