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ISBN (Book 2)

ISBN (Book 3)

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v KkukU/ d kj L; uk' kk; KkuT; ksfr "k%n' kZ
uk; p b; aesagkfnZ
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e; AeR̀;ksekZ
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AA

HkoRd Y; k. kd keh

i kB~; Øe l eUo; d
j k"Vªh; eq
ÙkQfo| ky ; h f' k{kk l a
LFkku

vii
v i usi kB oS
Q
l si <+
sa
!

lLaÑr O;kdj.k ekè; fed Lrj dh bl i kB~ ; l kexzhdksfo' ks"k : i l sv ki dh v ko' ; drkv ksadksè; ku esa
j[ krsgq
, fufeZ r fd; k x; k gSAv ki Lora
=k : i l sLo; ai <+l osQ abl fy, bl s, d i zk: i esa<kyk x; k gS A
fuEufyf[ kr l aosQ
r v ki dksl kexzhdkl oksZ
Ùke mi ; ksx djusdkrjhdkcrk, a xsAfn, x, i kBksadksoSQl si <+
uk
gSv kb, ] t kusa
µ

d %bl si <+
i kB d k ' kh"kZ r sgh v ki v uq
eku yxk l drsgS
afd i kB esaD; k fn; k t k jgk gS
Abl si f<+
,A

fed k %; g Hkkx v ki dksi w

Hkw oZt kudkjh l st ksM+
sxk v kS
j fn, x, i kB dh l kexzh l si fjfpr djk, xkAbl s
è; kui w
oZ
d i f<+
,A

ns'; %i zLrq
mn~ r i kB dksi <+
usosQckn v ki bl i kB osQmn~
ns'; ksadksi zkIr djusesal eFkZgkst k, a
xsAbUgsa; kn
dj yhft , A

i kBxr i z'u %bl esa, d ' kCn v Fkok, d okD; esai w Nsx, i z'u gSarFkkoLrq fu"B i z'u gS
A; si z'u i <+
a hgq bZ
bdkbZi j v k/ kfjr gSbudk mÙkj v ki dksnsrsjguk gS Abl h l sv ki dh i zxfr dh t k¡p gksxhA; sl oky gy
djrsl e; v ki gkFk esai sa
fl y jf[ k, v kjSt Ynh&t Ynhl okyksaosQl ek/ ku <w¡<+
r sjfg, v kS
j v i usmÙkjksadh
t k¡p i kB osQv a
r esanh xbZmÙkjekyk l sfeykb, AmÙkj Bhd u gksusi j bdkbZdksi q u%i f<+,A

v ki usD; k l h[ kk %; g i w
j si kB dk l a
f{kIr : i gS & dgha; g fca
nq
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v ksadk Lej.k dhft , A; fn v ki oqQN v i useryc dh
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uk pkgrsgS arksmUgsaHkh oghac<+k l drsgS A
a

r i z'u %i kB os
i kBka Qva
r esafn, x, y?kqmÙkjh; rFkknh?kZmÙkjh; i z'u gS A
abUgsav ki v yx i `"Bksai j fy[ kdj
v H; kl dhft , A; fn pkgsarksv è; ; u osQ
Unzi j v i usf' k{kd ; k fdl h mfpr O;fDr dksfn[ kk Hkh l drs
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j mu i j u, fopkj ysl drsgS A
a

mÙkj eky k %v ki dksi gysghcrk; k t k pq d k gSbl esai kBxr i z'uksav kS

j fØ; kdyki ksaosQmÙkj fn, t krsgS
a
A
v i usmÙkjksadh t k¡p bl l w
ph l sdhft , A

viii
 iq
Lr d &1
la
Kk i fj Hkk"kk l fU/ çd j . k
1- O;kdj.k i fjp; 6- v p~l fU/ esa; .k~
&v ; ok; kokfn l fU/
2- l a
Kk çdj.k&û 7- v p~l fU/ esa, dkns'k o çÑfrHkko
3- l a
Kk çdj.k&ü 8- gy~l fU/ esa#Ro o ' pq
Rokfn l fU/
4- l a
Kk çdj.k&ý 9- gy~l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ o fol xZl fU/
5- i fjHkk"kkçdj.k

iq
Lr d &2
lq
cUr çd j . k
10- v t Ur i q
fyÄ~
a x esav nUr ' kCn : i
11- v t Ur i q
fyÄ~
a x esav nUr' kCn o l oZ
uke osQ: i
12- v t Ur i q
fyÄ~
a x esabdkjkfn ' kCnksaosQ: i
13- v t Ur L=khfyÄ~
x esajek o unh osQ' kCn : i
14- v t Ur ui q
l dfyÄ~
a x
15- gyUr çdj.k esafyg~
&nq
g~bR;kfn ' kCnksaosQ: i
16- gyUr çdj.k esabne~jkt u~bR;kfn ' kCnksaosQ: i
17- gyUr çdj.k esarr~bR;kfn ' kCnksaosQ: i
18- gyUr çdj.k esaegr~bR;kfn ' kCnksaosQ: i

iq
Lr d &3
d kj d foHkÙkQ
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; FkZçd j . k 24- mi i n foHkfDr esaf}rh; k] rr̀h; k] prq
FkhZ
]
19- dkjd l kekU; i fjp; ] çFkek i ×peh
dkjd foHkfÙkQ 25- mi i n foHkfDr "k"Bh v kS
j l Ireh
20- f}rh; k dkjd foHkfÙkQ
&1 ÑnUr i zd j . k
21- f}rh; k dkjd foHkfÙkQ
&2 26- ÑnUr i zd j.k
22- dkjd foHkfÙkQesarr̀h; k o prq
FkhZ 27- i w
oZ
ÑnUr i zd j.k&1
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oZ
ÑnUr i zd j.k&2
l Ireh 29- mÙkjÑnUr i zd j.k
mi i n foHkÙkQ ~
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peh foHkfÙkQ
A

ix
 laLÑr O;kdj.k
ekè;fed d{kk
izFke Lokè;k; lksiku
Øe- fo"k; lwph i`"B la[;k
la-
laKk ifjHkk"kk
1- O;kdj.k ifjp; 1&18
2- laKk izdj.k&1 19&36
3- laKk izdj.k&2 37&54
4- laKk izdj.k&3 55&76
5- ifjHkk"kk izdj.k 77&102
lfU/ izdj.ke~
6- vp~ lfU/ esa ;.k~&vpok;kokfn lfU/ 103&118
7- vp~ lfU/ esa ,dkns'k o izÑfr Hkko 119&140
8- gy~ lfU/ esa #Ro o 'pqRo lfU/ 141&162
9- gy~ lfU/ esa vuqLokj o folxZ lfU/ 163&178

x
O
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O;kd j . k i fj p;

O;kd j . k i fj p; è; ku nsa
%

lLaÑr Hkk"kkosQv usd O;kdj.kgSAmuesaegf"kZi kf.kfu dkO;kdj.k çeq

a • gS
A; g O;kdj.k
i kf.kfu }kjk fojfpr gS
A; g O;kdj.k v U; l HkhO;kdj.kksaesaçeq
• gSAykS
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dk O;kdj.k i kf.kfu O;kdj.k esagSAbl fy, ; g l oZ
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A
O;kdj.kdkçkjEHkdc v kS j oS Q
l sgq
v kbl dkst kuusdhft Kkl kgksrhgS AO;kdj.k' kCn dk
D; k v FkZgS
\ O;kdj.kD; k djrk gS \ O;kdj.k Lodk; ZoS Ql sdjrk gS \ ns'k v kSj fons'kosQoS Kkfud
O;kdj.kl w =kksadksns• dj v fHkHkw
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la
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O;kd j . k i fj p; 1-1) O;kd j . k d h i j Ei j k

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cg̀Li fr usO;kdj.k ( ' kCni jk; .k) ba
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1-1-2) O
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j çR;; osQ; ksx l s' kCn dhO;q RifÙkgksrhgS
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' kkL=kdksO;kdj.kdgrsgS Aml osQ; ksx dk Kku gksrkgS
a Abl l sfu"i Uu ' kCn l k/ q' kCn gksrsgS Abl
a
çdkj l sO;kdj.kl k/ q' kCnksadkKku djkrkgS Abl hçfØ; kl sO;kdj.kv l k/ qv kS j l k/ q' kCnksadks
i F̀kd~djrk gSAv r , o l k/ q' kCnksadk Kku O;kdj.k dk mís'; gS A
O;kd j . k osQv U; uke&
' kCn' kkL=k] ' kCnkuq
' kkl u] i nfo| k ; sO;kdj.k osQv U; uke gS
A
a
' kCnk%v uq
f' k"; Ursv usu bfr ' kCnkuq
' kkl ue~O;kdj.k' kkL=ke~
A

4 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
O
; kd j . k i fj p; i kB&1
O;kd j . k i fj p;
i kBxr i z'u&1
1- bUædk xq
# dkS
u gS
\
2- lL
aÑr Hkk"kk dk v kfn l a
LdrkZdkS
u gS
\
3- bæ
a us' kCni jk; .k dk l a
Ldkj fdl dksfn; k\
4- i kf.kfu usekgs'oj l w
=kksadksçkIr djosQoS
Q
l sv "Vkè; k; h dksfy• k bl dk fooj.k nsa
A
5- lw
=kØe D; k gS
\ è; ku nsa
%
6- çfØ; kØe D; k gS
\
7- i kf.kfu osQxq
# dkS
u gS
\
a
1) i r×t fy 2) egs'oj 3) bUæ 4) mi o"kZ

1-2) l a
Kk
ge çfrfnu v usd oLrqv ksav kS
j O;fÙkQ
; ka
sosQuke dk O;ogkj djrsgS ] v FkkZ
a r ~ok.kh osQ}kjk
çdV djrsgS A; g oLrqykS
a fdd gksrhgS A, d&nw l jsdksoq
QN dgrk gSArc oLrq ] O;fÙkQ ; ksadk uke
cksy kmPpkfjr gksrkgS
Auke dkokd~O;ogkj l EHko ughagS AO;ogkj es
afLFkr oLrq
] fLFkfr v kS jO
; fÙkQ
v FkZdksdgrsgS A
a
v FkZdkoq
QN uke gksrkgSAuke dkb
sZi n gksrkgS
At Sl sn' kjFkdki q =k] l hrkdki fr] ; g v FkZ
gS
] ml dkuke jke gSAbl fy, jke uke i n gkrskgSAml dkv FkZgksrkgS & n' kjFkdki q =kv kS
j l hrk
dki frAbl fy, jke , d i n gS
An' kjFkdki =qk; g v FkZgSAbl hdksi nkFkZdgrsgS Abl çdkj osQ
a
okpd i n dksl a
KkdgrsgS Al a
a Kkdkv FkZl aKhdgrsgS At S
a l sjke i n l a
KkgS An' kjFki q
=kl a
KhgS A

1-2-1) l a
Kk osQi zd kj
lKak dHkhy?kq( de v {kj okyh) gksrhgS ] dHkhcgq r ( v f/ d v {kj okyh) gksrhgSAt Sls
of̀¼] xq
. k] l fagrk] çR;; ] çkfri fnd] / krq] i n] dkjd] l ekl bR;kfnAdHkhykS d O;Okgkj esaç; q
ÙkQ
inl K ak : i esaç; q ÙkQfd, t krsgS At S
a l s&fV] ?kq
] ?k%
] Hke~bR;kfnA
dHkh ge l a Kk dk fuekZ. k dj l drsgS A
a rc ml l a
Kk dksÑf=ke l a
Kk dgrsgS
At S
a l s&v p~
gy~v y~l iq~l q V~bR;kfnAdHkhi kf.kfu eq fu usLo; al a
KkdksdgkAml dksv Ñf=ke l a
Kk dgrsgS A
a
tS
l s&of̀¼] xq
. k] l a
fgrk] çR;; ] çkfri fnd v kfnA
lKakv FkZdkcks/u djkrhgSv kSj og v FkZO;ogkfjd i nkFkZgksrkgS
A; ghv FkZl a
KkdkgS
A
bl fy, ml dksv FkZl a
Kk dgrsgS
At S
a l s& drk]ZdeZ ] dj.k v kfnA
dHkht ksl a Kk dk v FkZgksrk gSog v yx gksrk gS] o.kZHkhgksrk gS A; gkal a
Kk ' kCn gS
Av FkZ
Hkh' kCn gS Aog l aKk' kCn dhgS Abl fy, ' kCn l a
KkdgrsgS At S
a l sof̀¼ l a
KkgSAft l v FkZesa^v k*
^, s* ^v kS
* o.kZv krsgS
At S
a l si n l a
KkArnFkZ
%^jke% * ^Ñ".k%* ^Hkofr* ^xPNfr* v kfn ' kCn v krsgSA
a

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 5
 i kB&1 O
; kd j . k i fj p;

O;kd j . k i fj p; dHkht Sl k yksd O;ogkj esa' kCn dk v FkZgksrk gSoS

l k gh O;kdj.k esaHkhgksrk gS
Arc ml
la
Kkdksv UoFkZl a KkdgrsgS A; gka, d ykS
a fdd mnkgj.kns[kus; ksX; gS
Afdl heuq "; dkuke ohjsUæ
gS
A; fn og euq "; l oZJ s"B ohj gSrHkhml dkuke v UoFkZgksrkgS Av UoFkZdkrkRi; ZgksrkgS &t S
lk
v FkZoS
l k ukeAO;kdj.k esal oZ uke] çkfri fnd] çR;; ] drkZ] dkjd bR;kfn v UoFkZl aKk okysgS
A
a
fdl hi q
#"k dk uke oq
Q
csj gS
A; fn og fu/ Z u gSrc ml osQuke dk v FkZughagS A, slsLFkkuksa
i j uke v UoFkZughagS
AO;kdj.k esaHkh fV] ?kq
] Hke~
] ?k%bR;kfn l a
Kk v UoFkZughagksrhAog l a Kk
v uUoFkZdgykrhgS A
è; ku nsa
% v uq
Øe la
Kk çd kj la
Kk la
Kh
1-1 y?kq ?k rji ~
] rei ~
1-2 egrh çkfri fnd jke] gfj] gj
2-1 Ñf=ke bd~ b m½ y`
2-2 vÑf=ke of̀¼% v k , sv kS
3-1 v FkZl a
Kk drkZ jke%xPNfr bR;=kn' kjFki q
=k%
3-2 ' kCn l a
Kk in jke%
] Hkofr
4-4 v UoFkZ l oZ
uke rn~
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4-2 v uUoFkZ ?k rji ~
] rei ~

i kBxr i z'u&2
8- la
Kk v kS
j la
Kh D; k gS
\
9- la
Kk osQçdkj fyf[ k, A
10- drkZ; g v UoFkZl a
Kk gS; k ugh\
11- buesal sD; k v UoFkZl a
Kk gS
A
1) ?k% 2) ?kq
% 3) fV 4) dkjde~
12- l oZ
uke ; fn l a
Kk gSrksl a
Kh dkS
u\
1) rji ~ 2) drkZ 3) ?kq
% 4) bne~

1-3) l w
=k
i kf.kfu usv "Vkè; k; huked xzUFkfy• kAml xzUFkesav kB v è; k; gS
AçR;sd v è; k; esapkj
a
i kn gS
Açfri kfnr l w
a =kksadh l a
[ ; k fHkUu gS
A

6 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
O
; kd j . k i fj p; i kB&1
1-3-1) l w
=k D; k gksrk gS
\ O;kd j . k i fj p;
lw
=k' kCn / krql sv p~çR;; osQ; ksx l sui q
l dfyÄ~
a x esagksrkgS
Al w=k' kCn osQrUrqv kS
j xq
.k
v FkZgksrsgS
Aysfdu O;kdj.k esal w
a =k ' kCn dk v FkZgksrk gS
& l kjxfHkZ
r v R;Ur y?kqokD; Al w =k dk
Lo: i bl çdkj dgk gS &
v Yi k{kj el fUnX/ al kj of} ' or kseq
• e~
A
v Lr ksHkeuo| ap l w
=kal w
=kfonksfonq
%AA
v Uo; & ; r~v Yi k{kje~v l fUnX/ al kjor~fo' orkseq
• e~v LrksHke~v uo| ap Hkofr rr~l w
=ke~ è; ku ns
a
%
bfr l w
=kfon%onfUrA
' y ksd d k v FkZ
%
&
v Yi k{kj e~
lw
=k esa; Fkk l EHko v Yi v {kj gksrsgS
Av r%l w
a =k v Yi k{kj gksrk gS
A
v l fU
nX/ e~
&
lw
=k Lo; adk v FkZcks/u djkusesal {ke gksrk gS
]la nsg Hkh ughai S
nk djrkAdHkh t c l a
f/
gksrhgSrc l a nsg gksrkgSArc oq QN&oq
QNl af/ ; ka
sdksR;kx nsrkgSl w=kdkjAdHkhl ekl gksusl sv FkZ
nq
ckZs/ gksrk gS
Arc l w =kdkj l ekl ughadjrkAbl çdkj l a nsg osQfcuk t ksv FkZdkscrkrk gSog
v l fanX/ gksrk gS
A
l kj or ~
&
lw
=kdÙkkZft l v FkZdksçdV djuk pkgrk gSml sl w
=k djrk gSrHkh ml l w
=k dk l kj gksrk
gS
Av r%fofof{kr v FkZdk Kkr l w
=k dk l kj gksrk gS
A
fo' or kseq
• e~
&
lw=kdkj l w
=kl sfdl hdk; Zdkcks/u djkrkgS Aml dk; Zdk{ks=k; Fkkl a Hko v f/ d O;ki d
gksrk gS
A, d l w=k l sv usd LFkkuksai j dk; Zgkrsk gSbl fy, l w
=k fo' orkseq
• e~gSA
v Lr ksHke~
&
eU=kv kfn esaosQoy i kn i w
. kZosQfy, ç; q
ÙkQo.kZfo' ks"kdksLrksHkdgrsgS Al keosn osQxku
a
esacgqr v f/ d èofu; ksadkmi ; ksx fd; kgS Abu èofu; ksadkdksbZv FkZughagksrkAi jUrqxkusesaekèkq
;Z
mRiUu gksrk gSAbl èofu dksLrksHk dgrsgS Al w
a =k esabl çdkj dhèofu dk ç; ksx ughagksrkAml
lw=k dksv LrksHke~dgrsgS A
a
v uo| e~
&
dHkhl a f/ gSrksml dkfuUnuh; v FkZgkrskgS A, d mnkgj.k ; gkans[kus; ksX; gS
&/ q
oe~v kS
j
½re~' kCnksaesal a
f/ gksrhgSrksèkzq
oer̀ ' kCn curkgS
A; gkadHkhèkzq
o&er̀ bl çdkj fopkj dj l drs
gS
Aogkav fu"V] fua
a nuh; v FkZv krkgS Al w=kbl çdkj osQfua
nuh; v FkZdkçfri knu ughadjrkAml
çdkj l w
=k esav uo| e~v fuUnuh; gksrk gS A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 7
 i kB&1 O
; kd j . k i fj p;

O;kd j . k i fj p; 1-3-2) l w
=kksaosQi zd kj &
lw
=kfdl hdk; Zdkcks/u djrkgS
Aml dk; ZosQv uq
l kj l w
=kksaosQçdkj gS
At S
a l s' yksd gS
&
la
Kk p i fj Hkk"kk p fof/ fuZ
; e , o pA
v fr ns'kks¿f/ d kj ' p "kfM~
o/ al w
=keq
P; r sA
lw=k osQN%çdkj gS
A& 1) l a
a Kk] 2) i fjHkk"kk] 3) fof/ ] 4) fu; e] 5) v frns'k] v kS
j
6) v f/ dkjA
è; ku nsa
%
la
Kk l w
=k
laKkD; kgS \ laKkosQçdkj fdrusgS \ bl fo"k; i j Åi j foLrr̀ ppkZdhx; hgS
a AdksbZ
i n fdl hv FkZdk cks/ djkusesal eFkZgksrk gSAi n osQbl l keF; Zdksml dh' kfÙkQdgrsgS Age
a
O;ogkj l st kursgSafd bl i n dk; g v FkZgS ] v Fkokbl i n dkv eq d v FkZgSArc oLrq r %fdl h
v FkZosQcks/u esafdl i n dh ' kfÙkQgSbl dksge t kursgS Al a
a Kk l w
=k l si n dh ' kfÙkQdkst kurs
gSA; g i n l a
a Kk] ; g v FkZl a
Kh bl dk Kku l w
=k l sgksrk gS
A
v FkkrZ~l =wk' kfÙkQdkxzg.kgkrskgSAv r%l a Kkl w=k' kfÙkQxzkgd gksrkgS AdHkhO ; ogkj esaç; q
ÙkQ
' kCn Hkhl a Kk: i esaO;kdj.kesaO;ogkj gksrkgS Arc O ; ogkj esage ml i n dkv FkZt kursgS A
ai jUrq
O;kdj.kesaml i n dkv FkZfdf×pr~fHkUu v Fkok v ka f' kd Hkhl w =k crkrkgSAv r%l a Kk l =
wk' kfÙkQ
fu; ked gksrk gS At Sl sHkw
okn; ks/ kro%bl l w=k esaHkwv kfn l aKh gksrsgSA/ krq; g l a
a Kk gSAykS fdd
O;ogkj esa/ krq' kCn osQv U; v FkZHkh gS AfdUrqO;kdj.k ' kkL=k esa/ krq' kCn dk v FkZO;ogkj l s
a
fHkUu gSog ; gkaLi "VgS Al kekU;r%l a
Kkl si w
oZl a
KhdkfunZ 'skgkrskgSAml osQi ' pkr~l a
KkdkfunZ 'sk
gksrk gSAfdl hv FkZdksmís'; djosQl a Kk dk fo/ ku gksrk gS Abl fy, ml dk m| s'; v FkZgksrk gS A
la Kk foèks; gksrh gS Amís'; dk mYys• i w oZesagksrk gSAfo/ s; dk mYys• ckn esagksrk gS Aysfdu
oq Q
Nl w =kksafoi jhr Øe Hkhgksrk gS Arc ogkadkS ul a Kk] dkS ul aKh; g v kpk; ZosQO;k[ ; ku l st kuk
t krkgS A

i fj Hkk"kk&
dHkhfdl hLFkku i j t krsl e; jkLrsesat gkanksekxZv krsgS Av kS
a j ge i gysl sughat kurs
fd fdl ekxZi j t k; sarc ç' u gksrk gS
Anksuksaekxks±esadkS
u&l k xzká gS
\ t c rd fd ; g fu' p;
u gkst k, fd dgkat k, A
a rc rd v fu; e gS Arc ge fdl hO;fÙkQl si w NrsgS
A; fn og t kurk gS
a
rksl ghekxZdkfunsZ
' kdjrkgS Arc v fu; e nw j gksrkgS Arc ge fuf' pr gksrsgS
Afu; e gkrskgSfd
a
bl ekxZl st ku gS
A
O;kdj.k esadHkh&dHkh; g çl a x v krk gSt gka, dkf/ d ekxZmi fLFkr gksrsgS
Arc v fu; e
a
gksrkgSAv fu; e gksusi j fu; e v ko' ; d gksrkgS Abl çdkj t ksl w=kv fu; e esafu; e djrkgSml
lw=kdksi fjHkk"kkl w=kdgrsgS At gka
a &t gkavfu; e gksrkgSogka &ogkafu; e djrkgSi fjHkk"kkl =
wkAv r%
l Hkh LFkkuksai j O;kIr Hkk"kk dksi fjHkk"kk dgrsgSA
a
, d mnkgj.kns• rsgS
&
a u' p ; g , d l w
=kgS Au i a
pehfoHkÙkQ
~
; Ur : i gSA/ q
V~çFkeka
r gS
] l L;
; g "k"BÔUr i n gS
Arc udkj l sl L; v kS j /qV~; g l w
=k v FkZgS
A; gkaLokHkkfod ç' u mRiUu gksrk
gSfd udkj l si gys; kckn esal L; v kS
j /Vq~fo/ s; gS
A
av r%; gkav fu; e mRiUu gkrskgSAvc ml osQ
8 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
O
; kd j . k i fj p; i kB&1
mÙkj dk i fjHkk"kkl w
=kfu; e djrkgSfd i a
pehfunZ s'k gSft l osQckn og dk; Zdjuk pkfg, Av r% O;kd j . k i fj p;
v FkZgksrk gSfd udkj l si jsl L; v kS
j /q
V~; g l w
=k v FkZgSA
v "Vkè; k; h esai kf.kfu eq
fu usl k{kkr~36 i fjHkk"kkv ksadk mYys• fd; k gS
Av U; i fjHkk"kk
v kpk; Zi kf.kfu osQO;ogkj l sfl ¼ gksrh gS Aoq
a Q
N i fjHkk"kk ykS fdd O;ogkj l sfl ¼ gksrh gS
A
a

fof/ &
iw
oZesadgk x; k gSfd l w=k dksbZdk; Zdjrk gS Al Hkh l w=k l k{kkr~dk; ZdjrsgS
Av Fkok
a
v U; l w=k osQ}kjk t ksokLrfod dk; Zgksrk gSml osQv uq
xzkgd ; k mi dkjd gksrsgS Arc t S
a l sfdl h
è; ku nsa
%
' kCn l sfdl hi j çR;; dkç; ksx djrsgS AdHkhfdl ho.kZdk] o.kZl eq
a nk; dkv Fkokv O;; : i
esai gys; kckn esao.kZ; ko.kZl eq
nk; dkst kMs+
r sgS
Abl sv kxe dgrsgS
a AdHkhfdl ho.kZdkfoLrkj
a
djosQml osQLFkku i j v U; o.kZdksdjrsgS Afdl ho.kZl eq
a nk; osQLFkku i j , d o.kZ; ko.kZl eq
nk;
dksdjrsgS AdHkh o.kZ; k o.kZl eq
a nk; dk ykis djrsgS Av FkkZ
a r ~osQ
oy v i l kj.k djrsgS A
a
bl çdkj dHkh osQ oy v ku; u] dHkh osQ oy v i l kj.k] dHkh v i l kj.k djosQml osQLFkku
i j nwl jsdk v ku; u] dHkhv o; o : i esav ku; u bl fof/ l sdk; ZokLrfod dk; ZgksrsgS At gka
a
bl çdkj dk; ZgksrkgSog y{; dgykrkgS At ksl w
=kog dk; ZdjrkgSog l w =kdky{k.kdgykrk
gSAbl çdkj y ksi] Loj kfn/ eZ ] o. kZfod kj i zR;; ] v kxe dk fo/ ku fg budk okLrfod dk; Z
gSAl w=k v U; l Hkht xg t ks&t ksdk; ZdjrsgS aog l HkhHkhbu dk; ks±osQi w j d] i ks"kd ; kv uq
xzkgd
gksrsgSAbl çdkj yksi v kfn y{; dk t ksi fjorZ
a u gksrk gS
] og y{; dk l a Ldkj dgykrk gS Abl
çdkj y{k.ky{; dkl a Ldkj djrkgS Abl : i esay{; dkl a Ldkj djosQv UrksxRokl k/ q' kCn D; k
gSbl dkgesacks/ gksrkgS Ayksd esabl çdkj osQghl k/ q' kCnksadkO;ogkj yksx djsa; ghO;kdj.k
' kkL=k dk rkRi; ZgS
Av r%t ksl w =k l k{kkr~y{; dk l aLdkj djrk gS ] oq
QN l k/ q' kCn D; k gSabl dk
cks/ djkrk gS ] ml çdkj osQcks/ dk Kku djkusokysl w =k fof/ l w
=k gksrsgSAbdks; .kfp bl l w
a =k
esabd~osQLFkku i j ; .k dk fo/ ku gksrk gS Abl h çdkj v U; l w =k gSA
a

fu; e&
br j fuof̀Ùki Q
yd kFkZcks/ d e~Hkofr fu; el w Afdl hfo/ ku es
=ke~ a; kt c , d l sv f/ d dkb sZ
dk; ZçkIr gksrk gSrc muesal soq QN dk; Zgksrk gSv U; ugha
] bl çdkj dk dk; Zfu; e l w =k djrk
gS
Av FkZ on/ krqj çR;; %çkfri fnde~esal w =k esaxkeku; bl okD; dk v kS j jkt i q
#"k%bl l ekl dh
çkfri fndl a Kk çkIr gksrh gSAogkaÑÙkf¼rl ekl k' p bl l w =k esal ekl v a' k fu; ekFkZgS
Arc fu; e
gksrkgSt c ; fn v FkZ or ' kCn Lo: i dhçkfri fnd l a KkgSysfdu l ekl dkghv U; dkugha Abl
fu; e dki Q y ; g gSfd xkeku; ; | fi v FkZ oku~l eq
nk; gSrFkkfi ml dhçkfri fnd l a KkughagksrhA
okD; v yx gS Aml dhçkfri fnd l a Kkughagkrsh] fuof̀Ùkgkst krhgSAbrjfuof̀Ùki Q y osQv FkZ
acksèku
djokrk gS; g l w =kA

v fr ns'k&
/ eZ' kCn dk l kekU;r%xq . k / eZv FkZcgqr t xg gksrk gS
A, d dk / eZnw l jsdk ; | fi ugha
gSrFkkfi gS, slk t ksl w=k djrk gSml l w =k dksv frns'k dgrsgS A, d =k n`"Vkuka/ ekZ
a . kke~v U;=k
l EcUèkksins'k%v fr ns'k%Al kekU;r%v frns'kl w=kesaofrçR;; kUr ' kCn v frns
' kcks/u v FkZdkfn• kbZ
nsrkgSAv r%ofr çR;; dksns• dj v frns'kl = wki fjp; gksrkgSALFkkfuonkns'kks¿ufYo/ kSbl l w=kesa

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 9
 i kB&1 O
; kd j . k i fj p;

O;kd j . k i fj p; LFkkfuor~; g ' kCn ofr çR;; kUr gS

Av r%; g v frns'k l w
=k gS
A

v f/ d kj &
xf.kr esage bl çdkj djrsgSa2ax+3ay+5az bl esaa l k/ kj.kr%xzg.kdjosQ, d ckj gh
fy• k gSArc bl çdkj fLFkfr gksrhgS& a (2x+3y+5z)- ; gkaa oLrq r chp dh fLFkfr esaçR;sd
i n osQl kFkfeydj ghl exzv FkZdksçdV djrkgS ] Lo; e v osQ
a ykçk; %fujFkZd ghv {kj gS, slk
ge ekursgS A
a
v "Vkè; k; hesabl çdkj l k/ kj.kv a ' k, d ckj ghfy• kgqv kgSAml osQv a' kdki F̀kd~çk; %
è; ku nsa
%
dksbZHkhv FkZughagksrkAi jUrqv U; i n osQl kFkfeyusl sghl eq fnr v FkZgksrkgSA, slsl w
=k; k i n
dksv f/ dkj dgrsgS AçR;; %; g l w
a =k v f/ dkj l w
=k gS
AAbl h çdkj l sv U; l w
=k gS
A
a

1-3-3) l w
=k d k v FkZoS
Q
l sgksrk
, d ykS
fdd mnkgj.k dk i fj' khyu djrsgS
A
a
1) çkr%( jke osn i <+
r k gS
Ay{e.k t y ykrk gS
AHkjr o`{kksadksl ha
prk gS
A)
bl dk foLrr̀ l sv FkZbl çdkj gksrk gS
&
çkr%jke osn i <+
r k gS
A
çkr%y{e.k t y ykrk gS
A
çkr%Hkjr o`{kksadksfl ×k~
prk gS
A
; gkaçkr%i n l k/ kj.k gS
AfoLrkj osQl e; ml i n osQl kFk rhuksaokD; ksadksi F̀kd~
&i F̀kd~
l kFk t ksM+
r sgS
Arc foof{kr v FkZLi "V gksrk gS
a A
2) çkr%jke osn i <+
r kgS
Ay{e.kdkO;AHkjr O;kdj.kAv k×k~
t us; i Q
y • krkgS
A' kke dks
lq
xzho uxj ns• rk gS
A
okD; ksadksi F̀kd~
&i F̀kd~fy• rsgS
&
a
çkr%jke osn i <+
r k gS
A
y{e.k dkO;A
Hkjr O;kdj.kA
v k×k~
t us; i Q
y • krkgS
A
' kke dksl q
xzho uxj ns• rk gS
A
; gkaçFke okD; esaçkr%i n gS] i <+
r kgS; g i n cksy kx; kAi jUrq; g Li "V gSfd nksuksa' kCn
nwl jsv kS
j rhl jsl s; q
Dr gS
AogkaHkhprq
a FkZokD; esa• knfr ( • krkgS) ; g i n gS
Av r%i Bfr ( i <+ rk
gS) ; g l eku t krh; i n ughav krk] osQoy çkr%; g i n ghv krkgS Ai ×k~
pe okD; esarksl k; a; g
i n gSAv r%çkr%; g l eku t krh; i n ; gkaughav krk] og i n fudy t krk gS Abl çdkj ns• rs
gSabl h çdkj osQgh i n ; gkagS Av r%Åi j l s• knfr ( • krk gS
a ) ; g i n ughav krkA

10 la
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; kd j . k
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Hkjr O;kdj.k dk ; g rr̀h; okD; gSA; snksuksai n fdl hHkh v FkZdk cks/u djkusesal {ke O;kd j . k i fj p;
ughagSAmij l sçkr%vkjSi Bfr (i <+
a r kgS
) ; snksi n vkrsgS Arc okD; gksrkgS
a &çkr%Hkjr%O;kdj.ke~
i Bfr ( çkr%Hkjr O;kdj.ki <+r kgS
) Av c ; g okD; i w . kZgS
Av c v FkZdkcks/u djusesal {ke gSA
a
bl i zd kj i kf.kfu eqfu osQfdl hHkhl w
=kdksns[krsgS arksv Yi v kS j v FkZjfgr ghi zrhr gksrk
gS
Ai jUrqv uqof̀Ùk }kjk t ksi n v krsgS
Arc okD; i w
a . kZgksrk gS
Al w=k esat ksi n ugh gSi jUrqv FkZesa
gSrc çk; %v uq of̀Ùk ekuk t krk gS
Abl dk foLrkj v U;=k djsa xsA
bl i zd kj mQi j osQl w
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of̀Ùk dgykrh gSA
l t krh; i n v fxze l w=kesagSbl fy, i woZi n ughav krk] v uq
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fdl i n fd v uq
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j rd t kfr gSfupsrkfydk esaçdV fd; k x; k gS
Aè; ku l s
v oyksd u djsA
a

çkr % j ke% osne~ i Bfr

çkr% y{e.k% dkO
; e~ i Bfr
çkr% Hkjr% O;kdj.ke~ i Bfr
çkr% vk×k~
t us;% iQ
ye~ • knfr
l k; e~ lq
xzho% uxje~ i ' ; fr
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A
cgq
r t xg ughagS
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t fy v kfn eqfu; ksa}kjk O;k[ ; ku ml h i ; kZ
; l sfd; k x; k gS
A

1-4) l w
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[;k
lw
=k l [a; k osQfo"k; esaçkphu ' yksd gS
&
=khf. k l w
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pr q
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abl ' yksd osQv FkZesa
A
uhpsi fêðd kesav kB v è; k; ksa
] çR;sd i kn dhl w
=kl a
[ ; kçnf' kZ
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i k.Ms; }kjk l Ei kfnr pkS
• Eck l q
j Hkkjrhçdk' ku }kjk çdkf' kr v "Vkè; k; h xzUFk l sl a
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a

la
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A
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fpr~
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fUrA

1-4-1) l w
=k l a
[ ; k d k v FkZ
i kf.kfu usv kB v è; k; fy• sgS AçR;sd v è; k; esapkj i kn gS
a Av kS
a j çR;sd i kn esav usd l w =k
gSAxza
a Fkksaesat c i kf.kfu l w
=kksadkmYys• gksrkgSrc ogkai kf. k?kr kM?kkSf' kfYi fu ( 3-2-55) bl : i
esaoqQNl a [ ; kfy• hgq bZgSAogkat ks3 l a [ ; kgSog v è; k; l a
[ ; kn' kkZ
fr gSAv FkkZ r ~i kf. k?kr kM?kkS
f' kfYi fu ; g l w =k rr̀h; v è; k; esagS Abl osQckn 2 nw l jh l a
[ ; k gS
Aog l a [ ; k i kn dh gksrh gS A
v FkkZ
r ~f}rh; i kn esa; g l w =k gS
Abl osQi ' pkr~55 l a
[ ; kl w
=k osQØe dksn' kkZ fr gS Av FkkZ r ~rr̀h;
v è; k; osQf}rh; i kn dk 55okal w =k ; g gS Abl h çdkj l Hkh t xg t kusa A

i kBxr i z'u&3
13- lw
=k dk Lo: i D; k gS
\
14- lw
=kksaosQçdkj fyf• , A
15- v uq
of̀ÙkD; k gS
\
16- ( 8-4-10) bl ow
Q
Vl a
[ ; k dk v FkZgksrk gS
\
1) 8&i kn] 4&v è; k; ] 10&l w
=k
2) 8&l w
=k] 4&v è; k; ] 10&i kn

12 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
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; kd j . k i fj p; i kB&1
3) 8&v è; k; ] 4&i kn] 10&l w
=k O;kd j . k i fj p;
4) 8&v è; k; ] 4&l w
=k] 10&i kn
17- ;g l =
wk dk çdkj ughagS
\
1) v f/ dkj 2) l a
Kk 3) v frns'k 4) v uq
of̀Ùk

1-5) ' kCn Lo: i

' kCn esaØe' k%fo| eku o.kZgh' kCn dkLo: i gksrsgS At S
a l sjkekn~bl i n dkLo: i gksrk
gS¶j~v k e~v k n~ ¸ bl Øe l sfo| eku o.kZ Abl çkdkj jkekn~bl i n dk Lo: i gksrk gS & i k¡p
è; ku nsa
%
o.kks±dkl eq nk; Al nkl eq nk; gh' kCn dkLo: i gksrkgS, slkughagS A, d o.kZHkh' kCn dkLo: i
gksl drkgS Ao.kks±dk l eqnk; Hkh' kCn Lo: i gksrkgS At S
l sjke ; g o.kZl eqnk; kRed ' kCn Lo: i
gSAbl osQi ' pkr~¶H; ke~¸ ; g çR;; gksrk gS AH; ke~; g çR;; Hkho.kZl eq nk; gS AH; ke~çR;; Hkh
, d ' kCn Lo: i gS Ajke ' kCn l si js¶v kŞ ; g çR;; gksrkgSA; gkav kS, d o.kZgS] o.kZl eqnk; ughaA
v r%v kS, d ' kCn Lo: i gS A

1-6) o. kZçd Vu osQmi k;

O;kdj.k ' kkL=k esadHkh o.kZdk v i l kj.k djosQv U; o.kZv k t krk gSAbl fof/ l sdk; Z
gksrk gS
Arc o.kZdk mYys• , oaçdVu oS Ql sdjrsgS a, slk uhpsfn; k x; k gS
A
o.kZdkçdVu l kekU;r%v o.kZi o.kZbl çdkj dg l drsgS ArFkkfi ' kkL=kD; k&D; kmi k; ksa
a
dk v oyacu djrk gSbl dk Kku v ko' ; d gSv r%ml dk foLrkj djrsgS A
a
o. kkZ
r ~d kj %
Aj kfni QA; g nksokfrZ
% d gSAo.kZdk çdVu djosQml osQi ' pkr dkj çR;;
a
t ksM+
r sgS
A; Fkk&v dkj v kS
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At S
a l s& jsiQ
%A
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a A
t c dkj , slkdgrsgS arc ml sosQ oy y?kqghv o.kZçdVgksrkgS, slkughagS Aml dksml osQv êò kjg
Hksn HkhçdV gksrsgS a, slk t kuk pkfg, Adkj çR;; dk ; ksx fuR; djuk pkfg, , slk fu; e ughagS
A
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A
O;at u osQmPpkj.k v ua
r j Loj dk mPpkj.k ughadj l drsAv r%O;a t u osQi w
oZ; k ckn esa
dghaLoj dkst ksM+ r sgS
Al kekU;r%y?kqv dkj dkst ksM+
a r sgS
At S
a l s& .kksu%; g , d l w
=k gS
A; gkau%
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A
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gS
Al af/ t c gksrh gSrc v FkZnq
ckZ
s/ gkst krk gS
Av r%Loj osQi ' pkr rdkj t ksM+ r sgS
At S
a l s& , r~
A
bl dkv FkZgS, o.kZv Fkok, dkjAbl dkmnkgj.kgSt S l s& , nS
r ks%d.BrkyqA, r~, sr~budkmPpkj.k
LFkku daBrkyq; g v FkZgSA

la
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O;kd j . k i fj p; Loj osQi gys; k ckn esardkj osQç; ksx dk v U; v FkZHkh gksrk gS
A; fn osQ oy y?kq v dkj
dksçdV djrsgS arHkhv r~, slk dgrsgSAv r~bl dk v FkZy?kqv dkj , slk gksrk gS
a Adc rdkj dk
mPpkj.kl q
nj xg̀hr gksrkgS; kdc y?kqvkjSnh?kZdkçdVu l sxf̀gr gksrkgS, slkO
a ; k[ ; ku es
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1-7) / kr qçd VuL; mi k; %

/ krqLojka
r v kS
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t uka
r gksrh gS
A/ krqosQv kusi j dksbZdk; Zgksrk gS
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A
è; ku nsa
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A
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A
f' ri ~çR;; drZfj gksrkgS
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fu"i Uu gksrkgSAml osQfoHkÙkQ: i gksrsgS
Abl fy, Hkorsj%bl l w
a =kesaHkors%"kf"B , dopu gksrkgS A
cgq
r t xg l k{kkr~Hkw/ krq
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A

i kBxr i z'u&4
18- o.kZoS
Q
l sçdV gksrsgS
\
a
19- / krqoS
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l sçdV gksrh gS
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a
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A
21- o.kZçdk' ku esabl dk ç; ksx gksrk gS
A
1) dkjçR;;
2) fri ~
&çR;;
3) rf¼rçR;;
4) L=khçR;;
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A
a
1) bd~ 2) f' ri ~
3) frÄ~ 4) bd~f' ri ~

14 la
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d &Lr EHk% • &Lr EHk%
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çnk; gS
At S
a ls
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t krk gS
A, slh efgek gSbl ' kkL=k dhA
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. k oS
Q
l sdjrsgS
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gS
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O;ogkj esal a
Kkmi ; ksxhgksrhgSAv r%i kf.kfu usv i us' kkL=kesafofo/ l a
Kkv ksadksfd; kgS
A
muosQHksnksadksbl i kB esage usn' kkZ
; k gS
A
egf"kZi kf.kfu usl w
=kksadksfy• kAfdrusl w =k gS
av kS
j lw
=k D; k gksrsgS
Al w
a =kksaosQfdrusçdkj
gSabu fo"k; ksadko.kZu fd; kx; kgS Avfi rqv uq
of̀Ùkvkfn }kjkl =wkdkvFkZoS Ql sgkrskgSbl dkfoLrkj
l so.kZu fd; k x; k gS A

la
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; kd j . k 15
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; kd j . k i fj p;

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a l s& v dkj] edkj v kfnAbd~f' ri ~bu nksuksa
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l sgksrkgS; g crk; k gS
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O;kdj.k osQv è; ; u dky esadkS
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A

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Hkxon~ xhrk esaHkxoku JhÑ".k usdgk gS A
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arc ml osQv uq l kj O;ogkj Hkhv ko' ; d gS Aog Kku v kfJr dhv ' kq f¼; ksadkl a
' kks/u djrkgSA
Lo; aosQO;ogkj esai fjorZ u djosQi fo=krk ykrk gS ALo; adh ok.kh dksnks"k jfgr djrk gS ALo; a
osQv a
r %dj.k dks' kq ¼] i fo=k , oafueZ y djrk gS A
O;kd j . kaokÄ~
e; L; ] Hkk"kk; kafLFkr kukanks"kk. kkap okj . ksl eFkZ
Ek~
A
O;kdj.k osQfcuk nks"k fuokj.k nq %
l kè; gS
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uk gSrksi gysO;kdj.k i <+
ksA
i <+
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k l osQ
] Lo; adhO;q
a RifÙk dksl e> l osa
Q
] Lo; aosQHkk"kk
ç; ksx dks' kq
¼ dj l osa
Q] , slsfo"k; ksadk bl esav oyksd u fd; k x; k gSA fn, x, funZ s'kksadk
vuq l j.kdjsA
a
 O;kdj.kdkç; kxs {ks=kl kfgR; v kfn esagS
Av r%t c l a
LÑr l kfgR; i <+
r sgS
arc dkO; v kfn
esaO;kdj.k osQv a
' kksadksl a
xzfgr djsa
A
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xzghr v a
' kksadk O;kdj.k dh nf̀"V l sl k/ q
Ro l eFkZ
uA
 v ' kq
¼ ç; ksxksadk fuokj.kAbl l sHkk"kk ' kq
f¼ gksrh gS
Aft l l sO;kdj.k dk ç/ ku y{; fl ¼
djrk gSA
 lad fyr ' kCnksal sLo; aosQHkk"k.k, oays• u osQ}kjkO;ogkj es
aykukAbu uw
r u ' kCnka
sosQç; ksx
l sfo}rk c<+ r h gSAHkk"k.k dh efgek of/ Z r gksrh gS
A
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okfnr , oaçdkf' kr gS Av i usns'k
esav i uhekrH̀kk"kkosQdkS
u l sxza
Fk gSml dksysd j i <+ r sgS
Aogkat ksl q
a y Hkl qcks/ , oal q
dj
t ksoqQN HkhgSog mi kns; gS
A
 çkjafHkd Lrj osQfo| kfFkZ
; ksaosQfy, mi ; ksxhxza
Fk gSy?kqfl ¼ka
r dkS
eq
nhbl xza FkdkHkhel su
' kkL=khusfga
nhHkk"kkesav uq okn fd; kgSft l sHkSehO;k[ ; kosQuke l st kukt krkgS; g Ng
•a
Mksaesacgq
r l sl a
ns'kksadk l ek/ ku djrk gSt kscgq
r mi ; ksxh gS
A

16 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
O
; kd j . k i fj p; i kB&1
O;kd j . k i fj p;
i kBkUr i z'u
1- O;kdj.k dk v kja
Hk oS
Q
l sgksrk gS
A
2- bæ
a dk i fjp; nsrsgq
, ml osQ}kjk Ñr O;kdj.k l a
Ldkj dk i fjp; djsa
A
3- lw
=kØe esafyf• r xza
Fkksadk i fjp; nhft , A
4- çfØ; kØe esafyf• r xza
Fkksadk i fjp; nhft , A
5- O;kdj.k dh efgek dk o.kZ
u djsa
A è; ku nsa
%
6- O;kdj.k ' kCn dk v FkZfy• dj O;kdj.k D; k djrk gSoS
Q
l sdjrk gSbl dk foLrkj l s
o.ku
Z djs
A
a
7- lK
ak osQfo"k; esay?kqfVIi .kh fyf• , A
8- lw
=k osQLo: i dksfoHkkft r dhft , A
9- lw
=k osQçdkjksadk o.kZ
u dhft , A
10- o.kZçdVu osQmi k; ksadksçdV dhft , A
11- / krqçdVu osQmi k; ksadksmi LFkkfi r dhft , A
12- ; fn l =
wk dk Øe 5-3-8 gSrc bl dk D; k v FkZgS
A

i kBxr i z'uksÙkj
mÙkj &1
1- bUæosQxq
# cg̀Li fr gS
A
a
2- lL
aÑr Hkk"kk osQv kfn l a
LdrkZbUægS
A
a
3- bUæus' kCni kjk; .k dk l a
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; ghMe# dkuke pkn Sgl w
=kh] v{kjl ekEuk; ] ekgs'ojl w
=kvkfn dgykrsgS
Abu l w
a =kka
sdksvkèkkj
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=k gS
A8 v è; k; gS
a A
a
çrhd v è; k; esapkj i kn gS A
a
5- i kf.ku usft l Øe esal w
=kksadhjpukdhml hØe esaO;k[ ; ku] v è; ; u , oav è; ki u gksrk
gSbl fy, ; g l w=kØe dgykrk gS A
6- ft l Øe l sl w =kksadksi kf.kfu usfy• kgSØe esa' kCn fuekZ . kçfØ; kughagS A, d&, d ' kCn
osQfuekZ . k osQfy, cgq r l sl w=kksaesafof' k"V Øe dh v ko' ; drk gksrh gS Av r%ft l Øe
esa' kCn fuekZ
. kdhçfØ; kgksrhgSml hØe esal = wkksadksv k; ksft r djrsgS
afo}kuA; g O;kdj.k
v è; ; u dh i jEi jk çfØ; kØe v uq l kj gS A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 17
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; kd j . k i fj p;

O;kd j . k i fj p; 7- ( 4)
mÙkj &2
8- v FkZosQokpd dksi n l a
Kk dgrsgS
Al a
a Kk dk v FkZl a
Kh dgykrk gS
A
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A
a
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A
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A
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a Kk] 2) i fjHkk"kk] 3) fof/ ] 4) fu; e] 5) v frns'k] 6)
v f/ dkjA
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=k l suhpsokysl w
=k esafdl h Hkh i n dk v kuk v uq
of̀Ùk dgykrk gS
A
16- 3)
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d gS Ao.kZdkçdVu t c djrsgS
a arc ml osQckn dkjçR;;
t ksM+
r sgS
At S
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&çR;;
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a l & jsiQ%A
mÙkj &4
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av Fkok
f' ri ~&çR;; t ksM+r sgSAt S
a l sbd~t ksMdj xe~&/ krql sxe~
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gksrk gSAxfe%; g çFkekUra: i gksrk gS Af' ri ~çR;; drZfj gksrkgS
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19- bfD' kfri kS/ krqfunZ
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22- 4)
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18 la
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Kk çd j . k&1 i kB&2
la
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la
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O;kdj.kdkvkjEHkoS Ql sgkrskgS
] dku
S eq[ ; v kpk; ZgS
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djrsgS A
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a Q
l sdjrsgS
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a ] mudkmPpkj.k
a
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osQv è; ; u esav R;Ur mi ; ksfx gSA; gk¡oft Z
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a j
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a A
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gekjsv oyksd u dk fo"k; gS A

mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
d j v ki l {ke gksa
xs&
 la
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ekyk dkst ku i kusesa
_
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LÑr esafdrusao.kZgS
] osdkS
a u l sgS
abl dkscrk i kusesa
_
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. k djusesal eFkZgksi kusesa
_
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Q
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la
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la
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Li "V t ku i kusesa
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_

1-1) o. kZ
eky k
iq
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a Ai fjPNsnksaesaokD; gksrsgS
a AokD; ksaesai n gksrs
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è; ku nsa
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o.kZ; kv {kj dgykrkgS Al a
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a
l kekU;r%cgq
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Ai jUrql a
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A
v v k b bZmÅ ½ Î Æ, , sv ksv kS( 13)
d • x ?k Ä p N t > ×k V B M < .k r Fk n / u i i Qc Hk e ( 25)
; j y o ' k "k l g ( 8)
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r %l a
LÑr esafuEu 63 o.kZgS
A
a
v v k v ý b bZbý mÅ mý ½ Î ý ÆÆý , , ý , s, sý v ksv ksý v kSv kS
ý ( 22)
d • x ?k Ä p N t > ×k V B M < .k r Fk n / u i i Qc Hk e ( 25)
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y h; ] mi èekuh; ( 5) 22$25$11$5¾63
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A
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20 la
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o. kZ
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f' k"V~
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a
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a j O;×t u fefJr ughagS
A
a
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v ksv ksý v kSv kS
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a A
a è; ku nsa
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a a
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l s& ft udkmPpkj.kLFkku d.B
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i i Qc Hk e dk mPpkj.k LFkku v kS "B gS A
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A
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A
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A
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. k d h çfØ; k
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A
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y ~o.kZdjuspkfg, a; fn b m½ ÆosQckn v b m½ Æ, v ks, sv kS; so.kZv k, arksAbl çdkj
Z
l sdjuk gkyka fd l EHko gSi jUrq; g dfBu çfØ; k gS ] cM+hgS A; fn y?kqmi k; l EHko gksrksv fr
mÙkeAoghmi k; çR;kgkj gS Ar c bl çd j gksrk gS
a & ; so. kkZ%çd Vuh; k%l fUr r sl a d y uh; k%A
ml osQckn ekgs'oj l = wkka
sesat ksØe gSml Øe esat ksM+ r sgS
Aogkat ksv kfn v FkkZ
a r ~çFke o.kZgksrk
gSog xzká gksrk gS Amuesat ksv fUre gksrk gS] og ekgs'oj l w =kksaesadgkagSns• rsgSAml osQckn t ks
a
br~l aKd o.kZgksrkgSog xzká gksrkgS Abl çdkj v kfn o.kZosQl kFkbr~l a Kd osQesy l sçR;kgkj
curkgS A
mnkgj . k&
tSl s& ½ Æb mbu o.kks±dhbPNkdjrkgw ¡Arc budksekgs'oj l w =kØe esafy• rkgw ¡t S
l s&
b m½ ÆAv c bues açFke o.kZ^b* gS
AvfUre o.kZ^Æ* gSAekgs'oj l w
=kksaesaml os
Qi ' pkr~br~ &l K
ad
o.kZ^d~
* gS Av c çFke o.kZ^b* osQl kFkbr~&l a
Kd ^d~ * dkesy djrkgw ¡] rc ^bd~* ; g ' kCn gksrk
gS
A; g ^bd~ * çR;kgkj curk gSAçR;kgkj , d l a
Kk gksrhgSA^bd~* çR;kgkj dk v FkZb m½ Æ; s
pkj o.kZgksrk gS
A
bl çdkj j~y~o~; ~bu o.kks±dk l a {ksi esaçdVu l EHko gksrk gS Abudk ekgs'oj l w =kksaesa
t ksØe gSml Øe esabl çdkj fy• rsgS a& ; ~o~j~y~ Amuesav kfn o.kZ^; ~* gSAmuesav fUre o.kZ
^y~* gSAekgs'oj l w=kksaesaml osQi ' pkr~bRl a
Kd o.kZ^.k~ * gS
A^; ~* bl dk^.k~* osQl kFkesy djusi j
^; .k* ; g çkIr gksrk gS A^; .k* çR;kgkj gS Av r%; g ^; .k* l a Kk gSAbl osQl a
fK ; ~o~j~y~; so.kZ
gSA; .k~bl ' kCn esa; o.kZosQckn v o.kZt kM
a s+r s( ; ~
$^v *$.k~
) Arc ; .k~dkmPpkj.kl q d j gksrkgS A
ekgs'oj l w
=kksaesav fUre o.kZdkD; kmi ; ksx gS& prq nZ' kl w
=kksaesav fUre o.kZbr~l aKd gksrk
gS] bl dkmi ; ksx osQ oy çR;kgkj osQfuekZ . kosQfy, gksrkgS Ai jUrqbl dhl a fK esax.kukughagksrhA
t lSs; .k~; g çR;kgkj l K akgSAbl osQl faK ; ~o~j~y~; so.kZgS AbuesaV~ughagS
a ] .k~ughagSA; .k~çR;kgkj
dht c x.kukdjrsgS arksg; ojV~ ] y.k~bu nksl w=kksadkxzg.kdjrsgS Aogkag; ojV~ l w
a =kdkv fUre
o.kZV~gS Abl dksl a fK esaughafxursAt S l s& yksd esafxykl l st y i hrsgS ai jUrqfxykl dksugha
i hrsAfxykl dk mi ; ksx t y dks/ kj.k djusosQfy, gSi husosQfy, ugha Aml hçdkj br~l a Kd
dk mi ; ksx çR;kgkj osQfuekZ . k osQfy, gksrk gSl a fK osQl kFk O;ogkj osQfy, ugha A

22 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&1 i kB&2
bl çdkj v usd çR;kgkj gksl drsgS At S
a l sv p~çR;kgkj osQl Hkh Loj l a
fK gksrsgS
Agy~
a la
Kk çd j . k&1
çR;kgkj osQl HkhO;×t u l a
fK gksrsgS
Av r%v p~Loj dk i ; kZ
a ; gS
Agy~O;×t u dki ; kZ; gS Av y~
o.kZdk i ; kZ
; gSA

mi ns'k%
&
^mi ns'ks¿t uq
ukfl d br~ * bl l w=kesai kf.kfu usmi ns'ki n dkç; ksx fd; kgSAmi ; g mi l xZ
gSfn' k~; g / krqgS Afn' k~
&/ krql sHkko esa?k×k~çR;; ç; qÙkQgqv kgSArc mi ns'k; g ' kCn fu"i Uu gksrk
gS
Ami ' kCn dkv kfn ; g v FkZgS Afn' k~
&/ krqdkv FkZ %mPpkj.kfØ; kgS Abl çdkj mi ns'k' kCn dk
v FkZv kfn mPpkj.kgksrkgS Abl esadeZ / kj; l ekl gS Aegs'oj&i kf.kfu&dkR;k; u&i r×t fy osQçFke è; ku ns
a
%
mPpkj.kdksv kfn mPpkj.kdgrsgS Ai o
a wZesav Kkr i n dkseq fu usçFke mPpfjr fd; kA; ghmPpkj.k
v kfn mPpkj.k gS A: i korkjxzUFk esal q
çfl ¼ dkfjdk esadgk gS &
/ kr q
lw=kx. kks.kkfnokD; fy Ä~
xkuq
' kkl ue~
A
v kxeçR;; kns'kk mi ns'kk%çd hfr Z
r k%
AAbfr A
v U; fdl h t xgadkfjdk gS
&
çR;; k%f' kol w =kkf. k v kns'kk v kxekLr FkkA
/ kr q
i kBksx. ksikB mi ns'kk%çd hfr Z r k%
AAbfr A
i kf.kfu eq
fu usv "Vkè; k; h] / krqi kB] fyÄ~xkuq' kkl u v kS
j x.ki kB bu pkj O;kdj.kosQxzUFkksa
dhjpukdhAm.kkfn l w =kksadksi w
oZesafdl husfy• kAdkR;k; u eq fu usokfrZd fy• sAmudksokfrZ d
okD; Hkh dgrsgS Abl çdkj& / krq
a ]lw =k] x.k esai fBr ' kCn] m.kkfn l w=k] okfrZ
d ] fyÄ~
xkuq
' kkl u]
v kxe] çR;; ] v kns'kv kfn mPpkj.kgS A
a

i kBxr i z'u&1
1- lL
aÑr esafdruso.kZgS
\
a
2- ekgs'oj l w
=kksaesaf}rh; l w
=k D; k gS
\
3- ekgs'oj l w
=kksaesabr~
&l a
Kd o.kZdkS
u&l k gS
\
4- çR;kgkj ' kCn dk v FkZD; k gS
\
5- oxZosQrr̀h; o.kZfdl çR;kgkj esagS
\
a
6- ' kfj çR;kgkj esadkS
u&l so.kZv krsgS
\
a
7- mi ns'k dkS
u&dkS
u gS
\
a
8- o.kZdk i ; kZ
; gS
\
1) gy~
2) v p~

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 23
 i kB&2 la
Kk çd j . k&1

la
Kk çd j . k&1 3) v y~
4) ;
9- Loj dk i ; kZ
; gS
\
1) gy~
2) v p~
3) v y~
è; ku nsa
% 4) ;
1
Z0- O;×t u dk i ; kZ
; gS
\
1) gy~
2) v p~
3) v y~
4) ;
11- i oxZesadkS
u&l k o.kZughagS
\
1) e
2) d
3) c
4) Hk
12- la
LÑr Hkk"kk esafdruso.kZgS
\
1) 44
2) 45
3) 54
4) 63
13- t ' k~
&çR;kgkj esa; g o.kZughagS
\
1) x
2) >
3) c
4) M
14- dkR;k; u eq
fu usv "Vkè; k; h i j D; k fy• k gS
\
1) m.kkfn l w
=k
2) / krqi kB

24 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&1 i kB&2
3) l w
=k i kB la
Kk çd j . k&1
4) okfrZ
d

2-1 v kfnj UR;su l fgr kAA( 71-1-1)

lw %& v UR;su brk l g v kfn%eè; xkukaLoL; p l a
=kkFkZ Kk Hkofr
lw =k O;k[ ; k & ; g l aKk l w
=kgS
Abl l =wk esapkj i n gSAv kfn%v UR;su l g brk; g i nPNsn
a
gSAv kfn%; g çFkek , dopukUr i n gS Av UR;su ; g rr̀h; k , dopukUr i n gS Al g ; g v O;; i n
gSAbrk; g br~' kCn dkrr̀h; kosQ, dopu dk: i v FkkZ r ~brk; g rr̀h; k, dopukUr i n gS Aft l dk è; ku ns
a
%
iwoZughagSog v kfn gS Aft l dki j ughagSog v Ur gS Av Ur esat ksgksrk gSog v UR; gS ALoa: i a
' kCnL; k ' kCn l a
Kk bl l w=k l sLoa; g çFkekUr i n v uqofrZr gksrk gS
Av UR;su brk l g v kfn%LoL;
; g v Uo; gS A; g l w
=kl aKkçdj.kesai <+ kx; kgSAv r%l a Kk; g i n v kusesal {ke gSArc i n gksrs
gSa& v UR;su brk l g v kfn%LoL; l a Kk HkofrAt c v kfn v kS j v fUre dk xzg.k djrsgS arc v kfn
l sv fUre o.kZrd ft rusv krsgS amudk l cdk xzg.k gksrk gS Av r eè; xkuke~bl dk v k{ksi djrs
gSAv r, o l =
a wkdkl jykFkZgksrkgS& v kfn l sv fUre o.kZrd ft ruseè; esav krsgS amudkl cdk
xzg.kgksrkgS A
mnkgj . ke~& v .k~b.k~v p~gy~
A
lw=kkFkZl eUo; %& ekgs'oj l w
=kksaesav bl o.kZdk.k~bl v fUre bRl a Kd o.kZosQl kFkesy
djosQl g v .k~; g çR;kgkj çkIr gksrkgS Aekgs'oj l w=kksaesav bl v kjEHkosQo.kZl s.k~bl bRl a
Kd
o.kZi ; Z
Ur eè; esab m; snkso.kZgS Aml v fUre .k~bRl a
a Kd osQl kFkv kfn v .k~b mbu eè; okys
v kS
j Lo; aosQv kfn v dkj dkl eUo; djrsgS A
av FkkZ
r ~v .k~' kCn esav b mbu o.kks±dhl aKkgksrhgS
A
bl çdkj v fUre bRl a
Kd osQl kFk] v kfn , p~; g o.kZ
] eè; ksav ks, sv kSbuosQLo; aosQ( v kfn
, dkj) dh l a
Kk gksrh gS
Av FkkZ
r ~, p~bl ' kCn esa, v ks, sv kSbu pkj o.kks±dh l a Kk gksrh gS
A
bl çdkj v kfn o.kZv fUre br~o.kZosQl kFkfeydj v .k~v p~, p~v kfn çR;kgkj dgykrs
gS
Av .k~v p~, p~budhçR;kgkj l a
a Kk gksrhgS
A
' kCnkoy h & v Uo; %& l EcU/A, d i nkFkZdk v i j ( nw l js) i nkFkZosQl kFk l EcU/ gh
v Uo; gS AçFke okD; dk Jo.k gksrk gS AokD; esafLFkr i nksadk t ksi F̀kd~ & i F̀kd~v FkZgSml dk
Lej.k gksrk gSAbl Lej.k dksghmi fLFkfr dgrsgS a' kkL=kksaesa
Abl çdkj Ler̀ v Fkks±dk v kdkÄ~ {kk
v kfn l si jLi j l EcU/ gksrk gS
A; g l EcU/ gh v Uo; gS Aft l Øe l sv Fkks±dk l EcU/ gksrk gS
ml h Øe l si nksadk ys• u o mPpkj.k v Uo; esal kekU;r%djrsgS A
a
O;ogj fr & O;ogkj djrsgS
Ami ; ksx djrsgS
a A
a
çR;; %& çR;; ' kCn dkcgq y ( cgq
r ) ç; ksx gSO;kdj.kesaAjke%; g ' kCn gSAbl esajke$l q
; g foHkkx gS
A; gkajke çÑfr l q; g çR;; gS Ajke bl ' kCn esaHkhje~$?k×k~; g foHkkx gS
A; gkaje~
/ krqçÑfr gS] ?k×k~çR;; gS
Av r%jke% bl ' kCn esanksçÑfr v kS j nksçR;; gS ArFkkfi t c l qdks
a
çR;; ekursgS arc jke ghçÑfr gS Abl hfy, jke ' kCn dksmís'; djosQl qçR;; dkfo/ ku djrs
gSAt c ?k×k~çR;; ekursgS
a arc ml dh çÑfr je~/ krqgS Abl hfy, je~/ krqdksmís'; djosQ?k×k~
çR;; dk fo/ ku djrsgS Abl çdkj ogka
a &ogkaçÑfr&çR;; dk foHkkx djuk pkfg, A; gkai kf.kfu

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 25
 i kB&2 la
Kk çd j . k&1

la
Kk çd j . k&1 eqfu usv "Vkè; k; h esaçR;; v f/ dkj l w
=k fd; kAml osQv f/ dkj esat ksdgk x; k gSosçR;; Hkh
t kuuspkfg, Ai jUrqv f/ dkj v kfn osQKku osQfcuk ml dksughat ku l drsAv r%v yarsuAº

i kBxr i z'u&2
15- v kfnjUR;su l gsrk bl l w
=k esal a
Kk&l a
fK dk fu.kZ
; dhft , \
16- v kfnjUR;su l gsrk ; g fdl çdkj dk l w
=k gS
\
% 17- v kfnjUR;su l gsrk bl l w
è; ku nsa =k dk v FkZfyf• , \
18- v kfnjUR;su l gsrk bl esafufeZ
r , d çR;kgkj dkscrkrsgq
, ml osQl a
fK dksfyf• , \
19- v kfnjUR;su l gsrk l w
=k ; g l a
Kk ughadjrk\
1) bd~ 2) g' k~ 3) • j~4) • ' k~
20- LrEHkesai jLi j l EcU/ dkesy djksAd Lr EHk esa' kCn gS
A• Lr EHk esamuosQfy, çR;kgkj
a
gS
Afdl dk dku
a S gSesy dhft , A
d &Lr EHk% • &Lr EHk%
1) o.kZ
i ; kZ
;% d) ×k; ~
2) Loji ; kZ
;% • ) ' kYk~
3) O;×t ui ; k;Z% x) ; .k~
4) oxZ
çFkek% ?k) >"k~
5) Å"ek.k% Ä) , Pk~
6) v uq
ukfl dk% p) v y~
7) v Ur%
LFkk% N) v p~
8) Li ' kkZ
% t ) pÕk~
9) egkçk.kk% >) ×ke~
10) t U;Lojk% ×k) gy~

1-3) bRl a
Kk
; gkabr~l a
Kkfdl dhgksrhgSbl fo"k; dksçLrq r fd; kgS
Av "Vkè; k; hesav uq
of̀Ùk] foHkfÙkQ
foi fj.kke bR;kfn oSQ
l sgksrk gSbl fo"k; dksHkh çLrq
r fd; k gS
A
v "Vkè; k; hesabRl a
Kd fo/ k; d oq
Q
Nl w
=kØe l sgS
Amudkml hghØe esa; gkafoe' kZdjsa
a xsA
mudh O;k[ ; k Hkh; gka; q
xi n~djsa
xsA
v "Vkè; k; h esal w
=k Øe' k%bl çdkj gS
&
a
¹2-2º mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~AA (1-3-2)

26 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&1 i kB&2
¹2-3º gyUR;e~AA (1-3-3) la
Kk çd j . k&1
¹2-4º u foHkÙkQkS rqLek%AA (1-3-4)
¹2-5º vkfnf×kZVqMo%AA (1-3-5)
¹2-6º "k% çR;;L;AA (1-3-6)
¹2-7º pqVwAA (1-3-7)
¹2-8º y'kDorf¼rsAA (1-3-8)
è; ku nsa
%
¹2-9º rL; yksi%AA (1-3-9)
bu l =
wkksaesami j osQl w
=kksal soq
Q
N i nksadh v uq
of̀Ùk v krh gS
Aml dksuhpsfn• k; k gS
Aogka
ft l i n dhv uq of̀Ùkv krhgSml dksi hu ( bold) fd; kgS Al =
wkdki nPNsn HkhoghaLi "Vfn; kgS
A
1- mins'ks v p~v uq
ukfl d% br~ 1-3-2
2- mins'ks gy~vUR;e~ br~ 1-3-3
3- mins'ks foHkÙkQ
kS rq
Lek%u gy br~ 1-3-4
4- mins'ks f×kVq
Mo% v kfn% br~ 1-3-5
5- mins'ks "k% çR;; L; v kfn% br~ 1-3-6
6- mins'ks pq
Vw çR;; L; v kfn% br~ 1-3-7
7- mins'ks v rf¼rsy' koq
Q çR;; L; v kfn% bRk~ 1-3-8
8- rL; yksi% br% 1-3-9
v uq
of̀Ùk osQi ' pkr~t ksokD; gksrk gSogka' kCnksaesafoHkfÙkQ: i ksaesai fjorZ
u gksrk gS
Aog
i fjorZ
u djosQi nksaosQØe dk i fjorZ u djosQuhpsçdV fd; k gS A
1- mi ns'k esav p~v uq
ukfl d gksrk gS
A
2- mi ns'k esav fUre gy~br~gksrk gS
A
3- mi ns'k esafoHkÙkQ
kSgy%rq
Lek%br%u HkofUrA( br%
&çFkek cgq
opue~
)
4- mi ns'k esav kfn f×kVq
Mo%br~gksrsgS
A
a
5- mi ns'k esaçR;; osQv kfn "k%dk br~gkrsk gS
A
6- mi ns'k esaçR;; osQv kfn pq
Vwdk br~gksrk gS
A( brkS& çFkek f}opu)
7- mi ns'k esav rf¼r çR;; osQv kfn y' koq
Qdk br~gksrk gS
A
8- ml br~dk yksi gksrk gS
A( br%& "k"Bh , dopu)
bud k bl l sHkh l j y Hkk"kk esauhpso. kZ
u d j r sgS
a
A
1- mi ns'k esat ksv uq
ukfl d v p~gSml dh br~l a
Kk gksrh gS
A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 27
 i kB&2 la
Kk çd j . k&1

la
Kk çd j . k&1 2- mi ns'k esat ksv fUre gy~gSml dh br~l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
3- mins'kesafoHkfÙkQl K
ad çR;; esaroxZ
] l dkj] edkj t ksgy~o.kZgS
amudhbr~l a
KkughagksrhA
4- mi ns'k esav kfn esat ksf×k VqMqgS
amudh br~l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
5- mi ns'k esaçR;; osQv kfn t ks"ko.kZo.kZgSml dh br~l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
6- mi ns'k esaçR;; osQv kfn t kspoxZ
] VoxZgS
amudh br~l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
7- mi ns'kesat ksrf¼r fHkUu çR;; osQv kfn yo.kZ
] ' ko.kZ
] v kS
j doxZbudhbr~l a
KkgksrhgS
A
è; ku nsa
% 8- ft l dh br~l a
Kk gksrh gSml dk yksi gksrk gS
A
ft l dh br~l a
Kk gksrh gSog v uq cU/ Hkh dgykrk gS Abu br~l a
Kd o.kks±dh v kxsl fU/
&çdj.k v kfn esacgq
y rk l sç; ksx , oe~mi ; ksx ns• sa
xsAv r%mnkgj.k oghaLi "V gksa
xsA

2-10 v n' kZ
uay ksi%
AA( 1-1-9)
=kkFkZ& çl ÙkQdk mPpkj.k v Hkko yksi l a
lw Kk gksrh gS
A
=k O;k[ ; k & ; g l a
lw Kkl w=k gS
Abl l w =k esanksi n gS
Au n' kZ
a ue~v n' kZ
ue~; g u×k~
&rRiq
#"k
l ekl gS An' kZ
u ' kCn dk çkFkfed v FkZus=k Kku gS Al kekU; v FkZKku gSArFkkfi ; gkamPpkj.k ; g
v FkZxzg.kdjrsgS Av r%v n' kZ
a u n' kZ
u v Hkko] mPpkj.kv Hkko ; g l q
y HkgSAl w=kesamPpkj.kv Hkko
dk yksi ; g l aKk gksrh gS
Afdl osQmPpkj.k osQv Hkko dksyksi ; g uke nsa; g ç' u gS Aog ns• rs
gSa; gka
A
y kS
fd d mnkgj . k l sl w =k osQv FkZd k Li "Vhd j . k& v kt ' kke 7 ct spUæek fn• kbZnsxk
; g ge t kursgS A; fn ' kke dks7 ct spUæek fn• kbZughansrk rksdgrsgS
a afd pUæek yq Ir gS; k
pUæekdkyksi gS A7 ct spUæekosQn' kZ u gksa
xsbl v U; çdkj l sHkhçdV dj l drsgS At S
a l s' kke
dks7 ct spUæekçdV gS Abl çdkj çdV pUæekdkn' kZ u v Hkko yksd esayksi osQ: i esaO;ogkj
djrsgS A½rqi fjorZ
a u gku
ssi j of̀"V] m".krk] l nhZHkhi fjofrZ r gkrssgSAml xzh"e ½rqesam".krkgksrh
a
gSAo"kkZ½rqesackfj' kgkrshgS Abl hçdkj ½rqos Qvuq l kj o`{kksaesai Q
y gksrsgS
A
av FkkrZ~dksbZHkhfof' k"V
dkj.kughagksrkmu&mu i Q yksaosQgksusdkA bl çdkj ft l ' kCn dk; ko.kZdkmPpkj.kçkIr Fkk
ml çkIr mPpkj.kdkv Hkko yksi dgkt krkgS Abl l w =kesamPpkj.kv Hkko l a KhgS ] yksi ; g l a Kk
gSAv r%l w =k dk v FkZgksrk gS– çkIr gq , mPpkj.k dk v Hkko yksi l a Kk gS
A
mnkgj.k& v b m.k~A½ Æd~
Abu nksl w
=kksaesa.k~d~bu nksuksao.kks±dhbr~l a
KkgS
] mudk
yksi gksrk gS
A
lw=k osQv FkZdk l eUo; & t c v d~bl çR;kgkj esadkS u&l so.kZgS
a; g ç' u gkrsk gSrc
v b m½ Æ; si ka p o.kZgh gksrsgS
a; g mÙkj gksrk gS
AmÙkj esa.k~d~bu o.kks±dk mPpkj.k ugha
gksrk] x.kukughagksrhA; fn budhbr~ &l a
KkughagksrhrksmPpkj.kHkhgksrkAft l dhbr~ &l a
Kkml dk
ykis gksrkgS] v FkkZ
r ~ml dkmPpkj.kv Hkko gksrkgSAbl çdkj çkIr gq , dkmPpkj.kv Hkko ; kO ; ogkj
v Hkko yksi dgykrk gS A

28 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&1 i kB&2
la
Kk çd j . k&1
i kBxr ç' u&3
1- rL; yksi%bl l w
=k l sfdl dk yksi gkrsk gS
A
2- v uq
cU/ fdl sdgrsgS
A
a
3- v n' ku
Zayksi%bl l w
=k dk D; k v FkZgS
A
4- v n' ku
Zayksi%bl l w
=k esav n' kZ
u ' kCn dk D; k v FkZgS
A
5- v n' ku
Zayksi%bl l w
=k esal a
Kkl a
fK dk fu.kZ
; djksA è; ku nsa
%
6- fdl dk yksi gksrk gS
A
1) v n' kZ
u dk 2) l w
=k dk 3) / krqdk 4) br~
&l a
Kk dk
7- t ' k~bl çR;kgkj esafdl dh x.kuk ughagksrh gS
A
` 1) t ~ 2) ' k~ 3) c~ 4) M~

Åd ky ks¿T>zLonh?kZ
Iy q
r%AA ( 1-2-27)
=kkFkZ& rhuksamdkjksaosQmPpkj.kosQdky dhrjg mPpkj.kdky gSft l v p ( Loj dk)
lw
og v p~Øei w oZ
d gLol a Kd nh?kZ la
Kd o Iyq rl a
Kd gksrk gS
A
lw=kO;k[ ; k & ; g l w
=k l a
Kkl w
=k gS
Abl l w
=k esarhu i n gS
AÅdky%v p~ßLonh?kZ
a Iyqr %; g
i nPNsn gS A l Hkh i n çFkek , dopukUr gS A ßLo%p nh?kZ %p Iyq r %p ßLonh?kZ Iyqr %; gka
l ekgkj}U}l ekl gS A( l ekgkj}U} ui ql dfyÄ~
a x okykgksrkgS AfdUrql w
=kesai kf.kfueq
fu us, slkugha
fd; kAl w=k esa; g l EHko gSA) m'p Å' p mý' p o% AÅdkj dk çFkekcgq opukUr : i o%gS Aoke~
; g "k"Bhcgq opu dk i n gS Ars"kke~oke~( mÅ mý budk) mPpkj.kdky dhrjg mPpkj.kdky gS
ft l v p ( Loj dk) og v p~Øe' k%gLol K ad nh?kZ laKd o Iyq rl a
Kd gksos; g l w =kkFkZgS
A
v FkkZ
r ~mdkj osQmPpkj.k osQfy; sft ruk dky v ko' ; d gSmruk gh dky ft l Loj osQ
mPpkj.k osQfy; sv ko' ; d gksrk gSml Loj dh ßLo ; g l a Kk gksrh gS
A
Ådkj osQmPpkj.kosQfy; sft rukdky v ko' ; d gSmrukghdky ft l Loj osQmPpkj.k
osQfy; sv ko' ; d gksrk gSml Loj dh nh?kZ; g l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
mýdkj osQmPpkj.kosQfy; sft rukdky v ko' ; d gSmrukghdky ft l Loj osQmPpkj.k
osQfy; sv ko' ; d gksrk gSml Loj dh Iyq
r ;g l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
lw=kkFkZd k fooj . k & Lo` ' kCnksirki ; ks%; g / krqgSALo; ZUrs' kC| Ursbfr Lojk%
AmnkÙkkfn; ksa
osQ}kjkt ksLo; açdkf' kr gksrsgS
aosLoj dgykrsgS Av FkkZ
a r ~Loj dkmPpkj.kv U;o.kZdhl kgk; rk
osQfoukl EHko gS Ai jUrqLoj osQfcukosQ oy O;×k~ t u dkmPpkj.kt xr esadksbZHkhughadj l drk
gS
AO;×k~t u osQmPpkj.kosQfy; sO;×k~ t u l si o
wZv Fkoki j esadksbZLoj yxk; kt krkgS A, d O;×k~
tu
osQmPpkj.k osQfy; sft ruk dky v ko' ; d gSml dk i fj.kke v / Z ek=kk dgykrk gS AO;×k~
t u dk
mPpkj.kdky fLFkj gh gksrk gS Aog u rksfdl h osQ}kjk c<k; k t k l drk gSv kS j u gh fdl h osQ
}kjkde fd; kt kl drkgS A bl rjg l sO;×k~ t u v/ Zekf=kd gksrkgS Av / Zek=kkosQnq
xq
usdky dk

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 29
 i kB&2 la
Kk çd j . k&1

la
Kk çd j . k&1 i fjek.k, dek=kk gksrhgS
Abl çdkj ßLo , dekf=kd gksrk gS
Anh?kZf}ekf=kd gksrk gS
AIyq
r f=kekf=kd
gksrkgSA
bl çdkj , dekf=kd v p~l aKhdhßLo l a
Kk] f}ekf=kd v p~l a
Khdhnh?kZl a
Kko f=kekf=kd
v p~l a
Kh dh Iyq
r ;g l aKk gksrh gS
A
oq
QDoqQV oq
Qow QoqQý , slh v kokt djrk gS AogkaØe' k%ßLo nh?kZo Iyq r mdkj l q
ukbZnsrs
gS
Aoq
a QDoqQ
V ' kCn esamdkj gSAbl l sl w
=kesav kpk; Zi kf.kfueq
fu mdkj dkv knku djosQçfri knu fd; k
gS
Av U;Fkk rksv o.kZo.kZekyk esaekgs'ojl w
=kksaesaçFke gS Aml h dk gh xzg.k ; q
ÙkQ( mfpr) FkkA
è; ku nsa
% bl çdkj v o.kZbo.kZmo.kZo ½o.kZosQßLo nh?kZIyq r Hksn l srhu çdkj gksrsgS
A?o.kZosQ
a
ßLo o Iyq r osQHksn l snksçdkj gksrsgS
Aml dk nh?kZughagS
a A, v ks, sv kSbudk nh?kZo Iyq r Hksn
l sçR;sd osQnksçdkj gS AbuosQßLo ughagksrsgS
a A
a

mPpkS
#nkÙk%
AA ( 1-2-29)
=kkFkZ& rkYokfn l eku HkkxksaesaÅèoZ
lw Hkkx esafu"i Uu v p~mnkÙkl a
Kd gksrk gS
A
=kO;k[ ; k & ; g l a
lw Kkl w
=k gS
Abl l w =k esanksi n gS
AmPpkS
a %mnkÙk%; g l w =kxri nPNsn gS
A
rkYokfn l eku HkkxksaesaÅèoZ
Hkkx esafu"i Uu v p~mnkÙkl aKd gksrk gS; g l w
=kkFkZgS
A
lw fooj . k & uhpsl ekgkj%Lofjr%bl l w
=kkFkZ =kdhO;k[ ; kçl Ä~
x esal foLrj fn; k x; kgS
A

uhpkS
j uq
nkÙk%
AA ( 1-2-30)
=kkFkZ& rkYokfn l eku HkkxksaesafuEuHkkx esafu"i Uu v p~v uq
lw nkÙkl a
Kd gksrk gS
A
lw=kO;k[ ; k & ; g l a
Kkl w=kgSAbl l w
=kesanksi n gS
AuhpkS
a %v uqnkÙk%; g l w
=kxri nPNsn gS
Au
mnkÙk%v uq nkÙk%bfr u×k~ &rRiq #"k%l ekl %
A rkYokfn l eku HkkxksaesafuEuHkkx esafu"i Uu v p~
v uq
nkÙkl a
Kd gksrk gS; g l w =kkFkZgSA
lw fooj . k & uhpsl ekgkj%Lofjr%bl l w
=kkFkZ =kdhO;k[ ; kçl Ä~
x esal foLrj fn; k x; kgS
A

l ekgkj %Lofj r %
AA( 1-2-31)
=kkFkZ& mnkÙkRo o v uq
lw nkÙkRo ; snksuksao.kZ
/ eZft l v p~esal ekfßr gksrsgS
aog v p~
Lofjrl a
Kd gksrk gS
A
=kO;k[ ; k & ; g l a
lw Kkl w
=k gS
Abl l w =k esanksi n gS
Al ekgj%Lofjr%; g l w
a =kxri nPNsn gS
A
l ekgj.k , d=khdj.k v Fkok esy u l ekgkj' kCn dk v FkZgksrk gS
A
mnkÙkRo o v uqnkÙkRo ; snksuksao.kZ
/ eZft l v p~esal ekfßr gksrsgS aog v p~Lofjrl a
Kd gksrk
gS; g l w
=kkFkZgS
Aft l v p~esamnkÙkRo o v uq nkÙkRo ; snksuksao.kZ
/ eZfefyr gSog v p~l a Kh gksrk
gS
ALofjr ; g l a Kk gS
A
lw fooj . k & rhuksagh l w
=kkFkZ =kksadk fooj.k uhpsçLrq
r fd; k t k jgk gS
A
o. kks±osQmPpkj . kLFkku &
30 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&1 i kB&2
o.kks±osQmPpkj.kosQfy; seq
• osQfofo/ LFkkuksadk mi ; ksx gksrk gS
AosLFkku v kB gS
A; gka
a la
Kk çd j . k&1
i ka
p LFkkuksadk gh o.kZ
u gS
A
xysesavFkokxzhokosQl Eeq
• esamUur Hkkx gkrskgS
Aog BkMshosQfuEu Hkkx esagksrkgS
Aml dk
uke dkdyd gS Aogh yksd esad.Bef.k dgykrk gS Adkdyd l sysd j v ks"B rd i ka p LFkku
mPpkj.k osQfy; sO;ofßr gksrsgS
Av kS
a j os& 1) d.B] 2) ew / kZ
] 3) rkyq
] 4) nUrk] 5) v kS"B A
v o.kZosQmPpkj.kosQfy; s' okl ufydkdkv koq Q×k~
pu fd; kt krk gS Aufydkdk t ksv a 'k
v koq
Qf×k~
pr gksrk gSml dk uke d.B gS Aeq• fooj esami fjru xksy kdkj mUurre LFkku ew
/ kZgksrk
gSAml osQi ' pkr~nkUrksard foLrh.kZfoHkkx dkt kseè; fcUnqgSog rkyqdgykrkgS AnUrk%n' kuk% è; ku ns
a
%
; g çfl ¼ gS Av kS
j nksv ks"BA
mnkÙk D; k gksrk gS&
d.B dk ft ruk Hkkx mPpkj.k osQfy; smi ; ksxh gksrk gSml osQnksHkkx dj ysuspkfg; sA
ÅèoZ
Hkkx o v / ksHkkxA
; gkamPpkS
%bl ' kCn dkv FkZgksrkgS& ÅèoZ Hkkx esa
AmPpkS
%bl dkegku~èofu ; g v FkZ; gka
ughagS
Ad.B osQÅèoZ Hkkx esav fHk?kkr l st ksLoj mRiUu gksrk gSog mnkÙk dgykrk gS
A
tS
l sd.B osQHkkx dfYi r gS Aml dkÅèoZ
a Hkkx o v / kH
skkx dfYi r gS
Aml hçdkj rkyq
] ew
èkkZ
]
nUr o v ks"B osQHkh Hkkx dYi uh; gS
A
nkÙk D; k gksrk gS&
v uq
lw=kLFk uhpkS
%bl ' kCn dk v FkZgksrk gS& fuEuHkkx esa
AuhpkS %bl dk fuEu èofu ; g v FkZ
; gkaughagS Ad.B osQfuEuHkkx esav fHk?kkr l st ksLoj mRiUu gksrk gSog v uq
nkÙk dgykrk gS
A
Lofj r D; k gS&
mnkÙk Loj dk / eZmnkÙkRoA v uq nkÙk Loj dk / eZv uq
nkÙkRoA ft l Loj esamnkrRo o
v uq
nkÙkRo fefyr gksrsgS aog Loj Lofjr Loj dgykrk gS A v r%LofjrosQ mPpkj.k esad.Bkfn
ÅèoZHkkx o v / ksHkkx Hkh O;ofßr gksrk gS
A
nkÙkRo d k foHkkx &
Lofj r esamnkÙkRo o v uq
Lofjr osQfdl Hkkx esamnkÙkRo o fdl Hkkx esav uq nkÙkRo gS; g Kku v i sf{kr gS
ALofjrLoj
esai w
okZ
/ZHkkx mnkÙk gksrkgSAmÙkjk/ Z Hkkx v uq nkÙkgksrk gS
ALofjrLoj osQckn ; fn v U; mnkÙk v Fkok
Lofjr Loj gksrksbl v uq nkÙkHkkx dk mPpkj.k v uq nkÙk gh gksrk gS
A ; fn bl LofjrLoj l si js
v uqnkÙkLoj gksosrksLofjr dk t ksv uq nkÙkHkkx gSml dk mPpkj.k mnkÙkrj gksrk gS Av FkkZ
r ~mnkÙk l s
HkhÅèoZ Hkkx esafu"i Uu gksrk gSA
Lofjr l si jsmnkÙkv FkokLofjr ; g fLFkfr gksrksv uq
nkÙkHkkx dkmPpkj.kv uq
nkÙkghgksxkA
Lofjr l si jsv uq
nkÙkv Fkokçp; ; g fLFkfr gksrksv uq
nkÙkHkkx dkmPpkj.kmnkÙkrj gksrkgS
A
çp; v Fkok , d J q
fr
LofjrLoj osQv uUrj vuq
nkÙkLoj o ml osQckn ; fn mnkÙkbfr gksosrc mnkÙkl si w
oZfo| eku

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 31
 i kB&2 la
Kk çd j . k&1

la
Kk çd j . k&1 , d v uq
nkÙkv / ksjs• kl sfpfÉr gkrskgS
Aml l si o
wZfo| eku vuq
nkÙkLojfpÉghu gkrssgS
AmUghav uq
a nkÙkka
s
dk uke çp; v Fkok , dJq fr gS
A
mnkgj . k & v fXuehGsi q
j kfsgre~( ½-1-1-1)Ami RokXusfnosfnos( ½-1-1-7)Av ç; q
r keso; koks
efrank%
*A( ½-7-100-2)
lw l eUo; & v fXuehGsi q
=kkFkZ j ksfgre~; s½Xosn osQv fXul w
ÙkQosQçFke ' kCn=k; gSA bl esa
a
v fXuehGs; gkav dkj v uqnkÙkgSAbdkj mnkÙkgS AbZd kj Lofjr gS
A, dkj çp; gS Av r , o bZ
d kj dk
t ksmÙkjk/ Z
Hkkx gSml dk mnkÙkrj mPpkj.k gksrk gS
AO;×k~ t u osQmnkÙkRokfnd ughagksrsgS
A
a
è; ku nsa
% mi RokXusfnosfnos( ½-1-1-7) ; gkami bl esamdkj mnkÙk] i dkj l si jsv dkj LofjrAfnos
; gkandkj l si jsbdkj v uq
nkÙk gS
A ^RokXus* ; gkal Hkh Loj çp; gSA
a
v ç?; q
r keso; kokse?frank%
?A( ½-÷-ûúú-ü) ; gka v ç? bl esaçFke v dkj mnkÙk o f}rh;
v dkj Lofjr gSAe?fra; gkaedkj l si jorhZv dkj v uq
nkÙkgS
A' ; q
r keso; koks' ; gkal HkhLoj çp;
gS
A

i kBxr ç' u&4

8- ßLo l a
Kk fdl dh gksrh gS
A
9- mnkÙk D; k gksrk gS
A
10- Lofjr l a
Kk fo/ k; d l w
=k dkS
u&l k gS
A
11- Lofjr osQfdl Hkkx esamnkÙkRo gS
A
12- çp; D; k gS
A
13- , d oS
fnd mnkgj.k nsd j ogkamnkÙk v uq
nkÙk Lofjr o çp; ksadkscksy ksA
14- fdl dk mPpkj.k v U;ksadh l kgk; rk osQfcuk gksrk gS
A
1) fol xZ
l 2) v uq
Lokj 3) Loj 4) O;×k~
tu
15- D; k Lofjr ughagksrk gS
A
1) ßLo 2) nh?kZ 3) Iyq
r 4) O;×k~
tu
16- çp; oLrq
r %D; k gksrk gS
A
1) mnkÙk 2) v uq
nkÙk 3) Lofjr 4) buesal sdksbZugha

eq
• ukfl d kopuks¿uq
ukfl d %( 1-1-8)
=kkFkZ& eq
lw • l fgr ukfl dk l smPpk; Z
ek.k o.kZv uq
ukfl dl a
Kd gksrsgS
A
a
lw ; k[ ; k& ; g l a
=kO Kkl w
=kgSAbl l w=kesanksi n gS
A
aeq • ukfl dkopu%v uq
ukfl d%; g i nPNsn
gS
Anksuksaghi n çFkekUr gS Aeq • l fgrkukfl dkbfr eq • ukfl dk; gkaeè; ei nyksihrRiq
#"kl ekl gSA
mP; rsmPpk; Z r sbfr opu% A t ksdgk t krk gSog mPpkj.k dk deZopu dgykrk gS A v FkkZ
r~
mPpkj.kfo"k; Aeq • ukfl d; k opu%bfr eq • ukfl dkopu%; gkarr̀h; krRiq#"k l ekl gSAeq • l fgr
32 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&1 i kB&2
ukfl dk l st kso.kZmPpfjr gksrsgS
aoso.kZv uq ukfl d dgykrsgS
A; gkaeq
a • ukfl dk l fgr mPpkfjr la
Kk çd j . k&1
o.kZl a
Kh gksrk gS
Av uqukfl d ; g l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
mnkgj . ke~& v ¡ v k¡ b¡ bZ
¡ m¡Å¡ ½¡A
oqQy feykdj fdl o.kZosQfdrusHksn gksrsgS ] fdrusçdkj gksrsgS
a a; g , d=kn' kZu v ko' ; d
gS
AÅi j mÙkQ: i l s, d v o.kZosQßLo nh?kZIyq r ; srhu Hksn gksrsgS
A
amuesaßLo osQHkhmnkÙkv uq nkÙk
Lofjr ; srhu Hksn gksrsgSa, oanh?kZosQHkhmnkÙkv uq nkÙko Lofjr ; srhu Hksn gksrsgS
a, oabl hçdkj
Iyq
r osQHkh mnkÙk v uq nkÙk Lofjr ; srhu Hksn gksrsgSAbl rjg ukSHksn Li "V gS
a A
a
mu ukSHksnksaesaHkh, d , d Hksn osQv uq
ukfl d o v uuq
ukfl d ; snksHksn gksrsgS
Av r%oq
a Q
y è; ku nsa
%
feykdj , d v dkj osQv Bkjg Hksn fl ¼ gksrsgS A
a
bl çdkj v b m½ bu çR;sd o.kks±osQv Bkjg Hksn gksrsgSA?o.kZßLo o Iyq
a r gksrkgSnh?kZ
ughagksrk gSAv r%ml osQckjg Hksn gh gksrsgS A
a bl çdkj , v ks, sv kSbu , pksaosQnh?kZo Iyqr
; sHksn gksrsgS
] mudk ßLoHksn ughagksrk gS
a Av r%, p~IR;kZ
gkj osQHkh çR;sd o.kZosQckjg Hksn gh
gkrssgS
A
a
; ~o~y~bu rhuksaosQHkh v uq
ukfl d o v uuq
ukfl d Hksn gksrsgS
A, oe~; ~Õ¡] o~Ok¡] y~Yk¡
a
; sçdkj gksrsgS
A
a
v d kj osQHksn fp=keq &
• l sçd fVr gS
a
v
ßLo v nh?kZv k Iyq
r vý
mnkÙkv v uq
nkÙkv Lofjr v mnkÙk v k v uq
nkÙk v k Lofjr v k
v uq
ukfl d v ¡
v uuq
ukfl d v mnkÙkv ý v uq
nkÙkv ý Lofjr v ý

i kB l kj
lL
aÑrHkk"kkesa63 o.kZgS Aml esaGdkj] v uq
a Lokj] nksft Þokew
y h; ] nksmi èekuh; Hkhv UrHkZ
r
w
gksrsgS
Ao.kZ
a ekyk dk t ksuS l fxZd Øe gSog fdl hosQ}kjk Hkhv k; ksft r gS, slk Kkr ughagksrk gS
i jUrq; g v rho oSf' k"VÔi w
. kZgS
AçFke Loj] rnuUrj O;×k~ t u ; sl c cgq r oSf' k"VÔ; q
ÙkQgS
A
a
y?kqmi k; l sO;kdj.kosQl w=kcukusosQfy; si kf.kfueqfu usegs'oj l spkSng ( 14) l w=kçkIr
fd; A
sosghekgs ' ojl =
wkdgyk; A
s muesaçfrl w
=kt ksv fUre o.kZgSog br~&l a
K gkrskgSAml dhl kgk; rk
l sçR;kgkj cuk; st krsgS
AçR;kgkjfuekZ
a . kdhçfØ; kesav kfnjUR;su l gsrk; g l w=ki kf.kfu uscuk; kA
O;kdj.k osQrhu eq fu; ksa}kjk mÙkQçR;; kfn mi ns'k dgykrsgS A mu mi ns'kksaesaoq
a Q
N o.kZ
br~
&l Kad gksrsgSAbr~
a &l K
akfo/ k; d l kr l w
=kgS
Amu l w
a =kksal sfofo/ o.kks±o o.kZ
l eq
nk; ksadhbr~&l a
Kk
dht krhgS AbRk~
&l a
Kd ghv uq cU/ dgykrkgS Av uqcU/ dkyksi v FkkZ r ~O;ogkjkHkko rL; yksi%bl
lw
=k l sgksrk gS
A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 33
 i kB&2 la
Kk çd j . k&1

la
Kk çd j . k&1 bRk~
&l a
Kkfo/ k; dl w
=k t gkav kyksfpr gSoghai kf.kful w
=kksaesav uq
of̀Ùk] i n dk opufoi fj.kke]
v uq
orZ
eku i n dh fuof̀Ùk ; sl c fo"k; v kyksfpr gS A
a
çl ÙkQ' kCnLo: i osQmPpkj.kdkv Hkko O;ogkj dk v Hkko yksi gksrkgS; g v n' kZ
uayksi%
bl l w
=k dk v FkZv kykfspr gS
A
laLÑrHkk"kkesaft ruso.kZgS
amuesaLoj o O;×k~
t u ; snksHkkx gksrsgS
açk/ kU; l sALoj ghv p~
gS
AO;×k~
a t u gh gy~gS A
mdkj osQmPpkj.k osQfy; sft ruk dky v ko' ; d gSmruk dky ft l Loj osQmPpkj.k osQ
è; ku nsa
% fy; sv ko' ; d gksrkgSml Loj dhßLo ; g l aKkgksrhgSÅdkyks¿T>zLonh?kZ
Iyq
r %l w
=kdk; g v FkZ
gSAbl hl w =k l snh?kZ
la
Kk o Iyq
rl a
Kk Hkhdht krhgS
Abl rjg LojksaosQßLo nh?kZIyq
r ; srhu Hksn
l Ei Uu gksrsgSA
a
mPpkS #nkÙk%bl l w
=kl smnkÙkl aKk] uhpkS
j uq
nkÙkbl l w
=kl sv uq nkÙkl a
Kko l ekgkj%Lofjr%bl
lw
=k l sLofjrl aKk dht krhgS ALofjr Loj dk çFkek/ Z Hkkx mnkÙk gksrk gS ] mÙkjk/ Z
Hkkx v uq
nkÙk gksrk
gS
Ai woZesaft uosQßLo nh?kZIyqr Hksn gksrsgS
amudhi q u%bu l w=kksal sv uq
nkÙkmnkÙkLofjr ; srhu Hksn
gksrsgS
A
a
ft l o.kZosQmPpkj.k osQfy; seq • osQl kFk ukfl dk dk Hkh O;ogkj gksrk gSog o.kZ
v uq
ukfl d dykrk gS, lsk eq • ukfl dkopuks¿uq
ukfl d%bl l w =k dk v FkZgS
A; | fi v uuqukfl dl a
Kk
fo/ k; d dksbZl w
=kughagSrFkkfi ; g l e>ukpkfg; sfd ft l dkosQ oy eq • l smPpkj.kgksrkgSog
v uuqukfl d v Fkok fujuq
ukfl d dgykrk gS A bl l sçR;sd Loj nksHkkx gksrsgS a& v uqukfl d o
v uuqukfl d Abl çdkj v b m½ buosQçR;sd osQv Bkjg Hksn gksrsgS A? , v ks, sv kSbuosQçR;sd
a
osQckjg Hksn gksrsgS
A
a

; ksX; r ko/ Z
u
bl i kB esaçR;kgkjfuekZ
. kdhçfØ; kdksgeusi <kAi fBr fo"k; esan`<rkl Ei kfnr djusosQ
fy; sfuEufcUnq
v ksadk v oyksd u dj funZ
s'kkuq
l kj Nk=k dk; Zdjsa
A
 ft l hHkhçR;kgkj esadkS
u dkS
u l so.kZgS
a; g l q
Li "V Kku v i sf{kr gSrksekgs'ojl w
=kka
sd.BLFk
djusosQv ykok dksbZmi k; ughagS Av r%muosQLej.k osQfy; sçÑ"V ; Ru J¼; k djuk
pkfg; A
s
 i fBr l w
=k v "Vkè; k; hesat gkagS
al fUr ml LFky dksv "Vkè; k; h esamn~
?kkfVr dj fdl l w
=k
l sD; k i n v uqofrZr gS
] dkS u l k v f/ dkj v krk gS; g ns• sA
 çR;sd Loj osQl Hkh çdj.kksadk fp=k: i esaçdVu djuk pkfg; sA
 xq
#eq
• l sosn i < dj ogkamnkÙk v uq
nkÙk Lofjr o çp; ksadk p; u djsA

i kBkUr ç' u&5

uhpsv H; kl osQfy; sç' u nh; st kjgsgS
ANk=kksadksi kB dksl E; d~i <] l e> o foe' kZdj
a

34 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&1 i kB&2
bu ç' uksaosQmÙkj Lo; adh fVIi .khi q
fLrdk esafyf• ; sAçk; %v usd t xg mÙkj nh?kZgksosA la
Kk çd j . k&1
1- lL
aÑr dh o.kZ
ekyk fy• dj ml dk oS
f' k"VÔ fyf• ; sA
2- ekgs'ojl w
=kksadk oS
f' k"VÔ fyf• ; sA
3- çR;kgkj fuekZ
. k dh çfØ; k dksl a
{ksi l sof.kZ
r djsa
A
4- mi ns'k dkS
u&l sgS
aLi "V dfj; sA
5- v kfnjUR;su l gsrk bl l w
=k dksO;k[ ; kf; r dfj; sA
6- v n' ku
Zayksi% bl l w
=k dksO;k[ ; kf; r djsa
A è; ku nsa
%
7- Lofjr osQfdl Hkkx esamnkÙkRo o fdl Hkkx es
av uq
nkÙkRo gksrkgS; g l ksnkgj.kLi "V dfj; sA
8- v o.kZosQl Hkh Hksnksadksfyf• ; sA

i kBxr ç' uksaosQmÙkj

uhpsi kBxrç' uksaosQmÙkj fyf• r gS
Aosl w
a pdksÙkj gS
Av FkkZ
a r ~v R;Ur y?kqmÙkj gS
Ai jh{kk esa
a
mÙkjys• u dky esaLi "V okD; fy• sarksv PNk jgsxkA
mÙkj &û
9- 63
10- ½yò~
Q
A
11- v UR;Av uq
ukfl dA
12- l {akisA
13- t ' k~
A
14- ' k"kl A
15- / krq
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=k] okfrZ
d ] fyÄ~
xkuq
' kkl u] vkxe çR;; o v kns
' kbudk
, v k| ksPpkj.k ghmi ns'k gS A
16- 3)
17- 2)
18- 1)
19- 2)
20- 4)
21- 2)

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 35
 i kB&2 la
Kk çd j . k&1

la
Kk çd j . k&1 22- 4)
mÙkj&2
23- v UR; bRl a
Kd osQl kFk] v kfn o.kZo eè; xr o.kks±dhl a
KkgksrhgS
Av kfn v kjSeè; xr l a
Kh
gksrsgS
A
a
24- la
Kkl w
=kA
25- v UR; br~osQl kFk v kfn o eè; xr Loj dh l a
Kk gksrh gS
A

% 26- çR;kgkj & ; .ArRl aKh & ; ojyA

è; ku nsa
27- 4)
28- 1) p) 2) N) 3) ×k) 4) t ) 5) • )
6) >) 7) x) 8) d) 9) ?k) 10) Ä)
mÙkj&3
29- bRl a
Kd dkA
30- bRl a
Kd dkA
31- çl ÙkQosQmPpkj.kkHkko yksil a
Kd gksrk gS
A
32- mPpkj.kdkv HkkoA
33- çl ÙkQosQmPpkj.k osQv Hkko dk v FkZl a
Kh] yksi ; g l a
Kk gS
A
34- 4)
35- 2)
mÙkj&4
36- mdkj osQmPpkj.k osQfy; sft ruk dky v ko' ; d gSmruk dky ft l Loj osQmPpkj.k osQ
fy; sv ko' ; d gksrk gSml Loj dh ßLo ; g l aKk gksrh gS
A
37- d.B osQÅèoZ
Hkkx esav fHk?kkr l st ksLoj mRiUu gksrk gS og mnkÙk dgykrk gS
A
38- l ekgkj%Lofjr%
A
39- LofjrLoj esai o
wkZ
/Z
Hkkx mnkÙk gksrk gS
A
40- LofjrLoj osQv uUrj v uqnkÙkLoj ml osQi ' pkr~mnkÙk ; g fLFkfr t c gksrhgSrc mnkÙk l s
iw
oZfo| eku , d v uq
nkÙkv / ksjs• kl sfpfÉr gksrkgSAml l si w
oZfo| eku v uq
nkÙkLojfpÉghu
gksrsgS
AmUghav uq
a nkÙkksadk uke çp; v Fkok , dJq fr gS
A
41- v ç; q
r keso; koksefrank%
*A( ½-7-100-2) ; gka v ç* bl esaçFke v dkj mnkÙk] f}rh; v dkj
LofjrAefra; gkaedkj l si jorhZv dkj v uq nkÙkA^; q
r keso; koks* ; gkal Hkh Loj çp; gS
A
42- 3)
43- 4)
44- 2)
36 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&2 i kB&3
la
Kk çd j . k&2

la
Kk çd j . k&2 è; ku nsa
%

iwoZosQi kB esao.kZ
] muosQHksn] HksnksaosQuke] o.kkZ
sPpkj.k çfØ; k] LojksaosQcgqfof/ çdkj
osQckjsesacrk; kx; kgS Av kH; Urj ç; Ru v kS
j cká ç; Ru osQfo"k; esaHkhcrk; kgS Al o.kZl a
KkdjosQ
dkSu&l k o.kZdc v i usLo l o.kZdhl a Kk gksrhgSbl fo"k; i j Hkhi w oZi kB esav kykspuk dhgSA
bl l s' kCn dk t ksew
y ?kVd gSog o.kZ ] ml dk O;kdj.kksi; ksfxrk fooj.k l Ei Uu gqv kA
bl i kB esal Hkho.kZosQmPpkj.kLFkku v kH; Urj ç; Ru v kS j cká ç; Ru dhv kykspukdjsa xsA
bl osQmi ; ksx l s, d o.kZdkv i j o.kZl o.kZoS Q
l sgksrkgS; g Hkht kuukpkfg, Aogkagh, d l o.kZ
v i j l o.kZdkxzg.kdc djrkgSeq [ ; fo"k; gS
Ari jdj.kdkv FkZv kS j rkRi; Z; snw
l jkfo"k; v kxs
gS
AfdUrqO;kdj.k esaoS Q
l s' kCn dksysd j dk; Zgksrk gSO;kdj.k dk oS f' k"V~
; Hkh; gk¡gh v kxsgSA
v usd l w=kksaesarnUrfof/ v kSj rnkfnfof/ gksrh gS
Av r%og fo"k; v kyksP; gS A

mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
d j v ki l {ke gksa
xs&
 o.kkZ
sPpkj.k dh çfØ; k dkst ku i kuses_
a
 o.kZosQmPpkj.k LFkku v kH; Urj ç; Ru v kS
j cká ç; Ru dksHkh t ku i kusesa
_
 dkS
u v uq
Lokj] dkS
u mi èekuh; ] dkS
u ft Þokew
y h; bR;kfn fo"k; esat ku i kusesa
_
 v fu"V l o.kZdksgVk i kusesa
_
 xzg.kd' kkL=k dkst ku i kusesa
_
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_
 ri jdj.k dj i kusesa
_
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Ldkj gksrk gSv FkZdk ughabl fo"k; esai kf.kfu l w
=k dksi <+
i kuses_
a
 rnUr fof/ v kS
j rnkfn fof/ dj i kusesa
_

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 37
 i kB&3 la
Kk çd j . k&2

la
Kk çd j . k&2 3-1 r q
Y; kL; ç; Rual o. kZ
e~
AA( 1-1-9)
lw & ft l o.kZdkft l o.kZl srq
=kkFkZ Y; mPpkj.kLFkku gS
] fdUrqrqY; v kH; Urj ç; Ru gksrk
gSrksmu nksuksal o.kZgS
A, d o.kZv i j o.kZdk l o.kZl a
Kd gksrk gS; g v FkZgS
A
lw
=k O; k[ ; k& l a
Kkl w =kgS
Al w
=kesanksi n gS
ArqY; kL; ç; Rue~çFkekUr i n gSAl o.ke Z~ çFkekUr
laKki n gSArqY; ' kCn dk l n`' k v FkZgS
Av kL; bl dk eq • v FkZgS AfdUrqbl l w =k esav FkZgksrk gS&
v kL; seq
• sHkoe~v kL; e~bfrAeq • esafo| eku v FkZgSAeq • esarkyqnUr ew / kZv ks"B v kS
j d.B i ka p
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è; ku nsa
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Arq Y; kSv kL; ç; RukS; L;
o.kZt kyL; rr~rq Y; kL; ç; Rue~bfr cgqozhfgl ekl %
Aft l o.kZdk ft l v i j o.kZl srq Y; l n`' k
mPpkj.k LFkku v kS j Hkh rq
Y; v kH; Urj ç; Ru gksrk gSog o.kZml v i j dk l o.kZl a Kd gksrk gS A
RifÙk%& fdl h Hkh ' kCn dk v FkZçdV djusosQfy, bl : i l sml dk v oyEcu
O;q
djrsgS
&
a
rq
Y; ' kCn dk l n`' k v FkZgS
A
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Y; l n`' k*A
^rq
Y; ' kCn l n`' k dk i ; kZ
; * gS
A
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Y; dgusi j l n`' k v FkZ
* gS
A
bu l HkhokD; ksadkv FkZl eku ghgS Ai jUrqt c ^çp; %, dJq fr%* , slk dgrsgSarc ml dk
v FkZD; k gksrk gS' kh?kzrkl sml dk Kku çkjfEHkd v oLFkk esaNk=kksadksughagksrk gS
Ai jUrqogkav FkZ
djuk pkfg, & çp; dksgh, dJq fr dgrsgS Av i j mnkgj.k& ^fol t Z
a uh; %fol xZ%* bl dkv FkZ&
fol t Z
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uh; gh fol xZdgykrk gS A
bl çdkj l sogka
&ogkat kuuk pkfg,

LFkku
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A
uhpsf' k{kk xzUFk esafLFkr oq
Q
N opu ml osQv FkZosQfy, mi LFkkfi r djrsgS
A
a
1) voqQgfoltZuh;kuka d.B%A 2) bpq;'kkuka rkyqA 3) ½Vqj"kk.kka ew/kZA 4) y`ry
q lkuka
nUrk%A 5) miwièekuh;kukeks"BkSA 6) ×keÄ.kukuka ukfldk pA 7) ,nSrks% d.BrkyqA 8)
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v FkZ
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a
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38 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&2 i kB&3
2) b pq( poxZ& p N t > ×k) ; ' kbudkmPpkj.kLFkku rkyq
A; gk¡b bl l sml osQ18 Hksn la
Kk çd j . k&2
l e>ukpkfg, A
3) ½ Vq( VoxZ& V B M< .k) j "k dkmPpkj.kLFkku ew
/ kZgS
A; gk¡½ bl l sml osQ18 Hksn
l e>ukpkfg, A
4) Ærq( roxZ& r Fk n / u) y l dk mPpkj.k LFkku nUr gksrk gS
A; gk¡ nUr bl dk v FkZ
nUrew
y gS
A; gk¡ Æbl l sml osQ12 Hksn t kuuspkfg, A
5) mi q(i oxZ %& i i Qc Hke) mi èekuh; dkmPpkj.kLFkku v ks"B gksrkgS
A; gk¡mbl l sml osQ
18 Hksn t kuuspkfg, A è; ku nsa
%
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ghgS Ai jUrqosQ
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ukfl dkgS Aedkj dkmPpkj.kLFkku v k"sB v kSj ukfl dk gSAÄdkj dkmPpkj.k LFkku d.B
v kS
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v kS
j ukfl dk gS
A
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A; gk¡ , , sbu nksuksal smuesaçR;sd osQ12 Hksn
t kuukpkfg, A
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9) o dk mPpkj.kLFkku gksrk gSnUrks"BA
10) ft Þokew
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y gksrk gS
A
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Lokj dk mPpkj.kLFkku ukfl dk gksrk gS
A
mi j esaç; q
ÙkQoq
Q
N ' kCnksosQv FkZ
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uh; & fol t Z
fol t Z uh; ' kCn fol xZdki ; kZ
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Ai w
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r djrsgSA
a
Øe fLFkfr mPpkj . k
1 v %@jke% çk; %g bo
2 v k%@jkek% çk; %gk bo
3 b%@gfj% çk; %fg bo
4 m%@Hkkuq
% çk; %gqbo
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6 , s%@nsoS
% çk; %fg bo
7 v ks%@Hkkuks% çk; %gksbo
8 v kS
%@xkS
% çk; %gqbo

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 39
 i kB&3 la
Kk çd j . k&2

la
Kk çd j . k&2 mi èekuh; & i dkj l si w
oZv Fkoki Q
dkj l si w
oZ; fn fol xZgSrksml osQLFkku esa v / Z
fol xZ
osQl eku fy• rsgS av kS
j mPpkj.kdjrsgSArc ml dkuke mi èekuh; gksrkgS
a Amnk- & jke%i ' ; fr
& jkei ' ; frAo`{k%i Qyfr & o`{ki Q
yfrA; gk¡ mi èekuh; gS A
y h; & ddkj l si o
ft Þokew wZvFkok• dkj l si w
oZ; fn fol xZgSrksml osQLFkku esa v èkZ
fol xZ
os
Ql eku fy• rsgS
av kS
j mPpkj.kdjrsgSArc ml dkuke ft Þokew
a y h; gksrkgS
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& jkedFk; frAjke%• knfr & jke• knfrA; gk¡ ft Þokewy h; gSA
Lokj & Loj l si j O;×k~
v uq t u gksusi j Loj i j fcUnq; fn fy• kgSrksog v uq
Lokj dgykrk
% gS
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A

ç; R
u
fdl o.kZdkD; kç; Ru gksrkgSAml dkgh; gk¡v kykspukdhgSAoS
; kdj.kfl ¼kUr dkS
eq
nh
xzUFk l s; gk¡ ml Hkkx dksoq
Q
N i fjorZ
u djosQmi LFkkfi r djrsgS
A
a
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j
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A
ckáç; Ru rksX; kjg gS
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v uq
nkÙkv kS
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gS
Av U; rql a
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A

v FkZ
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r ç; Ru ' kCn gS
Ai jUrqçl Ä~
x l sml l sv frfjÙkQfo"k; dhv kykspuk; gk¡dhgS
A
v kH; Urj v kS
j cká ; Ru osQnksçdkj gS
A
a
v kH; Urj ; Ru ghç; Ru dgykrkgS
Av kS
j og pkj çdkj dkgS
& Li `"V] b"Zkr~
&Li `"V] foor̀ v kS
j
lo
ar̀ gS
A
cká; Ru osQX; kjg Hksn gS
Aosfg& fookj] l o
akj] ' okl ] ukn] ?kks"k] v ?kks"k] v Yi çk.k] egkçk.k]
mnkÙk] v uq
nkÙk v kS
j Lofjr gS A
; gk¡ ç' u gksrk gSfd dkS
u Li ' kZv kfn gS
A
sPpkj . kçfØ; k& ukfHkçns'kl sç; Ru }kjkçs
o. kkZ fjr çk.kuke ok; qÅèoZt krkgS Arc ft Þok
dkv xz]mikxz ] eè; v kjSew
y eq
• esafofHkUu LFkku i j ok; qdksfo/ kjrkgS
] (v xzHkkx ok; qdksfonh.kZ
djrkgS A) ok; qosQekxZv ojks/ djrkgSv FkZ Abl çdkj fo/ k; Z ek.kok; qeq• esaml ml LFkku dks
pksV djrk gS Aml LFkku i j v k?kkr djrk gSAml LFkkukfHk?kkr l so.kZmRiUu gksrk gS Av FkkZr ~o.kZ
v fHkO;×k~
t d èofu mRiUu gksrhgS Aeq
• osQft l LFkku i j ok; qdk v fHk?kkr gksrkgSml LFkku i j
o.kZèofu mRiUu gksrh gS Aml LFkku dksgh ml o.kZdk mPpkj.kLFkku dgrsgS Amnk-& t S l sft Þok

40 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&2 i kB&3
dk ewy d.B esaok; qdksfonh.kZdjrk gS
Aog ok; qd.B dkspksV djrk gS
Aml LFkku v fHk?kkr la
Kk çd j . k&2
l sv o.kZèofu mRiUu gksrk gS
Av r%v dkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku d.B gS
A
& t c ft Þok dk v xz] mi kxz] eè; v Fkok ew
Li ' kZ y dkseq • osQfdl h Hkh LFkku i j l gh
Li ' kZdjrkgS Arc t kso.kZmRiUu gksrsgSaosLi ' kZdgykrsgS Ao.kZ
a ekykesaçnf' kZ
r ddkj l sv kjEHk
djosQedkji ; Z Ur 25 o.kZLi ' kZgksrsgS A v r%dgrs gS
a afd d kn; ks ekol kuk%Li ' kkZ
%bfrA
×k; ~
&çR;kgkjLFk Li ' kZgksrsgS
Abudk v kH; Urç; Ru Li `"V gksrk gS
a A
v Ur% LFkk%& t c ft ÞokosQv xz]mi kxz] eè; v Fkokew y dksbZ"kr~Li ' kZgksrkgS
Arc t kso.kZ
mRiUu gksrsgS
aosv Ur% LFk dgykrk gS A; .k~
&çR;kgkjLFk v FkkZ
r ~; o j y ; spkj v Ur% LFk dgykrs è; ku ns
a
%
gS
Abudkv kH; Urjç; Ru bZ
a &Li `"V gksrkgS
"kr ~ A
Å"eo. kZ& t c ft Þok nwj l sghLi `' k djrk gSrc l HkhLoj v kSj Å"e o.kZmRiUu gksrsgS A
a
Å"eo.kZ' ky~&çR;kgkjLFk' k"kl g pkj gS ALoj v p~ &çR;kgkjLFkgS Abl hçdkj v pksdkv kS j ' ky
dk v kH; Urjç; Ru foor̀ %gksrk gSA; | fi Å"ek.k v kS
j Loj l ekuLFkku l sl eku v kH; Urjç; Ru l s
mRiUu gksrk gSfi Q
j Hkh Lo; aj kt Ursbfr Loj k%gS ] v FkkZ
r ~muosQmPpkj.k esav U; fdl h Hkh o.kZ
l gk; rkdhv ko' ; drkughagS AÅ"ek.k dkÅ"eRo gksusi j cká; Ru dkj.k gksrkgS Av r%Loj osQ
fy, Å"ek.k Hksn cká; Ruo' k l sgS A
t c ft Þokl ehi rkl sLi `' kdjrkgSrc ßLo v o.kZmRiu gksrkgS Av bl dkv kH; Urjç; Ru
laor̀ %gksrkgSAßLo v o.kZdkyksd O;ogkjdky esarksv kH; Urjç; Ru l a or̀ ghgksrkgS
Ai jUrqt c
: i fl f¼ çfØ; k gksrh gSrc ogk bl dk foor̀%v kH; Urjç; Ru ekuuk pkfg, çfØ; k dh l q xerk
osQfy, Ao.kZdh mRifÙkdky esagh Li ' kkZfn gkrsk gS
Av r%v kH; Urj ç; Ru dgykrk gSA

cká; Ru
ukfHkçns'kl sÅèoZt krhgq
bZok; qew
/ kZl sVdjkrhgS
Aml osQckn og ok; qfuoÙ̀kgksrhgS AfuoÙ̀k
og dks"B dkspksV djrh gS Aok; q
ufydk esad.Bef.k osQv / ksHkkx dksdks"B dgrsgS ] ft l l sok; q
mi j çsfjr gksrh gS
A
v fHkguu l st c xyfcy foor̀ gksrk gSAml l sfookj%uke o.kZ/ eZmRiUu gksrk gSAt c
xyfcy foor̀ gksrkgSrc ml l svO;ÙkQ' kCn mRiUu gkrskgS
Aog ' kCn ' okl %dgykrkgS
At c ' okl
v uq
çnku djrk gSrc ' okl èofu l Ä~x l sv ?kks"k%mRiUu gksrk gS
A
v fHkguu l st c xyfcy l o ar̀ gksrkgS
Arc l a okj %uke o.kZ / eZmRiUu gksrkgS Al aor̀ xyfcy
gksusi j ml l sv O;ÙkQ' kCn mRiUu gksrsgS Aog ' kCn ukn%dgykrkgS
a At S l s?k.Moknu l soqQN dky
èofu gksrhgSv kS j Øe' k%y?kqgksrhgS A; g èofu ukn dgykrhgSrFkk; g ukn l e>ukpkfg, At c
ukn v uq çnhIr gksrkgS] rc uknèoful Ä~ x l s?kks"k%gksrkgS
At sn~
l si oZr ksa esaèofu djrsgSarksml dh
çfrèofu gksrh gS AoS l sgh ?kks"k bl dk v FkZçfrèofu gS A
' okl ukn dksv uq
çnku Hkh dgrsgS
A
a
t c egku~ok; qO;ogkj djrbZgSrc egkçk. k%o.kZmRiUu gksrk gS
At c v Yi ok; qO;ogkj
djrh gSrc v Yi çk. k%o.kZmRiUu gksrsgS
A
a

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 41
 i kB&3 la
Kk çd j . k&2

la
Kk çd j . k&2 nkÙk Lofj r rhuksai w
mnkÙk v uq oZgh of.kZ
r gS
A
• ; ~' kj~ft Þokewy h; mi èekuh; fol xZbudkcká; Ru fookj ' okl v kS j v ?kks"kgS
Ag' k~v kS
j
v uqLokj dkcká; Ru l a okj ukn v kSj ?kks"k gS
Ap; ~t ' k~v kS
j ; e~v Yi çk.k gS
A>"k~' ky~• i QN B
Fk ; segkçk.k gS A v pksdk cká; Ru mnkÙk v uq nkÙk v kSj Lofjr gksrk gS A cká; Ru dk mi ; ksx
v kUrjrE; i jh{kk esagksrk gSAml dk mnkgj.k çfØ; k v kS j çl Ä~x esadgrsgS A
a
, d o.kZv i j dk l oZ
. k oS
Q
l sgksrk gS
A
pdkj dk t dkj l sl ko.; Zdk fopkj djrsga
A
S
è; ku nsa
%
rq
Y; kL; ç; Rual o.kZ
e~l o.kZ
la
Kkfo/ k; d l w=kgS Aft u nkso.kZdkeq • esamPpkj.kLFkku v kS j
v kH; Urj ç; Ru nksuksarq
Y; gSrksmu nksuksao.kZdhfeFkl o.kZl a KkgksrhgS Abpq ; ' kkukarkyqopu l s
pdkj dkv kjSt dkj dkmPpkj.kLFkku rkyqgS ALi `"Vaç; ruaLi ' kku
Zke~opu l spdkj dkvkjSt dkj
dk v kH; Urj ç; Ru Li `"V gSAv r%nksuksao.kZdk mPpkj.k LFkku v kS j v kH; Urj ç; Ru rq Y; gS
Av r%
pdkj t dkj dk l o.kZgksrkgS At dkj v kS j pdkj dk l o.kZgksrk gS Av FkkZr ~pdkj t dkj dk feFk
l ko.; Zgksrk gS
A
l ko. ; Z
fopkj d ky esaukfl d k d hx. kuk gksrhgSv Fkok ugha & i dkj dkmPpkj.kLFkku
v ks"BAedkj dkmPpkj.kLFkku v ks"B v kS j ukfl dkAnksuksadkv kH; Urj ç; Ru Li `"VgSA; gk¡foçfri fÙk
t ksi dkj edkj dk l o.kZgSv Fkok ugha Adgk¡l sAmPpkj.kLFkku nksuksadk l eku ughagS Aedkj dk
ukfl dk v f/ d gS A ogkadgrsgS afd l ko.; Zfu.kZ
; dky esav kL; e~v FkkZ r ~eq
• esafo| eku gh
mPpkj.kLFkku xz ká gS
Aeq• l sckgj fo| eku LFkku dhx.kukughagS Aukfl dkrkseq • esaughgSAml l s
; | fi edkj dkukfl dkmPpkj.kLFkku gS Afi Qj Hkhml dhx.kuk; gk¡ughadjrsgS Av r%i dkj edkj
dk l ko.; Zgksrk gSAv r%dgrsgS a& v kL; Hko; koRLFkkul kE; al ko.; Z
ç; kst dfefrA

½d kj Æd kj ; ks%l o. kZ
fof/ %( okfr Z
d)
gksr`Ædkj%LFky i j gksrdkj%l o.kZ nh?kZl fU/ b"V gS
AfdUrq½dkj Ædkj dkl o.kZughagS A
dgk¡ l sughagSl o.kZ A½dkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku ew / kZ
AÆdkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku nUr gS Anksuksadk
mPpkj.kLFkkul kE; ughagS Av r%l ko.; Zl EHko ughagS Av r%l o.kZ
nh?kZl fU/ mu nksuksadhughagksrh
gSv kSj b"V gS Av r%okfrZ d dkj eq fu dkR;k; u usokfrZ d dh jpuk dh& ( ok-) ½dkj Ædkj; ks%
l o.kZfof/ % A v r bl okfrZd cy l s½dkj v kS j Ædkj i jLi j l o.kZgksrsgSA ; g gh okfrZ
a d
oS; kdj.kfl ¼kUrdkSeqnh esaHkêð
ksft nhf{kro; Zl soqQN i fjorZ
u djosQfy• k gS & ½Æo. kZ ; ks%feFk%
aokP; e~bfrA
l ko. ; Z

v fu"Val ko. ; Z
e~r L; okj . kapA
o.kks±dk v fu"V l ko.; ZoS
Q
l sçkIr gS
Av kS
j ml dk fuokj.k oS
Q
l s gksrk gSuhpsv kykspuk
djrsgS
A
v fu"Val ko. ; Z& vo.kZdkmPpkj.kLFkku d.B gS
e~ Agdkj dkHkhd.B gS
ALojksv kjSÅ"ek.k
dk v kH; Urç; Ru foor̀ gS
Av r%v dkj gdkj dksl ko.; ZçkIr gS
A
bdkj dkLFkku rkyq A' kdkj dkHkhrkyq
ALojksdkv kS
j Å"ek.kdk v kH; Urç; Ru foor̀ gS
A
v r%bdkj ' kdkj dksl ko.; ZçkIr gS
A

42 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&2 i kB&3
½o.kZdk mPpkj.kLFkku ew
/ kZ
A"kdkj dk Hkh ew
/ kZ
ALojksdk v kS
j Å"ek.k dk v kH; Urç; Ru la
Kk çd j . k&2
foor̀ gS
Av r%½dkj "kdkj dksl ko.; ZçkIr gSA
& bl çdkj l sv usd LFkku i j l fU/ çns'kesav fu"V : i cursgS
okj . ke~ Av r%bu l ko.; Z
a
dksgVkusosQfy, i kf.kfueqfu }kjk ukT>ykS( 1-1-10) l w =k dh jpuk dhA( u v k&v p~ &gykS ) bl
lw
=k dk rkRi; kZFkZgS
& v p~gy~i jLi j l o.kZughagksrsgSAv FkkZ
a r ~Loj dk O;×k~
t u osQl kFk l ko.; Z
ughagksrk gS
A
ßLo v d kj d k v kH; Urj ç; Ru& v bm.k~ekgs'oj l w =k esav dkj foor̀ gS
Al k/ q
i n dk
fuekZ. kv"Vkè; k; hl w
=kdjrsgS
Av "Vkè; k; hesav fUre l w
a =kv v (8-4-68) bfrAml dkv FkZ & çfØ; k è; ku nsa
%
n' kk esat ksfoor̀ v dkj og yksd esaO;ogkj osQfy, l a or̀ dk fo/ ku djrsgS A bl l w
a =k dk
v "Vkè; k; hesaçHkko ughagS
At c : i cursgS arc ogka; fn ßLo v dkj gksrksçfØ; kUr esaml sog
laor̀ djrk gS A
; | fi , dkj dk, sd kj l sçÑr l w
=kl sl ko.; ZçkIr gksrkgS
Afi Q
j Hkh, dkj , sd kj dkl o.kZ
Lohdkj ughadjrsgS A
a
; | fi vksd kj dkv kS
d kj l sçÑr l =
wkl sl ko.; ZçkIr gkrskgSrFkkfi v ksd kj v kS
d kj dkl o.kZ
Lohdkj ughadjrsgS A
a

i kBxr i z'u&1
1- v uq
ukfl d l a
Kk fo/ k; d l w
=k fy• dj v FkZfyf• , \
2- v dkj osQfdrusHksn gS
\
a
3- l o.kZl a
Kk fo/ k; d l w
=k fy• dj v FkZfyf• , \
4- i dkj dk mPpkj.k LFkku D; k gS
\
5- poxZdk mPpkj.k LFkku D; k gS
\
6- mi èekuh; dkS
u gS
\
7- v kH; Urjç; Ru osQHksnka
sdksfyf• , A
8- gdkj dk cká; Ru D; k gS
A
9- ukfl dk osQl kFk eq
• l smPpkfjr o.kZdh D; k l a
Kk gS
\
1) v uuq
ukfl d 2) ew
/Z
U; 3) v uq
ukfl d 4) br~
10- fdl dk nh?kZ
%çdkj ughagS
\
1) ½ 2) b 3) Æ 4) , s
11- ; g Å"ek o.kZgS
\
1) < 2) Hk 3) • 4) l

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 43
 i kB&3 la
Kk çd j . k&2

la
Kk çd j . k&2 12- rdkj dk cká; Ru D; k gS
\
1) ?kks"k 2) ukn 3) ' okl 4) egkçk.k
13- ½dkj dk l o.kZD; k gS
\
1) j 2) V 3) b 4) Æ
14- v uq
çnku D; k gS
\
1) ?kks"k 2) ukn 3) fookj 4) egkçk.k
è; ku nsa
%
3-2 v . kq
¡fnr ~l o. kZ
L; pkçR;; %
AA( 1-1-69)
lw & v .kçR;kgkj rFkkmfnr v i usLo: i rFkkv i usl o.kZdkHkhxzg.kdjkusokysgS
=kkFkZ a
gksrsgS
açR;; dksNksM+d jA
lw=kO;k[ ; k& l a
Kkl w
=kgS
Ai kpa i n gSAv .k~mf¡nr~l o.kZ
L; p v çR;; %l w =kxri nPNs n gSAv .k~
mf¡nr~v çR;; %rhu çFkekUr i n gSAl o.kZL; "k"Bh, dopukUrAp v O ; ; i n gS
ALoa: i a' kCnL; k' kCn
laKk l w
=k l s Loe~i n dh v uq of̀r gSv kSj "k"BÔUrRo l sfoi fj.kke gS A
çÑr l w
=k esav .k~çR;kgkj i j .kdkj l sxzká gS
Aml esv b m½ Æ, v ks, sv kSg ; o
j y o.kZgS
A
v çR;; %v .k~bl dk fo' ks"k.k m¡fnr~bl dk HkhAm¡fnr~v çR;; %v .k~p l o.kZ
L; LoL; bfr
i n ; kst ukAl a
Kkçdj.kesa; g l w=ki <+ kx; kgS Av r%l aKki n çkIr djrkgS Arc l w
=kdkv FkZgksrk
gS& v .kçR;kgkj rFkkmfnr v i usLo: i rFkkv i usl o.kZdkHkhxzg.kdjkusokysgS agksrsgS
açR;;
dksNksM+ d jA
çR;; i n dkD; kv FkZgS
Am¡fnr~
&i n dkD; kv FkZgS
Av .k~fdl .kdkj l sçR;kgkj ç' uksadh
uhpsv kykspuk djrsgS
A
a
çR;; %( 3-1-1) , d l w =kgSAogkaçR;; ' kCn dk v FkZgksrk gSfd rr̀h; prq FkZv kjSi ×pe
v è; k; esat kst ksfo/ ku fd; k gSmudhl a Kk fg çR;; gSAl Hkht xg çR;; ' kCn dk ; g ghv FkZ
xzká gSAi jUrqbl l w =kesaçR;; ' kCn dkog v FkZxzká ughagSA; gk¡rksçrh; rsfo/ h; rsbfr çR;; %A
v FkkZ
r ~v "Vkè; k; h esaft l dk fo/ ku gksrk gSog fo/ h; eku çR;; gS A u çR;; %v çR;; %bfr
u×k~&rRiq#"kl ekl %Abl çdkj v çR;; ' kCn dk v fo/ h; eku bR;FkZgS A
i kf.kfueq
fu d • x ?kÄ doxZdksçdV djusosQfy, oq Q¡i n dkç; ksx fd; kAbl hçdkj
ghv U; oxkZ sdksçdV djusosQfy, pq ¡Vq
¡ rq
¡i q
¡O;ogkj djrsgS
Aogkam¡d kj v uq
a ukfl d gS Av r%
og br~&l a Kd gksrkgSAm¡d kj ghm¡r~
Am¡r~br~ft l dkog m¡fnr~Am¡fnr~bl l soq
Q
¡pq¡Vq
¡rq¡i q
¡; sv FkkZ
r~
×k; ~
&çR;kgkjLFk l HkhoxZosQo.kZdkst kuuk pkfg, A
v .k~çR;kgkj gS
Aekgs'ojl w
=kes
av bm.k~v kjSy.k~nksl =
wkesa.kdkj%br~
&l K
ad gS Anksuka
sosQl kFk
v dkj v .k~çR;kgkj dkfuekZ . kdjrkgSAogkav .k~çR;kgkj dc i w oZ.kdkj l sv Fkokdc i j .kdkj
l sç' uAml osQmÙkjkFkZosQfy, ; gk¡ , d dkfjdk&

44 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&2 i kB&3
i j s.kS
os. & xzgk%l oZ
si w
oZ
s.kS
ok. & xzgk er k%
A la
Kk çd j . k&2
½r s¿. kq
fnRl o. kZ
L; sR;srnsd ai j s.k r q
AA
v FkZ%& b.k~çR;kgkj ges'kki j .kdkj l sghgksrkgS Av .k~çR;kgkj l nki w
oZ.kdkj l sgksrkgS
A
osQ
oy v .kq
fnRlo.kZL; pkçR;; %l =wkesav .k~çR;kgkj i j .kdkj l sgksrkgS
Av .kq
fnr~
&l =
wkesafu; e dk
O;frØe gSA
fdl o.kZdk dkS
ula
fKu , slk fu.kZ
; djuk pkfg, A
, d mnkgj.k dhv kykspuk djrsgS
A
a è; ku nsa
%
bdks; .kfp l fU/ l w=kgS
Abl l w =kdkv FkZgksrkgS& bd osQLFkku esa; .k~gksv p i jsAl jykFkZ
& ; fn v p osQi woZbd~gSrksbd~ &LFkku esa; .k~djuk pkfg, Ai w oZfLFkr v kS
j bd~v p~gS Auwr urk
l smu nksuksadkfo/ ku v ku; u ; ksx gksrkgSv FkokughaAv r%v kS j bd~v p~v fo/ h; eku gS ] v çR;;
gSA; .k~rksi o
wZml LFkku esaughagS Auw r urkl sykrsgSaIL; kZ
sx djrsgS Av r%; .k~fo/ h; eku gS
a Ai w
oZ
fo| eku v fo/ h; eku v çR;; gS Auw r urkl sft l dkç; ksx gksrkgSog fo/ h; eku çR;; gksrkgS Abl
çdkj bdks; .kfp l w =k esabd~v p~v fo/ h; eku gSv kS j ; .k~fo/ h; eku gS
A
ml d k mnkgj . k&
l /qhmi kL; %
Abl mnkjg.kesai dkj l si w oZt ksmdkj og v p~gS
Aog i woZl sgS Av r%mdkj
lw
=kLFk v p~&i n l st kuk t krk gS
Av p~v fo/ h; eku v çR;; gS
A/ dkj l si j t ksbZ
d kj gSog bd~
gSv Fkok ughav kykspuk djrsgS A
a
( bZ
d kj i w
oZl sfo| eku gS
Av r%l v fo/ h; eku v çR;; gS
A)
; gk¡ bd~bfr l aKkAl a Kh dkS u gSAl aKh gksrsgS& b m½ Æekgs'ojl w =k esamYysf• r o.kZ A
ekgs'ojl w =k dkso.kZl ekEuk; dgrsgS Aml esamYysf• r o.kZok.kZ
a l ekEukf; d dgykrsgS Abuesanh?kZ
a
bZ
d kj ughagS Aml l snh?kZbZ d kj bd~ &i n l st kukughat kl drkgS Al w=krksdgrkgSfd bd~ &LFkku
esa; .k~gksAv r%bdks; .kfp l w =k l sl q
/ hmi kL; %mnkgj.k esanh?kZbZ d kj osQLFkku esa; .k~ughadj
l drsgS Afi Q
a j HkhgksrkgSbd~bl l snh?kks±dkHkhxzg.kgksAoS l sxzg.ki kf.kfueqfu osQl Eefr osQfcuk
ughagksrk gS Av r%v .kq fnRl o.kZL; pkçR;; %l = wkdhjpukeq fu }kjkghdhxbZgS Abl l w =k esav .k~
bl l snh?kks±dk Hkh xzg.k djkrk gS Av r%; g l w =k xzg.kd' kkL=k uke l sO;kdj.k l Eçnk; esaçfl ¼
gSAxzg.k v dkjkfn l sv i usl o.kks±dk Hkh xzg.k gksrk gS Abl h çdkj bd~ &çR;kgkj ßLo nh?kZv kS j
Iyqr ksdk cks/d gksrk gS Aml l sl q / h mi kL; %bR;kfn LFky i j bZ d kj dks; .k~gksrk gSAçfØ; k l s
lqè; iqkL; %: i fl ¼ gksrk gS A
v .k~l K
akAl a
Kh gS& v b m½ Æ, v ks, sv kSg ; o j y bfrA
v . kq L; pkçR;; %çÑrl w
fnr ~l o. kZ =k l sv b bR;kfn dh Hkh l a
Kk dghgS Arksl aKh dkS
u
gSAv i usl o.kZl a Kh gSAv dkj osQdkS u l o.kZgSAft udk mPpkj.kLFkku v kS
j v kH; Urjç; Ru v dkj
l srq
Y; gSoso.kZ Aoso.kZdkS u&l sgS
Aoso.kZgksrsgSav dkj osQv êòkjg HksnAoseq • ukfl dkopuks
&uqukfl d%l = wk esafoLrkj l fgr of.kZ
r gS
A
v dkj l a
KkAml osQl a
Kh& v dkj osQv êò
kjg HksnA

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 45
 i kB&3 la
Kk çd j . k&2

la
Kk çd j . k&2 bdkj l a
KkAml osQl a
Kh& bdkj osQv êò
kjg HksnA
mdkj l a
KkAml osQl a
Kh& mdkj osQv êò
kjg HksnA
½dkj l aKkAml osQl a
Kh& ½dkj osQvêò
kjg Hksn v kS
j Ædkj osQckjg HksnA; sdgk¡l sAD; kfsad
½ Æo.kZdk l ko.; ZgS
A
Ædkj l aKkAml osQl a
Kh& Ædkj os
Qckjg Hksn v kS
j ½dkj osQv êò
kjg HksnA; sdgk¡l A
s D; ka
fsd
½ Æo.kZdk l ko.; ZgS
A

è; ku nsa
% ; g ; gk¡t kuukpkfg, & ßLo Ædkj osQN%Hksn gS
AIyq
r Æýdkj osQN%Hksn gS
Anh?kZÆdkj
a
la
LÑr esaughagS Av r%Ædkj osQckjg gh Hksn dgsgSA
a
, dkj l a
KkAml osQl a
Kh& , dkj osQckjg HksnA
v ksd kj l a
KkAml osQl a
Kh& v ksd kj osQckjg HksnA
, sd kj l a
KkAml osQl a
Kh& , sd kj osQckjg HksnA
v kS
d kj l a
KkAml osQl a
Kh& v kS
d kj osQckjg HksnA
, dkj] v ksd kj] , sd kj v kS
j vkS
d kj dkßLo çdkj ughgS
Aml l s osQ
oy ckjg ghçdkj çR;sd
osQgS
A
a
, v ks, sv kSoLrq
r nksLojksosQfeykusl smRiUu Loj gS
Abl fy, mudk ßLo ughagksrk gS
A
oS
Q
l sfeyku djusl smRiUu gq , At S
l s&
v $b¾, ] v $m¾v ks] v $, ¾, s] v $v ks¾v kS
; o y bu rhuka
sosQv uq
ukfl d v kS
j v uuq
ukfl d çdkj gS
A
tS
l s& ; ~; ¡ ] o~o¡~] Y¡k~Yk~
¡ bfrAbl fy, ; o y buosQnks&nksdh l a
Kk gS
A
oq
Q
¡l a
KkAml osQl a
Kh & d • x ?k ÄA
pq
¡l a
KkAml osQl a
Kh & p N t > ×kA
Vq
¡l a
KkAml osQl a
Kh & V B M < .kA
rq
¡l a
KkAml osQl a
Kh & r Fk n / u |
iq
¡l a
KkAml osQl a
Kh & i i Qc Hk eA

3-3 r i j Lr Rd ky L; AA( 1-1-70)

lw & ri j ( r i jsokykrFkkt ksr l s i js) o.kZog v i usdky okysl o.kks±dkrFkkv i uk
=kkFkZ
Hkh xzg.k djkrk gS] fHkUu dkyokysl o.kZdk ugha A
lw=k O;k[ ; k& l a
Kkl w =kgSAl w
=kesanksi n gS
Ari j%rRdkyL; l w
a =kxri nPNsn gS
Ari j%i n dh
nksckj v kof̀r gS
Av FkkrZ~nksckj xzg.kdjrsgS Aml l sri j ri j rRdky dhfLFkfr gksrhgS
a Amu nksuksa
esa, d ri j' kCn dkcgq ozhfgl ekl xzg.k djrsgS Ar%i j%; Lekr~l %ri j%bfrAv i j ri j' kCn dk

46 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&2 i kB&3
i ×pehrRiq #"kl ekl xzg.kdjrsgS Arkr~i j%ri j%
a ArRdky dk; gk¡cgq ozhfgl ekl ArL; dky bo la
Kk çd j . k&2
dkyks; L; l rRdkyAv FkZbl çdkj gS & ml dk ri j gksusl smPpk; Z ek.k dky osQl eku dky gS
ft l dkog rRdky gS Aml rRdky dkAv .kq fnr~l o.kZ
L; pkçR;; %l w =kl sv .k~i n dhv uq of̀r gS
A
v .k~bl l sok.kZl ekEukf; d o.kZghxzg.kdjrsgS ALoa: i a' kCnL; k' kCnl a
Kkl w =kl sLoa: i e~nksi n
dhv uq of̀r gSv kS
j mudk"k"BÔUr foHkfÙkQl sfoi fj.kke gksrkgS Al Hkhi nka sdh; kst ukl s l w
=kdk
v FkZgksrk gS& r l si j v .k~
] r i j ft l l s og v .k~
] v i uk mPpkj.kdky osQl eku mPpkj.kdky
ft l l o.kZdk] ml dh l o.kZl a Kk gksrh gSv kjSv i uh l o.kZl a
Kk gksrhA
mnkgj . kesal w l eUo; & v.kfqnr~l o.kL
=kkFkZ Z; pkçR;; %xzg.kd ' kkL=kcy l svdkj osQv i us
18 l o.kZl a
Kkv Fkokcks/d gksrkgS A; fn dghv r~i n v krkgSrc ogkaHkhv dkj osQv êò kjg l o.kZ è; ku ns
a
%
cks/ çkIr gksrkgS
Arc çÑr l w =kçoÙ̀kgksrkgS Av dkj l si j rdkj gksrksri jLrRdkyL; çÑr l w =k
l sbl v dkj dk ft rukmPpkj.kdky gSv FkkZ r ~, dekf=kd] mruk mPpkj.kdky ft l Lol o.kZdk
gSml dhl a KkgksrhgS AmrukmPpkj.kdky ßLo N v dkjksdkgS Av r~ri j v dkj gSv r osQN gh
ßLo dk cks/ gksrk gSv êò kjg Hksnksadk ugha
A
v r~bl l s; st kuuk pkfg, &
ßLo mnkÙk v uq
ukfl d v dkj]
ßLo mnkÙk v uuq
ukfl d v dkj]
ßLo v uq
nkÙk v uq
ukfl d v dkj]
ßLo v uq
nkÙk v uuq
ukfl d v dkj]
ßLo Lofjr v uq
ukfl d v dkj]
ßLo Lofjr v uuq
ukfl d v dkjA
bl hçdkj br~mr~, r~v ksr~, sr~v kSr ~bu v kB ri j esaHkht kuukpkfg, AçR;sd osQv i usN
Hksnksdhl a
KkgksrhgS
A½r~ßLo osQN ½dkjka sdkv kS
j ßLo N Ædkjksadhl a KkgksrhgSAÆr~ßLo
N ½dkj dhv kS j ßLo N ?dkj dhl a KkgksrhgS A½?o.kZ ; ks%feFk%l ko.; kZ
RAfi Q
j Hkhdghi j Ær~
½dkj dh l a Kk ughagksrh gS
At S
l si q"kkfn| q
r k| Æfnr%bR;kfn LFky i jA

i kBxr i z'u&2
15- v .k~Lol o.kZdh l a
Kk dc gksrh gS
\
16- m¡fnr~d\
17- fo/ h; eku m¡fnr~l o.kZdh l a
Kk gksrh gSv Fkok ugha
\
18- v .kfqnr~l o.kZ
L; pkçR;; %l w
=k esav .k~fdl .kdkj osQl kFk gS
\
19- ri j%; gk¡ i j nksçdkj dk l ekl fyf[ k, \
20- mr~dh fdruh l a
Kk gS
\
21- bZ
r ~ri jdj.k psr~ri j' kCn dk foxzg D; k gS
\

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 47
 i kB&3 la
Kk çd j . k&2

la
Kk çd j . k&2 22- xzg.kd ' kkL=k l sfdl çdkj dk v .k~l o.kZcks/ djkrk gS
A
1) fo/ h; eku 2) v fo/ h; eku 3) v kxe 4) v kns'k
23- v .kq
fnRl o.kZ
L; pkçR;; %l w
=k esav çR;; dk fdl l sl EcU/ gS
A
1) v .k~ 2) mfnr~ 3) v .k~p mfnr~p 4) , "kqdks¿fi u
24- ½dkj l a
Kk gSrksml osQl a
Kh fdrusgS
A
1) 12 2) 18 3) 30 4) 6
è; ku nsa
% 25- ½r~l aKk gSrksml osQl aKh fdrusgS
A
a
1) 6 2) 18 3) 30 4) 12

3-4 Loa: i a' kCnL; k' kCn l a

KkAA( 1-1-68)
lw & v FkZfof' k"V ' kCn l a
=kkFkZ Kh] ' kCn ' kkL=k esat ksl a
Kk ml osQfcukA
lw=kkor j . k& v Xus<Z
d ~, d l w
=kgSAbl dkv FkZ & v fXu l si j <d~çR;; t ksM+ ukpkfg, Av fXu
rksi nkFkZgS A<d~çR;; rks' kCn gS AoS Ql sofÉ dksykv ksml osQi j <d~' kCn dk ; ksx dj l drs
gSAl w
a =kesav fXu' kCn mPpkfjr gS Av fXui nkFkZl si js<d~çR;; ughat ksM+l drsgS Av r%v fXu i nkFkZ
a
dksNksM+ d j v fXu ' kCn l si js<d~çR;; dkç; ksx dj l drsgS av kS
j Hkhv fXu ' kCn dki ; kZ
; ofÉ
v uy i kod bR;kfn gS Amul sHkh<d~çR;; dkç; ksx dj l drsgS Abl çdkj gksusl sosQ
a oy v fXu
' kCn l sv Fkokv fXuokpd ofÉ v uy bR;kfn i ; kZ ; ' kCnksal sHkh<d~çR;; dkç; ksx djukpkfg, A
ml osQfu.kZ ; osQfy, bl l w =k dksyk; sgS A
a
lw=k O;k[ ; k& l K
ak l w=kgS Al w
=k esapkj i n gS ALoe~: i e~' kCnL; v ' kCnl a Kkl w =kxri nPNsn
gSA Loe~bl dk v FkZv FkZ ] okP; ] v fHk/ s; gS A : i e~bl dk v kuq iw
ohZv FkZA ^v &x~ &u~ &b* Øe' k%
fo| eku o.kZv fXu' kCn os Qv kuq iowhZgksrsga
AO
S ; kdj.kesavFkZdkl a Ldkj ughagksrkgS ] ' kCn dkl a Ldkj
gkrskgS Av r%O;kdj.kes av FkZxkS. kgS
A' kCn ç/ ku gS Avr%; gk¡v FkZfof' k"V' kCn l a KhgksrkgS A' kCn
' kkL=ksl a
Kk ' kCn l a
Kk bfr l IrehrRiq #"k l ekl gS Al w =k dk v FkZgksrk gS
&l w =kesami kÙk ' kCn l aKk]
v FkZfof' k"V ' kCn l a
Kh] v FkkZ
r ~v kuqiw
ohZl a
Kh] ' kCn ' kkL=kesat ksl K
akml osQfcukAbl çdkj O;kdj.k
esa' kCn l s ml dkv i usLo: i dkcks/ gksrkgS ] v FkZdkcks/ xzká ughagS ] i ; kZ
; dkughagS Abl h
çdkj v Xus<Z d ~l w=k esav fXu ' kCn mi kÙk gSAv fXu ' kCn l s^v &x~ &u~&b* v kuqiw
ohZdk gh cks/ gksrk
gSAml l sgh <d~çR;; t ksM+ uk pkfg, A

3-5 ; su fof/ Lr nUrL; AA( 1-1-72)

lw & ft l fo' ks"k.k l sfof/ dh t kos] og fo' ks"k.k v a
=kkFkZ r esagSft l osQ
] ml fo' ks"k.kkUr
l eq
nk; dk xzkgd gksrk gSv kS j v i usLo: i dk HkhA
lw=k O;k[ ; k& l aKk l w
=k gSrhu i n okykA ; su fof/ %rnUrL; l w =kxri nPNsn gSA ; su
; r~
&l oZuke~dk rr̀h; k , dopukUr i n gS A; su ; gk¡ i j dj.k esarr̀h; kA fof/ %çFkekUr i n gS A
foèkh; rsbfr fof/ % ] fo/ ku fØ; kv FkZgSArnUrL; "k"BÔsd opukUr i n gS Al %v Urs; L; l rnUr%
cgqozhfg l ekl ALoa: i a' kCnL; k' kCn l a
Kk l w
=k l sLoa: i e~çFkekUr nksi n dh v uq of̀r gSv kSj

48 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&2 i kB&3
"k"BÔUr l sfoi fj.kke gksrhgS Av kS j dj.kfØ; kosQçfrA; gk¡dj.k fo' ks"k.k: i l sxf̀gr gS Aft l la
Kk çd j . k&2
dj.k l sv FkkrZ~fo' ks"k.k l si kf.kfu fo/ ku djrsgS aog dj.k l a Kk gSAfdl dhAv i uh v kS
j v i uk
fo' ks"k.kft l osQv Ur esagSml dhl a KkAv r l w
=kkFkZgksrkgS
& fo' ks"k.kml v a
r dhl a
KkgksrhgSv kS j
v i us: i dhA
mnkgj . k& v pks; r~, d l w =k gS
Aml l si w
oZv f/ dkj : i l s/ krks%, d i n i kf.kfueq fu us
fy• k gSAoLrq r %/ krql si j ; r~çR;; djuk pkfg, Ai jUrqft l l w =k l sml dk; Zdksdjuk pkgrs
gS] ml l w
a =k esal k{kkr~v p%, d gh i n dksml dk; kZ FkZosQfy; k fn; kA^; r~ * rksçR;; fo/ ku gS A
v p%i nekè; e l s/ krqosQi j ; r~ &çR;; dkfo/ ku i kf.kfu djrsgS Av r v p%ekè; e ml dkdj.k
a
gksrkgS
Aog ghfo' ks"k.kdgykrkgS; gk¡Aml fo' ks"k.kdhv i uhl a KkgksrhgSv kS j Hkhog ft l osQ è; ku ns
a
%
v Ur esagksrkgSml dhl a KkgksrhgSAt lSsv p dhv i uhl K akgksrhgS
Av FkkZ r ~t ks/ krqos
Qoy vp~ &: i
ghgSml l sHkh; r~ &çR;; gksrkgS A; Fkkb / krqgSAml l s; r~
&çR;; ; ksx l sv ; %: i fu"i Uu gksrk
gSAf}rh; v FkZrks& v p~ft l osQv Ur esagSml / krqdh Hkh v p~l a Kk gksrh gS At Sl s& fp / krq
gSAml osQv Ur esav p~gS Av r%v p~ l a KkAfp v t Ur / krql a
KhgSAv r fp / krql s; r~ &çR;; ; ksx
l sp; %: i curk gS A
ykS
fdd mnkgj.k v kykspuk djrsgS
A; fn ; kue~v ku; , slk dgdj ; kupkyd dksHkst rsgS
a a
rksog dgk¡ cS
Bdj ; ku dksykrk gSAog ; kupkyd v kl u i j cS Bdj ; ku dksykrk gS
A
ml hçdkj v p~
&' kCn l s / krql s çR;; t ksM+
ukpkfg, , slkdgkgS
Arc v p~
&' kCn ft l osQ
v Ur esagSml çdkj / krqdk cks/ djkrk gS A
bl h çdkj rnUr l a
Kkdj.k gh rnUrfof/ çfl ¼ O;kdj.k esa
A
bl dks/ kj.k djuk pkfg, &
r nUr fof/
lw=k esaft rusi n gS ] ml l sv f/ d i n l w
a =kosQv FkZesans• st krsga
Aogka; sN%çdkj l si n
S
çkIr gksrsgS
A1) l w
a =k esal k{kkr~mPpkfjr] mi kÙk] mYysf• r] 2) v f/ dkj l sçkIr] 3) v uq
of̀Ùk l s
çkIr] 4) i fjHkk"kk l s mi LFkkfi r] 5) v k{ksi l s çkIr] 6) v è; kgkjA
l Hkh i nykHk v uUrj nksi n l eku foHkfÙkQgSv Fkok ughans• uk pkfg, Av FkkZ r ~nksi n dh
foHkfÙkQl eku] , d ghgSv Fkokughans• ukpkfg, Aog foHkfÙkQ; fn l IrehgSrksogkarnkfn fof/
gksrhgS Arnkfn fof/ v kxsdgsa xsAl Irehfcukv U; foHkfÙkQ; fn gSrksmu nksuksai n osQeè; esa, d
fo' ks"k.kgksrkgSv kSj v i j fo' ks"; Afo' ks"; fo' k"sk.kHkko gSrksv Hksn v Uo; l kekU; : i l sgksrkgS A
O;kdj.k ' kkL=k esarnUrfof/ Hkh gksrh gS ArnUrfof/ t c gksrh gSrc&oS l k fo' ks"; xzg.k djrk gS
ft l osQv Ur esafo' k"sk.kgS] v FkkZr ~fo' k"sk.kfo' k"s; dkvafre v o; o gS] ml çdkj dkfo' ks"; t kuuk
pkfg, A
mnkgj.k& t S l s ^v p%/ krks%; r~ * ; gk¡v p%fo' ks"k.k/ krks%fo' ks"; gS
A; gk¡ oS
l h/ krqxzká
gSft l osQv Ur esav p~gS Av FkkZr ~v t Ur / krql e>uh pkfg, Afp ft HkwbR;kfn / krqv t Ur gS Aos
bl fo' ks"k.k osQl a
Kh] v FkZgksrsgSA
a

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 49
 i kB&3 la
Kk çd j . k&2

la
Kk çd j . k&2 r nkfnfof/
; fLefUof/ LrnknkoYxzg.ksdksbZi fjHkk"kk gS
Aml dk l jykFkZ; gk¡ nsrsgS
A
a
lw =k esal Hkh i nykHkkuUrj ; fn nksi n l IrE; Ur gksAv FkkZ
r ~nksi nka
sdh foHkfÙkQl Ireh gksA
mu nksuksaosQeè; esafo' ks"k.k i n dkv FkZosQ oy , d v y~v FkkZ r ~, d o.kZgksAv FkkZ
r ~mu nksuksaosQ
eè; esa, d i n v Yk&ck/sd gksArksrnkfn fof/ gksrhgS ] rnUr fof/ ughagksrhgS Aog v y~ft l osQ
v kfn esav FkkZ
r ~v kfn v o; o gSml dk xzg.k djuk pkfg, rnkfn fof/ gS A
mnkgj . k& okUrksf; çR;; s, d l w
=k gS
AokUr%i n rnkfnfo/ h esami ; ksx ughagS
A; gk¡ f;
è; ku nsa
% ^; ~*&o.kZdkl IrehgS
AçR;; s; gk¡Hkhl IrehgS
Anksuksai n l IrE; Ur gS
Af; fo' ks"k.ki n dkvFkZosQ
oy
, d v y~v FkkZr ~, d gh^; ~
* o.kZgS
Aogk v c rnkfnfof/ gksrhgS
Av r ; dkjkfn çR;; ; gk¡ xzká
gSA; o.kZft l çR;; dk çFke o.kZgSml çdkj çR;; dkst kuuk pkfg, A

i kBxr i z'u&3
26- i nL; fol t Z
uh; L; l %fLFkfÙk rnUrfof/ l sD; k v FkZçkIr gksrk gS
A
27- v rksnh?kkZ
s; f×k l koZ
/ krq
osQfLFkfr esarnkfnfof/ l sD; k v FkZçkIr gksrk gS
A
28- rnUrfof/ dc gksrh gS
A
29- rnkfnfof/ dc gksrh gS
A
30- Loa: i a' kCnL; k' kCnl a
Kk l w
=k esa' kCnL; : i e~D; k gS
A
1) v FkZ 2) v kuq
iw
ohZ 3) i ; kZ
; ' kCn 4) buesal sdksbZugha
31- lw
=k esarnUr dh l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
1) fo' ks"; 2) fo' ks"k.k 3) / krq 4) i n
32- nksi n l IrE; Ur gS
] fdUrqmuesal s, d v Ycks/d gSrksD; k gksrk gS
A
1) rnUrfof/ 2) v O;ofgri j dk 3) ml osQLFkku esa 4) rnkfnfof/
33- lw
=k esanksi n çFkekUr gS
] fdUrqmuesal s, d fo' ks"k.k gSrc D; k gksrk gS
A
1) rnUrfof/ 2) fo' ks"k.k fof/ 3) v ufYof/ 4) rnkfnfof/

i kB l kj
l kj : i esabl i kB dk eq
[ ; fo"k; uhpsçnku djrsgS
A
; fn fdl ho.kZdkeq • esamPpkj.kLFkku v kSj v kH; Urjç; Ru ; snku
sksav i j o.kZl srq
Y; l eku
gSrksmu nksuksadhi jLi j l o.kZgksrsgS
arq
Y; kL; ç; Rual o.kZe~l w=kdkv FkZgS Ai ka
p mPpkj.kLFkku
gS
Acká v kH; Urj ; Ru nksçdkj osQgS Acká X; kjg] v kH; Urj pkj gS A
rq
Y; kL; ç; Rual o.kZ
e~l w
=k l sl o.kZl a
Kk dh gS
Ai jUrqdc dkS u&l k o.kZLol o.kZdk l aKk
gksLi "V ughafd; k gS Av r%v .kq¡fnr~l o.kZL; pkçR;; %l w
=k v k; kAt c v .k~v fo/ h; eku gSrc

50 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&2 i kB&3
Lol o.kZl a
Kkdkxzkgd gksrkgSl w
=kdkv k' k; gS
Am¡fnr~fo/ h; eku HkhLol o.kZdkxzg.kdjrkgS
A la
Kk çd j . k&2
, d v o.kZosQv êò
kjg ( 18) çdkj gS
At c osQ
oy ßLo ghN%çdkj çdVdjukpkfg, eu
l spkgrsgSarc ßLo v dkj l si j , d rdkj yxkrsgS At S
a l sv r~
A; ghri jdj.k dgykrk gS
Av r~
bl dk v FkZßLo N%v o.kZgS Abl h çdkj mr~, r~v ksr~bR;kfn esaHkh t kuuk pkfg, A
' kCn ' kkL=k esat ksl a
Kk ml dksNksM+d j v U; t ks' kCn O;kdj.k esaç; ksx djrsga ] os Lo: i
S
dk okpdk gksrk gS ALoa: i a' kCn L; k' kCn l a
Kk l w
=k dk v FkZgSAml l sv Xus<Z d ~l w
=k l sdgk dk; Z
v fXui nkFkZl si j ugh gksrk gSv fi rqv fXu' kCn l si j gksrk gS A
lw
=kesaç; q ÙkQfoHkÙkQ
hosQv FkZykS
fdd O;kdj.kl sfHkUu gkrssgSAfdUrqvfÙkv Yi ' kCn ç; ksx è; ku ns
a a
%
l sl w=kdhjpukdhbl dkj.kl si kf.kfu usv usd mi k; ksadkv kfo"dkj djosQO;ogkj fd; kAmuesa
v U;re mi k; osQ oy fo' ks"k.k dk; Zdgykrk gSA fo' ks"; , dokj v U;=k dgrk gSA v r%t c
fo' k"s; fo' ks"k.kl EcU/ gkrskgSrc rnUrfof/ gksrhgS
Afo' ks"k.krnUr dhl Kak gksrhgSv kS
j v i us: i
dh HkhArc fo' ks"k.kkUr fo' ks"; cks/d gS A
t c nksi n l IrE; Ur gksAmuosQeè; esa, d i n v Yk~
&cks/d gksrksrnkfnfof/ gksrhgS
Aml l s
og v y~ft l dk v kfn o.kZml çdkj dk xzg.k gksrk gS A

; ksX; r ko/ Z
u
bl i kB~
; Øe esai w
oZçdj.kosQKku osQfcuki jofrZi kBksadkv è; ; u v R;Ur dfBu gS Av r%
iwoZi w
oZi kBksdk mfpr v è; ; u v fuok; ZgSAfi Qj Hkh v è; ; udky esav usd fo"k; ughat kust krs
gSArc v è; ; u dksNksM+
a ukughapkfg, A; gk¡t ksfo"k; fDy"V gksrkgSog dHkhv kxsbl l sHkhLi "V
gksl drkgS Av r%fujUrj v kxsi <+
ukpkfg, A, d&, d i kB dkv kfn l sv Ur rd dkKku , d ckj
i <+usl sl EHko ughagS
Aml sckj&ckj i <+
ukpkfg, Ai jUrqdksbZi fÄ~ ÙkQ
] dksbZ' kCn] dksbZçfØ; k] dksbZ
;qfÙkQ; fn l e> ughal drsgS arksv kxsdk v è; ; u dk fojke ughadjuk pkfg, AKku ughagksjgk
gSrksv kyL; ughadjuk pkfg, Ai <+ uk rkspkfg, A
v i uh; ksX; rkD; kgS
Aml dksv kS
j c<+
kukpkfg, rksD; k&D; kv ko' ; d gS; gk¡ l q
Hkkf"kr , d
nsrsgS
&
' kq
Jw
"kkJo.kapkS
o xzg.ka/ kj.karFkkA
Ågki ksgkFkZ
foKkuarÙoKkuap / hxq
. kk%
A
vU o; kFkZ
& ' kq
Jw"kk l q
uusdhbPNk] Jo.kal k{kkr~Jo.kAxzg.kal u
qsgq
, fo"k; dkfpUru] èkkj.ka
tS
l sl u
qsgq, fo"k; dk fpUru ml dk / kj.k Lej.k] oS l s Åg%rdZLoi {k l eFkZosQfy, ] v i ksg%
çfri {kosQvk{ksi dk • .Mu] v FkZ foKkuardZfordZv uUrj fu"i Uu v FkZosQfl ¼kUr dkO;gkj; ksX;
Kku] rÙoKkue~v kS j eeZ Kku ; sv kB / hxq
. k cq
f¼ osQxq
. k gS
A
bl fy, t ksdksbZHkh fo}ku cuusdh bPNk djrk gSrks; sv kB / hxq . k ml osQgksA' kkL=k dk
xq#eq
• l sJo.kdhçcy bPNkv ko' ; d gS Aml l sv U; v kd"kZ
. kdksNksM+d j Jo.kesaçof̀Ùkgksrk
gSAJo.kesaçoÙ̀ksgksusosQv uUrj fo{ksi dkj.kdksnwj djosQ, dkxzfpr l sJo.kdjukpkfg, At c
t crd l u
qrsgSrc l q usgq, dkxzg.kv FkkZr ~fo"k; dkv ocks/] l qLi "V Kku gksAosQoy Jo.kHkfÙkQ

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 51
 i kB&3 la
Kk çd j . k&2

la
Kk çd j . k&2 djrsgSi jUrqoq
Q
N Hkh l e> esaugh v k jgk gS, slh fLFkfr u gksA
O;kdj.k' kkL=kesaçfr i n uohu fo"k; çdVgksrsgS Av usd çdkj osQjgrsgS
a Av us
a dlw =kv krs
gS
Av r%l Ei w
a . kZv ocks/] / kj.k] l e; &l e; i j Lej.kv kS
j i jh{kkesav U;=kO;ogkj esaçfri knu ; s
nw
j rd t krk gS Arc bl ' kkL=k esaçcq ¼ gS, slk dgsl drsga A
S
 i <s+gq
, lw =k v "Vkè; k; h esat gkagSog LFky v "Vkè; k; h esa• ksy dj fdl l w
=k l sfdl i n
dh v uq of̀r ] fdl dk v f/ dkj v krk gSns• uk pkfg, A
 fdl hHkhnkso.kZdksys
d j mudkl ko.; ZgksrkgSv Fkokugha; fqÙkQl fgr fopkj djukpkfg, A
è; ku nsa
%
 ' kkUrfpÙkl sfuHk̀r LFkku i j o.kks±dkmPpkj.kdjukpkfg, Aogkad.Bkfn ns'kesadkSu&dkSu
l so.kZmRiUu gkrssgS ] mudkv kH; Urjç; Ru D; k&D; kgS
a ] mudkmPpkj.k esaD; k&D; kçHkko
gSbu fo"k; kasdk l w{erk l sv oyksd u djuk pkfg, A
 o.kks±dh rkfydk dk fuekZ
. k djosQl Hkh o.kks±dk mPpkj.k LFkku] v kH; Urjç; Ru v kS
j
cká; Ru fy• uk pkfg, A
 v kxsosQi kBksaesaçfr fof/ l w
=kD; kfo/ h; eku D; kv fo/ h; eku fu.kZ
; djusdkç; kl djuk
pkfg, A
 v usd l w
=kksaesari jdj.kçkIr gS
Arc ogkaml dkD; kl ekl gSfu.kZ
; djukpkfg, Av kS
j og
ri j rRdky dk fdl dk xzg.k djrk gS; g t kuuk pkfg, A
 v kxsl w
=k O;k[ ; kv ol j i j v usd t xg rnUrfof/ v kS
j rnkfnfof/ gksrhgSrc bl i kB esa
tS
l sO;k[ ; kdhgSml l sfeyku djukpkfg, Au; sLFky i j Lo; rnkfnfof/ v kS j rnUrfof/
djuhpkfg, A

i kBkUr i z'u
uhpsv H; kl osQfy, ç' u nsrsgS
ANk=ki kB dksl ghi <+
a d j v kS
j l e>dj bu ç' uka
sdkmÙkj
LofVIi .kh i q
fLrdk esafy• sa
Açk; %oq
QN nh?kZmÙkj gksA
1- rq
Y; kL; ç; Rual o.kZ
e~l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k djksA
2- o.kZLFkku fy• kA
s
3- o.kkZ
sPpkj.kçfØ; k dksçdV djksA
4- cká; Ru dk i fjp; fdl dk dkS
u&l k cká; Ru foLrkj l scrkv ksA
5- l ko.; Zfu.kZ
; osQfy, ukfl dk dk mi ; ksx gksrk gSv Fkok ughafyf[ k, A
6- ½dkjÆdkj; ks%l o.kZ
fof/ %okfrZ
d dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
7- ri jLrRdkyL; l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
8- ; su fof/ LrnUrL; l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A

52 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&2 i kB&3
la
Kk çd j . k&2
i kBxr i z'uksÙkj
uhpsfn, gq , i kBxr ç' uksaosQmÙkj fy• sgq
, gS
Aosl w
a pdksÙkj gS
Av FkkZ
a r ~v R;Ur y?kqmÙkj
gS
Ai jh{kk esamÙkj ys• u dky esaLi "V okD; dksfy• rsgS arksmfpr gSA

mÙkj Hkkx&û

1- v uq
ukfl dl a
Kkfo/ k; d l w=k & eq
• ukfl dkopuks¿uq
ukfl d%
Al w
=kkFkZ& eq
• l fgr ukfl dk l s
mPpk; Zek.k o.kZv uqukfl dl a
Kd gksrsgSA
a è; ku nsa
%
2- v dkj osQ18 Hksn gS A
a
3- l o.klZa
Kkfo/ k; d l w
=k & rqY; kL; ç; Rual o.kZ
e~
Al w
=kkFkZ
& ft l o.kZdk ft l o.kZl srq
Y;
mPpkj.kLFkku v kSj rqY; v kH; Urjç; Ru gksrk gSrksfeFk l o.kZA , d o.kZv i j o.kZdk
l o.klZa
Kd gksrkgS A
4- vks"BA
5- rkyq
A
6- mi èekuh; & i o.kZl si w oZv Fkoki Q
o.kZl si w
oZ; fn fol xZgSrksml osQLFkku esav / Z
fol xZ
osQl eku fy• rsga Sv kS
j mPpkj.kdjrsgS Arc ml dkuke mi èekuh; gksrkgS
a Amnk- & jke%
i ' ; fr & jke?i ' ; frAo`{k%i Q yfr & o`{kÆiQ yfrA
7- Li `"V] bZ
"kRLi `"V] foor̀ v kS
j la
or̀ Hksn l sv kH; Urjç; Ru pkj çdkj osQgS
A
8- gdkj dk cká; Ru%& l a
okj ukn ?kks"k egkçk.k gS
A
9- 3)
10- 3)
11- 4)
12- 3)
13- 4)
14- 2)

mÙkj Hkkx&2
15- v .k~v fo/ h; eku gSrksLol o.kZdh l K
ak gksrh gS
A
16- oq
Q
¡ pq
¡ Vq
¡ rq
¡i q
¡ ; smfnr gS
Aft l dk m¡d kj br~gksrk gSog mfnr~
A
17- uA
18- i j l sA
19- rkr~i j%v .k~i ×k~
pehrRiq
#"kAr%i j%; Lekr~l %cgq
ozhfgA
20- ßLo v i usl o.kZosQN dkA

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 53
 i kB&3 la
Kk çd j . k&2

la
Kk çd j . k&2 21- r%i j%; Lekr~cgq
ozhfg l ekl A
22- 2)
23- 1)
24- 3)
25- 4)
mÙkj Hkkx&ý
è; ku nsa
%
26- fol t Z
uh; v Ur osQi n dkA
27- ; ×kkfn l koZ
/ krq
d osQi jsA
28- l dy i nykHkkuUrj nksi n l ekufoHkfÙkQ d gSrks] og foHkfÙkQl Ireh fHkUu gSrksmu nksuksa
i n osQeè; esafo' ks"; fo' ks"k.kHkko gSrksrnUrfof/ gksrh gS
A
29- lw=kesal dy i nykHkkuUrj ; fn nksi n l IrE; Ur gksAmuosQeè; esa, d i n v Yk~
&cks/d gksA
rksrnkfnfof/ gkrsh gS
A
30- 2)
31- 2)
32- 4)
33- 1)

54 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&3 i kB&4
la
Kk çd j . k&3

la
Kk çd j . k&3 è; ku nsa
%

iwoZosQi kB esal Hkh o.kks±osQmPpkj.k LFkku v kH; Urj ç; Ru v kS

j cká ç; Ru osQfo"k; esa
crk; kgSAbuosQmi ; ksx l s, d o.kZdkv i j o.kZl o.kZoS Ql sgksrkgS; g Hkht kuk gS Aogkagh, d
o.kZLol o.kZdkxzg.kdc djrkgS; g Hkhi <+ kgSAri jdj.kdkv FkZv kS j rkRi; ZosQfo"k; esat kuk
gS
AfdUrqO;kdj.k esaoS Ql s' kCn dksysd j dk; Zgksrk gS; g Hkh ns• k gS
Av usd l w =kksaesarnUrfof/
v kS
j rnkfnfof/ gksrh gSAv r%ml fo"k; dk i w oZi kB esao.kZ u fd; k gSA
v c bl i kB esaof̀¼ xq . k / krqv ol ku l a fgrk l a
; ksx y?kqxq # v i Ù̀kQi n fV mi / k fui kr
mi l xZxfr v O;; unhf?k ; sv R;Ur eq [ ; ] i kf.kuh; O;kdj.k esal e; &l e; i j ç; q ÙkQgksusokyh
oqQ
Nl a Kkdko.kZ u djsa
xsA; g i kB eq [ ; gSAbl dkKku l Ei w . kZ: i l sv kxsosQi kB esai <+
ukpkfg, A
bl dk Kku gSrksv kxst gk¡ogkaç; q ÙkQ; sl aKk mi ; ksx osQfy, gksAv r%eu l fgr bl dk v è; ; u
v R;Ur O;qRifÙk c<+
kusokyk gksA
O;kdj.k' kkL=kl ksiku Øe l si <+
ukpkfg, Av U; t xg dFkki qLrdksaesat ksdksbZHkhdFkki <+
l drk gSAO;kdj.k esaoS l k ughagS
Ai w
oZv è; ; u osQKku l sl ekl v kfn osQfo"k; esav kxsi <+
uk
pkfg, A

mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
d j v ki l {ke gksa
xs&
 i kf.kfuO;kdj.k esaç; q
ÙkQfurkUr eq
[ ; xq
. kkfn l a
Kk dkst ku i kusesa
_
 v U; t xg O;kdj.k ' kkL=k esaç; q
ÙkQbu l a
Kk osQKku l sogkav è; ; u dj i kusesa
_
 lw
=k dk v FkZdj i kusesa
_
 v uq
of̀Ùk dj i kusesa
_
 osn esav kS
j dkO; ' kkL=k NUn esaNUn fu.kZ
; osQfy, y?kqxq
# o.kks±dksp; u dj i kusesa
_

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 55
 i kB&4 la
Kk çd j . k&3

la
Kk çd j . k&3 4-1 of̀¼j knS
p~
AA( 1-1-1)
lw & v k , sv kSbudh of̀¼ l a
=kkFkZ Kk gksrh gS
A
=k O;k[ ; k& l K
lw akl w
=k gS
Av "Vkè; k; hdk çFke l w=k gS
Abl l w=k esarhu i n gS
Aof̀¼%v kr~
a
, sp~l w
=kxri nPNsn gSAl Kakçdj.kesa; g l w=kgSAv r%l a Kki n dksçkIr gksrkgSAof̀¼ l aKkgS
Av kr~
, p~p l a KhgS Av kr~bl dkv FkZnh?kZv kdkj gS A, sp~; g çR;kgkj gS
A, sv kS; g ml dkv FkZgSAl w
=k
dkv FkZgS& v k, sv kSbudhof̀¼ l a KkgksrhgS A; gk¡l a
KkHkh' kCn gS
Al a KhHkh ' kCn ghgSAv r%
of̀¼ ' kCn l aKk gSA
è; ku nsa
%
4-2 v nsÄ~xq
. k%
AA( 1-1-2)
=kkFkZ& v , v ksbudh xq
lw . kl a
Kk gksrh gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & l a
Kk l w
=k gS
Av "Vkè; k; h esa; g f}rh; l w
=k gS
Abl l w=k esarhu i n gSAv r~
, Ä~xq. k%l w=kxri nPNsn gSAl a
Kk çdj.k esa; g l w =k gS
Av r%l a Kk i n dksçkIr gksrk gS
Axq. k%l aKk
gSAv r~v kSj , Ä~gS Av r~bl dkv FkZßLo v o.kZgS A, Ä~çR;kgkj gS A, v ksml dkv FkZgS Al w=kdk
v FkZ& v , v ksbudhxq . kl a
KkgksrhgS
A; gk¡l a KkHkh' kCn gSv kSj la
KhHkh' kCn gSAv r%xq . k' kCn
laKk gS
Al a Kh

4-3 Hkw
okn; ks/ kr o%
AA( 1-3-1)
=kkFkZ& fØ; kokpd / krqi kB esai <+
lw h gq
bZHkwbR;kfn ' kCn dh / krql a
Kk gksrh gS
A
=k O;k[ ; k & l a
lw Kk l w
=k gS
Anksi n okyk l w =k gS AHkw
okn; %/ kro%l w =kxri nPNsn gS
AHkw%p
ok%p Hkw okSAv kfn%p v kfn%p v knhAHkw okSv knh; s"kkarsHkwokn; %bfr cgq ozhfgl ekl %
A; gk¡/ krqfg
laKkgS AHkwokbR;kfn i kf.kuh; / krqi kB esai <+s' kCn fg l aKhgSA/ krwdkl kekU; v FkZgksrkgSfØ; kA
tSl sxeu {ksi.kfpUru ; sfØ; kgS Ai kf.kfu }kjk/ krqi kB uke osQv i usxzUFkesafØ; kokpd ; s' kCn
laxg̀hr gksrsgSAmudk ghçÑr l w
a =k l s/ krql a
Kk dk fo/ ku djrsgS Al w
a =k dk v FkZ& fØ; k okpd
/ krqi kB esai <+
h gq
bZHkwbR;kfn ' kCnkasdh / krql a Kk gksrh gS
A

4-4 l uk| Urk / kr o%

AA( 3-1-32)
=kkFkZ& l ukfn f.kÄUr çR;; v Ur esagSft uosQos/ krql a
lw Kd gksrsgS
A
a
lw=k O;k[ ; k & l a
Kkl w=kgSAl w
=kesanksi n gS
Al uk| Urk%/ kro%l w
a =kxri nPNsn gS Al u~v kfn%
; s"kkarsl ukn; %bfr cgq ozhfgl ekl Al ukn; %v Urs; s"kkarsl uk| Urk%bfr cgqozhfgl ekl %A
l u~
&D; p~
&d kE; p~
&D; Ä~
&D; "kks¿Fkkpkj fDoc~
&f. kt ~
&; ÄkSr FkkA
; xk; s;Ä~
&f. kÄ~psfr } kn' kk¿eh l ukn; %
AA
l u~D; p~dkE; p~D; Ä~D; "k~v kpkjfDoi ~f.kp~; Ä~; d~v k; bZ ; Ä~f.kÄ~budkv kfn l u~
gSAv r%; sl ukfn gS
A; sft uosQv Ur esagksrsgS
aosl uk| Ur gksrsgS
At S
a l sdesf.kZ
Ä~l w=k l sde~
&èkkrq
l sf.kÄ~çR;; dkfo/ ku djrsgS Arc de~
a $f.kÄ~gksusl sv kS
j çfØ; kl sdkfe ' kCn curkgS Abl osQ

56 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&3 i kB&4
v Ur esaf.kÄ~gS
Av r%; g l uk| Ur ' kCn gS
Aml dk bl l w
=k l s/ krql a
Kk gksrhgS
Al ukfn f.kÄUr la
Kk çd j . k&3
çR;; v Ur esaft uosQos/ krq
la
Kd gksrsgSbl l w =k dk ; g v FkZgSA

i kBxr i z'u&1
1- of̀¼ l a
Kd dkS
u gS
\
2- xq
. kl a
Kd dkS
u gS
\
3- / krqi kB esai <+
h gq
bZ/ krq
v ka
sdh / krql K
ak fdl l w
=k l sgksrh gS
\ è; ku nsa
%
4- l ukfn çR;; ; ksx l sfu"i Uu / krql a
Kk fdl l w
=k l sgksrh gS
\
5- v nsÄ~xq
. k%l w
=k dk D; k çdkj gS
\
1) l a
Kk 2) i fjHkk"kk 3) fof/ % 4) v f/ dkj%
6- ; g o.kZxq
. k gS
\
1) v k 2) , 3) , s 4) b
7- dkS
u&l k o.kZof̀¼ ughagS
\
1) , 2) , s 3) v kS 4) v k
8- / krqdk okP; kFkZD; k gS
\
1) fØ; k 2) xq
. k% 3) of̀¼% 4) l ukfn

4-5 foj keks¿ol kue~

AA( 1-4-110)
=kkFkZ& o.kks±osQmPpkj.k v Hkko v ol ku l a
lw Kd gksrk gS
A
=k O;k[ ; k & l a
lw Kkl w
=kgS
Al w
=kesanksi n gSAfojke%v ol kue~l w =kxri nPNsn gSAfojke l aKh
i n gSAv ol ku l aKkAfojE; rsv fLefUufr fojke% Afoje.kafojke% Av FkkZr ~foje.kfØ; kAv kS
j çÑr
esafojke bl dkmPpkj.kv Hkko v FkZgS AO;kdj.kçdj.kdkçLrko vkS j mPpkj.ko.kks±l sghgS Avr%
o.kks±dkmPpkj.kv Hkko v ol ku l a Kd gksrsgSal w
=kkFkZ
Ajke' kCn dk: i l k/ u çfØ; kesajkej~fLFkfr
gksrhgSAogkjkej~vfUre jsiQl si j fdl hHkho.kZdkmPpkj.kughagS ] mPpkj.kvHkko gS A; g vHkko
gh fojke gS Av r%; g v Hkko v ol ku l aKd gksrsgS A
a
O;qRifÙk & fojke%l a Khi n gS
Abl okD; dk D; k v FkZgS Al aKhi jsgSft l osQog l a
fK i j
gS
Av FkkZ
r ~fojke ' kCn l a
Kh okpd gSAfojke ' kCn dk v FkZl a
Kh] ft l dh l a
Kk gSogA
bl hçdkj v U; t xg Hkhl a
Kk i jd i n] fo/ s;i jd i n] mís'; i jd i n dk fo' kky ç; ksx
' kkL=k esagksrk gS
Arc ogk ogk mudk v FkZt kuuk pkfg, A)

4-6 i j %l fUud "kZ

%l a
fgr kAA( 1-4-109)
lw=kkFkZ& nkso.kZdk v / Z
ek=kkf/ d dkfyd O;o/ ku v HkkokRed l ehi rk dh l a
fgrk l a
Kk
gksrhgS
A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 57
 i kB&4 la
Kk çd j . k&3

la
Kk çd j . k&3 lw=k O;k[ ; k & l aKk l w=kgSAi j%l fUud"kZ %l a
fgrk rhu i n gSbl l w =k esa
Al HkhçFkekUr gS A
ogki j%l fUud"kZ %nksuksi n l aKhl a fgrkl aKki n gSAi j%bl dkv fr' k; v FkZgS Al fUud"kZ %bl dk
l fUuf/ v Fkok l kehI; v FkZgS Al afgrk v FkZdk l a
Kk o.kZv Fkok o.kZl eq nk; dk ugha Ankso.kks±osQ
eè; esafo| eku v R;Ur l kehI; : i l EcU/ dh ; g l a KkAl w=kkFkZ
& nkso.kks±dh i jLi j v fr' k;
l fUud"kZl fUuf/ l kehI; dh l a fgrk l a
Kk gksrh gS
Ankso.kks±osQeè; esaO;o/ ku dkyÑr gksrk gS A
v FkkZ
r ~, d o.kZdkmPpkj.kv uUrj oq QN l e; ckn v i j o.kZdk mPpkj.kdjrsgS Ao.kks±osQeè;
esaU;wu : i l sv / Z ekf=kd mPpkj.kdky dk O;o/ ku l EHko gksrk gS ] v Fkok ml l sHkh de l e; A
v r%ft u nkso.kks±osQeè; esav / Zek=kk dkfyd O;o/ ku ; fn gksrk gSrksmu o.kks±osQeè; esai j
% l fUud"kZv FkkZ
è; ku nsa r ~v fr' k; l kehI; gksrkgSAv r%og l fUud"kZl a fgrkdgykrkgSv kS j la
fgrknksLojksa
dh] nksO;×t uksadh] Loj v kS j O;×t u dh Hkh l EHko gS A
mnkgj . k & l q
¼~;qi kL; %; gk¡mnkgj.kesal q
/ hmi kL; %l ekl gS
Al ekl gksrkgSrksnksl eLr
i nksaosQeè; esai je~v FkkZ
r ~v fr' k; l kfUuè; vfuok; ZgS
Av r%bdZkj dkmdkj l s v / Zek=kkdkfyd
O;o/ ku v krkgS ] ml l sv f/ d ugha A; g l kehI; ghl afgrkdgykrkgS Arc l afgrkdkfo"k; gksrk
gSAfdUrqbdks; .kfp l = wk l sl afgrk dk; Zgksrk gS
A

4-7 gy ks¿uUrj k%l a

; ksx%
AA( 1-1-7)
=kkFkZ& v p~l sv O;ofgr gyksdh l a
lw ; ksx l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & l a
Kk l w
=k gSArhu i n gS Agy%v uUrjk%l a ; ksx%l w=kxri nPNsn gS Agy%bfr
^gYk~* ' kCn dkçFkekcgq opu gS A^vUrj* ' kCn dkO ; o/ ku v FkZgS
Av fo| ekue~v UrjaO ; o/ kua; s"kke~
gyke~rsv uUrjk%bfr u×k~ &cgq ozhfgl ekl % AnksgyksaosQeè; esaO;o/ ku fdl dk l EHko gksl drk
gSAv U; o.kZdkAog dkS u gSAv p~v FkkZ r ~Loj% AnksO;×t uksaosQeè; esa; fn Loj gksrksLojkRed
O;o/ ku gS, slk t kuukpkfg, Av fTHk%v FkkZ r ~Lojksal s; fn O;o/ ku gksrksgy v p~l sO;ofgr gS ]
; fn ughagksrksv O;ofgr gS Abl çdkj l w =kkFkZgksrkgS Av p~l sv O;ofgr gyksdhl a ; ksx l a
Kkgksrh
gSAoLrq r %nksO;×t uksaosQeè; esaLoj ughagSrksmu nksuksaO;×t uka sdhl a ; ksx l a
KkgksrhgS A; g l a Kk
, d O;×t u dh ughagkrsh gS AnksO;×t uksadh l a ; ksx l a
Kk gksrh gS
A, d Loj dk v Fkok , dkf/ d
Lojksadk v Fkok Loj O;×t u dh l a ; ksx l a
Kk ughagksrh gS A
mnkgj . k & t S
l sÑ".k%' kCn gS Abl ' kCn esa"k~.k~nksuksao.kks±osQeè; esadksbZHkhLoj ugha
gS
Av r%"k~ $.k~nksuksadhv FkkZ
r ~^".k* l eqnk; dhl a ; ksx l a
KkgksrhgS Ay{e.k%; gk¡i j d~ $"k~
$e~rhu
O;×t u O;o/ ku jfgr gS Ai jUrq{e~rhu o.kks±osQl eq nk; dhl a ; ksx l a
KkughagksrhgS
Aogk{k~bl dh
la; ksxl a
Kk gksrh gS
A"e~bl dhHkh l a ; ksx l a
Kk gksrh gSA
fHkUu çdkj l sml dksgh çdV djrsgS AnksO;×t uka
sdk Loj jfgr t ksM+
sdhghl a ; ksx l a
Kk
gksrhgS
At S l sÑ".k' kCn esa"k~
$.k~nksO;×t u gS
Amudkt ksM+kgSAi jUrqml ; q
Xe esaLoj ughagS ALoj
rksi w
oZv Fkok i jsgS
] eè; esaughagS Av r%".k~dh l a
; ksx%l a
Kk gksrh gS
A

4-8 ßLoay ?kq

AA( 1-4-10)
=kkFkZ& ßLo Loj dh y?kql a
lw Kk gksrh gS
A
=k O;k[ ; k & l a
lw Kkl w
=kgS
Anksi n gS
AßLo Loj dhy?kql a
KkgksrhgS
AßLo l a
Kky?kql a
Kh

58 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&3 i kB&4
i n gS
Amnkgj.k v kfn dksnh?k±p l w
=k esauhpsnsa
xsA la
Kk çd j . k&3
4-9 l a
; ksxsxq
#AA( 1-4-11)
=kkFkZ& l a
lw ; ksx l si w
oZ
orhZßLo Loj xq
#la
Kk gksrh gS
A
lw =k O;k[ ; k & nksi n okyk l a
Kk l w
=k gS
AßLoay?kql w
=k l sßLoe~çFkekUr i n dhv uq of̀r
gS
A; fn l ;aksx l si w
oZßLo Loj gksrksml dhxq #l aKkgksrhgS
Amnkgj.kv kfn dksnh?k±p l w
=kesans
xasA

4-10 nh?k±pAA( 1-4-12) è; ku nsa

%
=kkFkZ& nh?kZLoj dh xq
lw #la
Kk gksrh gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & nksi n okykl a Kkl w
=kgS
Al a
; ksxsxq
#l w
=kl sxq
#l a
Kki n dhv uq
of̀r gS
Anh?kZ
Loj dh xq
#la Kk gksrh gSl w=kkFkZgS
A
ßLoay?kq
Al a; ksxsxq
#Anh?k±pArhuksal =
wkka
sdkl kj bl çdkj gSAnh?kZLoj dhxq#l a Kkgksrh
gS
A; fn ßLo Loj l si jsl a
; ksx gSrksml ßLo dhHkhxq #l aKkgksrhgS
A; fn ßLo Loj l si jsl a
; ksx
ughagSrksßLo dh y?kql a Kk gksrh gSA
y?kqdksçdV djusosQfy, U] xq
# dksçdV djusosQfy, & bl fpÉ dk ç; ksx djrsgS
A
mnkgj . k & HkædkY; Sue% AeU=k esaHk~v n~ j~v d~v k y~; ~, su~v e~v %Øe l s
o.kZgSAogkav k, snh?kZgS Amudhxq #l aKkgksrhgS An~$ j~l a
; ksx gS
] ml l si w
oZßLo v dkj gS
Abl
v dkj dhl a; ksxsxq#l w
=kl sxq #l aKkgksrhgS Addkj l si woZt ksv dkj ml dhßLoay?kql w =kl sy?kq
la
KkgksrhgS AD; kasfd ml l si jsl a
; ksx ughagSAudkj l si jorhZt ksßLo v dkj ml dhHkhßLoay?kq
lw
=ksl sy?kql K
ak gksrhgS] D; kasfd ml l si jsl a
; kxs ughagS
AHkædkY; Sue%mnkgj.k esay?kqxq # fpÉ
dksçnf' kZ
r djrsgS A
Hk~v n~j~v d~v k y~; ~, su~v e~v %
Hk~v n~ j~v d~v k y~; ~, su~v e~v %
- U - - U -

uhpsl kj.kh esafpÉ }kjk y?kqxq

#o.kZçnf' kZ
r gS
A ogkaân; deyeè; sjkft rafufoZ
d Yi e~
dkO;i fÄ~ÙkQgS
A
ân; d ey e è; sj k ft r afu j ~ fo d Yi e~
UUU UUU --- U-- U--

i kBxr i z'u&2
9- v ol ku l a
Kk fdl dh gksrh gS
\
10- l fagrk D; k gS
\
11- nksLojksadh l a
fgrk gksrh gSv Fkok ugha
\
la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 59
 i kB&4 la
Kk çd j . k&3

la
Kk çd j . k&3 12- la
; ksx esafdruso.kZgksrsgS
\
a
13- nksLojksadk l a
; kxs gksrk gSv Fkok ugha
\
14- ueksukjk; .kk; eU=k esay?kqo.kZD; k gSv kS
j xq
# o.kZdkS
u&l k gS
\
15- la
; ksxsi jsgksusi j ßLo dh D; k l a
Kk gksrh gS
\
16- fojkeks¿ol kue~l w
=k l sD; k l a
Kk gksrh gS
\
1) fojke% 2) v ol kue~ 3) mPpkj.kkHkko% 4) l a
fgrk
è; ku nsa
% 17- l afgrk fdudhA
1) Loj; ks% 2) O;×k~
t u; ks% 3) LojO;×k~
t ; ks% 4) =k; k.kkefi
18- la
; ksx%fdudkA
1) Loj; ks% 2) O;×k~
t u; ks% 3) LojO;×k~
t ; ks% 4) =k; k.kkefi
19- la
; ksx esaD; k gS
\
1) v p~
&}; e~ 2) gYk~
&}; e~ 3) , d%v p~, d%gy~ 4) gYk~
&=k; e~
20- oU| ' kCn esal a
; ksx D; k gS
A
1) u~
$n~ 2) n~
$; ~ 3) u~
$n~
$; ~ 4) u~
$n~] n~
$; ~
21- xksfoUne~oUnsmnkgj.k esafdrusxq
#Loj v kS
j fdrusy?kqLoj gS
A
1) xq
#&4] y?k&
q1 2) xq
#&3] y?kq
&2 3) xq
#&5] y?kq0 4) xq
#&2] y?kq
&3
22- d) l a
; ksx gSrksl a
fgrk gh gS
A
•) la
fgrk gSrksl a
; ksx gh gS
A
bu nksuksadFkuksaosQfo"k; esa; q
ÙkQ; q
Xe pq
uksA
1) ( d) l R;e~( • ) v l R;e~ 2) ( d) l R;e~( • ) l R;e~
3) ( d) v l R;e~( • ) l R;e~ 4) ( d) v l R;e~( • ) v l R;e~

4-11 v i Ù̀kQ, d ky ~çR;; %

AA( 1-2-41)
=kkFkZ& , dky~çR;; dh v i Ù̀kQl a
lw Kk gksrh gS
A
lw =k O;k[ ; k& l K
akl =
wkgS
Abl esarhu i n gSAvi Ù̀kQ%, dky~çR;; %l w =kxri nPNs
n gS
Avi Ù̀kQ
%
lK
aki n gS A, dky~çR;; %l a KhgSAbl l w=kesa, d ' kCn dkv l gk; , dkdhv FkZgS A, d%vy~, dky~
deZ/ kj; l ekl A, dky~çR;; %v i Ù̀kQl a
KkgksrhgSl w =kkFkZ
Av FkkZ
r ~ft l çR;; dk, d gho.kZgSog
çR;; v i Ù̀kQ la
Kd gksrkgS A
mnkgj . k& t S
l s/ krql s' ki ~çR;; dk fo/ ku gS
A' ki ~; gk¡ ' kdkj i dkj bRl a
Kd gS
Amudk
yksi gksrk gS
AosQ oy v gh v o' ks"k jgrk gS A; g ^v * çR;; v i Ù̀kQ la Kd gksrk gS
A

60 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&3 i kB&4
4-12 l q
fIr ÄUrai ne~
AA( 1-4-14) la
Kk çd j . k&3
=kkFkZ& l q
lw cUr v kS
j frÄUr ' kCn Lo: i dh i n l a
Kk gksA
lw=k O;k[ ; k& l aKkl w=kgS
Al w =kesanksi n gSAl q
fIrÄUre~i ne~l w =kxri nPNsn gSAl q
i ~p frÄ~
p l fqIrÄkSbrjsrj; ksx}U}l ekl Al qi ~frÄ v Ur esaft l osQ' kCn Lo: i dhog l q fIrÄUr gSA}U}kUrs
Jw; ek.kai naçR;sd efHkl acè; rsfu; e gS A v FkkZ
r ~}U} l ekl osQv Ur esafo| eku }U}l ekl dk
v uÄ~ xHkwr i n }U}l ekl esafo| eku i nksl sçR;d s l sl EcfU/r gSAv Ur es ai na}U}l ekl dkvo; o
ughagS ] fdUrq}U}l ekl osQv Ur esagS Av r%ml dk l q i ~frÄ~nksuksai nksal sv fHkl EcfU/r gSv FkkZ
r~
v Uo; gS Av r%l w =kkFkZ
&l q
cUr v kS
j frÄUr ' kCn Lo: i dksi n l a KkgksAl q i ~bl dkv FkZosQoy l qi ~ è; ku ns
a
%
l Ireh cgq opu dk çR;; ek=k ughagS A; gk¡ l q
i ~dgusi j l qv kSt l ~--- l q i ~buesl q
çR;; dk
lqi~&çR;; LFkku l si dkj osQl kFk çR;kgkj gS Aml l sl q ckfn bDdhl çR;; ksadk cks/ gksrk gS AfrÄ~
dgusl sfri ~rl ~f> --- bV~ofg efgÄ~buesfri dk fr l sefgÄ~osQÄdkj l sçR;kgkj gS Aml l s
frckfn v êò kjg çR;; ksadk cks/ gksrk gSA
ft l ' kCn Lo: i dksmís'; djosQl q i ~dk fo/ ku djrsgS aog ' kCn Lo: i v kfn ft l dk
ml l eq nk; dh fdUrqog l q i ~çR;; v Ur esaft l l eq nk; dk] ml dh i n l a Kk gksrh gSA
rnkfnrnUrL; i n l aKk çpkj gS
Av FkkZ
r ~mfí "V ' kCn Lo: i kfn çR;; kUr t ksl eq
nk; ml dh i nl a
Kk
gksrh gS
AosQoy çÑfÙk esaughaosQ oy çR;; dh Hkh i n l a Kk ughagksrh gSA
mnkgj . k & l q
cUr & jke%l eq
nk; i nl K
ad gSA; gk¡jke ew
y ' kCn] ml l si jsl qçR;; gS
Ajke%
l eq
nk; osQv Ur esal qçR;; gSAv r%l eq nk; l q
cUr gS
Av r%l eq nk; dh i n l a Kk gksrh gS
A
fr ÄUr & i Bfr ; gk¡i B~v fr fLFkfr gS
AogkoLrq r / krq
%$' ki ~
$fri ~çÑfr çR;; kfn dksi B~
/ krqdksmís'; djosQfri ~çR;; fd; kgS Aog / krqv kfn ft l ( i B~
$v $fr) l eqnk; dhv kSj fri ~
v Ur esaft l l eq
nk; osQml l eq nk; dh ( i B~$v $fr) i n l aKk gksrh gSA

4-13 v pks¿UR;kfn fVAA( 1-1-64)

=kkFkZ& v pksosQeè; esat ksv a
lw fre] og v kfn ft l osQml dh fV l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
=k O;k[ ; k & l a
lw Kk l w=k gS Al w
=k esarhu i n gS
Av p%v UR;kfn fV l w =kxri nPNsn gS Av p%
"k"BÔUr i n gS A; gk¡ fu/ kZ
j .k esa"k"Bh gSAv r%v FkZgksrk gS& v pksosQeè; esa Av Ur esagksusokyk
v fareAv fare v kfn gSft l osQog v UR;kfnAv pksosQeè; esat ksv a fre] og v kfn ft l osQml dh
fV l Kak gksrh gS
Av FkkZr ~fdl h Hkh ' kCn esaft rusv p gS ] muesat ksv fUre v p~og xzká gS A; g
v fUre v p~' kCn dkHkhv Ur esagks, slkv kxzg ughagS Abl v fUre v p ' kCn osQv Uri ; ZUr t ksv p~
v kSj ml v p~rd gksrk gSml v p~ &l fgr fV l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
mnkgj . k & jkekn~; gk¡ j~v k e~v k n~Øe' k%o.kZgS Abl ' kCn esanksv p gS Amu nksosQ
eè; esav afre v p~gksrk gSedkj l si jorhZv kdkj gS Aml v kdkj dksysd j ml l si j v Uri ; Z Ur
t ksgSml v p~rd mu l Hkh dh fV l a Kk gksrh gS
At S
l s; gk¡ ^v kn~
* l eq
nk; dh fV l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
uke ' kCn esau~v ke~v Øe' k%o.kZgS Aogkav kv nksv p gS Amu nksuksaosQeè; esaedkj l si jorhZ
v dkj ghv fare v p~gS Aml v dkj dksysd j ' kCn osQv Uri ; ZUr t ksgSml l HkhdhfV l a Kkgksrh
gSAi jUrq; gk¡v dkj ' kCn dk Hkhv afre gS
] ml l si j dksbZo.kZughagS Aml l sosQ
oy ' v ' dkj dh
fV l K
ak gksrh gSA
la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 61
 i kB&4 la
Kk çd j . k&3

la
Kk çd j . k&3 4-14 v y ks¿UR;kr ~i w
oZmi / kAA( 1-1-65)
=kkFkZ& v a
lw fre v y osQv O;fgri w
oZo.kZdh mi / k l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
=k O;k[ ; k & l a
lw Kkl w=kgS Al w
=kesapkj i n gSAv y%v UR;kr~i w oZ %mi / kl w
=kxri nPNsn gS
A
v y%i ×k~ pE; Ur i n gS Av Ur esagksusl sv UR; gS Av UR;kr~i ×k~ pE; sd opukUr i n gSAi woZ
% çFkekUr
i n gSAmi/ kçFkekUr l a Kki n gS
Avy~o.kZi ; kZ ; gSAv FkkrZ~vy~dgusl sl Hkho.kks±dkst kuukpkfg, A
v y%v UR;kn~nku ska
si nksaes
al kekukf/ dj.kgSAv FkkrZ~nksuksai nksadhfoHkfÙkQl eku gSAv r vUR;kn~vy%
dk fo' ks"k.k gS
Al w=kkFkZgksrk gS& v a fre v y osQi woZv O;fgr v y~mi / kl a Kk gksrhgSAmi kUR; o.kZ
è; ku nsa
% mi / kl aKd gksrkgS; g Hkko gS Av a fre Hkhv y~ghgksv Yk~ &l eq
nk; ughagksAml l si woZorhZv y~Hkh
v FkkZ
r ~, d gh o.kZ ] o.kZ l eq
nk; ughagksAml dh mi / kl a Kk gksrh gSAo.kZl eq
nk; dh mi / kl aKk ugha
gksrhgSA
mnkgj.k& jkekn~; gk¡ j~v ke~v kn~Øe' k%o.kZgS Aogkav a
fre v y~gksrkgSn~
&o.kZ
Aml l s
iw
oZv y~gSv k&dkjAml dk çÑr l w =k l smi / k l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
uke ' kCn esau~v ke~v Øe' k%o.kZgS Aogkaedkj l si jorhZv dkj ghv a
fre v y~gS
Aml l s
iw
oZv y~gSe~ o.kZ Abl dh mi / k l a
Kk çÑr l w
=k l sgksrh gS
A

i kBxr i z'u&3
23- , dkYk~
&çR;; dh D; k l a
Kk gksrh gS
\
24- i n D; k gS
\
25- }U}kUrsJw
; ek.kai naçR;sd efHkl a
cè; rsopu dk D; k v FkZgS
\
26- i n fdrusçdkj osQgksrsgS
AosD; k gS
a \
27- jkek.kke~i n esafV D; k gS
\
28- jkeL; i n esami / k D; k gS
\
29- , dkYk~
&çR;; dh D; k l a
Kk gS
\
1) v i Ù̀kQ
% 2) mi / k 3) fV 4) i ne~
30- lq
cUr dh D; k l a
Kk gS
\
1) v i Ù̀kQ
% 2) mi / k 3) fV 4) i ne~
31- HkædkY; S' kCn esa; dkj dh l a
Kk D; k gS
\
1) v i Ù̀kQ
% 2) mi / k 3) fV 4) i ne~
32- osQ
Uæe~; gk¡ fV D; k gSv kS
j mi / k D; k gS
\
1) fV&v e~
] mi / k&e~ 2) fV&e~] mi / k&v
3) fV&v e~] mi / k&v 4) fV&v e~] mi / k&

62 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&3 i kB&4
4-15 çkxzh' oj kfUui kr k%
AA ( 1-4-56) la
Kk çd j . k&3
lw=kkFkZ& çkxzh' ojkfUui krk%l w
=kl sv f/ jh'ojsl w
=kl si gyseè; esav kusokyksdhfui kr l a
Kk
gksrhgS
A
lw=kO;k[ ; k& v f/ dkj l w=kgS A; g l a
Kkf/ dkj gSAl w
=kesarhu i n gSAçkd~jh' ojkr~fui krk%
lw=kxri nPNsn gS Av f/ jh' ojs( 1-4-97) l w=kdk , dns'k gksrkgSjh' oj ' kCnAçkxzh' ojkfUui krk%l w=k
l sv f/ jh'ojsl w
=kl sçkd~eè; es afui krl K
akgkrshgSAv f/ jh'ojsl =
wkl sçkd~fui kri n dhv uq of̀r gSA

4-16 pkn; ks¿l ÙosAA( 1-4-57) è; ku nsa

%
=kkFkZ& pkfnx.k esai <+
lw sgq
, v æO;okpd ' kCnksadh fui kr l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & ; g l a
Kkl w
=kgS Al w=kesanksi n gSApkn; %v l Ùosl w =kxri nPNsn gS Ap%v kfn
gSft l dk ospkn; Ai kf.kuh; x.ki kB esapkfnx.k fo| eku gS Aml x.k esai <+ sgq
, ' kCn pkn; gksrs
gSAu l Ùo v l ÙoAv æO; v FkZgS
a Al Ùo æO; gksrk gS At Sl seǹ~e#n~t ye~ofÉ%bR;kfn æO; gS A
la [ ; kxq
. kkfØ; kbR;kfn æO; ughagS Açkxzh' ojkfUui krk%( 1-4-56) l w=kl sfui krk%v f/ dkj l sçkIr
i n gS Av kSj og l a Kki n gS
Apkfnx.k esai <+ k gq
v k ' kCn ; fn æO;okpdk u gksrksmudhfui kr l a Kk
gksrh gSl w =kkFkA
Z; fn fdl h Hkh euq"; ] ?kV dk v Fkok i ' kqdk uke ^p* bR;kfn ughagksrkspkfn; ks
dhfui kr l a Kk gksrhrkRi; ZgSApkfnx.k esai ' kq' kCn] mfpr gS At c xt i ' kqxt okpd: i l si ' kq
' kCn dkO;ogkj gksrk gSrc ogk i ' kq' kCn dhfui kr l a Kk ughagksrhgSAi jUrq; fn i ' kqxt ç; ksx
gksrc i ' kq' kCn dh fui kr l a Kk gksrh gSAfdUrqmfpr xt ( gkFkh) ml dk v FkZgksrk gS A

4-17 çkn; %
AA( 1-4-58)
=kkFkZ& çkfnx.k esai <+
lw sgq
, v æO;okpd ' kCnksadh fui kr l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
=k O;k[ ; k & ; g l a
lw Kkl w
=kgS
Abl l w =kesaçkn; %, d ghi n gS Aç v kfn gSft udkosçkn; A
i kf.kuh; x.ki kB esaçkfnx.kfo| eku gS Aml x.k esai <+ sgq, ' kCn çkn; gksrsgSApkn; ks¿l Ùos( 1-4-
a
57) l w =kl sv l Ùosl IrE; Ur i n dhv uq of̀r gS
Au l Ùoe~v l Ùoe~ Av æO; v FkZesaAl Ùo æO; gksrk
gSAt S l s eǹ~e#n~t ye~ofÉ%bR;kfn æO; gS Al a[ ; k xq
. kk fØ; k bR;kfn æO; ughagksrsgS A
a
çkxzh' ojkfUui krk%( 1-4-56) l w =kl sfui krk%v f/ dkj i n çkIr gksrkgS Av kS
j og l a
Kki n gS Açkfnx.k
esai <+ sgq, ' kCn ; fn æO; okpd ughagksrksmudhfui kr l a KkgksrhgS A; fn fdl heuq "; ] ?kV v Fkok
i ' kqdk uke ^v uq * bR;kfn u gksrksçkfn; ksdhfui kr l a KkgksrhrkRi; ZgS Açkfnx.kesav uq' kCn gS ]
i ' pkn~ml dkv FkZgS At c gkFkhdkuke v uqxt okpd : i l sv uq ' kCn dkO;ogkj gkrskgSrc ogk
v uq ' kCn dh fui kr l a Kk ughagksrh gS
A
çkn; & çAi jkAv i Al e~
Av uq
Av oAful ~
Afuj~
Anq
l~
Anq
j~
AfoAv kÄ~
AfuAv f/ Av fi Av frA
lq
Amr~
Av fHkAçfrAi fjAmi A

4-18 mi l xkZ
%fØ; k; ksxsAA( 1-4-59)
=kkFkZ& fØ; k l sv fUor v FkZçkn; ksdh mi l xZ
lw la
Kk gksrh gS
A
lw ; k[ ; k & ; g l a
=k O Kkl w
=kgS
Al w
=ksesamil xkZ
%fØ; k; ksxsnksi n gS
Açkn; %( 1-4-58) l Eiw
. kZ

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 63
 i kB&4 la
Kk çd j . k&3

la
Kk çd j . k&3 lw=k dhv uq of̀r gSAmi l xkZ
%l aKki n gSAfØ; k ; ksx%fØ; k; ksx%rr̀h; k rRiq
#"k l ekl gS Aml fØ; k
; ksx esa
AfØ; kosQl kFkv Uo; gksusi jAçkxzh' ojkfUui krk%( 1-4-56) l w=kl sfui kr dkv f/ dkj çkIr
gksrkgS Aog Hkhl a Kki n gS
AfØ; kl sv fUor v FkZçkn; ksdhmi l xZl a KkgksrhgS Aft l / krqosQv FkZ
l sç v kfn osQv FkZdkv Uo; gksrkgS ] ml / krqosQçfr ç v kfn dhmi l xZl a Kk] v U; çfr v kfn
dh ugha Afui kr l a
Kk Hkh gksrh gS
A
mnkgj . k & jkeeuq
xPNfr y{e.k%mnkgj.kesajkee~v uqy{e.k%xPNfr ; fn v FkZgSrksv uq
çkfn esaxfe/ krqokP; gksusi j xeu fØ; k esav Uo; ughagS Av r%mi l xZl a
Kk ughagS
Ai jUrq; fn
v uq
xPNfr y{e.k%jkee~; fn rkRi; Zrc v uqçkfn esaxfe/ krqokP; gksusi j xeu fØ; k esav Uo;
è; ku nsa
% gS
Av r%rc v uqbl dh xe/ krqosQçfr mi l xZl a Kk gksrh gS
A

4-19 xfr ' pAA( 1-4-60)

=kkFkZ& fØ; k l sv fUor v FkZçkn; ksdh xfr l a
lw Kk gksrh gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & l a
Kk l w
=k gSAl w=k esanksi n gS
Axfr%p l w =kxri nPNsn gS Açkn; %( 1-4-58)
l Ei w
. kZl w
=k dh v uq of̀r gS
A mi l xkZ %fØ; k; ksxs( 1-4-59) l w=k l sfØ; k; ksxsi n dh v uqof̀r gSA
çkxzh' ojkfUui krk%( 1-4-56) l w=kl sfui krk%v f/ dkj i n dhçkfIr gS Afi Qj Hkhl aKki n gS
AfØ; kl s
v fUor v FkZçkn; ksdhxfr l a KkgksrhgS Aft l / krqosQv FkZl sçkfn; ksosQv FkZdk v Uo; gksrk gS ]
ml / krqosQçfr çkfn; ksdh xfr l a Kk] v U; osQçfr ugharkRi; ZgS A fui kr l a
Kk Hkh gksrh gS
A
v "Vkè; k; h esaçFkekè; k; osQprq FkZ
i kn esaxfrl aKk fo/ k; d chl l w=k fo| eku gS A

4-20 Loj kfnfui kr eO;; e~

AA( 1-1-37)
=kkFkZ& Lojkfn dh fui kr v kS
lw j v O;; l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & l a
Kkl w
=k gS
Abl l w=kesanksi n gSALojkfnfui kre~v O;; e~l w=kxri nPNsn gSA
Loj~v kfn%; s"kkarsLojkn; %Arsp fui krk%p bfr Lojkfnfui kre~bfr l ekgkj}U}l ekl % Ai kf.kuh;
x.ki kB esaLojkfn dksbZx.k gSAml esai <+
sgq
, ' kCn Lojkfn gksrsgS
Al w
a =kkFkZ& Lojkfn dhfui kr v kSj
v O;; l aKk gksrh gS
A

i kBxr i z'u&4
33- fui krk%dkS
u gS
\
34- pkn; ks¿l Ùos; gk¡ l Ùo D; k gS
\
35- çkn; %fdrusgS
av kS
j osdkS
u gS
\
a
36- fdl dh mi l xZl a
Kk gksrh gS
\
37- xfr l a
Kk fdl dh gksrh gS
\
38- v O;; l a
Kk fdudh gksrh gS
\
39- çkfn / krql sçkd~ç; q
ÙkQfdUrqml / kRoFkZfØ; k l sv Uo; ughagSrksml dh mi l xZl a
Kk
gksrh gSv Fkok ugha
\
64 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&3 i kB&4
40- çkxzh' ojkfUui krk%fdl çdkj dk l w
=k gS
\ la
Kk çd j . k&3
1) l a
Kk 2) i fjHkk"kk 3) fof/ % 3) v f/ dkj%
41- i ' kqxt %
Ai ' kq
%xt %okD; ksaesaçFke i ' kq' kCn fdl çdkj] f}rh; fdl çdkjA
1) çFke%
&fui kr%] f}rh; %& fo' ks"; e~
2) çFke%
&fo' ks"k.ke~] f}rh; %& v O;; e~
3) çFke%
&fo' ks"k.ke~
] f}rh; %& fui kr%
4) çFke%
&fui kr%] f}rh; %& v O;; e~ è; ku nsa
%
42- çkn; %l w
=k l sçkfn; ksadh D; k l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
1) xfr% 2) mi l xZ
% 3) fui kr% 4) v O;; e~
43- d) t ks&t ksmi l xZog&og xfrl a
Kd gksrk gh gS
\
• ) t ks&t ksxfr l a
Kd gSog&og mi l xZgksrk gh gS
\
nksuksadFkuksaosQfo"k; esamfpr ; q
Xe pq
uks\
1) ( d) l R;e~( • ) v l R;e~ 2) ( d) l R;e~( • ) l R;e~
3) ( d) v l R;e~( • ) l R;e~ 4) ( d) v l R;e~( • ) v l R;e~
44- d) Lojkfn; ksdh fui kr l a
Kk gksrh gh gS
A
• ) fui krksdh v O;; l a
Kk gksrh gh gS
A
nksuksaesal gh dFku osQfo"k; esa; q
Xe pq
uksA
1) ( d) l R;e~( • ) v l R;e~ 2) ( d) l R;e~( • ) l R;e~
3) ( d) v l R;e~( • ) l R;e~ 4) ( d) v l R;e~( • ) v l R;e~

4-21 ; wL=; k[ ; kSunhAA( 1-4-3)

=kkFkZ& bZ
lw d kjkUr rFkk Ådkjka
r t ksL=khfyÄ~
x dh v k[ ; k dgusokyksdh unh l a
Kk gksA
lw =k O;k[ ; k & l aKk l w
=k gS
Al w=k esarhu i n gS Aogka; wçFkek f}pukUr] L=; k[ ; kS çFkek
f}opukUr] unh çFkeS d opukUr i n gSAl ekl & bZp Å p ; wbfr brjsrj; ksx}U}l ekl % AfL=k; ke~
v kp{kkrsbfr L=; k[ ; kS Abl l w=k esarnUrfof/ gksrh gS At S l s& ; wfo' ks"k.k gSAfdl dk fo' ks"k.k gSA
L=; k[ ; ; ks%
] v FkkZ
r ~L=khfyfÄ~
x dkAosdkS uAO;kdj.k' kCn' kkL=kAv r%' kCn' kkL=kdk çLrko] fo"k;
gSAv r%' kCn i n dkv k{ksi fd; kt krkgS Av c ; wfo' ks"k.k] ' kCnkSfo' ks"; gS
Afo' k"sk.krnUr dhl a Kk
gksrhgSAv r%ml çdkj osQ' kCnksadk ; gk¡xzg.k gSft uosQv Ur esa; wgS Av FkkZ
r ~bZnUr & bZ
d kjkUr
' kCn] v kSj ÅnUr & ÅdkjkUr ' kCn xzká gS Arc l w =kkFkZ
& bZnUr v kS j ÅnUr ; sfuR; L=khfyfÄ~ x ' kCn
unhl Kad gS A
mnkgj.k & Js;l hAunhAxkS
j hAo/ w
A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 65
 i kB&4 la
Kk çd j . k&3

la
Kk çd j . k&3 4-22 ' ks"kksè; l f• ( 1-4-7)
=kkFkZ& unh l a
lw Kd fHkUu v kS
j l f• fHkUu bnUr mnUr dh f?k l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & l a Kk l w=kgSAl w =kesarhu i n gS A' ks"k%f?kv l f• l w=kLFki nksesafo| eku dk
l fU/ foPNsn gS A' ks"k%çFkekUr i n gSAf?kçFkekUr l a Kki n gS Au l f• v l f• u×k~ r Ri#
q"kl ekl AfÄfr
ßLo' p l w =kl sßLo%çFkekUr i n dhv uq of̀r gSA; wL=; k[ ; kSunhl w=kl s; wçFkekf}opukUr i n dh
v uqof̀r gS Ab%p m%p ; wbrjsrj; ksx}U}l ekl Abl çdkj i n çkIr gS & v l f• ; wßLo%' ks"k%f?kA
; gk¡ dkSu ' ks"k] v of' k"VA ' ks"kks ?; l f• ( 1-4-7) l w =k l s i w oZ; wL=; k[ ; kSunh ( 1-4-3) ]
è; ku nsa
% us;ÄqoÄ~LFkkukoL=kh( 1-4-4) ] okfe ( 1-4-5) ] fÄfr ßLo' p ( 1-4-6) l w =kksaesaxbZ Aogk ft u ßLoks
dh unh l a Kk ughagq bZos' kCn ; gk¡ t kuuk pkfg, AfdUrqunhl a KkfHkUu v U; bnUr ßLo v kS j mnUr
ßLo xzká gS AogkaHkhl f• ' kCn bnUr ßLo] ml dk xzg.k ughadjukpkfg, Av l f• ; wßLo%' ks"k%
; gk¡dkSu ' ks"kgS; st kukAi jUrqog dkS u gSdgrsgS & ; g O;kdj.k' kCn ' kkL=kgS
a Av r%' kCn ' kkL=k
dk çLrko] fo"k; gS Av r%' kCnkSi n dk v k{ksi djrsgS AfdUrqv l f• ßLo%' ks"k%; wfo' ks"k.k gS
a ]
' kCn fo' ks"; gSAv r%rnUrfof/ l srFkk l f• fHkUu ' ks"k ( unh l a Kk fHkUu) ' kCn xzká ft l osQv Ur
esaßLo bdkj gSv kS j ßLo mdkj gS Arc l w =kkFkZgksrkgS& unhl a KkfHkUu v kS j l f• fHkUu bnUr v kS j
mnUr ' kCn f?kl a Kd gksrsgS A
a
mnkgj . k & gfjAeq
fuAdfoAHkkuq
Afo".kq
A

4-23 bX; . k%l Eçl kj . ke~

AA( 1-1-44)
=kkFkZ& ; .k osQLFkku esaç; q
lw T; eku t ksbd~og l Eçl kj.kl a
Kd gksrk gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & l a
Kkl w
=kgS
Abl l w=kesarhu i n gSAbd~; .k%l Eçl kj.ke~ l w=kxri nPNsn gS
A
bd~( 1@ 1) çFkeS d opukUr i n gS
A; .k%( 6@1) "k"BÔsd opukUr i n gS
Al Eçl kj.ke~ çFkekUr l a
Kki n
gS
Al w=kkFkZgksrk gS
& ; .k osQLFkku esabd~l Eçl kj.k l a
Kd gksrk gS
Av FkkZ
r ~; .k~& ; o j y buosQ
LFkku esabd~& b m½ Æbudk fo/ ku djrsgS arksml bd dh l Eçl kj.k l a Kk gksrh gS
A
l Eçl kj.k dk {k=
sk & 1) fof/ & dHkhdgrsgS al Eçl kj.k djksArc ; .k osQLFkku esabd
dkfo/ ku djukpkfg, A; .kosQLFkku esafofgr bd dhl Eçl kj.kl a KkgksrhgSAi jUrqt gkafoèkku
ghughagq v kogkoS Q
l sl Eçl kj.kdjukpkfg, Avr%l a
çl kj.kdjksbl dkv FkZoS l kdjksft l l s; .k
osQLFkku esabd~gksA
2) v uq
okn& dHkh dgrsgS afd l Eçl kj.k gSrksv U; dksbZHkh dk; ZdjksAv FkkZr ~; fn ; .k
osQLFkku esabd~fofgr gSrksi w oZ
: i kfn djksA ; gk¡ l Eçl kj.k dk fo/ ku ughagS
Ai w
oZfd; sgq ,
l Eçl kj.k dk mi ; ksx djrsgS
Abl çdkj fofgr dk O;ogkj v uq
a okn dgrsgS A
a

4-24 ; Lekr ~çR;; fof/ Lr nkfn çR;; s¿Ä~

xe~
AA( 1-4-13)
=kkFkZ& t ksçR;; ft l l sdjrsgS
lw ] og v kfn ' kCn Lo: i ml çR;; i jsv Ä~
a xl a
Kd gksrkgS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k& l a
Kkl w
=kgS
Al =
wkesai ka
p i n gS
A; Lekr~; r~&l oZ
uke~dki ×pE; sd opukUr i n
gS
AçR;; fof/ %çFkekUri n gSArnkfn çFkekUr i n gSAçR;; sl IrE; d
s opukUr i n gS
Av Ä~xe~çFkekUr
la
Kki n gS
Al ekl & çR;; L; fof/ %çR;; fof/ %bfr "k"BhrRiq#"k%l ekl %
Arr~( çÑfr% ) v kfn%; L;
66 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&3 i kB&4
( ' kCn Lo: i L; ) rr~rnkfn bfr rn~xq
. kl a
foKkucgq
ozhfgl ekl %
Al w
=kkFkZ& t ksçR;; ft l l sdjrsgS
a la
Kk çd j . k&3
og ' kCn Lo: i v kfn esaft l osQml dh v Ä~ xlaKk gksrh gSA
lw=kkFkZfooj . k& ft l l sçR;; fof/ & çR;; v f/ dkj esat ksdksbZHkhçR;; dkfo/ ku djrk
gSrc fdl hçÑfr dksmís'; djosQfo/ ku djrsgS AfdUrqçÑfrokpd' kCn i ×k~
a pE; Ur gksrkgS
At S
ls
/ krks%i ×k~ pE; Ur i n gSAml l si j frÄ~fo/ ku djrsgS Aml l si j ' ki ~bR;kfn çR;; dkfo/ ku djrs
a
gSAÄ~ ; kIçkfri fndkr~; gk¡i ×pehgS Açkfri fnd l sl qi ~bR;kfn çR;; dkfo/ ku djrsgS Av r%dksbZ
çÑfr] fdl hHkh ' kCn Lo: i dk mYys• djrsgS ] ml l si j çR;; dk fo/ ku djrsgS
a Abl çdkj
a
Hkw/ krql sfrÄ~fo/ ku djrsgS ] rc Hkwfr fLFkfr gksrh gSA; gk¡ Hkwbl l sfri ~çR;; fofgr gS Abl
çdkj ^; Lekr~çR;; fof/ % * va ' k dh v kykspuk djrsgS A
a è; ku nsa
%
r nkfn & rn~v kfn ft l ' kCn Lo: i dkog rnkfn l ekl ns• ksArn~D; kAft l l sçR;; dk
fo/ ku djrsgSarn~At S
l sHkwbl l sfri ~çR;; dkfo/ ku djrsgS Avr%Hkwrn~gS
a Aog Hkwv kfn ft l dk]
fdl dkAHkwfr fLFkfr gS AD; k Hkw $fr l eq
nk; xzká gS Av r%l w =k esadgk ^çR;; s*Av FkkZ
r ~t ksçR;;
fofgr gSml çR;; i jsgksusi j i w oZorhZv a
' k xzká gS
A; gk¡ fri ~çR;; i jsgksusi j i w
oZ
orhZv a' k Hkw
gS
Av r%Hkwv a ' k dhv Ä~ xl aKk gksrhgS A
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & ^Hkwfr* fLFkfÙk esa/ krql s' ki ~çR;; Hkh gksrk gS
Arc ^Hkwv fr* fLFkfr
gksrh gSAv c ^Hkw * bl l sv ( ' ki ~
) Hkh çR;; fofgr gS ] ^fr* ( fri ~
) ; g Hkh çR;; fofgr gSArc
v Ä~ x D; kgS A; gk¡v Ä~ xfu.kZ
; osQfy, t ksçR;; v kJ; gS ] og çR;; l si woZ
orhZHkkx v Ä~
x gksrk
gSAt Sl s^Hkwv fr* fLFkfÙkesafrçR;; gksusi j D; kv Ä~xe gSrks^Hkwv * l eq nk; v Ä~ x gS
Av ( ' ki ~
)
çR;; djusi j D; k v Ä~ x gSrks^Hkw* v Ä~x gSAfr&çR;; Hkwbl l sfofgr gS AfrçR;; i jsHkwv kfn
ft l dkog v Ä~ xAfr&çR;; i js^Hkwv * l eq nk; dhHkwv kfn gS Avr%^Hkwv * l eq nk; dhv Ä~xl a Kk
gksrhgS A
v Ä~xL; ( 6-4-1) v f/ dkjl w
=k gS
A; g v f/ dkj bZp x.k%( 7-4-97) l w
=k rd t krk gSA
v Ä~xkf/ dkj esa5 i kn gS
Av Ä~x osQv kfJr v usd dk; ZgksrsgS
Av r%v Ä~
a xl a
Kk dksl gh t kuuk
pkfg, A
çfl ¼ v f/ d kj
uhpsl kj.khesaoq Q
N çfl ¼ v f/ dkj fn, gq , gS
] l Hkhugha
AO;kdj.k osQNk=k}kjk ; sges'kk
/ kj.kdjukpkfg, Av f/ dkj D; kgS ] dgkl sv kjEHkgksrkgSfdruknwj t krkgSbl fo"k; dkKku
O;kdj.k' kkL=k esav R;a
r mi ; ksfx gS|
v uq
Ø- v f/ d kj % br %v kj H; , r kor ~i ; Z
Ure~
1 dkjosQ 1-4-23 1-4-55
2 l ekl % 2-1-3 2-2-38 ( i knkUr%
)
3 v ufHkfgrs 2-3-1 2-3-73 ( i knkUr%
)
4 çR;; % 3-1-1 5-4-160 ( i knkUr%
)
5 i j' p 3-1-2 5-4-160 ( i knkUr%
)
6 vk| n
qkÙk'p 3-1-3 5-4-160 ( i knkUr%
)
la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 67
 i kB&4 la
Kk çd j . k&3

la
Kk çd j . k&3 7 / krks% 3-1-22 3-1-90
8 / krks% 3-1-91 3-4-117 ( i knkUr%
)
9 ÑRk 3-1-93 3-4-117 ( i knkUr%
)
10 ÑR;k% 3-1-95 3-1-133
11 Hkw
rs 3-2-84 3-2-122
12 Ä~
; kIçkfri fndkr~ 4-1-1 5-4-160 ( i knkUr%
)
è; ku nsa
%
13 fL=k; ke 4-1-3 4-1-81
14 rf¼rk% 4-1-76 5-4-160 ( i knkUr%
)
15 l fagrk; ke~ 6-1-72 6-1-158
16 vÄ~
xL; 6-4-1 7-4-97 ( i knkUr%
)
17 i nL; 8-1-16 8-3-54
18 i nkr~ 8-1-17 8-1-69
19 io
w=
Zkkfl ¼e~ 8-2-1 8-4-68 ( i knkUr%
)
20 l fagrk; ke~ 8-2-108 8-4-68 ( i knkUr%
)

i kBxr i z'u&5
45- unh l a
Kk fdl dh gksrh gS
\
46- gfj' kCn dh unh l a
Kk gksrh gSv Fkok ugha
\
47- ; .k osQLFkku esabd~gSrksml dh D; k l a
Kk gksrh gS
\
48- v Ä~
xl a
Kkfo/ k; d l w
=kD; k gS
\
49- v Ä~
xL; dk v f/ dkj fdrusnw
j rd t krk gS
\
50- çR;; %v f/ dkj fdrusnw
j rd t krk gS
\
51- bl dh unh l a
Kk ughagksrh gS
\
1) gfj 2) unh 3) xkS
j h 4) o/ w
52- bZ
nUr dh fuR; L=khfyfÄ~
x esaD; k l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
1) unh 2) f?k 3) i ne~ 4) fV
53- d) ÅnUr dh fuR;L=khfyfÄ~
x esaf?kl a
Kk gksrh gS
A
• ) mnUr dh f?kl a
Kk gw
fr gS
A

68 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&3 i kB&4
nksuksadFkuksaosQfo"k; esa; q
ÙkQ; q
Xe dkspq
uksA la
Kk çd j . k&3
1) ( d) l R;e~( • ) v l R;e~ 2) ( d) l R;e~( • ) l R;e~
3) ( d) v l R;e~( • ) l R;e~ 4) ( d) v l R;e~( • ) v l R;e~
54- fuEufyf• r fdl osQl kFk fdl dk l EcU/ ; q
ÙkQrkfydk pq
uksA
( d) unh ( i) jkeku~bR;=k v ku~
( • ) f?k ( ii) o/ w
( x) fV ( iii) i B~v fr bR;=k i B~v l eq
nk; % è; ku nsa
%
( ?k) v Ä~
xe~ ( iv) dfo
(d) (• ) ( x) ( ?k)
1) ( ii) ( iv) ( v) ( iii)
2) ( ii) ( iv) ( iii) ( i)
3) ( iii) ( ii) ( i) ( iv)
4) ( ii) ( iii) ( iv) ( i)
55- v / ksfyf• r fdl osQl kFk fdl dk l EcU/ ; q
ÙkQrkfydk pq
uksA
( d) / krq
% ( i) i ne~
( • ) frÄUre~ ( ii) v i Ù̀kQ
%
( x) nh?kZ
%v p~ ( iii) fØ; kokpd%
( ?k) , dky~çR;; % ( iv) xq
#
(d) (• ) ( x) ( ?k)
1) ( iii) ( ii) ( i) ( iv)
2) ( ii) ( i) ( iii) ( iv)
3) ( iii) ( i) ( iv) ( ii)
4) ( ii) ( iii) ( iv) ( i)

i kB l kj
v k , sv kSo.kks±dhof̀¼ l aKk gksrhgSAv , v kso.kks±dhxq . kl a
Kk gksrhgS
Ai kf.kfu fojfpr
/ krqi kB esai <+
sgq, ' kCnksadh/ krql a
Kk Hkw
okn; ks/ kro l w
=k l sgksrh gS Al ukfn çR;; ft l osQv Ur
esagksrkgSog l uk| Ur gksrkgS Al uk| Ur ' kCn Lo: i dh/ krql a Kkl uk| Urk/ kro%l w =kl sgksrhgS
A
o.kks±dk mPpkj.k v Hkko v ol kul a
Kd gksrk gSfojkeks¿ol kue~l w
=k dk v FkZgS
Ankso.kks±osQ
eè; esaU;w u : i l sv / Z
ek=kk l sv f/ d dkfyd O;o/ ku ; fn ughagksrk gSrksog l kehI; gh
l fUud"kZ
] og gh l a
fgrk dgykrk gS A
la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 69
 i kB&4 la
Kk çd j . k&3

la
Kk çd j . k&3 nksO;×t uksadkLoj jfgr ; q Xe ghl a
; ksx gS
At S
l sÑ".k' kCn esa"k~
$.k~nksO;×t u gSAmu nksuksa
dkt ksMk+gS
Ai jUrqml ; q Xe esaLoj ughagS
ALoj rksi o
wZv Fkoki jsgS ] eè; esaughA
av r%".k~l a
; ksx gS
A
nh?kZ
Loj dh xq #la Kk gkrsh gSA; fn ßLo Loj l si jsl a; ksx gSrksßLo dh xq #laKk gksrh gS
A; fn
ßLo Loj l si jsl a ; ksx ughagSrksßLo dh y?kql a Kk gksrh gSAft l çR;; dk , d gh o.kZgSog
çR;; v i Ù̀kQ
la
Kd gksrkgS A
ft l ' kCn Lo: i dksmís'; djosQl q i ~dk fo/ ku djrsgS ] og ' kCn Lo: i v kfn ft l
a
l eqnk; osQfdUrqog l iq~çR;; v Ur esaft l l eq nk; osQ
] ml dh i n l a
Kk gksrh gSAv FkkZ
r ~' kCn
Lo: i kfn çR;; kUr t ksl eq
nk; dhi nl a KkgksrhgS AosQoy çÑfÙkdhughav Fkok osQ oy çR;; dh
è; ku nsa
% i n l aKk ughagksrh gS
Afdl h Hkh' kCn esafo| eku Lojksaesat ksv fUre Loj gksrk gS
] ml Loj l si js
' kCn dk v fUre o.kZrd ml Loj l fgr l eq nk; dh fV l a
Kk gksrh gS
Afdl h Hkh ' kCn Lo: i dk
v fUre o.kZl si w oZ
orhZ
] mi kUR; o.kZmi / kl a
Kd gksrk gSA
çkxzh' ojkfUui krk%( 1-4-56) l w
=k l sv f/ jh' ojs( 1-4-97) l w
=k l si gyseè; esafui krl a
Kk
gkrshgS
Al Ùo æO; gksrkgS AæO;fHkUu v FkZesaç; q
ÙkQpkn; fui kr l aKd gksrsgS AckbZ
a l çkn; Hkhfui kr
ghgS AfØ; kl sv fUor vFkZçkn; mil xZl a Kd v kS j fui kr l a
Kd gksrsgS
AfØ; kl sv fUor vFkZçkn;
a
dh xfrl aKk v kSj fui krl a
Kk gksrh gS
ALojkn; v kS j fui kr v O;; l a
Kd gksrsgS A
a
bZ
d kjkUr v kS
j ÅdkjUr t ksfuR;L=khfyÄ~ x ' kCn ml dhunhl a Kk; wL=; k[ ; kSunhl w =kl sdjrs
gS
Av U; Hkhoq
a QNl w=kksadkv"Vkè; k; hesaft uosQ}kjkunhl a KkdjrsgS Aml l sv of' k"VbdkjkUr v kS
a j
mdkjkUr ' kCnksadh f?k l a
Kk gksrh gSl f• ' kCn dksNksM+d jAf?kl a
Kk ' ks"kks?; l f• l w
=k l sgksrk gS
A
; .k%; o j y buosQLFkku esabd~b m ½ Æ budk fo/ ku djrs gSA fo/ ku Hkh
a
l Eçl kj.kl a
Kd gksrk gS
Afofgr b m½ Æ; sHkh l Eçl kj.kl a
Kd gksrsgS
A
a
; Lekr~çR;; fof/ Lrnkfn çR;; s¿Ä~
xe~l w=k l sçR;; ft l l sdjrsgS ] og v kfn ft l dk] ml
a
' kCn Lo: i dh] ml çR;; i js]v Ä~ xl K
akgkrshgSAt Sl sHkwv fr fLFkfÙkes
av çR;; djusi j Hkwv Ä~x
gSAfr çR;; djusi j Hkwv l eq nk; fg v Ä~ x gSA
O;kdj.k osQNk=k }kjk fuf' pr : i l soq
Q
Nl q
çfl ¼ v f/ dkj bl i kBsesal kj.kh esanh gq
bZ
gSml dksLej.k djuk pkfg, A

; ksX; r ko/ Z
u
Nk=k v i uh ; ksX; rk dksc<+
kusosQfy, D; k&D; k dj l drsgS
abl fo"k; i j , d l q
cks/
lq
Hkkf"kr gS&
d kd ps"Vk cd è; kua' okufuæk r FkS
o pA
v Yi kgkj h czã pkj h fo| kFkhZi ×k~
p y {k. ke~
AA
O;k[ ; k& dkS, dh ps"Vk fØ; k dkdps"Vk dgykrh gSAcxq y sdk è; ku , dkxzrk cdè; ku
dgykrh gS Aoq Q
Ùksdh fuæk dks' okufuæk dgrsgSabl h çdkj de v kgj dk l sou djusokysdks
v Yi kgkjh dgrsgS Aczã p; Z
a ozr dk v kpj.k djusokysdksczã pkjh dgrsgSA; si ka
a p fo| kfFkZ
; ksaosQ
y{k.ki gpku gS A

70 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&3 i kB&4
Nk=k dkSu gSml osQD; k y{k.k gS
Abl l q
a Hkkf"kr esai ka
p y{k.k dgsgS Aosy{k.k ft l osQgS
a la
Kk çd j . k&3
og fo| kFkhZdgykrkgSv U; ugha Av r%Nk=kdks; sy{k.kfuR; v H; kl }kjkv kRel kr~djukpkfg, A
rc og v è; ; u dk mÙke i Q y çkIr dj l drk gS A; ksX; Nk=k gksA; gk¡ , d&, d dk y{k.k uhps
Li "V djrsgS A
a
d kd ps"Vk& ok; l t lSsges ' kkps"VkesayxkjgrkgS Afujar j deZdjrkgSAv kyL; ughadjrk
gS
Ai uq&i u
q ç; Ru djrkgS Aeuq"; ksa}kjkfi Vkt krkgSfi Q
j Hkhi q
u çoÙ̀kgkrskgS
Av r%deZ r Rij dkdA
tS
l sdksv k v kyL; dksNksM+d j v i usdeZesaçor̀ gksrk gSoS l sghNk=k }kjk v kyL; dksR;kx dj
v i uk deZv è; ; u t ksgSml esaçoÙ̀k gksuk pkfg, A
è; ku nsa
%
cd è; ku & cykdkt S l kè; ku djrkgSoS l kè; ku fo| kfFkZ
; ksadksdjukpkfg, Acxq y kt y
esafLFkr gksd j v i usHk{; dksxzg.kdjusosQfy, i RFkj osQl eku cS BrkgS AeNyhv kS j v U; t ypj
l Unsg HkhughadjrsgS adh; gk¡; g cxq y kgS
Ai jUrqv i usHk{; osQfujh{k.kesajr cxq y kl ehi v k; s
gq, Hk{; dksv R;Ura fui q
. krk l sxzg.k djrkgSAcxq y k , d t xg fLFkj l Hkht xg v i usy{; Hk{;
dh gh nf̀"V djrk gS Aml h çdkj fo| kFkhZv i usy{; v è; ; u dks] ml sl Hkht xg ns• uk pkfg, ]
v U; t xg nf̀"Vughadjuhpkfg, AfpÙkfo{kis os Qv us d dkj.kv krsgS ] i jUrqmu l Hkhdksnw
a j djosQ
v è; ; u esa, di jk; .k Nk=k dksgksuk pkfg, A
' okufuæk & oq QDoq
Qj tS
l k fuæk ysrk gSoSl h fuæk Nk=k dh gksAv FkkZ r ~oqQÙkk fuæk esaHkh
v Yi ' kCn èofu l sÅB t krkgSv kSj lad V l sçk.kj{kkdjrkgS Av R;Ur fuækyqughagksrkgS Avfèkd
fuækrekxs.qkdksc<+ krhgSAKkukt Z
u djukgSrksl Ùoxq . kdhv ko' ; drkgS Av r%l Ùoxq . kdkmikt Z u
oSQl sgksNk=k dksv o' ; fpUru djuk pkfg, Al Ùoxq . k osQfouk fo| kxzg.k fo| k/ kj.k l e; &l e;
i j fo| kç; ksx djusesaeuq"; l eFkZughagksrk gSAv r Nk=k v f/ dfuækdksR;kx dj v kjksX; j{k.k
osQfy, ft ruh fuæk ; q ÙkQgSmruh gh fuæk dk l sou djuk pkfg, A
v Yi kgkj h & ; q
ÙkQi fjfer v kgkj fo| kfFkZ
; ksadk djuk pkfg, AçR;sd Nk=k osQv kgkj dk
i fjek.kfHkUu gksl drkgSfi Q j Hkhft l v kgkj l sfuækc<+ r hgS ] v kyL; c<+r sgS
] ' kjhj dkeksVki k
a
c<+ r kgSoSl kv kgkj v f/ d ughadjukpkfg, Av kgkj ' kjhj v kS j fpÙkdki ks"k.kdjrsgS Av r%v kgkj
a
fu; U=k.k eq[ ; gksrk gS
AosQoy FkksM+
k v kgkj Hkh rksv kjksX; o/ Z
d jksxçfrdkj {kerko/ Z d ' kfÙkQ
o/ Z
d
cqf¼o/ Zd v kS j eu dhpa pyrkdksnw j djusokykgksAt S l sv R;q".kv fr dVqv Fkokv fr rst v kgkj
dksdjrsgS arkseu p×k~ py ml h {k.k esagkst krk gS Av r%v kgkj dk i fj.kke gksrk gS, slk fpUru
djosQv kgkjfu; U=k.k fo| kè; ; u v uq
owQy gS A
czã pkj h& çkphu dky esaxq #oqQ
y esaeka
xdj fHk{kkdksykrsv k; j czã pkjhfo| kt Z
u djrs
FksAjke of' k"BkJe esat kdj fo| ksikt Z
u fd; k; sge l Hkht kursgS
Afo| kosQxzg.k/ kj.kv kS
j Lej.k
osQfy, cq f¼cy v ko' ; d gSv kS j , dkxzrkrh{.krkv ko' ; d gS
Abudh{kerkdko/ Z u czã p; Z
ozr
l sgksrkgS; g i jEi jkgSAoh; Z
j {k.keU=kt i dke Øks/ v kfn dki fjR;kx] czkã eqgw
r ZesaÅBuk] fnu
esafuæk dk l sou ughadjuk] jk{kl dkyhu Hkkts u dk R;kx] v kpk; Zl sok] nsol sok v usd fo"k;
czã p; Z
ozr osQv UrxZ r v krsga
Aczã p; ZosQi kyu l sfo| k osQfy, ft l cq
S f¼oS Hko dhv ko' ; drk
gSog çkIr gksrk gS A
bl çdkj fo| kfFkZ
; ka
sdksD; k&D; kdjukpkfg, ft l l sfo| kdkxzg.k/ kj.kLej.kv kjSç; ksx
djuses
aml dkdkS
' ky c<s+] ml dh; ksX; rkft l l s c<s+oS
l si kp
a mi k; foLrkj l fgr mudhvkykp suk
dhgSAv R;Ur J¼kl sbu mi k; ksadkv oyEcu Nk=k }kjkfd; kt krk gS A{k.kv kH; Urj esarksi Q
y

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 71
 i kB&4 la
Kk çd j . k&3

la
Kk çd j . k&3 ughafeyrk gS
Anh?kZ
d ky bl çdkj dh mi kl uk v ko' ; d gS
Arc gh i fj.kke Li "V çdV gksrsga
A
S
bl i kB esaft l ft l fo"k; dhv kykp
sukdhmudk; ksX; Ro l Ei knu djusos
Qfy, D; k&D; k
dj l drsgSaog ; gk¡ dgrsgS A
a
 la
LÑr dkst c i <+
r sga
Src ogkaxq
. kl a
Kd o.kks±dksv kS
j of̀¼l a
Kd o.kks±dkspq
uuk pkfg, A
 t gkadksbZHkhfØ; ki n ç; q
ÙkQi <+
r sgSrc ogka/ krqD; k] fdl l w
=kl sml dh/ krql a
Kkgksrh
gSfu.kZ
; djuk pkfg, A
 la
LÑr v è; ; udky esat gka
&t gkal a
; ksx çkIr gksrk gSrc ml dh v o/ kj.kk djuh pkfg, A
è; ku nsa
%
 lq
Hkkf"kr ' yksd ka
sesay?kqxq
# o.kks±dk fpÉ djuk pkfg, A
 dksbZHkh' kCn çkIr gksrkgSrksog ' kCn i n gSv Fkokughafu.kZ
; ml esfVD; kgS
] mi kèkdkS
u
gSKku gksuk pkfg, A
 laLÑr v è; ; u esavk; sgq
, fui kr] v O;; ] mi l xZv kS
j xfÙkdkp; u v kSj i fjp; djosQvkSj
i F̀kd~rkfydkdjosQmudkv FkZdks'kl sfy• ukpkfg, Av kS j Hkhv U;=kç; kxs djukpkfg, A
 lw
=kO;k[ ; ku dk fof' k"V Øe gksrkgS Aml Øe dkv oyksd u djukpkfg, Aml Øe l s
v U; l w
=kksadh Hkh O;k[ ; k djuh pkfg, A
 i <+
s gq
, lw
=kksadkv "Vkè; k; hesat gk¡gSml LFky dksv "Vkè; k; hesa• ksy dj fdl l w
=k l s
fdl i n dh v uqof̀r ] fdl dk v f/ dkj v krk gS; g ns• uk pkfg, A

i kBkUr i z'u
1- of̀¼jknS
p~l w
=k dhO;k[ ; k djksA
2- v nsÄ~xq
. k%l w
=k dhO;k[ ; k djksA
3- i j%l fUud"kZ
%l a
fgrk l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k djksA
4- gyks¿uUrjk%l a
; kxs%l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k djksA
5- lq
fIrÄUrai ne~l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k djksA
6- çkxzh' ojkfUui krk%l w
=kdhO;k[ ; k djksA
7- mi l xkZ
%fØ; k; kxssl w
=k dh O;k[ ; k djksA
8- ; wL=; k[ ; kSunh l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k djksA
9- ; Lekr~çR;; fof/ Lrnkfn çR;; s¿Ä~
xe~l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k djksA
10- LrEHk esafLFkr i jLi j l Ec¼ dk feyku djksA
d &Lr EHk% • &Lr EHk%
1) bfD' ri kS/ krqfunZ
s'ks d) xq
#l a
Kkfo/ k; oa
Ql w
=ke~
2) gyUR;e~ • ) xzg.kd' kkL=ke~

72 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&3 i kB&4
3) u foHkÙkQ
kSrq
Lek% x) v , v kS, rsxq
. kl a
Kdk% la
Kk çd j . k&3
4) v kfnjUR;su l gsrk ?k) fui krl a
Kkfo/ k; oa
Ql w
=ke~
5) v .kq
fnRl o.kZ
L; pkçR;; % Ä) / krq
i kBsi fBrkuka/ krq
la
Kk
6) of̀¼jknS
p~ p) / krq
çdVue~
7) v nsÄ~xq
. k% N) bRl l a
Kkfo/ k; dal w
=ke~
8) nh?k±p t ) çR;kgkjfuekZ
. kk; l w
=ke~
9) pkn; ks¿l Ùos >) v k , sv kS, rsof̀¼l a
Kdk% è; ku nsa
%
10) Hkw
okn; ks/ kro% ×k) bRla
Kkfu"ks/l w
=ke~
11- LrEHk fLFkr i jLi j l Ec¼ dk feyku djksA
d &Lr EHk% • &Lr EHk%
1) l w
=ksfo' ks"k.ke~ d) nUrks"Be~
2) l w
=ksri j% • ) rnUrfof/ %
3) l w
=ksv UR;%gYk~ x) i js.k.kdkjs.k
4) v fo/ h; eku%v .k~ ?k) d.Brkyq
5) l w
=ksl ekufoHkfÙkQ
dai n}; e~ Ä) d.Bks"Be~
6) v .k~ p) rnUrL; l a
Kk
7) b.k~ N) rRdkyL; l o.kZ
L; l a
Kk
8) odkj% t ) l o.kZ
L; l a
Kk
9) , dkj% >) i w
oZ
s.k .kdkjs.k
10) v ks ×k) bRl a
Kk
12- LrEHk fLFkr i jLi j l Ec¼ dk feyku djksA
d &Lr EHk% • &Lr EHk%
1) pkn; % d) v ol kue~
2) ; .k%bd~ •) la
; ksx%
3) fØ; kfUor%çkfn% x) l a
fgrk
4) Lojkfn ?k) yksi%
5) v O;ofgragY}; e~ Ä) rnkfnfof/ %
6) frÄUre~ p) fui kr bfr l a
Kk
7) v O;ofgre~v p~
&}; e~ N) l Ei l kj.ke~
8) o.kkZ
sPpkj.kkHkko% t ) v O;; e~

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 73
 i kB&4 la
Kk çd j . k&3

la
Kk çd j . k&3 9) çl ÙkQ
L; mPpkj.kkHkko% >) i ne~
10) l w
=ksl IrE; Urai n}; e~ ×k) mi l xZ
%
LrEHk ç' uksaosQl w
pd mÙkj &
10) 1) &p) ] 2) &N) ] 3) &×k) ] 4) &t ) ] 5) &• ) ] 6) &>) ] 7) &x) ] 8) &d) ] 9) &?k) ]
10) &Ä) 11) 1) &t ) ] 2) &Ä) ] 3) &N) ] 4) &>) ] 5) &×k) ] 6) &d) ] 7) &• ) ]
8) &?k) ] 9) &p) ] 10) &x) 12) 1) &p) ] 2) &N) ] 3) &×k) ] 4) &t ) ] 5) &• ) ] 6) &>) ]
7) &x) ] 8) &d) ] 9) &?k) ] 10) &Ä)
è; ku nsa
%
i kBxr i z'uksÙkj
mÙkj Hkkx&û
1- v k, sv kS
A
2- v , v ksA
3- Hkw
okn; ks/ kro%
A
4- l uk| Urk / kro%
A
5- 1) 6- 2) 7- 1) 8- 1)
mÙkj Hkkx&ü
9- o.kks±osQmPpkj.k dk v Hkko v ol kul a
Kd gksrk gS
A
10- nkso.kks±os
Qeè; esav / Z
ek=kkdkfyd O;o/ ku ; fn gksrkgSrksog l fUud"kZl a
fgrkdgykrkgS
A
11- gksrkgS
A
12- nkA
s
13- ugha
A
14- ueksukjk; .kk; eU=k esau~v ( y?kq
) e~v ks( xq
#) u~v k ( xq
#) j~v k ( xq
#) ; ~v ( y?kq
)
.k~v k ( xq
#) ; ~v ( y?kq )A
15- xq
#A
16- 2)
17- 4)
18- 2)
19- 2)
20- 4)
21- 3)
22- 1)

74 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
la
Kk çd j . k&3 i kB&4
mÙkj Hkkx&ý la
Kk çd j . k&3
23- vi Ù̀kQ
A
24- l cqUr v kS
j frÄUrA
25- }U}l ekl osQv Ur esafo| eku }U}l ekl dk v uÄ~
xHkw
r i n }U}l ekl esafo| eku i nksal s
çR;sd dk v fHkl EcfU/r gS
] v Uo; gSA
26- nksçdkj dk i n gS
Al q
cUr v kS
j frÄUr gS
A
27- vke~
A è; ku nsa
%
28- ;~
A
29- çkxzh' ojkfUui krk%( 1-4-56) l w=k l sysd j v f/ jh' ojs( 1-4-97) l w
=kl s i gyseè; esajgus
okysl w =kksadh fui kr l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
30- 4)
31- 2)
32- 3)
mÙkj Hkkx&4
33- çkxzh' ojkfUui krk%l w
=k l sv f/ jh' ojsl =
wk l sçkd~eè; esafui krl a
Kk dh v uq
of̀r gS
A
34- l Ùo æO; gksrk gS
At S
l seǹ~e#n~t ye~ofÉ%bR;kfn æO;A
35- çkn; ckbZl gS] v kS
j os& çAi jkAv i Al e~
Av uq
Av oAful ~
Afuj~
Anq
l~
Anq
j~
AfoAv kÄ~
AfuA
v f/ Av fi Av frAl qAmr~Av fHkAçfrAi fjAmi A
36- fØ; k l sv fUor v FkZçkn; ksdh mi l xZl a
Kk gksrh gS
A
37- fØ; k l sv fUor v FkZdh çkn; ksosQl kFk xfr l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
38- Lojkfn dh fui kr v kS
j v O;; l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
39- uA
40- 4)
41- 1)
42- 3)
43- 1)
44- 3)
mÙkj Hkkx&5
45- bZ
nUr ÅnUr dh fuR;L=khfyÄ~
x esaunh l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
46- uA
47- l Eçl kj.kA

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 75
 i kB&4 la
Kk çd j . k&3

la
Kk çd j . k&3 48- ; Lekr~çR;; fof/ Lrnkfn çR;; s¿Ä~
xEA
49- bZp x.k%( 7-4-97) l Irekè; k; osQv fUrel w
=k rd i ka
p i kn esaçkIr gS
A
50- fu"çokf.k' p ( 5-4-160) i ×k~
pekè; k; dkv fUrel w
=krd rhu v è; k; esackjg i kn esa O;kIr
gS
A
51- 1) ] 52- 1) ] 53- 3) 54- 1) 55- 3)

è; ku nsa
%

76 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k è; ku nsa
%

iw
oZosQi kB esaoqQN eq [; l a
Kkt ksO;kdj.kesat gkargkaç; q ÙkQgksrhgSmudkscrk; kx; kgS A
ml i kB esal K akl w=kgSAbl i kB esai fjHkk"kkl w
=kksaosQckjsesacrk; kx; kgS Al w=kosQçdkj osQfo"k;
esat gk¡crk; kx; kogkai fjHkk"kkosQfo"k; esaoq QN i fjp; gq v kAt gk¡fu; e ughagSogkafu; e djuk
i fjHkk"kk, slkogkai <+kx; kgS Av fu; e oSQl sgkrskgS Av fu; e mRiUu gksrksml dksnw j djusosQfy,
dkS u&l hi fjHkk"kk dguhpkfg, bl fo"k; esaLi "V Kku v ko' ; d gSv kS j i fjHkk"kk osQfpÉ v Fkok
fyÄ~ x gksrsgSAt gk¡i fjHkk"kkdkfyÄ~
a x mi yC/ gksrkgSogk¡ml i fjHkk"kkdkç; ksx fd; kt krkgS A
bl fy, i fjHkk"kkdk fyÄ~ xKku v ko' ; d gSA
i kf.kfu O;kdj.k esai ×peh"k"Bhv kS j l IrehfoHkfÙkQ ; ka
sosQv FkZykS fdd O;kdj.k l sfHkUu
gS
AmuosQv FkZfu.kZ ; osQfy, oq Q
N i fjHkk"kk bl i kB esagS At c , d osQLFkkuh dks, d l sv f/ d
lac/ahv Fkok v kns'k gksrsgS
arc fdl dk fdl osQ}kjk l EcU/] fdl dksD; k v kns'k gksxk bl fu.kZ ;
osQfy, oq QN i fjHkk"kk gS
AdHkh, d dk; ZdksdjusosQfy, , d l sv f/ d l w
a =k v krsgS
Arc muosQ
a
cy&v cy dk fopkj djuk v ko' ; d gksrk gS Ai fjHkk"kk gh fojks/ gksusi j O;oLFkk djrh gS
Abl
çdkj fojks/ dksgVkusosQfy, oq QN i fjHkk"kk gSA
tSl si kfjHkkf"kd ' kCnksaosQKku osQfcuk ' kkL=k esaoq
QN Hkhl e> ughal drsoS l sghi fjHkk"kk
osQKku osQfcukO;kdj.k' kkL=kesav fu; eka sdksdHkhgVkughal drsAbl fy, i fjHkk"kkdkv è; ; u
v R;Ur egÙoi .wkZfo"k; gS Aml l si fjHkk"kkv ksadkl ghv è; ; u djos
QvkxsosQçdj.kdksi <+ ukpkfg,
bl l sv f/ d v kS j D; k dgsaA
lw=kesat ksi n gS
] vkS
j ft u i nksadhv uqof̀Ùkv kfn çkIr gksrhgS ] mu l HkhfoHkfÙkQopu v kfn
dksl w=k dh O;k[ ; k esadgrsga At S
S l s& bdks; .kfp bl l w =k esabd%; g "k"Bh , dopukUr i n gS A
; .k~; g çFkek , dopukUr i n gS Av fp ; g l Ireh , dopukUr i n gS Abl dksl af{kIr esay?kq: i
esabl çdkj HkhçdV fd; k t krk gSbd%( 6@ 1) ] ; .k~( 1@1) ] v fp ( 7@1) bl çdkj Hkhcrk; k
t krk gSA ogk bd%( "k"Bh@ , dopu dks) gh bd%( 6@ 1) bl : i l sçdV djrsgS A v fp
a
( l Ireh@, dopu dks) ghv fp (7@ 1) bl : i l sçdVdjrsgS A; g mik; ogk¡&ogk¡t kuukpkfg, A
a

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 77
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
d j v ki l {ke gksa
xs&
 i fjHkk"kk D; k gksrh gSbl fo"k; dkst ku i kusesa
_
 i fjHkk"kkv ksaosQfyÄ~
x dkst ku i kusesa
_
 lw
=k esaçfØ; k esav fu; e osQgksusi j ml v fu; e dksoS
Q
l sgVk, a; g t ku i kusesa
_
è; ku nsa
%  , d gh LFkku i j mi fLFkr fof/ ; ksaosQfojks/ gksusi j fojks/ dksnw
j dj i kusesa
_
 i fjHkk"kk l w
=kksadh O;k[ ; k dj i kusesa
_
 O;kjd.k l sl Ec¼ v usd u; sfo"k; ksadkst ku i kusesa
_

çLr q
fr
O
; kd j . k d k l kj
f' k"V euq
"; ksa}kjk ç; ksx fd, x, ' kCn ghl k/ q' kCn dgykrsgS Al k/ q' kCn dkS
a u&dkSu l sga
S
bl dkKku O;kdj.k' kkL=kdjkrkgS A' kCn rksf' k"BksaosQO;ogkj esafl ¼ ghgS Av usd ' kCn gS
Ai jUrq
a
mu l HkhdkKku y?kqmi k; osQ}kjkgksbl mís'; l s, d&, d ' kCn osQfoHkkx dhi fjdYi ukdjosQ
; g çÑfr ; g çR;; , lsh O;oLFkk dhAbl çÑfr v kS j çR;; osQfeyu }kjk t ksu, ' kCn Lo: i
fu"i Uu gksrsgS
aog : i l k/ qgS, slk O;kdj.k çfØ; k dk l kj gS AçÑfr çR;; dkst ksM+ usosQfy,
lw=k dksfy• rsgS Amudkst ksM+
a usosQfy, osl w =k dk; ZdjrsgS A
a

' kCn Lo: i

' kCn esaØe' k%fo| eku o.kZ' kCn dkLo: i gksrkgS At Sl s ^jkekn~
* bl i n dkLo: i gksrk
gS^j~v k e~v k n~ * bl Øe l sfo| eku o.kZ Abl hçdkj jkekn~bl ' kCn dk Lo: i gksrk gS & i kap
o.kks±dk l eq nk; Al nk l eq
nk; ghLo: i gksrk gSu fd , d o.kZHkh ' kCn Lo: i gksAo.kZl eq nk;
gh ' kCn Lo: i gksuk pkfg, At S l s^jke* bl o.kZl eq nk; kRed ' kCn Lo: i Aml l si js^H; ke~ * ;g
çR;; gksrkgS A^H; ke~* ; g çR;; Hkho.kZl eq nk; ghgSA^H; ke~ * ; g , d ' kCn Lo: i Ajke ' kCn l s
i js^v kS
* ; g çR;; gksrkgS A; gk¡^v kS
* ; g , d o.kZ
] o.kZl eqnk; ughagSAbl fy, ^v kS* ; g , d ' kCn
Lo: i gS A

v kxekfn
dghai j ' kCn Lo: i l si jsdksbZHkh' kCn Lo: i dkst ksM+r sgS
At kst ksM+
a r sgS
aog ' kCn Lo: i
ghçR;; dgykrk gS Adghai j , d ' kCn Lo: i nw l jsosQv o; o : i l st ksM+
r sgS
A; g v o; o gh
a
v kxe dgykrkgS Adghai j , d ' kCn Lo: i dksgVkdj ml osQLFkku es avU; ' kCn Lo: i dkst ksMr+s
gS
Aft l dksgVk; k t krk gS
a ] ft l dk fuorZu fd; k t krk gS
] og LFkkuh dgykrk gS At ks' kCn Lo: i
dkfoèkku djrkgS ] LFkkfu dksgVkrkgS ] og v kns'k%dgykrkgS Adghai j dksbZ' kCn Lo: i osQ oy
yksi gksrk gS
A; g ' kCn dk v Hkkol k/ u çk; %y ksi dgykrk gS A

78 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
bl çdkj fdl hHkh ' kCn Lo: i dksosQ oy t ksM+r sgS
] fdl h dksosQ
a oy gVkrsgS] fdl hdks
a i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
gVk dj ml osQLFkku i j v U; ' kCn Lo: i dkst ksM+
r sga
] fdl hdks' kCn Lo: i osQv o; o : i l s
S
t ksM+
r sgS
] bl çdkj Ø dk; Zl w
a =k }kjk gksrsgS
A
a

fVr ~fd r ~fer ~fÄr ~f' kr ~

br~; g dkb sZl a
KkgSbl l aKkdkl a Kkçdj.kesafoLrkj l so.kZu fd; kgSAft l osQ' kCn Lo: i
dkVdkj br~ &l a
Kd gksrkgSog ' kCn Lo: i fVr~dgykrkgS AVdkj br~gSft l dkog fVr~bl çdkj
l ekl çnf' kZ
r fd; k t krk gS
At S
l sv V~; gk¡ gyUR;e~bl l w
=k l sVdkj br~&l a
Kd gS Abl fy, v V~
fVr~dgykrk gS Addkj br~gSft l dk og fdr~dgykrk gS At S d ~bfrAedkj br~gSft l dk è; ku ns
l soq a
%
og fer~dgykrkgS At S
l suq
e~bfrA' kdkj br~gSft l dkog f' kr~dgykrkgS At Sl s' ki ~bfrAÄdkj
br~gSft l dk og fÄr~dgykrk gS At Sl sv oÄ~bfrA

v y~
&cks/ d i n] v y ~
&l eq
nk; cks/ d i n
' kCn Lo: i cks/ osQfy, fdl h i n dk ç; ksx djrsgS Aog i n cks/d gksrk gS
a Av kSj ' kCn
Lo: i ml dk cksè; v FkZgksrk gS At Sl sdesf.kZ
Ä~; g , d l w =k gS
A; gk¡ des%; g ^dfe* ' kCn dk
i ×pe; Ur : i gS A; gk¡ dfe' kCn dk v FkZgSde~; g / krq Abl fy, dfe ; g ' kCn cks/d okpd
gSAde~; g / krqml dk cksè; okP; v FkZgS Adfe ; g ' kCn de~bl l sHkhdgkt krk gS Al a
Kk l a Kh
dksghl efi Z r gksrhgSAdfe ; g l Kakde~bl ' kCn Lo: i dksl efi rZ gkrshgS Ade~; g ' kCn Lo: i
v y~&l eq nk; gSv FkkZ r ~o.kZ
&l eq
nk; gS A bl fy, gh dfe ; g i n v y~ &l eq
nk; l Ei oZ
Qv Fkok
v y~&l eq nk; cks/d dgykrkgS Af.kÄ~bl dkÄdkj br~ &l a
Kd] .kdkj br~&l a
KdAÄdkj .kdkj dk
yksi gksrk gSAbl fy, osQ oy bdkj ' ks"k jgrk gS
A; gk¡ f.kÄ~l a
Kk] b l a
KhAf.kÄ~; g i n bdkj dks
l efi Z
r gS Ab ; g ' kCn Lo: i osQ oy , d v y~gS ] v Yk&l eq nk; ughagSAbl fy, f.kÄ~; g i n
v Yk~
&cks/d gS A

fo/ h; eku d k Lo: i

t ksfo/ ku djrk gSml dk i fjHkk"kk çdj.k esami ; ksxh Lo: i dks; gk¡ dgrsgS
Aft l dk; Z
a
dksfo/ ku djrkgSml dkghLo: i gksrkgS& 1) , dky~( , d o.k)Z] 2) v usd ky~( o.kZl eq nk; ) ]
3) fÄr~ ] 4) f' kr~
] 5) fVr~
] 6) fdr~] 7) fer~] 8) yksiAogk¡i j Hkh& çR;; v kns'kv kxe yksi
; sfo/ h; eku osQpkj çdkj gS A
a

v fo/ h; eku d k Lo: i

t ksv fo/ h; eku gSml dk i fjHkk"kk çdj.k esami ; ksxh Lo: i ; gk¡ dgrsgS
A1) LFkkuh &
a
v FkkZ
r ~ft l dksgVk; kt krkgSog] 2) v kxeh& t ks' kCn Lo: i dksmís'; djosQv kxe dkfoèkku
djrk gSog ' kCn Lo: i A
v U; : i l s& 1) , d o.kZ& , dky~
] 2) , dkf/ d o.kZ& v Yk~l eq
nk; A

v Yk~
&cks/ d v kS
j v Yk~
&l eq
nk; cks/ d
t ksi n , d v y dkKku ; kcks/ djkrkgS] og i n v Yk~
&l Eid
Z v FkokvYk~ &cks/d dgykrk
gS
At S
l sR;nknhuke%; gk¡i jAR;nknhuke~v %; g i nPNsn gS
AR;n~rn~bR;kfn ' kCnksaosQv UR; o.kZosQ

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 79
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k LFkku i j v ; g , d v y~v krkgS Abl fy, v %; g i n v Yk~

&cks/d gS Abdks; .kfp bl l w
=kesabd~
; g çR;kgkj gSAml dk v FkZb m½ Æ; spkj o.kZgS Ai jUrqy{; esa, d dky esal Hkh pkj o.kZ
, d LFkku i j mi yC/ ughagksrsAbl fy, dksbZHkh , d o.kZi ; kZ
Ir gS Abl fy, bd~bl ' kCn y{;
gksusi j , d ckj , d gh o.kZdksl efi Zr gS
Abl çdkj osQl HkhçR;kgkj v Yk~ &cks/d gSAfensxZ
. k%
q
bl dkv FkZgSfen~ &/ krql sxq
. kgksrkgS
Aogk¡xq
. k; g i n , ddky v , v ksbu rhuksadk, d l kFk
ughayxkrkA, d ckj osQ oy , d gh o.kZdkst ksM+r k gS
Aml l sxq. k ; g i n v Yk~
&cks/d gS
A
t ksi n v Yl eq
nk; dksl efi Zr v Fkok cks/ djkrk gSog i n v Yk~&l eqnk; &l ei Z
d v Fkok
v Yk~&l eq nk; &cks/d dgykrkgS At S
l sR;nknhuke%; gk¡i jAR;nknhuke~v %; g i nPNsn gS AR;n~rn~
è; ku nsa
% bR;kfn ' kCnksaosQv UR; o.kZosQLFkku esav dkj dk fo/ ku gSAR;nknhuke~; g i n & R;n~rn~bR;kfn
' kCnksadksl efi Zr gSA bl fy, R;nknhuke~; g i n v Yk~ &l eq
nk; &cks/d gSA fensxZ. k%bl dk v FkZ
q
fen~ &èkkrql sxq. kgksAogk¡fens%; g i n fen~bl / krqdkcks/ djkrkgS Afen~; g / krqo.kZl eqnk;
gSAml l sfens%; g i n v Yk~ &l eq
nk; &cks/d gSA

foHkfÙkQfufnZ
"V i n
lw=kesai n dhdksbZfoHkfÙkQgksrhgS
Abdks; .kfp bl l w
=kesabd%; g "k"BÔUr i n gS Av FkkZ
r~
"k"BhfufnZ"Vi nAv p~bl ' kCn dkv fp ; g l IrehgS Av fp ; g l IrE; Ur i n v FkkZ
r ~l IrehfufnZ
"V
i n gS
A; .k~; g çFkekfufnZ
"V i n gSA"k"Bh fufnZ
"V bd%bl i n dk v FkZ& b m½ Æ; so.kZgS A
i ×peh Hk; su bl l w=k esai ×peh ; g çFkekUr i n gS
] v FkkZ
r ~çFkekfufnZ
"V i n gS
AHk; su ; g
rr̀h; kUr i n gS
Afl a gHk; e~bl l ekl dk fl a gkn~Hkhr%; g foxzg gS AçFkek fufnZ"V i ×peh bl i n
dk v FkZgksrk gS; gk¡fl a gkn~; g i ×pe; Ur i n gSA

v fu/ kZ
fj r l EcU/ fo' ks"k "k"Bh
t c dghai j dkbsZl EcU/ gksrk gSrc og l EcU/ ges'kk nksi nkFkZosQeè; esagh gksrk gSA
, d i nkFkZdk gh l EcU/ Lohdkj ughadjrsgS Ages'kk , d i nkFkZdk l EcU/ v U; i nkFkZosQl kFk
a
gksrkgS
A
"k"Bhdkv FkZl EcU/ ; sl Hkhdksv PNhçdkj l sKkr ghgS Ai nL; ] / krks%
] çR;; L; ] bd% ]
>yke~bR;kfn i n "k"BÔUr gS A; gk¡ / krq
$"k"Bh gSv FkkZ
r ~/ krq$l EcU/ gS A; gk¡ oqQN / krqgS] ml dk
l EcU/ ; g rnFkZdgykrkgS Ai jUrqt c rd v U; i nkFkZdkmYys• u fd; kgksrc rd ; g l EcU/
fdl osQl kFkgS; g fu/ kjZ.kv Fkokfu' p; ughagksrkgS AfdUrqfdl çdkj dkl EcU/ ; g Hkhfu.kZ ;
ughaysl drsga Av FkkZ
S r ~l EcU/ dk D; k çdkj] D; k l EcU/ fo' ks"k ; g ml dh v Kku v oLFkk gS A
i jUrq"k"Bhç; ksx gksusl s; g rkst kuk t krk gSfd dksbZl EcU/ gS ] v FkkZ
r ~l EcU/ l kekU; gS] i jUrq
l EcU/ fo' ks"k ughat kursAdc l EcU/ fo' ks"k dkKku gksxkAml dk ft l v U; i nkFkZl sl EcU/ gS
ml dk ; fn mYys• gksrksl EcU/ fo' ks"k l q cks/ gS
A; g nw l jk i nkFkZv uq; ksxh dgykrk gS A
tSl s& jkeL; brukdgusek=kl sArc ; g rkst kukt krkgSfd jke ; g dksbZeuq "; gS] ml dk
fdl h osQl kFk oq Q N l EcU/ gSAi jUrql EcU/ dk D; k çdkj] D; k l EcU/ fo' ks"k gS; g ughat kuk
t krk gS A; g oS Ql sAv U; i nkFkZv uq
; ksxh dk mYys• u gksusl sbl gsrql sA; fn ogk v U; i nkFkZ ]
v uq; ksxh dk mYys• gSrc l EcU/ dk çdkj] oS Ql k l EcU/ ; g Hkh Li "V gkst krkAt S
l s& jkeL;
/ ue~bfrA; gk¡jke$"k"Bh] / ue~; g gS A; gk¡/ ue~; g v U; i nkFkZ
] v uq
; ksxhdkmYys• gS Arc jke

80 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
dk/ u osQl kFk D; kl EcU/ gS; g fu/ kZ
fjr dj l drsgS
av kS
j og l EcU/ LoLokfeHkko l EcUèkgS
A i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
lw=k esa"k"BÔUr i n gS
] v FkkZ
r ~"k"Bh fufnZ
"V i n gS
Ai jUrqv uq; ksxh dk mYys• ughagSAogka
l EcU/ fo' ks"k D; k gS; g fu/ kZ
j .k ughadj l drsAbl fy, ; gk¡ fo| eku "k"Bh v fu/ kZ fjr l EcU/
fo' ks"k"k"BhgS Au fu/ kZ
fjr%l EcU/ fo' ks"k%; L; k%l k; g foxzg v FkZgS Abl çdkj dh"k"BhLFkku
"k"BhdgykrhgS A

5-1 v k| UrkSVfd r kS( 1-1-46)

lw & fVr~fdr~ft l l sfofgr gksrsgS
=kkFkZ aml osQv kfn v Ur v o; o gksrsgS
A
a è; ku nsa
%
lw=k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kk l w
=kgS
Av k| UrkSVfdrkS; snksi n bl l w =kesagS Av kfn%p v Ur%
p bfr v k| UrkS; gk¡ brjsrj ; ksx }U}l ekl gS AV%p d%p bfr VdkSbfr brjsrj; ksx }U} l ekl
gSAV ; gk¡i j Vdkj l smÙkj v dkj v uk; kl l sghmPpkj.k osQfy, gS Abr~p br~p bfr brkSbfr
, d' ks"kA VdkSbrkS; ; ks%rkSVfdrkSbfr cgq ohzfgl ekl A } U}knkS} U}eè; s} U}kUrsJ w ; ek. kai na
çR ; sd efHkl a cè; r s; g fu; e gS
Av FkkrZ~}U} l ekl osQvkfn eè; vFkokvUr es afo| eku }U} l ekl
dkv uÄ~ xHkw r i n }U} l ekl esafo| eku i nksaosQ}kjkçR;sd l sv fHkl Eca/ gS ] v Uosfr bfrAbr~; g
i n }U} l ekl dk v o; o ughagS ] fdUrq}U}l ekl osQv Ur esagS Abl fy, ml dk V~v kS j d~bu
nksuksa' kCnksal sv fHkl EcU/ v FkkZ
r ~v Uo; gksrkgSAbl çdkj fVr~fdr~; sfu"i Uu gksrsgS Av kS
a j lw=kkFkZ
gksrk gS & fVr~v kS j fdr~ft l l sfofgr gSml osQv kfn v a r v o; o gS Av FkkZ
a r ~ft l dksmís'; djosQ
fVr~fofgr gSog fVr~ml dk v kfn v o; o gkrskgS Aft l dksmís'; djosQfdr~fofgr gSog fdr~
ml dkv Ur v o; o gksrkgS At ks"k"BhfufnZ"V ml dkfVr~v kfn gksrkgS ] fdr~v Ur gksrkgS; g l jy
v FkZgS A
mnkgj . k & 1) v k/ Z
/ krq
d L; sM~
oykns%( 7-2-35) ; g , d l w =kgS
Abl l w=kl sbV~dkfoèkku
gksrkgS
AHkfo"; fr bl : i l k/ u çfØ; kesa^HkwL; fr* ; g fLFkfr gksrhgS
Aogka^L; * ; g v k/ Z
èkkrq
d
laKd çR;; gS Aoykfn HkhgS A; gk¡L; bl v k/ /Zkrq
d dksmfí ' ; djosQbV~fofgr gS Abl fy, ^L; *
bl dks^bV~
* gksrk gS
A^bV~* fVr~gSAbl fy, og v kfn v o; o gS Aml l s^bL; * ; g çkIr gksrk gSA
2) Hko
qksoqx~yqfÄ~
y Vks%( 6-4-88) ; g , d l w=kgS AcHkw
o bl : i l k/ u çfØ; kesaHkwv ; g
fLFkfr gS
Aogk ^Hkw* dks^oqd~* fo/ ku gS
A^oq d~* fdr~gS A; gk¡ Hkwbl / krqdksmfí ' ; oqd ~fofgr
gSAv r%og ^Hkw* bl dkv Ur v o; o gksrkgSA^oqd~ * bl l sosQ
oy odkj ghgksrkgS A^Hk*wbl osQÅdkj
l si jsodkj dkst ksM+
uk pkfg, Arc Hkw^o~ * v ; g fLFkfr gksrh gS A
i fjHkk"kkdkçof̀r {ks=k& v "Vkè; k; hesaçR;; %( 3-1-1) i j' pA( 3-1-2) ; snksv f/ dkj l w=k
gSAmudkv f/ dkj i ×pe v è; k; osQl ekfIr i ; Z
a Ur gS
Abl fy, rr̀h; prq FkZi ×pe bu rhu v è; k; ksa
esav k| UrkSVfdrkS; g i fjHkk"kk dk; Zughadjrh gS Abu rhu v è; k; ksadksNksM+ d j v U; t xg ; g
i fjHkk"kkdk; ZdjrhgS A; g ckè; fo' ks"kfpUrki {kdgykrhgS A"k"BhLFkkus;ksxkbl dh; g i fjHkk"kk
v i okn gS Av FkkZr ~t gk¡LFkku "k"BhgS
] ogka; g i fjHkk"kk dk; ZughadjsxhA

5-2 fenpks¿UR;kr ~i j %
AA( 1-1-47)
lw & v pksosQeè; esat ksv a
=kkFkZ fre v p~gS
] ml l si jsfer~gksrk gS
AfdUrqft l l eq
nk; dks
mfí ' ; fer~fofgr gS ] ml l eq
nk; dk v ar v o; o gksrk gS
A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 81
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k lw=k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kk l w

=kgS
Abl l w=kesapkj i n gS Afer~v p%v UR;kr~i j%; sl w
a =kesa
v k; si nPNsn gS Afer~; g çFkekUr i n gS Aedkj%br~; L; l fer~; gk¡cgq ozhfg l ekl gS
Av p%; g
"k"Bh, dopukUr i n gS A; gk¡; g "k"Bhfu/ kZj .kesa
Av UR;kr~; g i ×peh, dopukUr i n gS Ai j%; g
çFkek , dopukUr i n gS Av k| UrkSVfdrkS( 1-1-46) bl l w =k l sl ekl ?kVd v Ur%bl ' kCn dh
v uqof̀r gS
Al w=kkFkZgS
& v pksosQeè; esat ksv afre v p~ ] ml l si jsft l l eq
nk; dksmfí' ; fer~fd; k
gS] og fer~ml l eq nk; dk v Ur v o; o gksrk gS A
; gk¡nksv a
' k gS
A1) l eq
nk; osQv fUre v p~
&o.kZl si jsfer~t q
M+
r k gS
A2) fer~l eq
nk; dk
v Ur v o; o gksrk gSA
è; ku nsa
%
mnkgj . k & bfnrksuqe~/ krks%; g , d l w
=k gS
A/ krq
i kB esai <+
hgq bZ/ krq; fn bfnr~gksv FkkZ
r~
ml dk br~( bdkj) bRl a Kd gksrksml / krqdksuq e~gksrk gS; g ml l w =k dk v FkZgSA^Vqufn* bl
/ krql sbr~br~ &l a
Kd gS Aun~; g ' ks"k gS
Aun~bl o.kZl eq nk; esaudkj l si jsv dkj v p~gS Aog
, d ghv p~gS Abl fy, og ghv pksaosQeè; esav a fre v p~gS Aun~bl l eq nk; dksmfí ' ; fofgr
uqe~gSAog fer~gS ] ml dkç; ksx v dkj l si jsgS
Abl fy, ^u~v u~n~ * ; g fLFkfr gSAml l si jsçfØ; k
osQ}kjk udkj dksv uq Lokj gSv kS
j v uqLokj dksi j l o.kZgksrk gSAml l suUn~; g fu"i Uu gksrk gS A
uUnfr bR;kfn : i gksrsgS A
a
i fj Hkk"kk d k çof̀r {ks=k& l Ei w
. kZv "Vkè; k; h esat gk¡ dghai j Hkh fer~dk fo/ ku djrsgS a
rksçÑr i fjHkk"kkdkogkadk; ZçkjEHkgkst krkgS ALFkku ; kxs gksusl sv kS
j çR;; i jsgksusl s; g i fjHkk"kk
v i okn gSAbl dkckè; l kekU; fpUrk i {kgS Av FkkZr ~fer~fo"k; esat gk¡t ksçkIr gksrk gSmu l Hkh
dksbl osQ}kjk ck¡/ fy; k t krk gS A

i kBxr i z'u&1
1- }U}kfn }U}eè; v kS
j }U}kUr esaJw
; ek.k i n dksçR;sd l sv fHkl a
cU/ bl dk v FkZD; k gS
\
2- v k| UrkSVfdrkS; g i fjHkk"kk dc çor̀ gksrh gS
\
3- fenpks¿UR;kr~i j%; g i fjHkk"kk dc çor̀ gksrhgS
\
4- v k| UrkSVfdrkSv kS
j fenpks¿UR;kr~i j%bu nksuksadk i fjHkk"kk dk çof̀Ùk {ks=k crkb, \
5- d) fo/ h; eku fVr~v kfn v o; o gh gksrk gS
\
• ) fo/ h; eku fer~v p v a
fre l si jsgh gksrk gS
\
bu nksuksadFkuksaosQfo"k; esa; q
ÙkQt ksM+
k pq
uks\
1) ( d) l R; ( • ) v l R;
2) ( d) l R; ( • ) l R;
3) ( d) v l R; ( • ) l R;
4) ( d) v l R; ( • ) v l R;
6- d) çR;; kf/ dkj esafofgr fVr~v kfn v o; o gksrk gS
A
• ) çR;; kf/ dkj esafofgr fer~v a
fre v o; o gksrk gS
A
82 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
1) ( d) l R; ( • ) v l R; i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
2) ( d) l R; ( • ) l R;
3) ( d) v l R; ( • ) l R;
4) ( d) v l R; ( • ) v l R;
7- l EcU/kFkZesa"k"Bh gS
] fdUrql EcU/ osQv uq
; ksxh ughagksusl sog---
1) LFkku "k"Bh 2) v o; o "k"Bh 3) v Hksn "k"Bh 4) dkjd "k"Bh
8- l EcU/ fo' ks"k dk fu/ kZ
j .k dc gksrk gS
\ è; ku nsa
%
1) v uq
; ksfxl Ùo gksusl s
2) çfr; ksfxl Ùo gksusl s
3) v uq
; ksfxçfr; ksfxl Ùo gksus
4) v uq
; ksx dk v Hkko gksusl s
9- v UR;kr~; g fdl çdkj dk i n gS
\
1) çFkek fufnZ
"V 2) rr̀h; k fufnZ
"V
3) i ×peh fufnZ
"V 4) l Ireh fufnZ
"V

5-3 "k"Bh LFkkus;ksxkAA ( 1-1-49)

=kkFkZ& v fu/ kZ
lw fjr l EcU/ fo' ks"k t ks"k"Bh ml sLFkkus;ksxk l e>uk pkfg, A
lw=k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kkl w
=kgS
Abl l =
wkes
a"k"BhLFkkus; ksxk; snksi n gSA"k"Bh; g çFkekUr
a
i n gS
ALFkkusu ; ksx%v L; k%bfr LFkkus;ksxk ; gk¡cgqozhfg l ekl gS ALFkkus;ksxk ; gk¡ i j LFkkusbl dk
, dkj fui kru l sgS A"k"Bhdk v FkZl EcU/ALFkku ' kCn dkv FkZçl Ä~ x gS A' kCn ' kkL=k esat ks"k"Bh
ml sLFkku; ksx t kuuk pkfg, ; g l w =kdk v FkZgS
Al w
=kesadksbZHkh"k"BÔUr i n gSrksml dkt ksv FkZ
gSml osQLFkku esadk; Zdjuk pkfg, ; g Hkko gS A
t c 1) vYk~ &cks/d ' kCnA2) og "k"BÔUr gS] 3) vkSj og "k"BhLFkku"k"BhgS A4) t ksv kns'k
gSog ; fn , dky~v Fkok yksi gS Arc og v kns'k ml v y dksgVkdj ml osQLFkku esagksrkgS A; g
Hkhfo' ks"k : i l st kuuk pkfg, t gkaLFkku "k"Bhl q
ukbZnsrh gSogkabl i fjHkk"kk osQ}kjk LFkkus; g
i n mi fLFkr gksrk gSA
mnkgj . k & bdks; .kfpA
=kkFkZl eUo; & bdks; .kfp ; g , d l w
lw =k gS
Aml esa&
1) bd~; g v Yk~
&cks/d i n gS
Aml dkv FkZgS& b m½ Æ; spkj v kS
j bl hçdkj buosQ
l o.kZgS
A
a
2) bd%; g "k"BÔUr i n gS
A
3) ft l osQl kFkbd~dkl EcU/ gSml l si jsokysi n dk v uq
; ksfx l w
=kesamYys• ughagS
A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 83
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k bl fy, ; g "k"Bh v fu/ kZ

fjr l EcU/ fo' ks"k v FkkZ
r ~LFkku "k"Bh gS
A
4) ; .k~fo/ s; gSbl fy, og v kns'kgS Aml dk v FkZgS; ~o~j~y~; so.kZ
A, d gho.kZdk
foèkku gksusl s; g v kns'k , dky~gS
A
v c ogka& b m½ ÆbuosQo.kks±osQLFkku esa; ~o~ j~y~; so.kZØe' k%gksrsgS a; g v FkZ
çkIr gS
A' kEHkq
$v pkZbl mnkgj.kesaHkdkj l si jorhZt ksmdkj gSog bd~gS ] v kjSog LFkkuhdgykrk
gS
Aml osQLFkku esa; .k~gksrk gS
] v kS
j og v kns'k dgykrk gSAmdkj osQLFkku esaçÑr i fjHkk"kk osQ
}kjk odkj dk fo/ ku gSArc ' kEHk~&Ok~
$v pkZ; g fLFkfr gS
A' kEHk~
opkZ; g ' kCn fu"i Uu gksrk gS
A
è; ku nsa
% bdks; .kfp bR;kfn osQ; gk¡ v U; mnkgj.kA
t l %' khbR;kfn LFkyksesav usd kfY' kr~l oZ
L; ; g i fjHkk"kkçoÙ̀kgksrhgS
Aogk"k"BhLFkkus;ksxk
bl i fjHkk"kk osQ}kjk LFkkus; g i n mi fLFkr gksrk gS
A

5-4 v y ks¿UR;L; AA( 1-1-52)

lw & LFkku esafo/ h; eku v kns'k "k"Bh fufnZ
=kkFkZ "V v fUre v y osQLFkku esagksrk gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kk l w
=k gS
Abl l w =k esanksi n gS
Av y%v UR;L; ; sl w
a =kxr i nPNsn
gSAv y~; g çR;kgkj o.kZi ; kZ ; gSAv y%; g "k"BÔUr i n gS Av Ur esagksusokykv UR;Av UR;L; ; g
"k"BÔUr i n gS A"k"Bh LFkkus;ksxk bl l w =k l s"k"Bh bl çFkekUr] LFkkusbl l IrE; Ur nksuka si n dh
v uqof̀r gS
A"k"Bh; g çFkekUr rr̀h; kUr }kjkcny t krkgS A^fufnZ"VL; * ; g "k"BÔUr i n dkvè; kgkj
djrsgS ALFkkusbl i n l smÙkj ^fo/ h; eku%v kns'k%
a * bu çFkekUr nksi nksadk v è; kgkj fd; k t krk
gSArc okD; ; kst ukgksrhgS ALFkku es afo/ h; eku v kns'k"k"Bh l sfufnZ
"V t ksv a
fre v y~ml osQLFkku
esagksrk gS
A
v "Vkè; k; hesafdl hHkhl w =kdht c O;k[ ; kdjrsgS arc ml esafofo/ i n b/ j m/ j l sv krs
gSAbl fy, gh l w
a =k esaft rusi n gS aml l sv f/ d i n l w
=k osQv FkZesans• st krsgS
Aogkabl çdkj
a
l si n çkIr gksrsgSa& 1) l w =k esal k{kkr~mPpkfjr i n] 2) v f/ dkj l sçkIr] 3) v uqof̀Ùk l sçkIr]
4) i fjHkk"kk l smi LFkkfi r] 5) v k{ksi l sçkIr] 6) v è; kgkjAbl çdkj l Hkhi n çkIr gksusl st ks
fLFkfr gksrh gSog i n ; kst uk dgykrh gS A
i n ; kst uk osQv Urj ogkamu i nksaesa; fn 1) "k"BÔUr i n gS2) og "k"BÔUr i n
v Yk~
&l eqnk; cks/d gS A3) ogkat ks"k"Bhog LFkku "k"BhgS A4) t ksv kns'k og ; fn , dky~v Fkok
yksi gS
Arks; g i fjHkk"kkçoÙ̀k gksrhgS Abl i fjHkk"kkl sog v kns'kv Yk~
&l eq
nk; osQv a
fre v y~osQ
LFkku esagksrk gSA; gk¡ nksfu; e çkIr gksrsgS
a1) v UR; dksgh v kns'k gksrk gS
] 2) v y~gh v kns'k
gksrkgS
A; g i fjHkk"kkl kj gSA
t c , dky~v Fkok yksi: i v kns'k fo/ ku djrsgS arc og fdl hosQLFkku esagks, lsk funZ s'k
djrsgSA; fn o.kZ
a l eq
nk; osQLFkku esav kns'k gks, slk dgsarksog v kns'k l Ei w
. kZl eq
nk; osQLFkku esa
u gksAog v kns'k l eq
nk; osQv afre o.kZosQLFkku esagksA
mnkgj . k & R;nknhuke%bl l w
=kesa1) R;nknhuke~; g "k"BÔUr i n gS
A2) ml i n dks ^R;n~*
^rn~* bR;kfn v Yk~
&l eqnk; dk cks/ djkrsgSA3) ft l l sv U; osQl kFk ml çdkj dk l EcU/ i n
a
; gk¡ughagSAbl fy, ; g "k"BhLFkku "k"BhgSA3) ; gkav %v FkkZ r ~v dkj v kns'k gS
Aog , dky~gS
A
84 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
bl fy, i fjHkk"kk dkfyÄ~ x v Fkok fpÉ ; gk¡gSAbl fy, ghR;n~bl l eq nk; osQv fUre o.kZndkj i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
osQLFkku esav dkj gksrkgSAR;$v ; g fLFkfr gku ssl sAml l si jsO;kdj.kçfØ; kgksrhgSAv kxsv usd
t xg bl i fjHkk"kk}kjk fu; e gS Amu LFkyksaesaoSl k fooj.k Hkhfd; k gS
Abl fy, ml &ml çns'k esa
Hkh i <+
usl sfo"k; v kSj Hkh v f/ d Li "V gkst k, xkA

5-5 fÄPpAA( 1-1-53)

=kkFkZ& v usd ky~t ksfÄr~v kns'k og v UR; v y~osQLFkku esagksrk gS
lw A
=k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kkl w
lw =kgS
Anksi n okykl w
=kgS
AfÄr~p ; sl w =kxr i nPNsn gS
AÄdkj% è; ku ns
a
%
br~gSft l dk og fÄr~p ; g v O;; i n gS Av yks¿UR;L; ( 1-1-52) bl l Ei w. kZl w
=k dh v uq
of̀r
gS
Av y%v kS j v UR;L; ; snksuksai n Hkh "k"BÔUr gS
AfÄr~v afre v y osQLFkku gS; g i n ; kst ukA
v usd ky~fÄr~v kns'k v afre v y~osQLFkku esagksrk gS; g i fjHkk"kk dk v FkZgSA
mnkgj . k& xksbUæ%; g fLFkfr gS AbUæsp ; g l w
=kgS
Abl l w=kl si nkUr esat ks, Ä~ml çdkj
dkt ksxks'kCn gSml dksv oÄ~gksrkgSbUæ'kCn osQi jsAv oÄ~v usd ky~v kS j fÄr~gS Av usd ky~f' kr~
l oZ
L; bl i fjHkk"kkl sv oÄ~l HkhosQLFkku esaçkIr gS
Abl fy, ; g l =
wkl okZns'kdkscka/ rkgS
Av fare
v y osQLFkku esav kns'k dkst ksM+
r k gS
Av r%xk'skCn osQv a
fre v ksd kj ml osQLFkku esav oÄ~gksrk
gSArc xo bUæ%; g fLFkfr gS Av kSj ml l sO;kdj.k çfØ; k }kjk xosUæ%; g : i fu"i Uu gS A

5-6 v usd kfY' kr ~l oZ

L; AA( 1-1-55)
=kkFkZ& v usd ky~v kS
lw j f' kr~v kns'k l Hkh osQLFkku esagksrsgS
A
a
lw =k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kkl w
=kgS Abl l w=kesanksi n gS
Av usd kfY' kr~l oZL; ; g i nPNsn gS A
u , d v usd bfr u×k~ &rRiq#"kl ekl Av us d v y~gSft l osQog v usd ky~bfr cgq ozhfg l ekl A' kdkj
br~gSft l dkog f' kr~bfr cgq ozhfg l ekl Av usd ky~p f' kr~p bfr v usd kfY' kr~; gk¡l ekgkj }U}
l ekl gSAfdl hHkh i n dh; gk¡v uq of̀r ; gk¡ughagSAv usd ky~v kS
j f' kr~v kns'k l Hkh osQLFkku esa
gksrk gS; g l =wk dk v FkZgS A
mnkgj . k & v LrsHkZ
%; g l w
w =k gS
Av l ~dksHkw
%; g v kns'k gksrk gSml l w
=k dk ; g v FkZgSA
vl ~
&/ krql sHkw; g v kns'k djrsgS] og Hk~
a $Å , slk v usd ky~gS
Abl fy, og l Ei w. kZv l ~bl / krq
osQLFkku esagksrk gS
A
v usd kfY' kr~l oZ
L; ; g l w
=kv yks¿UR;L; bl l w
=kdkv i okn gS
AfÄPp ; g l w
=kv usd kfY' kr~
l oZ
L; bl l w=k dk v i okn gS A

5-7 v kns%i j L; AA( 1-1-54)

lw & i j l st ksfofgr gSml i j osQv kfn v y osQLFkku esagksrk gS
=kkFkZ A
lw=k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kk l w
=k gS
Av kns%i jL; ; snksi n bl l w
=k esagS
Av kns%; g "k"Bh
, dopukUr i n gS Ai jL; ; g Hkh"k"Bh, dopukUr i n gS Av yks¿UR;L; ( 1-1-52) bl l w
=kl sv y%
bl "k"BÔUr i n dh v uq of̀r gSAi jL; v kns%v y%; si n ; kst uk gSAi j dk t ksdk; ZdgrsgSaog
i j osQv kfn v y~osQLFkku esagksrk gS; g l w =kkFkZgS
A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 85
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k ; fn dghai j i ×pehfunZ

s'kgksrksi j osQdk; Zdkfo/ ku gS
Aog dk; Zft l l sfofgr gSml dk
t ksv kfn v y~ml osQLFkku esagksrk gS
A
; fn dghai j rLekfnR;q
ÙkjL; ; g i fjHkk"kk çoÙ̀k gksrh gSrc ; g i fjHkk"kk dk; Zdjrh gS
A
mnkgj . k & bZnkl %; g l w=k gSAbl l w =k l sv kl osQi js' kkup~çR;; dksbZ d kj dk fo/ ku
djrsgS Av kl %; g i ×pehfufnZ "V i n gSAml l sv kl ~bl l si jorhZt ks' kkup~( v ku) ml dk dk; Z
çkIr gksrkgSAml ' kkup~ &çR;; dkt ksv kfn v y~v kdkj gSml osQLFkku esabZ d kj gksrkgSArc v kl ~
bZ
u ; sgksusl sv kl hu ; g ' kCn fu"i Uu gksrk gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
i kBxr i z'u&2
10- ' kCn Lo: i D; k gS
\
11- bdks; .kfp bl l w
=ksesa; .k~; g D; k v Yk~cks/d v Fkok v Yk~l eq
nk; cks/d i n gS
\
12- D; k v Ycks/d i n gS
\
13- LFkku "k"Bh D; k gS
\
14- "k"BhLFkkus;ksxk bl i fjHkk"kk dk v FkZfyf[ k, \
15- v yks¿UR;L; ; g i fjHkk"kk dc çor̀ gksrh gS
\
16- fÄPp ; g i fjHkk"kk dc çor̀ gksrh gS
\
17- v usd kfY' kr~l oZ
L; ; g i fjHkk"kk dc çor̀ gksrh gS
\
18- v kns%i jL; ; g i fjHkk"kk dc çor̀ gksrh gS
\
19- t c LFkkuh , dkYk~v kS
j v kns'k dk yksi rc dkS
u&l h i fjHkk"kk çor̀ gksrh gS
\
1) "k"Bh LFkkus;kxsk 2) v yks¿UR;L;
3) fÄPp 4) v usd kfY' kr~l oZ
L;
20- v p~fdl çdkj dk i n gS
\
1) v Yk~
&cks/d 2) v Yk~
&l eq
nk; cks/d
3) LFkkfucks/d 4) çR;; cks/d
21- v Yk~&l eq
nk; cks/d gksusl sLFkku "k"Bh gS
] ; fn v kns'k , dky~gSrksdkS
u&l h i fjHkk"kk çor̀
gkxshA
1) "k"Bh LFkkus;kxsk 2) v yks¿UR;L;
3) fÄPp 4) v usd kfY' kr~l oZ
L;
22- fo/ h; eku v usd ky~v kS
j f' kr~gSrksdkS
u&l h i fjHkk"kk çoÙ̀k gS
\
1) "k"Bh LFkkus;kxsk 2) v yks¿UR;L;
3) fenpks¿UR;kr~i j% 4) v usd kfY' kr~l oZ
L;

86 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
23- çR;; fHkUu fo/ h; eku v usd ky~v kS
j fVr~gSrksdkS
u&l h i fjHkk"kk çoÙ̀k gksrh gS
\ i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
1) v k| UrkSVfdrkS 2) v yks¿UR;L;
3) fenpks¿UR;kr~i j% 4) v usd kfY' kr~l oZ
L;
24- bdks; .kfp ; gk¡ i j &
d) bd~
&fo/ h; eku] ; .k~
&v fo/ h; eku] v p~
&fo/ h; ekuA
• ) bd~
&v fo/ h; eku] ; .k~
&fo/ h; eku] v Pk~
&v fo/ h; ekuA
bu dFkuka
sosQfo"k; esal gh t ksM+
k pq
uksA è; ku nsa
%
1) ( d) l R; ( • ) v l R;
2) ( d) l R; ( • ) l R;
3) ( d) v l R; ( • ) l R;
4) ( d) v l R; ( • ) v l R;
25- bdks; .kfp ; gk¡ i j D; k fo/ h; eku v kjSD; k v fo/ h; eku gS
A
1) bd~
&fo/ h; eku] ; .k~
&v fo/ h; eku
2) bd~
&fo/ h; eku] v Pk~
&v fo/ h; eku
3) bd~
&v fo/ h; eku] ; .k~
&fo/ h; eku
4) ; .k~
&v fo/ h; eku] v Pk~
&v fo/ h; eku
26- fuEufyf• r esafdl osQl kFk fdl dk l EcU/ gSl gh mÙkj pq
uks\
( d) v kns'k%v usd kYk~ ( i) "k"BhLFkkus;ksxk
( • ) LFkkuh v usd kYk~
] v kns'k%yksi% ( ii) fÄPp
( x) v kns'k%v usd ky~fÄPp ( iii) v yks¿UR;L;
( ?k) v kns'k%, dky~fÄPp ( iv) v usd kfY' kr~l oZ
L;
(d) (• ) ( x) ( ?k)
1) ( i) ( ii) ( iii) ( iv)
2) ( iv) ( iii) ( ii) ( i)
3) ( iii) ( ii) ( i) ( iv)
4) ( ii) ( iii) ( iv) ( i)

5-8 r fLefUufr fufnZ

"Vsi w
oZ
L; AA( 1-1-66)
lw & l Ireh funZ
=kkFkZ s'k gksusl sfo/ h; eku dk; Zdkso.kkZ
Urj l sv O;ofgr i w
oZdksgksrk gS
A
=k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kkl w
lw =kgS
Abl l w
=kesapkj i n gS
A^rfLeu~
a * ^bfr* ^fufnZ
"Vs* ^i w
oZ
L; *

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 87
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k ; sl w
=kxr i nPNsn gS
ArfLeu~; g rr~ &l oZ
uke dkl Ireh, dopuAv kS j l IrE; Ur dkv uq d j.kA^bfr*
; g v O;; AfufnZ"Vs; g l Ireh, dopuAi w oZL; ; g "k"Bh, dopuAl w =kkFkZgksrkgS& l =
wkesal IrE; Ur
i n gSrksml dkt ksv FkZ ] ml o.kkZ
Urj l sv O;ofgr i woZdksdk; ZgksrkgS Abl çdkj dhl Irehi j
l Ireh dgykrh gS A
mnkgj . k & bdks; .kfpA; g , d l w=k gSAbl l w=k esabd%; g "k"BÔUr i n gS
A"k"BhfunZs'k
dk; Zdk fo/ ku gS A; g LFkku "k"BhAbl fy, bd osQLFkku esadk; Zgksrk gS; g v FkZçkIr gksrk gSA
v fp ; g l IrehfufnZ "V i n gSAl IrehfunZs'k l sdk; Zdk fo/ ku gS
Aml dk v FkZLoj gSAv r%bl
i fjHkk"kk l sv p~osQi w
oZdk dk; Zgksrk gSAo.kkZ uUrj l sv O;ofgr dk; Zgksrk gS
Av FkkZ
r ~v p~l s
è; ku nsa
% v O;ofgr i w oZ; fn bd~gksrksbd~osQLFkku esa; .k~gksrk gS; g v FkZgS A
bUæsp ( 6-1-120) bl l w =k esabUæs; g l Irehi n gS
A; gk¡bUæ' kCn Lo: i i j v FkkZ
r ~bUæ
' kCn l s^b u~n~j~v * ; so.kZl eqnk; ] v kuq
iw
ohZxzká gS
A; gk¡bUæ' kCn l snsojkV~bUædkxzg.kugha
gksrkv kSj u ghl eku v FkZdksbZi ; kZ
; okph' kCn dkxzg.kAçÑr i fjHkk"kkosQl kFk, d okD; rkgksus
l s& bUæ' kCn osQi j l sv O;ofgri w oZdk dk; Zgks; g v FkZ
%gSA
; g i fjHkk"kkdgk¡çoÙ̀kughagksrh& ; | fi l w =kesal IrE; Ur i n gksrks; g i fjHkk"kkçoÙ̀kgksrh
gS] oS
l kdgkHkhgS ] v fr' kk; usrei ~
] drZ̀
deZ. kks%Ñfr] deZ f.kf}rh; kbR;kfn LFkyksesat gk¡l IrE; Ur
i n osQv i usLo: i dksughav kS j u ghl IrE; Ur osQv FkZi jsjgrsi woZosQmÙkQdk; Zdksl EHko ogka
; g i fjHkk"kk çoÙ̀kughgksrhgS A

5-9 r LekfnR;q
Ùkj L; AA( 1-1-67)
lw & i ×peh funZ
=kkFkZ s'k gksusl sfo/ h; eku dk; Zdkso.kkZ
Urj l sv O;ofgr i j dksgksrk gS
A
lw =k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kkl w
=kgS
Abl l w =kesarhu i n gSA^rLekn~* ^bfr* ^mÙkjL; * ; s l w
=kxr
i nPNsn gS ArLekn~; g i ×pe; Ur i n gS Av kS
j og i ×pe; Ur dk v uq d j.kgSA^bfr* ; g v O;; gS A
rfLefUufr fufnZ "Vsi w
oZL; ( 1-1-66) bl l w =k l sfufnZ"V gksusl sbfr l Ireh , dopukUr i n dh
v uqof̀r gS] v kS
j og i ×pe; Ur l sfoi fj.kke gkst krkgS AmÙkjL; ; g "k"Bh, dopuAl w =kkFkZgksrkgS&
lw=k esai ×pe; Ur i n gSrksml dk t ksv FkZgSml o.kkZ Urj l sv O;ofgr i j dk dk; Zgksrk gS Abl
çdkj dhi ×peh fnX; kxsi ×pehdgykrhgS A
; gk¡t ksi ×pe; Ur i n dgykrkgSog l a Kki n gksukpkfg, Aml dkv FkZdksbZ' kCn vFkoko.kZ
gh gksuk pkfg, AbZ nkl %; g l w
=k gS
Abl l w=k esav kl %; g i ×pe; Ur i n gS Aml dk v FkZv kl ~; g
' kCn Lo: i gS Av r%bl i fjHkk"kk}kjkbZnkl %bl l w =kl sv kl osQi js' kkuPçR;; dksbZ
d kj fo/ kugSA
mnkgj . k & gyks; eka; fe yksi%( 8-4-64) ; g , d l w =k gSA; gk¡ gy%; g i ×pe; Ur i n
gSAml dk v FkZgy~gS A; eke~; g "k"BÔUr i n gS A; fe ; g l IrE; Ur i n gS
Ayksi%; g çFkekUr i n
gSAgy%; g i ×pe; Ur gS Av r%çÑr i fjHkk"kk cy l sgy osQi j dk dk; Zgksrk gS Ao.kkZUrj l s
v O;ofgr dk; ZdksgksrkgS Av FkkZ
r ~gy l sv O;ofgr i j ; fn ; e~gksrks; e~yksi gksrkgS] ; fn ; g
; e~; e~l sv O;ofgr i o
wZgks; g l Ei w. kZv FkZgS
A
; g i fj Hkk"kk d gk¡çoÙ̀k ughagS& ; | fi l w
=k esai ×pe; Ur i n gksusl s; g i fjHkk"kk çor̀
gS] fi Q
j Hkhi ×pe; Ur i n u Lo: i ] v kSj u ghi ×pe; Ur osQv FkZdksysd j i j l sdgkdk; Zogka
l EHko ughaogka; g i fjHkk"kk çoÙ̀k ughagksrh gS
A
88 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
i kBxr i z'u&3
27- rfLefUufr fufnZ
"Vsi w
oZ
L; bl i fjHkk"kk dk v FkZcrkb, \
28- rLekfnR;q
ÙkjL; bl i fjHkk"kk dk v FkZfyf[ k, \
29- rfLefUufr fufnZ
"Vsi w
oZ
L; ; g i fjHkk"kk dc dk; Zdjrh gS
\
30- rLekfnR;q
ÙkjL; ; g i fjHkk"kk dc dk; Zdjrh gS
\
31- lw
=k esafnX; ksx esai ×peh gSrksfdl osQdk; Zdk cks/ t kuuk pkfg, \ è; ku nsa
%
1) v O;ofgri j dk
2) v O;ofgri w
oZdk
3) O;ofgri j dk
4) O;ofgri w
oZdk
32- lw
=k esai jl Ireh gSrksfdl dk dk; Zt kuuk pkfg, A
1) v O;ofgri j dk
2) v O;ofgri w
oZdk
3) O;ofgri j dk
4) O;ofgri w
oZdk
33- d) l Ireh funZ
s'k gksusl sfo/ h; eku dk; Zdksv O;ofgri j dk gksrk gS
A
• ) i ×peh funZ
s'k gksusl sfo/ h; eku dk; Zdksv O;ofgri w
oZgksrk gS
A
bu dFkuksaosQfo"k; esal gh t ksM+
k pq
uksA
1) ( d) l R; ( • ) v l R;
2) ( d) l R; ( • ) l R;
3) ( d) v l R; ( • ) l R;
4) ( d) v l R; ( • ) v l R;

5-10 ; Fkkl a
[ ; euq
ns'k%l ekuke~
AA( 1-3-10)
=kkFkZ& l el EcU/h fof/ ; Fkkl a
lw [ ; gksA
lw =k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kk l w
=k gS
Abl l w =k esarhu i n gS A; Fkkl a
[ ; e~v uq
ns'k%l ekuke~; s
lw=kxr i nPNsn gS Al a
[ ; ke~vufrØE; bfr ; Fkkl a [ ; e~; gk¡v O;; hHkko l ekl gS Av uqns'k%; g çFkek
, dopukUr i n gS Afof/ v Fkok fo/ kue~ Al ekuke~; gk¡l EcU/kFkZesa"k"Bhcgq opu gS Al w
=kkFkZgS&
l el EcU/hfof/ ; Fkkl a [ ; gksAv FkkZr ~dghai j Hkhl w =kesafdl hos Ql kFkfdl dkl EcU/ çdV gksrk
gSAl EcU/ t c gksrkgSrc ft l dkl EcU/ gksrkgSog l EcU/ çfr; ksxhdgykrkgS Aft l esal EcU/
gksrkgSog v uq ; ksxhdgykrkgS Av FkkZ r ~çfr; ksxhdkv uq ; ksxhosQl kFkl EcU/ gksrkgS At c çfr; ksxh

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 89
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k la[ ; k v kS
j v uq
; ksxh l a
[ ; k l eku gSrc bl i fjHkk"kk dk l ×pkj gksrk gSAv kS
j v FkZgS
& çFke dk
çfr; ksxh çFke gh v uq ; kxsh osQl kFk l EcU/ gksAf}rh; çfr; ksxh dk f}rh; osQl kFk gh v uqi ; ksxh
l EcU/ gkA s bl hçdkj v of' k"V çfr; ksfx; kasosQfo"k; esaHkhl e>ukpkfg, Al c t xg çfr; kxshLFkkuh
gh gksfdUrqv uq ; ksxh v kns'k v Fkok v kxe gh gks, slk fu; e ughagS
A
mnkgj . k & , pk¿ s; ok; ko%bl l w =k esa, p%bl i n l s, v ks, sv kS; spkj çfr; kfsx; ksadk
cks/ gksrk gSAv ; ok; ko%bl i n l sv ; ~v o~v k; ~v ko~bu pkj v uq ; ksfx; ksdk cks/ gksrk gS
Av r%
çfr; ksxhl a[ ; k v kS
j v uq; ksxhl a
[ ; k Hkhl eku gS Av r%; Fkkl a[ ; euqns'k%l ekuke~bl i fjHkk"kkl s
, , slk ; g çFke çfr; kxsh] ml dk v ; ~bl çFke v uq ; ksxh osQl kFk l EcU/ t kuuk pkfg, Av r%
è; ku nsa
% , pks¿; ok; ko%bl l w =k l s, dkj osQLFkku esav ; ~; g v kns'k gksrk gSA

5-11 LFkkus¿Urj r e%
AA ( 1-1-50)
lw=kkFkZ& LFkkuh v kS
j v kns'k dh l a
[ ; k oS
"kE; gksusl sLFkku v FkZxq
. k çek.k l sLFkkuh osQ
l n`' kre ghv kns'kgksrk gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kkl w
=kgSAbl l w
=kesanksi n gS
ALFkkusv Urjre%; g l w
a =kxr i nPNsn
gSALFkkus; g l IrE; Ur i n gS Aml dkv FkZçl Ä~ xA; gk¡l w
=kes
avUrj ' kCn l eku dki ; kZ; gS Av fr' k;
v Urj v UrjreAvfr' kk; usrefc"BukS( 5-4-55) bl l w =kl srei ~çR;; Av r l n`' kre ; g v FkZA"k"Bh
LFkkus;ksxk ( 1-1-48) bl l w =k l sLFkkusbl l IrE; Ur i n dh v uq of̀ÙkAl w
=kkFkZgS
ALFkkuh v kns'k dh
la [ ; kesafo"kerkgksusl sLFkku v FkZxq . kçek.kl sLFkkuhosQl n`' kre ghv kns'kgksrkgS ALFkku v FkZ
xq. kçek.kbR;kfn ' kCn esaLFkku ' kCn dkv FkZgS & d.Bkfn LFkkuAv FkZ' kCn dkv FkZ & v fHk/ s;Axq .k
' kCn dkv FkZ & cká; RuAçek.k' kCn dkv FkZ & , dek=kkf}ek=kkf=kek=kkbfr mPpkj.kdkyAdghai j
fof/ l w =k l st c fdl h LFkkuh dksoq Q
N v kns'k dk fo/ ku djrsgS ] ogkaLFkkuh l a
a [ ; k ; fn v kns'k
la [ ; k l sfHkUu gksrksogka; g i fjHkk"kk dk; ZdjsxhA
mnkgj . k & >ykat ' k~>f' kA; g , d l w =kgS
A>Yk~ &LFkku esat ' k~v kns'kgksrkgS>' k~i jsjgrs
lw=k dk v FkZgSA; gk¡LFkkuh>y gSv kS j os24 gS Av kns'k t ' k~gS
a Av kS
j os5 gS Av r%LFkkuhl a
a [;k
24] v kns'k l a
[ ; k 5 bu nksuksaesal a
[ ; k dh fo"kerk gS
Aogka; g i fjHkk"kk dk; ZdjsxhAv r%LFkkuh
osQLFkku esaLFkkuh osQl n`' kre gh v kns'k dk fo/ ku djs, slk Hkko gS A
bdks; .kfpA; g , d l w =k gSAbd~&LFkkuhgS A; .k~v kns'kgSAbd~v fo/ h; eku gS Av r bdkj
osQ18] mdkj osQ18] ½dkj osQ30 ; s66 o.kZLFkkuh gS A; .k~fo/ h; eku gS Av r%; ~o~j~y~; s
pkj ghvkns'kgS A; gk¡LFkkuhl [a; kl svkns'kl a
[ ; kdkoS "kE; gSAv r ; gk¡LFkkus¿Urjre%; g i fjHkk"kk
dk; ZdjrhgS At Sl s& l /qhmi kL; %bl fLFkfr esa/ dkj l si j bZ d kj osQLFkku esabZ
d kj dk l n`' kre
; dkj ghv kns'k gksrk gSA; gk¡bZd kj&; dkj dk l kn`' ; rkyqLFkkuÑr gS AD; ksa
fd bZd kj dk mPpkj.k
LFkku rkyq
] v kS
j ; dkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku rkyqgS A
bl i fjHkk"kk dk l Ei w
. kZLFky ogka
&ogkamnkgj.k esans• uk pkfg, A; gk¡ l Hkh mnkgj.k dk
çfri knu v U; çdj.kdkKku vHkko gksusl sfDy"VgS A>ykat ' kks¿Urs( 8-2-39) bl l =
wkosQmnkgj.k
esav kUrjre i jh{kk Li "V fd; kAØe' k%ogkai <+ uk pkfg, ogkaml dk cks/ l jy gS A; gk¡ l sl hèkk
ogkat kdj i Bu djsrksdfBurk dk v uq Hko gksxkA

90 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
i kBxr i z'u&4
34- ; Fkkl a
[ ; euq
ns'k%l ekuke~; g i fjHkk"kk dc dk; Zdjrh gS
\
35- çfr; ksxh dkS
u gS
av kS
j v uq
; ksxhdkS
u gS
\
36- LFkkus¿Urjre%; g i fjHkk"kk dc çor̀ gkrsh gS
\
37- v kUr; Zfdrusçdkj osQga
AHksnksadksfy• ks\
S
38- ft l dk l EcU/ og D; kAft l esal EcU/ og D; kA( Øe l s) è; ku nsa
%
1) çfr; ksxh] v uq
; ksxh
2) v uq
; ksxh] çfr; ksxh
3) l EcU/] l EcU/h
4) çfr; ksxh] l EcU/
39- d) LFkkuh l a
[ ; k l sv kns'k l a
[ ; k fHkUu rksLFkkus¿Urjre%; g i fjHkk"kk çor̀ gksrh gS
A
• ) LFkkuhl [a; kv kns'kl [a; kl sl eku rks; Fkkl [a; euq
n'sk%l ekuke~; g i fjHkk"kkçor̀ gkrsh
gSA
bu nksuksadFkuka
sosQfo"k; esafuEu ; q
ÙkQ; q
Xe dkspq
uksA
1) ( d) l R; ( • ) v l R;
2) ( d) l R; ( • ) l R;
3) ( d) v l R; ( • ) l R;
4) ( d) v l R; ( • ) v l R;
40- fuEu fyf• r fdl v kUr; ZosQl kFk fdl dk l EcU/ gSl gh mÙkj pq
uks\
( d) LFkku ( i) cká; Ru
( • ) v FkZ ( ii) mPpkj.kdky
( x) xq
.k ( iii) v fHk/ s;
( ?k) çek.k ( iv) mPpkj.kLFkku
(d) (• ) ( x) ( ?k)
1) ( iv) ( ii) ( iii) ( i)
2) ( iv) ( i) ( iii) ( ii)
3) ( iii) ( ii) ( i) ( iv)
4) ( iv) ( iii) ( i) ( ii)

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 91
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k 5-12 bd ksxq

. ko`¼hAA( 1-1-3)
lw & t gk¡ l k{kkr~LFkkuh fufnZ
=kkFkZ "V u gks] fdUrqxq
. k] of̀¼ ' kCnksal sxq
. ko`¼h dk fo/ ku gS
ogkabd%; g "k"BÔUr i n mi fLFkr gksrk gS A
lw=k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kkl w =kgS Abl l w
=kesanksi n gSAbd%xq
a . ko`¼h; sl w
=kxr i nPNsn gS
A
bd~bl dkbdl ~( bd% ) ; g "k"BÔUr : i gS A; gk¡; g bdl ~ui ql dfyÄ~
a x ' kCn ekursgSAbdl ~; g
a
ui q
l dfyÄ~
a x çFkekUr bd%; g : i gS Ami fr"Brsbl i n dkv è; kgkj djrsgS Ami fLFkr fØ; kdk
a
drkZbdl ~; g ' kCn gS A; | fi bd%; g "k"BÔUr gSfi Q j Hkhmi fr"Brsbl fØ; kdkog ' kCn drkZ
è; ku nsa
% gS
Avr%ml dkçFkekUr : i ; gk¡ekuukpkfg, Axq . ko`¼h; g çFkekf}opukUr i n gS Aof̀¼jknS
p~( 1-
1-1) v nsÄ~xq . k%( 1-1-2) bu l w =kksal sof̀¼%v kS
j xq. k%bu çFkekUr nksi n dhvuq of̀ÙkgS
A; gk¡^bfr*
bl ' kCn dk v è; kgkj djrsgS A^; =k fo/ h; rsr=k* bl dk Hkh v è; kgj djrsgS
a Axq
a . k%of̀¼%budk
mPpkj.k djosQt gk¡ xq . ko`¼h dk fo/ ku djrsgSogkabd%; g "k"BÔUr i n mi fLFkr gksrk gS A
ft l l w
=k esal k{kkr~LFkkuh dk funZ
s'k u gh ogkaHkh xq
. k l sxq
. k dk fo/ ku v FkkZ
r ~ml l w=k
l sxq
. k%bl ' kCn dkmPpkj.kdjosQxq . kdkfo/ ku djrsgS av Fkokof̀¼ l sof̀¼ dkfo/ ku gSv FkkZ r~
of̀¼ bl ' kCn dkmPpkj.kdjosQof̀¼ dkfo/ ku djrsgS ]aml l w=kesabd%; g "k"BÔUr i n mi fLFkr
gksrk gS; g l jy v FkZbl l w =k dk gSAbd ; g i n mi fLFkr djrk gS Abl fy, ; g i fjHkk"kk i n
mi LFkkfi dk gS
A
mnkgj . k& fensxZ . k%( 7-3-81) ; g l w
q =kgSAbl l w
=kesav Ä~
x dkv f/ dkj gS Arc v Ä~x fen
dksxq. k; g i n çkIr gkrssgS A
abl l =wkesaxq
. kbl i n dkmPpkj.kdjosQxq . kdkfo/ ku gS A; gk¡fdl
o.kZosQLFkku esaxq . k gkrsk gS; g l k{kkr~ughadgk gSAv r%bdksxq . ko`¼hbl l w =k l sbl bd%; g
"k"BÔUr i n mi fLFkr gkrsk gS Arc v FkZgksrk gS & v Ä~
x fen osQbd~dksxq . k gksrk gS
A

5-13 v p' pAA( 1-2-28)

lw & t gk¡l k{kkr~LFkkuhdkfunZ
=kkFkZ s'ku gksfdUrqßLo nh?kZIyq
r osQ}kjkt gk¡vp~dkfoèkku
gSogkav p%; g "k"BÔUr i n mi fLFkr gksrk gSA
=k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kkl w
lw =kgSAbl l w=kesanksi n gS
Av p%p ; sl w
a =kxr i nPNsn gS Av p~
bl dkv pl ~( v p% ) ; g "k"BÔUr : i gS A; gk¡; g v pl ~ui ql dfyÄ~
a x ' kCn ekukt krkgS Av pl ~
; g ui ql dfyÄ~
a x çFkekUr v p%bfr : i gS A; | fi v p%; g "k"BÔUr gSfi Q j Hkhmi fr"Brsbl fØ; k
dk og ' kCn drkZgS A v r%ml dks çFkekUr : i ; gk¡ ekuuk pkfg, A p ; g v O;; i n gS A
Ådkyks¿T>zLonh?kZ Iyqr %bl l w =k l s v p~ßLonh?kZ Iyqr %bu nks çFkekUr i n dh v uq of̀Ùk gS
A
ßLonh?kZ Iyq
r %; g i n rr̀h; kcgq opukUr l sfoi fj.kke gksrkgSA; gk¡^bfr* bl ' kCn dkv è; kgkj djrs
gSA^; =kfo/ h; rsr=k* bl dkHkhvè; kgkj djrsgS
a Al =
a wkkFkZgS
& ßLo nh?kZIyqr }kjkt gk¡vp~dkfoèkku
gSogkav p ; g "k"BÔUr i n mifLFkr gksrkgS Av usd t xg v p~dkfo/ ku gS Ai jUrql k{kkr~ßLo ' kCn
nh?kZ' kCn v FkokIyq r ' kCn dkmPpkj.kdjosQt c v p~dkfo/ ku djrsgS aogkav p%; g "k"BÔUr
i n mi fLFkr gksrk gSA
mnkgj . k& ßLoksui q
l osQçkfri fndL; , d l =
a wkgS
A; gk¡ßLo%bl çFkekUr ' kCn dkmPpkj.k
djosQv p~dkfo/ ku gSAml çÑr l w =kl s; gk¡v p%; g "k"BÔUr i n mi fLFkr gksrkgS
Arc ßLo%

92 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
ui q
l osQv p%çkfri fndL; ; si n ; kst uk gS
a Aml l si jsrnUrfof/ l sv t Ur çkfri fnd dksui q
ld
a i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
esaßLo gksrk gSbl : i l sv FkZgksrk gSA

i kBxr i z'u&5
41- bdksxq
. ko`¼h ; g i fjHkk"kk dc çoÙ̀k gkrshgS
\
42- v p' p ; g i fjHkk"kk dc çoÙ̀k gksrhgS
\
43- bdksxq
. ko`¼h ; gk¡ i j bd%; g dkS
u&l h foHkfÙkQgS
\ è; ku nsa
%
44- t gk¡l k{kkr~LFkkuhdkfunZ
s'ku gksfdUrqxq
. kof̀¼ ' kCn l sxq
. ko`¼hdkfo/ ku ogkdkS
u&l k
i n mi fLFkr gksrk gS
\
1) xq
.k 2) bo~
Q 3) of̀¼ 4) v p~
45- ßLo nh?kZIyq
r l st gkav p~dk fo/ ku gSogkadkS
u&l k i n mi fLFkr gksrk gS
\
1) ßLo 2) nh?kZ 3) bd 4) v p

5-14 foçfr "ks/ si j ad k; Z

e~
AA( 1-4-2)
lw & rq
=kkFkZ Y; cy fojks/ gksusi j i j' kkL=k l sfofgr dk; ZgksA
lw=k O;k[ ; k& ; g i fjHkk"kkl w
=kgS
Abl esal w=krhu i n gSAfoçfr"ks/s; g l IrE; Ur i n gS
Ai je~
dk; Ze~; snksuksaçFkekUr i n gS Afoçfr"ks/ ' kCn dkv FkZi jLi j fojks/ gS
a Al w=kkFkZgS
& rq
Y; cy fojks/
gksusi j i j' kkL=kl sfofgr dk; ZgksAl w =kdks' kkL=kdgrsgS At ksl w
a =kv U; t xg v Urr , d l kFkdk; Z
djrsgS ] ml l w
a =kdksyC/ kodk' kdgrsgS A, d dkghy{; l a
a Ldkj osQfy, nksl w =k, d l kFkdbZ
t xg çkIr gksrsga Abl çdkj yC/ kodk' kl w
S =k nksuksa, d ghy{; osQl a Ldkj osQfy, mi fLFkr gksrs
gSArc mu nksuka
a sl w
=kdkcy rq Y; gS, slkt kuukpkfg, Avc mu nksuksaosQeè; esat ksl w =kv "Vkè; k; h
esackn esai <+ k gS
] ml l w
=k l sdk; Zgksrk gS; g foLrr̀ v FkZgS A
mnkgj . k& l a
fgrk çdj.k esaeul ~jFk%bl fLFkfr esal l t q "kks#%bl l w =k l sl dkj dks#
gksrk gS
Arc euj~jFk%; g gksrk gS Aogk v c gf' k p ( 6-1-114) bl l w =k l sjsiQosQLFkku esamRo
çkIr gksrkgSAjksfj ( 8-3-14) bl v U; l w =kl sjsiQdkyksi çkIr gS Agf' kp bl l w =kdky{; l aLdkj
djosQpfjrkFkZgSv FkkZ r ~yC/ kodk' k gSAoS l sjksfj ; g l w =k Hkh v U;=k y{; l a Ldkj djosQpfjrkFkZ
gSv FkkZr ~yC/ kodk' k gSAeuj~jFk%bl mnkgj.k esanksuksal w =k , d l kFk , d ghjsiQ kRed y{; dk
fHkUu l L
adkj djuses açoÙ̀kgq , Arc nku
sksaosQeè; es at ksl =wkv "Vkè; k; hesai j i <+
kx; kml dkvfèkd
egÙo t kuuk pkfg, AoLrq r %bl mnkgj.k esai w oZ=kkfl ¼e~bR;kfn l sgf' k p bl l w =k dh çof̀Ùk
gksrh gS A
bl çdkj i fjHkk"kkçdj.kesat ksi fjHkk"kkv kyksfpr gSmudksi kf.kfueqfu usLo; av "Vkè; k; h
esafy• kgSAbl osQckn ft l i fjHkk"kkdhv kykp s ukdjrsgS aog i kf.kfueq
fu }kjkçdkjkUrj l sKkfi r
gS
] v Fkok okfrZ
d dkj usdgk gS ] v Fkok i r×t fyeqfu usdgk gS A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 93
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k 5-14-1 i w
oZ
i j fuR;kUrj Ä~
xi oknkukeq
Ùkj ksÙkj acy h; %
AA( i -39)
' kkL=k esav usd t xg y{; dk l a Ldkj osQfy, , d l sv f/ d l w=k v Fkok ' kkL=k , d l kFk
mi fLFkr gksrsgS Arc nku
a sksaosQeè; esafdl l w=k dk cy v f/ d v Fkok fdl dk U;w u gSbl çdkj
dh ft Kkl k mRiUu gksrh gS Al jyrk osQfy, l w=kksadk bl çdkj foHkkt u djrsgS A
a
1) i w oZlw=k] 2) i jl w
=k] 3) fuR;dk; Z
fo/ k; d l w
=k] 4) v UrjÄ~
xdk; Z
fo/ k; d l w
=k] 5)
v i oknl w
=k ; si ka
p Hksn gS
A

è; ku nsa
% budk oq
Q
N i fjp; çLrq
r djrsgS
A
a
1) i w
oZ
lw
=k& t ksl w
=k v "Vkè; k; h esai w
oZi <+
k x; k gSog
2) i jl w
=k& t ksl w
=k v "Vkè; k; h esai j i <+
k x; k gSog
3) fuR;dk; Z fo/ k; d l w
=k& Ñr v Ñr çl Ä~
x esat ksfof/ og fuR;Av U; l w
=kl sdk; Zdjs
u djsrksHkh t ksfof/ yxsog fuR; dgykrh gS A
4) v UrjÄ~ xdk; Z
fo/ k; d l w=k & v Ur eè; esa' kkL=kh; cfgjÄ~x fufeÙk l eq
nk; eè; esa
v UrHkZ
r v U;Ä~
w x fufeÙk ft l osQog v UrjÄ~ xAbl çdkj ml fufeÙk l eq nk; l scfgHkrZ
w v Ä~
x
cfgjÄ~ xAv Fkok FkksM+
hv i s{kk okykv UrjÄ~
xRo] v f/ d v i s{kk okykcfgjÄ~xA
5) v i oknl w=k& fujodk' kfof/ v i oknAft l l sukçkIr gksusi j t ksfof/ v kjEHkdht krh
gSog ml dkck/ d gS A; fn dksbZl w
=k dghi j v U;=k dk; ZughaçkIr dj jgkgS Arc og ml l w =k
dkfujodk' kdgykrkgS Av r%v i okn , slkdgykrkgSv kS j og v i okn v c fdl h, d dky{;
laLdkj osQfy, mi fr"BrsArnkl l oZ çcy%x.; rsA; fn bnal w =ke~v L; kfi y{; L; l aLdkjau oq Q; kZ
r~
rfgZi kf.kus%l w
=kç.k; ue~, o O;Fk±Hkosr~ A; rksfg i kf.kus%opuaO;Fk±u Hkofr mi fLFkr gksrkgS Av r%
opu çkek.; og fof/ v i okn dgykrhgSv kS j çkIr y{; dkl a Ldkj djrhgS Aogka; g ykS fdd
n`"VkUr& dksbZxg̀Lokehcz kã.kksadksHkkst u djkrkgS Arc l sodksadksv kns'kknsrkgS& ( 1) czkã.kksadks
nghnks] ( 2) rØ dkfS.MU; dks; snksokD; gS AdkS f.MU; Hkhczkã.kghgS AçFkeokD; kuql kj dkSf.MU;
osQfy, Hkhnghghnsukpkfg, Ai jUrqf}rh; okD; fof' k"V t ksdkS f.MU; osQfy, rØ nsukpkfg, A
ogkav c fo"k; gSdhdkS f.MU; dksD; knsuk pkfg, AogkaD; kBhd gS AçFke okD; l kekU; foèkku
djrkgS Af}rh; okD; fo' ks"kfo/ ku djrkgS A, d ghLokehosQnksokD; gS AdksbZHkhokD; foi Q y
u gksArc f}rh; okD; l sÑr fo' ks"k fo/ ku çFke okD; l sÑr l kekU; fo/ ku dk v a ' k : i esa
ck/ djrkgS AdkS f.MU; l sfHkUu czkã.k osQfy, nghnsukbl çdkj v FkZdk l a d ksp gksrkgS Anksuksa
fo/ ku l sdkSf.MU; fo"k; fd; k x; k gS Ai jUrqfHkUu dk; ZçkIr gS Af}rh; fo/ ku osQ oy dkS f.MU;
ghfo"k; gS Ai jUrqçFke fo/ ku dkrksfo"k; dkS f.MU; HkhgSv kS j v U; czkã.kgSAv r%çFke fof/
v f/ d ns'kO;ki d fof/ Aog mRl xZfof/ dgykrhgS Af}rh; fof/ v Yi ns'k O;ki d fof/ gS Aog
v i okn dgykrh gS Aogkav c fuEu fojks/ l EHko gS A

fd l d k fd l l s foj ks/ d kS
u çcy
iw
oZdk ij l s fojks/ ij
iw
oZdk fuR; l s fojks/ fuR;

94 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
iw
oZdk v UrjÄ~
xls fojks/ vUrjÄ~
x i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
iw
oZdk v i okn l s fojks/ vi okn
i j dk fuR; l s fojks/ fuR;
i j dk v UrjÄ~
xls fojks/ vUrjÄ~
x
i j dk v i okn l s fojks/ vi okn
fuR; dk v UrjÄ~
xls fojks/ vUrjÄ~
x
fuR; dk v i okn l s fojks/ vi okn è; ku nsa
%
v UrjÄ~
x dk v i okn l s fojks/ vi okn

i kBxr i z'u&6
46- lw
=kksadk foçfr"ks/ dc gksrk gS
\
47- fuR; l sHkh cyoku D; k gS
\
48- i j l sHkh cyoku D; k&D; k gS
\
49- fuR; D; kA
50- mRl xZfof/ D; k gS
\
51- v i okn fof/ D; k\
52- v / ksfyf• r esafdl l sdkS
u cyoku gSl gh mÙkj pq
uks\
( d) v UrjÄ~
xls ( i) v UrjÄ~
x cyoku
( • ) fuR; l s ( ii) i j cyoku
( x) i j l s ( iii) fuR; cyoku
( ?k) i w
oZl s ( iv) v i okn cyoku
(d) (• ) ( x) ( ?k)
1) ( iv) ( ii) ( iii) ( iv)
2) ( iv) ( i) ( iii) ( ii)
3) ( iii) ( ii) ( i) ( iv)
4) ( iv) ( iii) ( i) ( ii)

5-14-2 çR;; xzg. ksr nknsLr nUrL; xzg. ke~

AA
lw=kksaesav usd t xg çR;; ksadk mYys• gS
Adghai j ml çR;; dksmfí ' ; l a
Kk dk fo/ ku
djrsgS
Adghai j ml çR;; dksmfí ' ; fdl hv kxe v kfn dkfo/ ku djrsgS
a AdHkhosQ
a oy çR;;
dkfo/ ku djrsgS AdHkhçR;; fufeÙkl sxzg.kdjrsgS
a AdHkhçR;; LFkkuhl sxzg.kdjrsgS
a aAv r%

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 95
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k ogka&ogkaçR;; l sosQ

oy çR;; dk gh xzg.k v Fkok rnUr dk xzg.k , slk çfri knu osQfy, ; g
i fjHkk"kkv kjghgS
A
& ft l çÑfrHkw
i fj Hkk"kkFkZ r ' kCn l st ksçR;; fofgr gS] ml v kfn dk& og çÑfrHkw r ' kCn
v kfn gSft l rnUr dk& og çR;; v Ur gSft l l eq nk; l sml dkxzg.kAçÑfr çR;; l eq nk; dk
v kS
j muosQeè; ofrZdkxzg.k; g v FkZgS Abl i fjHkk"kkl smRiUu rnUrfof/ rnkfnfo' ks"; d rnUrfof/
dgykrh gS Abl çdkj ; g i fjHkk"kk çR;; xzg.k l srnUr xzká v kdkj l sçdV djrh gS A
ft l çÑfr dksmís'; çR;; fofgr og çÑfr v kS j og çR;; bu nksuksal eq
nk; v kS
j mu nksuksa
% osQeè; esaorZ
è; ku nsa eku çR;; xzg.kl sxf̀gr gksrsgS
] v FkkZ
a r ~l w
=kesaxg̀hr mPpkfjr çR;; dhml çdkj
l eq
nk; dhl a KkgksrhgS; g rkRi; ZgS
Av i uhçÑfr v kfn v o; o&ml çR;; kUr v o; o&l eq nk; dk
xzg.kgksrkgSA
mnkgj . k& l g l qi k; g , d l w =kgSA; gk¡l qckfU=krsi jkÄ~xoRl jsbl l w =kl sl q
i ~bl çFkekUr
i n dhv uq of̀r vkrhgS Al ekl %bl dkv f/ dkj gS Aml l sl qi ~l q
i kl g l ekl l aKkayHkrs; g okD;
; kst ukgSA; gk¡l q
i ~; g çR;; cks/d i n gS Al qi k; g HkhçR;; cks/d gS Av r%çÑr i fjHkk"kk}kjk
lqi ~bl i n l sft l çÑfrHkw r ' kCn l sl q
i ~çR;; fofgr gS ] ml v kfn esa & og çÑfrHkw r ' kCn v kfn
ft l dkog l q i ~çR;; v Ur ft l l eq nk; dkml dkxzg.kgksrkgS Av FkkZ
r ~l q
cUr dkxzg.kgksrkgS A
bl çdkj l q i k; gk¡i j Hkhrnkfnfo' ks"; d rnUrfof/ gksrhgS Aml l q cUr l s; g v FkZçkIr gksrkgS A
v kS j bl çdkj l g l q i kbl dkl Ei w. kZv FkZgksrk gS&l qcUr dkl q cUr osQl kFkl ekl l a KkgksrhgS A
v r%l g l qi k bl l w
=k esal q
i ~bl l st ksçÑfrHkw r lq
i ~fofgr gSog çÑfrHkw r l eq nk; v kfn
ft l l eq
nk; dk] og l iq~çR;; v Ur ft l l eq nk; osQml dkxzg.k gksrkgS
At S l si w
oZv e~; gk¡i j
iwoZ; g çÑfrHkwr l eq nk; gksusl sv e~; g l q i ~çR;; fofgr gS Aog çÑfrHkw r iw oZ; g ' kCn v kfn
gSft l l eqnk; osQ( i o
wZv e~bl l eq nk; dk) ] og v e~çR;; v Ur gSft l l eq nk; osQ( i woZv e~
bl l eqnk; osQ)] l q
i ~bl xzg.k l sml l eq nk; dk ( i woZv e~bl dk) xzg.k gksrk gS] cks/ gksrk gS
A
t c fdl h Hkh l w
=k l sfdl h Hkh çR;; dksmfí ' ; dksbZl a Kk dk fo/ ku djrsgS aogka; g
i fjHkk"kkçoÙ̀kughagksrhgSAv r%ogkaçR;; l sosQ oy çR;; dkghcks/ gksrkgSrnUr dkugha At Sls
ÙkQÙkQorwfu"Bk; g , d l w =kgSAbl l sÙkQçR;; dksmfí ' ; v kS j ÙkQ
orqçR;; dksmfí ' ; fu"Bkl aKk
dk fo/ ku djrsgS Av r%bl l w
a =k esaÙkQbl l sÙkQçR;; ek=k dk xzg.k gksrk gSÙkQkUr dk ughabl h
çdkj ÙkQ orqbl l sHkhAml fu"Bkl a KkÙkQv kS j ÙkQ
orqçR;; ksadhgS Adghai j l a
Kkfof/ esaHkhçR;;
xzg.k l srnUr fof/ gksrh gS Aosv U; xzUFkksaesans• uk pkfg, A

5-14-3 ; nkxekLr n~
xq
. khHkw
r kLr n~
xzg. ksu xá̀UrsA
t ks' kCn Lo: i dksmfí ' ; v kxe dkfo/ ku djrsgSaml dkv o; o l svkxe dhx.kukdjrs
gS
A; fn dksbZml ' kCn Lo: i dk mYys• djrsga
a Srksv kxe l fgr dk xzg.k djuk pkfg, A
fVr~fdr~fer~; srhu çdkj osQv kxe gS Al oZ
a s"kke~bl : i l k/ u çfØ; k esal oZv ke~bl
fLFkfr esav ke dksl q
V~v kxe gksrkgSArc l oZl ke~; g fLFkfr gSAogkacgq opus>Y; sr~bl l w =k l s
>ykfn cgq opu osQi jsv nUr v Ä~ x dks, dkj dkfo/ ku djrsgS Av ke~bl dkl q
a V~; g v a
' kHkw
r ml dk

96 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
v o; o gS, slkekursgS Aml l sv ke~; g cgq
a opu dksdgusek=k l s>ykfn gksrk gS
Aml s, dkj gksrk i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
gSv kS
j l oZ
s"kke~; g : i fl ¼ gksrk gS
A

5-14-4 fuj uq
cU/ d xzg. ksl kuq
cU/ d L; A
; fn dksbZLokehHk̀R; dksv kns'k djrk gSdh i k=k ykv ksAog Hk̀R; dkpi k=k] rkezik=k l Hkh
i k=kysd j vkrkgS A; fn Lokehvkns ' kdjrkgSdhrkezik=kykv ksArc og Hk̀R; dkpkfni k=kughaykrk
gS] i jUrqrkezfufeZ r Hkkst u Luku i kd i ku v kfn osQi k=k t S
l sda
l æks.khfxykl Fkkyh bR;kfn ykrk
gSAogkai j Hkh ; fn Lokeh v kns'k djrk gSdh Hkkst u osQrkezik=k ykv ksArc rksosQ oy og Hkkst u
osQfy, v ko' ; d i k=kghyk, xkAbl hçdkj O;kdj.kesaHkhv kpk; Zi kf.kfu djrsgS AogkayV~fyV~
a
è; ku nsa
%
yq V~yV̀~ysV~yksV~yÄ~fyÄ~yq Ä~ÆÄ~; sn' kydkj gS Aogka; fn eq
a fu dgrsgS ay%rc ft u ydkjksa
esayo.kZgSmu l Hkhdkst kuukpkfg, At c v kpk; ZdgrsgS aÆrc ÆV~ÆÄ~bu nksydkjksadkgh
cks/ gksrkgS AD; ksa
fd mu nksuksaosQeè; esaghÆo.kZgS Aml v FkZosQfy, dkb sZi fjHkk"kkgS
& fujuq
cUd
xzg.ksl kuq cU/dL; bfrAl jykFkZ & t gk¡v uqcU/ jfgr ' kCn Lo: i dkmPpkj.kgkrskgSogkaml ' kCn
Lo: i dksv uq cU/ l fgr t kuuk pkfg, A

5-14-5 ukuq
cU/ Ñr eusd kYRoe~
; fn v kns'kv usd ky~gSrksog l HkhosQLFkku esagksrkgS, slki w
oZi <+kx; kgS Av kns'k, dky~
v Fkok v usd ky~; g oS Ql st kuk t krk gS
Av usd v kns'k l kuq
cU/ mi yC/ gksrsgSAv FkkZ
a r ~v kns'kksaesa
br~&l K
ado.kZgS Arc fdl hHkh mi ns'k esafdruso.kZgS ] x.kuk djrsgS
a arksv uq
cU/ dh x.kuk ugha
djrs; g rkRi; ZgS At Sl s/ krq
i kB esaÑ / krqdksMqÑ×k~, slk mYys• fd; k gS Aml dk Mq×k~; snks
v uqcU/ gS A; fn v uq cU/ dk mdkj osQl kFk Ñ / krql sLoj x.kuk djsarksÑ / krqesanksv p~gS A
a
ml l s, dkp mi ns'ksuqnkÙkkr~bl l w=kl sÑr bMkxe fu"ks/ Ñ / krql sughagksxkAfu"ks/ pkgrsgSAv r%
a
v uqcU/ dksNksM+ d j Ñ / krqosQo.kZfxursgS Arc Ñ / krq, dkp~gS
a A

i kB l kj
' kCn esafof' k"V Øe l sfo| keku o.kZl eqnk; ' kCn osQLo: i gS
At ksi n , d v y~dk cks/
a
djkrk gSog i n v Yk~ &l Ei oZ
Qv Fkok v Yk~
&ck/sd gSAt ksi n v Yl eq
nk; dksl efi Z r v Fkok cks/
djkrkgSog i n v Yk~ &l eq
nk; &l EioZ
Qv FkokvYk~ &l eq
nk; &cks/d gSAt ksfoHkfÙkQi n esaç; q
ÙkQgksrh
gS
] ml i n dksml foHkfÙkQfufnZ "V dgrsgSA; fn i n i ×pe; Ur gSrksi ×pehfufnZ
a "V dgykrk gS A
lw
=ki kB esai kf.kfu }kjki ×peh"k"Bh] l Irehbu foHkfÙkQ
; ka
sosQfof' k"V v FkZdgsgS
A"k"Bhgh
a
fDy"V gS
A

"k"Bh &
"k"BhfufnZ
"Vi n gSrksfo/ h; eku osQeq
[ ; nksHkkx gksrsgS
& v kxe v kjSv kns'kAfVr~fdr~fer~
a
; sv kxe gSAv U; v kns'k gS
a A

v kxe & fVr ~fd r ~fer ~&

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 97
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k t ksfo/ ku djrsgaSog fdl hHkh' kCn Lo: i dksmís'; fo/ ku djrsgSAfVr~ft l dksfoèkku
a
djrkgSog ml dkv kfn v o; o gksrkgS Afdr~ft l l sfo/ ku djrsgS
aog ml dkv a
fre v o; o gksrk
gS
A; snksdk; Zv k| UrkSVfdrkSbl i fjHkk"kk l sgS
A
fer~ft l l sfo/ ku djrsgS aml osQt ksv p gS
] mu v pksosQv fUre l sv O;ofgr i j foèkku
a
djrsgS ] fdUrqft l dksmfí ' ; fofgr ml dkv a
a fre v o; o gksrkgS
A; g dk; Zfenpks¿UR;kr~i j%bl
i fjHkk"kkl sgksrkgSA

v kns'k &
è; ku nsa
%
"k"BÔUr i n esaç; q
ÙkQgksusl s"k"Bhdkv FkZl EcU/ gS
] fdUrql EcU/ dkv uq
; ksxhughagSrks
og O;kdj.k esaLFkku "k"Bh ekuh t krh gS A
fo/ h; eku v kns'kfdl dkfuorZ d ] gVkusokykgSbfr ç' uArc ogkav kns'kfdl çdkj v kS
j
LFkkuh D; k gS
] oSQ
l sfunZ'sk ; snksuksagh ns• uspkfg, A

ogk¡ ; g l Ei w
. kZfoosd &
; fn LFkkuh, d ghv y~gSrc v kns'kfdl çdkj gS, slkns• usdhvko' ; drkughagS
Aml dk
LFkkuh v y~fuoÙ̀k gksrk gh gS
A
; fn LFkkuhfunZ
s'kv Yl eq
nk; cks/d i n esa"k"Bhç; ksx l sfd; krc 1) ; fn v kns'k, d v y~
yksi fÄr~( fÄr~v usd ky gh) buesav U;re gSrksog v UR; o.kZosQLFkku esagksrhgSl HkhosQLFkku
esaugha
A2) ; fn v kns'k v usd ky~v Fkok f' kr~gSrksog l Hkh"k"BhfufnZ "V osQLFkku esagksrsgS
At c
a
LFkku "k"Bh rc "k"BhLFkkus;ksxk ; g i fjHkk"kkA
; fn LFkkuh funZ
'sk v Yl eq
nk; cks/d i n esa"k"Bh ç; ksx fd; sgksusl src&
1) v kns'k , d v y~v Fkok yksi gSrc v yks¿UR;L; ; g i fjHkk"kkA
2) v kns'k v usd ky~v kS
j fÄr~gSrc fÄPp ; g i fjHkk"kkA
3) v kns'k v usd ky~v Fkok f' kr~gSfdUrqfÄr~ughagSrc v usd kfY' kr~l oZ
L; ; g i fjHkk"kkA
, slk Kku gkusk pkfg, A

l Ir eh &
; fn dksbZHkhi n l IrE; Ur gSrksml i n dkt ksv FkZgSml l sv O;ofgr i w
oZdkdk; Zdjuk
pkfg, ArfLefUufr fufnZ "Vsi w
oZ
L; bl i fjHkk"kk dk ; g rkRi; ZgS
A

i ×peh &
; fn dksbZHkh i n i ×pe; Ur gSrksml i n dk t ksv FkZml l sv O;ofgr i j dk dk; Zdjuk
pkfg, ArLekfnR;q ÙkjL; bl i fjHkk"kk dk ; g rkRi; ZgS
A
"k"BhdkvFkZl EcU/ gSrksl EcU/ dk, d v uq ; ksxhv U; çfr; ksxhgku
skpkfg, A; fn çfr; kxsh
la
[ ; kv kS j v uq
; ksxhl a
[ ; kl eku rks; Fkkl a
[ ; euq
ns'k%l ekuke~; g i fjHkk"kkçoÙ̀kAv kS
j mu çFke
çfr; ksxh dk l EcU/ çFke v uq ; ksxh bl Øe l sl EcU/ t kuuk pkfg, A

98 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
fdl hfof/ l w =k l sfdl hLFkkuhdksoq QN v kns'k dkfo/ ku djrsgS] ogkaLFkkuhl a
a [ ; k; fn i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
v kns
' kl a
[ ; kl sfHkUu gksrksogkaLFkkus¿Urjre%; g i fjHkk"kkdk; ZdjrhgS
AfdUrqLFkkuhosQl n`' kre~
v kns'kdjuspkfg, A
t gk¡l k{kkr~LFkkuhdkfunZ
s'ku gks]fdUrqxq. k' kCn l sxq
. kv kS
j of̀¼ ' kCn l sof̀¼ dkfoèkku
djrsgS
aogkabd%; g "k"BÔUr i n bdksxq . k o`¼h bl i fjHkk"kk }kjk mi fLFkr gksrk gSA
ßLo ' kCn l snh?kZ
' kCn l sv FkokIyq r ' kCn l st gk¡v p~dkfo/ ku gSogkav p%; g "k"BÔUr
i n v p' p bl i fjHkk"kk }kjk mi fLFkr gksrsgS A
a
, d ghy{; dk l a Ldkj osQfy, nksl = Arc mu nksuksadk è; ku ns
wk dghai j , d l kFk çkIr gksrsgS
a a
%
fojks/ gksrk gS
Afojks/ v usd çdkj dk gSAfdUrqfu.kZ; osQfy, fofHkUu i fjHkk"kk gSbl fo"k; esa
l foLrkj l smYys• bl i kB esafd; k gSA

i kBkUr i z'u
1- LFkku "k"Bh dk oS
Q
l sfu.kZ
; djsa
xsA
2- "k"Bh LFkkus;ksxk bl l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
3- v yks¿UR;L; bl l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
4- v usd kfY' kr~l oZ
L; bl l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
5- "k"BhLFkkus;ksxk] v yks¿UR;L; ] fÄPp] v usd kfY' kr~l oZ
L; bu pkjksal w
=kksaosQi jLi j ckèkd Hkko
dksLi "V dhft , A
6- v k| UrkSVfdrkSbl l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
7- fenpks¿UR;kr~i j%bl l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
8- LFkkus¿Urjre%bl l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
9- rfLefUufr fufnZ
"Vsi w
oZ
L; bl l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A

i kBxr i z'uksÙkj
mÙkj Hkkx&û
1- nU}kfn esa
] }U} eè; esa}U}kUr esaJw ; ek.k i n dksçR;sd l sv fHkl a
c/ gSbl dk v FkZgS
&
}U} l ekl osQv kfn eè; v Fkok v Ur esafo| eku }U} l ekl osQv uÄ~ xHkw
r i n dk }U}
l ekl esafo| eku gksusl si nksa}kjk çR;d
s l sv fHk l EcU/ gS] v Uosfr bfrA
2- çR;; %( 3-1-1) i j' p ( 3-1-2) bl v f/ dkj l sv U;=k l w
=k l sfo/ h; eku ; fn fVr~v Fkok
fdr~gksrksv k| UrkSVfdrkS; g i fjHkk"kk çor̀ gksrh gS
A
3- fdl h Hkh l w
=k l sfo/ h; eku ; fn fer~gksrksfenpks¿UR;kr~i j%; g i fjHkk"kk çoÙ̀k gS
A
4- çR;; %(3-1-1) i j' p ( 3-1-2) bl v f/ dkj l sckgj v k| UrkSVfdrkSbl i fjHkk"kkdkçof̀Ùk

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 99
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k {ks=k gS
Al Ei w
. kZv "Vkè; k; hesafenpks¿UR;kr~i j%bl i fjHkk"kk dk çof̀Ùk {ks=k gS
A
5- 3)
6- 4)
7- 1)
8- 3)
9- 3)
è; ku nsa
% mÙkj Hkkx&ü
10- ' kCn esaØe' k%fo| eku o.kZ' kCn osQLo: i gksrsgS
A
a
11- v y~cks/dA
12- ft l i n dk v FkZy{; dk , d v y~gh çkIr gksrk gSog i n v y~cks/d gS
A
13- lw=k esa"k"Bh fufnZ
"V i n gS
Ai jUrqv uq
; ksxh dk mYys• ughagS Aogkal EcU/ fo' ks"k dkS
u gS
; g fu/ kZ
j .kughagksrkAv r%; gk¡fo| eku "k"Bhv fu/ kZ
fjr l EcU/ fo' ks"k"k"BhgS
Abl çdkj
dh "k"Bh LFkku "k"Bh dgykrh gS A
14- ' kCn ' kkL=k esat ks"k"Bh gSml sLFkkus;ksxk l e>uk pkfg, A
15- v y~l eq nk; ck/sd i n l sLFkku "k"Bh gSv kS
j v kns'k , dky~yksi gksrksv yks¿UR;L; ; g
i fjHkk"kkçor̀ gkrshgS
A
16- v y~l eq
nk; cks/d i n l sLFkku "k"BhgSv kS
j vkns'kv usd ky~fÄr~gksrksfÄPp ; g i fjHkk"kk
çoÙ̀kgS
A
17- v y~l eq nk; ck/sd i n l sLFkku "k"BhgSv kS j v kns'k v usd ky~fÄfn~
HkUu v Fkok f' kr~gksrks
v usd kfY' kr~l oZ
L; ; g i fjHkk"kk çoÙ̀k gksrhgS
A
18- i ×pehfunZ
s'kgku
ssl si j osQdk; Zdkfo/ ku gksrksv kns%i jL; ; g i fjHkk"kk çoÙ̀kgksrhgS
A
19- 1)
20- 1)
21- 2)
22- 3)
23- 1)
24- 3)
25- 4)
26- 2)
mÙkj Hkkx&ý
27- l IrehfunZ
s'k gku
ssl sfo/ h; eku dk; Zo.kkZ
Urj l sv O;ofgr i w
oZdksgksrkgS, slk rfLefUufr

100 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k i kB&5
fufnZ
"Vsi w
oZ
L; bl i fjHkk"kk dk v FkZgS
A i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k
28- i ×peh funZs'k gksusl sfo/ h; eku dk; Zdkso.kkZ
Urj l sv O;ofgr i j dksgksrk gS, slk
rLekfnR;q
ÙkjL; bl i fjHkk"kk dk v FkZgS
A
29- lw
=k esal IrE; Ur i n ; fn l a
Kki n gksAml dk v FkZdksbZ' kCn v Fkok o.kZgh gksuk pkfg, rks
rfLefUufr fufnZ "Vsi w
oZ
L; ; g i fjHkk"kk çoÙ̀k gksxhA
30- lw
=k esai ×pe; Ur i n ; fn l a Kki n gksA ml dk v FkZdksbZ' kCn v Fkok o.kZgh gksrks
rLekfnR;q
ÙkjL; ; g i fjHkk"kkçoÙ̀kgksxhA
31- 1) è; ku nsa
%
32- 2)
33- 3)
mÙkj Hkkx&þ
34- "k"Bhl EcU/ dkçfr; ksxh& v uq
; ksxhl [a; k; fn l eku gksrks; Fkkl a
[ ; euq
ns'k%l ekuke~; g
i fjHkk"kkçor̀ gksxhA
35- l EcU/ l nk de l sde nksosQeè; gksrk gS At c l EcU/ gj rksft l dk l EcU/ gSog
l EcU/ dkçfr; ksxhdgykrkgS Aft l esal EcU/ gSog v uq; ksxhdgykrkgSAv FkkZ
r ~çfr; ksxh
l EcU/ v uq
; ksxh osQl kFk gksrk gS
A
36- "k"Bh l EcU/ çfr; ksxh& v uq
; ksxh l a
[ ; k ; fn fo"ke gksrksLFkkus¿Urjre%; g i fjHkk"kk çoÙ̀k
gksrhgSA
37- LFkku] v FkZ
] xq
. k] çek.k Ñr v kUr; Zpkj çdkj dk gS
A
38- 1)
39- 2)
40- 4)
mÙkj Hkkx&ÿ
41- t gk¡l k{kkr~LFkkuhdkfunZ s'k u gksfdUrqxq
. kof̀¼ ' kCn l sxq
. ko`¼hdkfo/ ku gSogkabdks
xq. ko`¼h; g i fjHkk"kkçoÙ̀kgksrhgSA
42- ßLo nh?kZIyq
r l st gkav p~dk fo/ ku gSogkav p' p ; g i fjHkk"kk çoÙ̀k gksrh gS
A
43- bd%; g "k"BÔUr l sçFkek foHkfÙkQgS
A
44- 4)
45- 4)
mÙkj Hkkx&ö
46- , d y{; dk gh l a Ldkj osQfy, ; fn nksl w
=k , d l kFk çkIr gksrsgS
Aaosnksuksal w
=k Hkh
yCèkkodk' k , d y{; dk gh l a
Ldkj osQfy, mi fLFkr gksrsgSArc mu nksuksal w
a =k dk cy

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 101
 i kB&5 i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k

i fj Hkk"kk çd j . k rq
Y; gSmu nksuka
sdk foçfr"ks/ gS
A
47- fuR; l sHkh cyoku v UrjÄ~
x v kS
j v i okn gS
A
48- i j l sHkhçcy fuR; v UrjÄ~
x v kS
j v i okn dk gS
A
49- Ñr v Ñr çl Ä~
x esat ksfof/ og fuR;Av U; l w
=kl sdk; Zfd; kughafd; kt ksfof/ çl T;
og fuR; dgykrh gS
A
50- v f/ d ns'kO;ki d fof/ mRl xZfof/ dgykrh gS
A

% 51- mRl xZfof/ ns'k esav UrHkZ

è; ku nsa r v Yi ns'k O;ki d fof/ v i okn dgykrh gS
w A
52- 2)

102 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/ i kB&6
v Pk~l fU/ esa
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/
6

v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~

&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/ è; ku nsa
%

çÑfr çR;; osQi nksadkst ksM+ r sl e; i woZ

i n dk t ksv fUre o.kZml dk] i jofrZt ksi n gS
ml dkt ksv kfn o.kZgSmudksl ehi ykrsgS A; g l ehi rknksi nka
a sdkfeyku dksNksM+ d j v U;=kl Hkh
t xg v / Z
ek=kkdky v fuok; ZgSAv Fkok gksA; fn ; g l kehI; v / Z ek=kkdky ghgSrksogkal a fgrk gSA
rc l ehi v kusokysi woZi j nksuksao.kks±osQeè; esa, d v Fkoknksuksadkfodkj] i fjorZ u mRiUu gksrk
gSA; g fodkj gh l fU/dk; ZgS Av FkkZ r ~l a
fgrko' k l so.kZ
i fj.kkeAv kns'k v kxe f}Ro yksi bR;kfn
v U;re fodkj gS At c Loj dk fodkj gSrc og Loj l fU/ v Fkok v Pk~ l fU/ dgykrk gS At c
O;×k~
t u dkfodkj gksrkgSrc og O ; ×k~t ul fU/ v FkokgYk~ l fU/ dgykrhgS Abl i kB esavPk~
&l fU/
dk o.kZu fd; k x; k gS
A
lw =kesaft rusi n gS
] fdUrqft rusi nksadhv uqof̀ÙkçkIr gS
] mu l HkhdkfoHkfÙkQopu v kfn
dksl w=k O;k[ ; kesadgrsgS At S
a l s& bdks; .kfp bl l w =kesabd%; g "k"Bh, dopukUr i n gS A; .k~
; g çFkek , dopukUr i n gS Av fp ; g Hkhl Ireh, dopukUr i n gS Abl dksl af{kIr esabl çdkj
Hkh çdV fd; k t krk gSbd%( 6@ 1) ] ; .k~( 1@
1) ] v fp ( 7@1) ; g Hkh mi k; djrsgS Aogk¡ bd%
a
( "k"Bh@
, dopu) bl dksghbd%( 6@ 1) bl : i l sçdV djrsgS Av fp ( l Ireh@
a , dopu) dksgh
v fp ( 7@ 1) bl : i l sçdV djrsgS A; g ; g mi k; ogka
a &ogkat kuuk pkfg, A

mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
d j l {ke gksa
xs&
 nksLojksadh t c l a
f/ gksrh gSrksD; k&D; k i fjorZ
u gksrk gSt ku i kusesa
_
 ; .k~
&l fU/ dksdj i kusesa
_
 xq
. kl fU/ v kS
j of̀¼ l fU/ dksdj i kusesa
_
 xq
. k dk v i okn of̀¼ oS
Q
l sgksrk gS; g t ku i kusesa
_
 of̀¼ osQHkh v oi kn gS
a; g t ku i kusea
_
s

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 103
 i kB&6 v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/

v Pk~l fU/ esa  l o.kZ

nh?kZl fU/ dksdj i kusesa
_
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/  nw
j l sfdl h dk Hkh v kÞoku l a
LÑr Hkk"kkuq
l kj dj l drk gw
¡ t ku i kusesa
_
 çÑfr Hkko dkst kudj dgk¡ çÑfr Hkko gksrk gS; g t ku i kusesa
_

6-1 l a
fgr k; ke~
AA( 6-1-72)
; g v f/ dkj l =
wkgS A; gk¡l sv kjEHkdjosQv uq nkÙkai nesd ot Z
e~( 6-1-158) ; g bl i kn dk
v fUre l w
=k rd bl dk v f/ dkj gS Al afgrk; ke~( 6-1-72) bl l w =k l sv kjEHk v uq
nkÙkai nesd ot Z
e~
è; ku nsa
% ( 6-1-158) bl l w =k l si gyst ksdgrsgS aml sl afgrk esagh t kuuk pkfg, A
i j%l fUud"kZ
%l fagrk bl l w
=k esal a
fgrk D; k gSbl dh O;k[ ; k dh gS
A
nkso.kks±osQeè; esade l sde v / Z ek=kkdkghmPpkj.kdky O;o/ ku l EHko gSugharksml l s
Hkh U;wuAv r%ft u nkso.kks±osQeè; esav / Z ek=kk dky dk O;o/ ku ; fn gSrksmu o.kks±osQeè;
esal a
fgrkgSv kS j la
fgrknksLojksaosQeè; ] nksO;×t uksaosQeè; ] Loj O;×t uksaosQeè; Hkhl EHkogS
A
la
fgrS
d i nsfuR;k fuR;k / krw
i l xZ
; ks%
A
fuR;k l ekl sokD; srql k foo{kkei s{krsAA
okD; osQoÙkQ k okD; esai nksadk mPpkj.k O;o/ ku fouk Hkh dj l drk gS ] O;o/ ku djosQ
Hkh dj l drk gS Ai jUrqt c l ekl gksrk gSrc l ekl esafLFkfr i nksadk mPpkj.k djusesafoyEc
v uq
fpr v kjS' kkL=kfo#¼ gSAoSl sght gka/ krqosQl kFkmil xZ; q ÙkQgSogkaçl Ä~ x gksusi j / krqmi l xZ
dkmPpkj.k O;o/ ku fcuk ghdjuk pkfg, Aft l i n dkfoHkkx djosQv f/ d i n ughadj l drs
og gh, di n dgykrkgS AvFkokt ksi n nksi nksaosQesy l sfu"i Uu ughagksrkgSog , di n dgykrk
gS
A, di n esafLFkr o.kk± sosQmPpkj.kesafoyEc v FkkZ r ~O;o/ ku ughadjukpkfg, At c foyEc jfgr
mPpkj.kgksrkgSrc nkso.kks±osQeè; esav / Z ek=kkdky O;o/ ku gS At c nkso.kks±osQeè; esabl çdkj
dh l ehi rk gksrh gSrc nkso.kks±osQeè; esal a fgrk gS, slk t kuuk pkfg, A; g l ehi rk gh l a fgrk
gS
Aogkal afgrkdkfo"k; gS At gkal a
fgrkdkfo"k; gksrkgSogkal a fgrkf/ dkj esadgsl w=kdk; Zdjrs
gS
Al a
a fgrkesat c o.kZdkv Fkoko.kks±dkcnyko gksrkgS ] rc ; g foi fj.kke Hkhl afgrk] l fU/ bl
uke l sml dk O;ogkj djrsgS A
a
t c nksLojksaosQeè; l a
fgrk gksrh gSrc v Pl fU/ dgykrh gS
A
t c nksO;×k~
t uka
sosQeè; l a
fgrk gksrh gSrc gYl fU/ dgykrh gS
A
t c fol xZfu"i Uu gksrsgS
afol xZdk v U; i fj.kke gksrk gSrc fol xZ
l fU/ dgykrh gS
A
tcla
fgrk gksrh gS
] i jUrqo.kZi fj.kke ughagksrk gSrc çÑfr Hkkol fU/ dgykrh gS
A
; | fi l a
f/ ; ksaosQHksn v kS
j mi Hksn v usd gS
] fi Q
a j Hkhl a
f/ i ka
p gS
] , slk O;kdj.kl Eçnk; esa
a
çfl f¼ gSApkj l fU/; kagh dgh gS Ai ka
a poh l fU/ rksLokfnl fU/ dgykrh gS A
l kekU; : i l sO;kdj.k }kjk , d&, d i n dk l a Ldkj djrsgS Arc i n l a
a Ldkj i {k v Fkok
i nkUok[ ; kui {k dgykrk gSAi jUrql fU/ çdj.k esackgqY; l sl ekl esav Fkok okD; esafLFkr nksuksa
i nksadk l aLdkj djrsgS A
a ; g okD; l aLdkj i {k v Fkok okD; kUok[ ; kui {k dgykrk gS
A

104 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/ i kB&6
6-2 bd ks; . kfpAA( 6-1-77) v Pk~l fU/ esa
lw & v p~osQi jsjgrsbo~
=kkFkZ QosQLFkku esa; .k~gksrk gSl a
fgrk fo"k; esa
A ; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/
& bl xzUFk esa; g ghçFke fof/ l w
v o/ s;e~ =k gS
Abl fy, v U; l w =kksal sbl dhoq
Q
N foLrkj
l sO;k[ ; k djuh gS
A, d t xg dh O;k[ ; ku dksfofHkUu LFkkuksaesai kBd Lo; agh l e> ysaxsA
=kO;k[ ; k& fof/ l w
lw =k gS
Abl l w
=k esarhu i n gS
Abd%; .k~v fp ; sl w
a =kxr i nPNsn gS
A
bd%; g "k"Bh , dopukUr i n gS A; gk¡"k"Bh dk v FkZl EcU/ gSAl EcU/ dk , d çfr; ksxh
v U; v uq ; ksxhgS Açfr; ksxhdkl EcU/ v uq; ksxhosQl kFkgkrskgS
Abl l w ; ksxhdkmYys• ugha è; ku ns
=kesav uq a
%
gSAv r%v uq ; ksxhjfgr ; g LFkku "k"BhgSAfdUrqbd~v Yk~cks/d i n gS Av r%"k"BhLFkkus;ksxk bl
i fjHkk"kk }kjk LFkku ; g i n mi fLFkr gksrk gS Arc bo~ QosQLFkku esa; g v FkZçkIr gksrk gS
A
; .k~; g çFkek , dopukUr i n gS
A; .k~; gk¡ fo/ s; gS
A
v fp ; g l Ireh , dopukUr i n] ; g i jl IrehA bl fy, rfLefUufr fufnZ
"Vsi w
oZ
L; bl
i fjHkk"kk }kjk v p~dksv O;ofgr i w
oZdk ; g v FkZçkIr gS
A
l fagrk; ke~( 7@1) ; g v f/ dkj gSA^Hkofr* bl fØ; ki n dk v è; kgkj djrsga Al w
S =k ?kVd
rhu i n HkhçR;kgkj : i gS Av r%bd~; g l a Kk] b m½ Æbu l a fK; ksadks; gk¡t kuukpkfg, Arc
i n ; kst uk gksrhgS &l a
fgrk esav p~osQi jsv O;ofgr i woZbo~QosQLFkku esa; .k~gksrk gS
Al w
=kkFkZgS&
lafgrk v p~o~ sQi jsbd~osQLFkku esa; .k~gksrk gS
Av FkkZ
r ~bd~osQi jsv p~gS ] bd~v p~buosQeè;
esav / Zek=kk v f/ d dky O;o/ ku v Hkko gSrk]s bd~osQLFkku esa; .k~gksrk gS Av b mÆ, v ks, s
v kSbu l Hkhesa, d osQi jsb m½ Æbu o.kks±osQLFkku esa; ~o~j~y~; so.kZv kns'k gks; g l w =kkFkZ
gSA
bd~v fo/ h; eku gSAv r%bdkj osQ18] mdkj osQ18] ½dkj osQ30 ; s66 o.kZLFkkuhgS A
; .k~fo/ h; eku gS
Av r%; ~o~j~y~; spkj ghv kns'kgS A; gk¡LFkkuhl a
a [ ; kl sv kns'kl a
[ ; kdkoS
"kE;
gSAbl fy, ; gk¡ LFkkus¿Urjre%; g i fjHkk"kk yxrh gSv kS
j oS
l s& l q
/ h mi kL; %bR;kfn mnkgj.kksaesa
LFkkuÑr l kn`' ; ysd j bo.kZosQLFkku esa; dkj] mo.kZosQLFkku esaodkj] ½o.kZosQLFkku esajsiQ ]
Æo.kZosQLFkku esaydkj gksrk gS A
bd~i n l s66 o.kks±dhmi fLFkfr v .kq
fnRl o.kL
Z; pkçR;; %bl l w =kl ×k~
pkj.kl si jsgksrkgSA
çFke rksbd~i n l spkj o.kZghmi fLFkfr gkrssgSA
a; .k~
&i n l spkj o.kZmifLFkr gksrsgSAv r%çkFkfed
a
mi fLFkfr ysd j LFkkuhpkj gSv kns'kkHkhpkj gaA
Sbl fy, ; Fkkl a
[ ; euqns'k%l ekuke~bl i fjHkk"kk}kjk
bdkj osQLFkku esa; dkj] mdkj osQLFkku esaodkj] ½dkj osQLFkku esajsiQ ] Ædkj osQLFkku esaydkj
bl mís'; Øe l sv kns'kçor̀ gksrsgS Av p~bl dhl a
a [ ; kbd~v kS j ; .k~osQl eku ughagSAv r%dksbZ
Hkh Øe ughagS Av FkkZr ~bd~l si jsv p~osQeè; l sdksbZHkh Loj gSrks; .kkns'k gksrk gS A
mnkgj . k & eádkj%
Aeádkj%
A
lw =kkFkZl eUo; & eák%v kdkj%; g l ekl foxzgA"k"Bh rRiq #"k l ekl djusi j l ekl esa
fLFkr ' kCnksaesafo| eku foHkfÙkQ
; ksadk yq d ~gksrk gS
] v FkkZ
r ~foHkfÙkQ
; kayq
Ir gksrh gS
At S
a l segh bl
' kCn l si jsfo| eku "k"Bhyq Ir gSAoS l sHkhçR;; yksisçR;; y{k.ke~bl i fjHkk"kk}kjkog foHkfÙkQ

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 105
 i kB&6 v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/

v Pk~l fU/ esa ogkagS, slkekudj eghbl dkl q fIrÄUrai ne~bl l w =kl si nl a
KkgksrhgSAl ekl kFkZ& eghi f̀FkohA
ml dkv kdkj esai fjorZ uAi f̀FkO;ki fjek.kA; gk¡l ekl gSAv r%nksi nksai j l fUuf/ v fuok; ZghgS A
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/ bl çdkj ; gk¡ l a fgrk gSAeghv kdkj%bl fLFkfr esav kdkj l sv O;ofgri w oZbZd kj gS
& ; | fi bo~Q
bl çR;kgkj esabZ d kj ughagS ] oSl sgh bd~v fo/ h; eku gS A v r%v .kqfnRl o.kZL; pkçR;; %bl
xzg.kd' kkL=k l sbd~nh?kZbZd kj dk Hkh cks/d gksrk gS Av r%bdks; .kfp bl çÑrl w =k l sbZ
d kj osQ
LFkku esa; dkj djusi j eg~; ~v kdkj%; g fLFkfr gksrh gS Arc&

¹ 6-3º l a
; ksxkUrL; y ksi%
AA( 8-2-23)
è; ku nsa
% lw &l a
=kkFkZ ; ksxkUr t ksi n ml osQv a
fre v y~dk yksi gksrk gS
A
lw=kO;k[ ; k&fof/ l w =k gS
Al a ; ksxkUrL; yksi%bl l w =k esanksi n gS Al a ; ksxkUrL; ( 6@ 1) ] yksi%
( 1@ 1) A i nL; bl dk v f/ dkj gS Al a ; ksx%v Urs; L; rr~l a ; ksxkUre~; gk¡ cgq ozhfg l ekl gS A
la; ksxkUrL; i nL; yksi%; g i n; kst ukA; gk¡l a ; ksxkUrL; i nL; ; snksl eku foHkfÙkQnksi n gS Amu
nksuksaesa, d fo' ks"k.kv kjSnw l jkfo' ks"; gS Av r%rnUrfof/ gksrhgS Arc oS l kghfo' ks"; xzg.kdjus
; ksX; gSft l osQv Ur esafo' ks"k.kgS A; gk¡l a ; ksxkUrL; ; g fo' ks"k.kAi nL; ; g fo' ks"; ArnUrfof/ l s
rFkk i n dk xzg.k gSft l osQv Ur esal a ; ksx gS Arc l w =k dk v FkZgS &l a; ksxkUr t ksi n ml dk yksiA
( oLrq r %l w =k esal a
; ksxkUrL; , slk u dgdj l a ; ksxL; , slk dguk pkfg, Aml l sHkh dk; Zfl ¼ gksrs
gSA) ^l a
a ; ksxkUra; r~i narL; * bl dk çdV l a ; ksxkUri nL; , slk gksrkgS Aogkav c l a ; ksxkUri nL; ; g
i n "k"BÔUr gS ArRin v Yl eq nk; & cks/d gS Av FkkZ r ~l a
; ksxkUri nL; bl ' kCn dkv FkZosQ oy , d gh
o.kZughav fi rqo.kZ l eqnk; Av uq ; ksxhfojg l sogkt ks"k"Bhog LFkku "k"BhgS A, ; j t ksv kns'kog
yksi gS Abl fy, ghv yksUR;L; bl i fjHkk"kkl ×k~ pkj l sv FkZgksrkgS &l a; ksxkUr t ksi n ml osQv a fre
v y~dk yksi gksrk gS A
mnkgj . k & eg~; ~v kdkj%; g fLFkfr gS
Ai w
oZ
lw=kesadgkghgSdheg~; ~; g i n gS
AfdUrq
ml osQv Ur esaÞ$; ~bl dk l a
; ksx gS
Av r%çÑrl w=k l s; dkj dk yksi çkIr gS
Arc&

6-3-1) ; . k%çfr "ks/ ksokP; %

A( okfr Z
d e~
)
la; ksxkUr ; .k~ykis dkçfr"ks/] fu"ks/ gks; g okfrZ
d kFkZgS
Abl okfrZ
d l s; dkjyksi dkfu"ks/
gksrk gS
Abl çdkj eg~; ~v kdkj%; g fLFkfr gksrh gS Arc&

6-4 v pksj gkH; ka} sAA( 8-4-46)

lw & v p~l smÙkj jsiQgdkj l si js; j~dksnksgksrk gS
=kkFkZ A
lw=k O;k[ ; k& fof/ l w =k gS
Abl esarhu i n gS Av p%jgkH; ke~}s; sl w
a =kxr i nPNsn gS
Av p%
( 5@1) ] jgkH; ke~( 5@ 2) ] }s( 1@2) A; jks¿uq
ukfl osQ
¿uq
ukfl dksokbl l w =kl s; j%bl "k"BÔUr i n dh
v uqof̀r v k jghgSv kS j ok bl v O;; dhHkh v uq of̀r gSAi n ; kst uk& v p%jgkH; ke~; j%}sbfrA
v p%; g i ×pehfufnZ "V i n gS
A; g fnX; ksx i ×pehgS Av r%v p~l smÙkj ; g v FkZçkIr gksrk gS A
jgkH; ke~; g fufnZ"V i n gSA; g fnX; ksx i ×pehgS Avr%js i Qgdkj l si js; g v FkZçkIr gksrkgSAl =
wkkFkZ
gksrk gS& v p~l smÙkj jsiQgdkj i js; j~dksnksgksrk gS A

106 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/ i kB&6
mnkgj . k & eg~; ~v kdkj%; gk¡ i j edkj l si jsv p~v dkj gS Aml l si jsgdkj gS
Aml l s v Pk~l fU/ esa
i js; j~; dkj gS
Av r%çÑrl w =kl s; j~osQ; dkj dksfodYi l sf}Ro gksrkgS
Aml l snksi {kmi fLFkr
gksrsgaS& f}Ro v Hkkoi {kv kS
j f}Roi {kAt c f}Ro v Hkkoi {krc eg~; ~v kdkj%bl fLFkfr esao.kks±
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/
osQesy l seákdkj%; g l k/ q: i fl ¼ gksrk gS Af}Roi {k esaeg~; ~v kdkj%; g fLFkfr gS
Arc&

¹ 6-5º gy ks; eka; fe y ksi%

AA( 8-4-64)
lw & gy~osQi js; e~dk yksi fodYi l sgks; e~osQi jsjgrsA
=kkFkZ
=k O;k[ ; k &fof/ l w
lw =k gS
A; gkapkj i n gS
Agy%; eke~; fe yksi%; sl w =kxr i nPNsn gS
A è; ku ns
a
%
gy%( 5@ 1) ] ; eke~( 6@3) ] ; fe ( 7@
1) ] yksi%( 1@
1) A>; ksgks¿U;rjL; ke~bl l w=kl sv U;rjL; ke~
bl foHkfÙkQçfr: i d v O;; dhv uq of̀r gSml dk fodYi ; g v FkZgS Al w=kkFkZ
& gy l smÙkj ; e~
dk yksi fodYi l sgks; fe i jsjgrsA
mnkgj . k& eg~; ~; ~v kdkj%; gk¡ gy~gdkj gS Aml l si js; e~; dkj gS Aml osQckn nw l jk
; dkj ; e~i jsgSAv r%ml osQLFkku esafodYi l syksi gksrk gS Av FkkZ
r ~gdkj l si jorhZ; dkj dk
fodYi l syksi gkrskgSArc ykisi {kesaeg~; ~v kdkj%] o.kZfeyku djusl seákdkj%; g : i fu"i Uu
gksrk gS
Ayksi v Hkkoi {k esaeákdkj%, slk nks; dkj l s; q
ÙkQ: i fu"i Uu gksrk gS
A
bl çdkj eákdkj%eákdkj%; snks: i fl ¼ gksrsgS
A
a

6-6 v ufp pAA( 8-4-47)

lw & v p~osQi js; j~dksgksrk gSv p~osQi jsugha
=kkFkZ A
lw=k O;k[ ; k& fof/ l w =k gSA bl l w =k esanksi n gS sA u v p~v up~ ] rfLeu~v ufp bfr
u×k~&rRi#
q"kl ekl Ap ; g v O;; i n gS A; jks¿uq
ukfl osQ
¿uqukfl dksok ( 8-4-44) bl l w=k l s; j%bl
"k"Bh, dopukUr i n dhv uq of̀r gSv kS
j ok bl v O;; dhv uq of̀r gS
Av pksjgkH; ka}sbl l w=k l s
v p%bl i ×peh , dopukUr i n dh] }sbl çFkek f}opukUr i n dh v uq of̀r gS
Arc i n ; kst uk
gksrhgS& v p%; j%}sokv ufpAv ufp p ; gk¡i j çt L; çfr"ks/ gS Aml l sv FkZgksrk gS& v fp
ughagksrk gS
Al Ei w. kZl w
=k dk v FkZ
& v p l si js; j dksnksgksrk gSv p~dksugha A
mnkgj . k & e/ ks%v fj%; g foxzg gS Al ekl djusi j l qi dk yq d djusi j i qu%l qçR;;
djusi j e/ qv fj%; g fLFkfr gksrhgS A; gk¡bd~mdkj v p v dkj l sv O;ofgr i w oZgSAv r%bdks
; .kfp bl l w =k l smdkj osQLFkku esaLFkkus¿Urjre%bl i fjHkk"kk cy l sodkj gksrk gSArc e/ ~o~
v fj%; g fLFkfr gS A; gk¡v c edkj l si jst ksv dkj og v p~gS Aml l si js; j~/ dkj gSAml l si js
v p~ughagS Av r%v ufp p bl l w =k l s/ dkj dksnks/ dkj gq, Av FkkZ
r ~f}Ro gksrk gS
A; g f}Ro gS
i jUrqv kns'k gksusl sx.kuk ughadjrsgS Af}Ro djusi j e/ ~/ ~o~v fj%; g fLFkfr gksrh gS Arc &
( v kxsosQl =wk dk mnkgj.k ns• uk pkfg, )
fr & l fU/ çdj.kesav usd t xg l ekl djosQl fU/ çnf' kZ
l fU/ çd j . kesal ekl d hçLr q r
gS
Av r%l ekl fo"k; esaoq Q
N Kku v ko' ; d gSAv r%ml s; gk¡dgrsgS A; g osQ
a oy KkukFkZosQfy,
gSi jh{kk osQfy, ugha A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 107
 i kB&6 v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/

v Pk~l fU/ esa e/ ks%v fj%, slk foxzgAl ekl djusi j nksi n osQeè; esa, d dk i w oZfui kr v i j dk i j
fui kr gksrk gS Afdl i n dk dgk¡ LFkku gSbl fo"k; esai kf.kfueq fu usO;oLFkk dh gS Aml eèkks%
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/bl i n dhi w oZLFkki uk] v fj%bl i n dhi j LFkki ukAbudk l ekl gksrkgSÑÙkf¼rl ekl k' p bl
l= wkl s^e/ k%s v fj%
* bl l eq nk; dhçkfri fnd l a KkgS Açkfri fnd l K akgku
ssi j l qi ksèkkrq
çkfri fnd; ks%
bl l w =kl sçkfri fnd dkv o; oHkw r lq Ck~
&foHkfÙkQ; ksadkyq d ~gksrkgS Av FkkZ
r ~v n' kZ
uagksrkgS Aml l s
e/ q $v fj ; sfoHkfÙkQjfgr ' kCn ' ks"kjgrsgS Aml osQckn Ä~
a ; kIçkfri fndkr~bl l w =kl se/ q$v fj bl
l eq nk; l si jsi qul qi ~foHkfÙkQdk fo/ ku djrsgS Aml l se/ q
a $v fj$l q; g fLFkfr gksrh gS AçfØ; k
}kjkeèofj%; g : i fu"i Uu gksrkgS Al Hkht xg l ekl gksrkgSrks; g ghçfØ; kgS Ai jUrqbl çdkj
% l ekl çdj.k esarksughai <+
è; ku nsa k gSAv r%; g çi ×k~ p Hkkj dhdYi uk bl gsrql sv c osQ oy ft Kkl k
' kka
r djusosQfy, nsjgsgS ] i jh{kk osQfy, ugha
a Al fU/ çdj.k esav usd l ekl dk yk?ko gksusl s
çdV esarksbl çdkj & e/ ks%v fj%; g foxzg gS Al ekl djusi j Hkhl q i ksdkyq d iq ul q c~
&foèkku
gksusl se/ qv fj%; g fLFkfr gksrh gS A
O;q kusosQfy , ; g fo"k; Ai j h{kk osQfy , ugha& v ufp ; gk¡l ekl fo"k;
RifÙk Kku c<+
esaoq
Q
N&
u×k~bl dk v FkZçfr"ks/ v Fkok fu"ks/ gS
Ai ; Z
nkl çfr"ks/ çl T; çfr"ks/ bu Hksn l sçfr"ks/ nks
q
çdkj dk gS
A
i;Znkl çfr "ks/ & t c nksi nksadkl ekl gksrkgSrc mu nksi nksadki jLi j v kdkÄ~
q {kkfno' k
l sv Uo; @
l EcU/ gksrk gS
Auì nkl %bl l ekl dk foxzg uì L; nkl %gS Auì D; k ; g ft Kkl k gksrh
gSAnkl %bl mÙkj l sog ' kkUr gksrh gS Ankl l sod i fjpjAnkl %bl ' kCn LoHkko gh gSdh nkl
fdl hdkgksrkgS Av r%ogkft Kkl kgksrhgSdhnkl fdl dkAuì L; bl mÙkj l sog ft Kkl k' kkUr
gksrh gS
Av FkkZ
r ~uì dk nkl l sl EcU/ gksusi jAnkl dk uì l sl EcU/ gksusi jA
bl çdkj t c u×k~bl v O;; dk l ekl gksrk gSrc u czkã.k%v czkã.k%; g l eLr i n
fu"i Uu gkrskgS
Arc u×k~bl v O;; dkv ghv o' k"skjgrkgS Afu"ks/ ghu×kFkZgS Arc fdl dkfu"ksèkA
czkã.k dk fu"ks/A; gk¡ u×kFkZfu"ks/ dk v Uo; @ l EcU/ czkã.k esagS Arksl ekl dk v FkZD; k gS \
l ekl kFkZgS& czkã.kfHkUu czkã.kl n`' kAdk gSczkã.k fHkUu czkã.kl n`' kA{kf=k; A; g fu"ks/ i ; Z
nkl
q
dgykrkgS A
okD; l sfof/ v Fkokfu"ks/ gksrkgSAt Sl st y dksnks; g fof/ At y dkser nks; g fu"ksèkA
i;Znkl gksusl sfu"ks/ dkçk/ kU; ughagS
q ] fof/ dkçk/ kU; gS ] fdUrqu×k~dkft l esav Uo; gSml l s
l n`' kdkxzg.kogkagksrkgS] u×k~vUo; l smÙkji n es aczkã.kgSAbl çdkj ges'kkczkã.kfHkUu czkã.k
l n`' kbl çdkj v FkZt kuukpkfg, Av l sod%t krkgS & l sod fHkUu l sod l n`' kt krkgS
A; gk¡xeu
fØ; k dk v Hkko foof{kr ughagS A
çl T; çfr "ks/ & l kSç; Ru djusi j Hkh rksrsosQl eku cd ughai <+l drk bl mnkgj.k esa
u×k~gS Aml dk fdl h osQl kFk Hkh l ekl ughagS A; | fi okD; esau×k~dghai j Hkh fyf• r gSoS ls
Hkhml dk v Uo; @ l EcU/ ges'kk l ekfi dk fØ; k osQl kFk gksrk gS
Av r%u i kBÔrsbl dk v Uo; gS A
bl fØ; k l sfu"ks/ ç/ ku gS Ai kBu fØ; k dk v Hkko eq [ ; gksusl sfoof{krAbu LFkyksai j çl T;
çfr"ks/ gSAml esafu"ks/ ç/ ku gS ] u×k~dk v Uo; fØ; k esagS A

108 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/ i kB&6
u×k~l ekl gSrksi ; Z
nkl v FkZv Hkh"V gS
q Ai jUrqdghai j l ekl esaHkh çl T; çfr"ks/kFkZu×k~ v Pk~l fU/ esa
fn• kbZnsrk gSArc og l ekl v l eFkZl ekl dgykrk gS Av FkkZ
r ~v l eFkZl ekl ughadjuk pkfg,
oSl sHkhdghai j fn• kbZnsrk gSv kS
j v Ä~
xhdkj djrsgS Av ufp p bl l w
a =kesav ufp ; gk¡l ekl esa
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/
çl T; çfr"ks/ gSA

6-7 >y kat ' k~>f' kAA( 8-4-53)

=kkFkZ& >y~osQLFkku esat ' k~gksrk gS>' k~osQi jsl a
lw fgrk fo"k; hHkw
r esa
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=k gS
Abl l w
=k esarhu i n gS
A>yke~t ' k~>f' k ; sl w=k esamfYyf• r è; ku ns
a
%
i nksadk l fa/ foPNsn gSAogka>yke~( 6@ 3) & "k"Bh cgq opuAt ' k~( 1@1) çFkek , dopuA>f' k
( 7@ 1) l Ireh, dopuAr; ksÕokZ ofp l a
fgrk; ke~( 8-2-108) bl l w
=kLFk l a
fgrk; ke~bl i n dk Hkh
v f/ dkj gS AçkIr i n dkfeyku djusi j t ksfLFkfr gksrhgSog& l afgrk; ke~>ykat ' k~>f' kAl w
=kkFkZ
gS& >y~osQLFkku esat ' k~gksrk gS>' k~osQi jsl a
fgrk esa
A
mnkgj . k & v ufp p bl l w =kl se/ ~/ ~o~v fj%; g fLFkfr mRiUu gS Aogka>y~çFke èkdkj
gSAv kS
j og >' k%f}rh; / dkj l sv O;ofgri w oZgSAv r >ykat ' k~>f' k bl l w=kl sçFke / dkj osQ
LFkku esat ' k~gksrk gS
A, d osQLFkkuh t ' k~& t c x M n ; si ka p v kns'k çkIr gSAmuesadkS u&l k
v kns'kgksALFkkuhl a [ ; k v kns'kl a
[ ; kl sfHkUu gS Av r%LFkkus¿Urjre%; g i fjHkk"kk; gk¡çoÙ̀kgksrh
gSAogkaLFkkuh/ dkj osQl n`' kre v kns'kgS ALFkkuh/ dkj dkmPpkj.kLFkku nUr gS Av kns'kesat dkj
dk mPpkj.kLFkku rkyqgS ] cdkj dk v ks"B] xdkj dk d.B] Mdkj dk ew / kZ
] ndkj dk nUrAv r%
/ dkj l sl n`' kre muesafo/ h; eku ndkj , d ghçkIr gS Av r%çFke / dkj osQLFkku esandkj djus
i j e n~/ ~o~v fj%; g fLFkfr gS Arc l a ; ksxkUrL; yksi%bl l w=k l sodkj dk yksi çkIr gksusi j
; .k%çfr"ks/ksokP; %bl okfrZ d l syksi dkfu/ s"kdjusi j o.kks±dkesy djosQfy• usi j e¼ofj%
; g : i fl ¼ gksrk gS A
a
v ufp p bl l w =k l sf}Ro dksfodYi l sdjrsgS At c f}Ro gksrk gSrc e¼ofj%; g : i
a
gksrk gSbl dk mYys• fd; k gS A; fn f}Ro ughagksrk gSrksf}Ro v Hkko i {k esae / ~o~v fj%bl
fLFkfr esal ;aksxkUrL; yksi%bl l w=kl sodkj dkyksi çkIr gksusi j ; .k%çfr"ks/ksokP; %bl okfrZ
d
l syksi dkfu/ s"kdjusi j o.kks±dkesy djosQfy• usi j eèofj%; g : i fl ¼ gksrkgS Abl çdkj
e¼ofj%eèofj%; snks: i fu"i Uu gksrsgS A
a

v kUrj r E; i j h{kk &

LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkdkt gkaçoÙ̀kgkrshgSogkaLFkkuh}kjkl n`' kre v kns'kdjukpkfg, A
l kn`' ; LFkku v FkZxq. k çek.k l spkj çdkj dk gS Al n`' kre~v kns'k dk v Uos"k.k djusosQfy,
v kUrjrE; i jh{kk djrsgS av kSj ml i jh{kk dk ; gk¡ oq
Q
N çn' kZ u djrsgS A
a
çek. kÑn~v kU
r ; ZgSv Fkokugha & çek.k; gk¡mPpkj.kdkyALFkkuh/ dkj v/ Z
ekf=kd] vkns
'k
t ' k~t c x M n ; si kap l Hkh v / Z
ekf=kd gaAv r%muesadksbZ, d çek.k l sv Urjre~ughagS
S A
v FkZ e gSv Fkok ugha& o.kks±dk dksbZHkh v FkZ; gkaxzg.k ughagS
Ñn~v kUr; Z Al eq
nk; gh
v FkZ
oku~ml dk , dns'k v uFkZ
d ; g U;k; gS
Av r%v FkZl sv kUr; Zdk fopkj ughadjuk pkfg, A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 109
 i kB&6 v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/

v Pk~l fU/ esa xq. kÑnkUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha& xq

. k ' kCn dkv FkZ; gk¡cká; Ru gS
ALFkkuh/ dkj l sv kns'k
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/ esat ksft l dk cká; Ru l eku gSog v kns'k / dkj }kjk l n`' kre~
Acká; Ru foLrkj l fgr fuEu esa
çnf' kZ
r fd; st krsgSA
a
o. kZ cká; Ru
LFkkuh / la
okj ukn ?kks"k egkçk. k
vkns'kk t lo
akj ukn ?kk"sk vYi çk.k
c lo
akj ukn ?kk"sk vYi çk.k
è; ku nsa
%
x lo
akj ukn ?kk"sk vYi çk.k
M lo
akj ukn ?kk"sk vYi çk.k
n lo
akj ukn ?kk"sk vYi çk.k
; gk¡l Hkhv kns'kka
sosQcká; Ru l eku ghgS
Ai jUrqv kns'kksaesafdl hHkho.kZdkcká; Ru LFkkuh
a
/ dkj }kjkl eku ughagS Av r%dksbZHkh, d o.kZl n`' kre~ughagS Av r%xq . kÑr~v kUr; Zl EHko ugha
gS
A
LFkkuÑn~v kUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha & LFkkuh/ dkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku nUr gS
Av kns'kksaesat dkj
dkmPpkj.kLFkku rkyq ] cdkj dkv ks"B] xdkj dkd.B] Mdkj dkew / kZ
] ndkj dknUrAv r%èkdkj
dk l n`' kre muesafo/ h; eku ndkj , d gh çkIr gS
A
; gk¡, d ykS
fdd mnkgj.k fo"k; dk l q cks/ osQfy, nsrsgS &t S
a l sjke n' k euq
"; ksadksdgrs
gS
adh esjsgkFk esai ka
p v keziQ
y gS
Av ki esaft l osQgkFk esaesjsi Q
y osQl n`' kre~i Q
y gSml dkseS a
iq
j Ldkj nw¡xkA
ogkaçFke çl Ä~ x & ogkaçR;sd euq "; ksaosQgkFk esai ka
p iQy gS
Ai jUrqfdl h osQi kl , d
a
v keziQ
y] fdl h osQi kl nks] fdl h osQi kl rhu i q u%pkj bfrAfdl h , d eUnkj osQgkFk esai ka p
v keziQ
y gSArc dkS
a u l n`' kre~Arc ft l osQgkFkesai kap v keziQ y gSog ghl n`' kre~
Av r%i qj Ldkj
eUnkj osQfy, nsrsgSA
a
f}rh; çl Ä~
x& muesaçR;sd euq "; osQgkFk esai ka
p iQ y gSAfdUrql Hkh osQgkFk esai ka
a p
cnji Q y gSA, d osQHkhgkFk esav keziQ
a y ughagS
Arc dkS u l n`' kre~
Arc l Hkhl eku gS
AdksbZ, d
l n`' kre~ughagSAv r%i q
j Ldkj ughansrsgSA
a
v r%; fn v kns'k fo| eku gksusi j l Hkh l eku gS
arksmuesadksbZHkh v Urjre~ughagS
A

6-7-1) : i l k/ u
O;kdj.kdkç/ ku dk; ZgSçfØ; k}kjkl k/ q' kCn dkfu"i knu djukAl k/ q' kCn dkfu"i knu
djusesaØe' k%v usd l w =kksadkç; ksx gksrkgSAog çfØ; kgh: i l k/ u gS A: i l k/ u v R;Ur v Yi
' kCnksa}kjk çdV dj l drsgS ] v kS
a j v R;f/ d foLrkj l sçnf' kZ
r dj l drsgS
A; gk¡mnkgj.k : i l s
a
lq ¼; qi kL; %bl : i dksy?kqeè; e v kS j foLrr̀ mi k; l sçnf' kZ
r djrsgS
A
a

110 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/ i kB&6
çd kj & û & osQ
oy i fj.kke @v kns'k d k mYys• v Pk~l fU/ esa
lq¼; q i kL; %& ; d kj esafod Yi l sf} Ro nd kj d j usi j f}Roi {k esal q
¼; q
i kL; %v kS
j ; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/
f}Ro v Hkkoi {k esal q
è; q
i kL; %; g : i fl ¼ gkrsk gS
A
çd kj & ü & LFkkuh v kS
j v kns'k dk mYys•
lq i kL; %& bZ
¼; q d kj d k ; dkj djusi j] / d kj dkfodYi l sf}Ro djusi j] çFke èkd kj
osQLFkku esandkj djusi j] ; d kj d k y ksi çkIr gksusi j ] ml dk fu"ks/ gksusi j f}Roi {k esa
lq
¼; iqkL; %v kS
j f}RokHkkoi {k esal q
è; q
i kL; %; g : i fl ¼ gksrk gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
çd kj & ý & LFkkuh dksv kns'k dk v kS
j fufeÙk d k mYys•
lq¼; qi kL; %& md kj i j sbZ
d kj osQLFkku esa; dkj djusi j] v p i j s/ dkj dk fodYi
l sf}Ro djusi j] / d kj i j sçFke / dkj osQLFkku esandkj djusi j] i nkUr gksusl s; dkj dk
yksi çkIr gksusi j] ml dk fu"ks/ djusi j f}Roi {k esal q
¼; q
i kL; %v kS
j f}RokHkkoi {k esal q
è; q
i kL; %
; s: i fl ¼ gksrk gSA
çd kj & þ & çR;kgkj d k LFkkuh v kns'k dk v kS
j fufeÙk dk mYys•
lq¼; qi kL; %& v p~mdkj i jsbo~ QbZ d kj osQLFkku esa; . k~; dkj djusi j] v p~mdkj l s
i js; j / dkj dksfodYi l sf}Ro gksusi j] >' k~/ dkj i jsçFke / dkj osQLFkku esat ' k~ndkj djus
i j] i nkUr gksusl s; dkj dkyksi çkIr gksusi j] ml dkfu"ks/ djusi j f}Roi {kesal q ¼~;q
i kL; %
] v kS
j
f}RokHkkoi {k esal qè; q
i kL; %; g : i fl ¼ gksrk gSA
çd kj & ÿ & çR;kgkj dk LFkkuh v kns'k v kS
j fufeÙk l w
=k d k mYys•
lq ¼; q
i kL; %& bd ks; . kfp bl l w =k l sv p~mdkj i jsbo~ QbZ d kj osQLFkku esa; .k~; dkj
djusi j] v ufp p bl l w =k l sv p~mdkj l si js; j~/ dkj dksfodYi l sf}Ro djusi j] >y ka
t ' k~>f' kbl l w=kl s>' k/ dkj i js>y~çFke / dkj osQLFkku esat f' kndkj djusi j] l a ; ksxkUrL;
y ksi%bl l w=k l si nkUr ; dkj dkyksi çkIr gku ssi j] ; . k%çfr "k/ ksokP; %bl okfr Z d l s; yksi
dk fu"ks/sdjusi j f}Roi {k esal q ¼; q
i kL; %v kjSf}RokHkkoi {k esal q è; q
i kL; %: i fl ¼ gksrk gS A
çd kj & ö & fLFkfr çR;kgkj dk LFkkuh v kns'k v kS
j fufeÙk l w
=k dk mYys•
lq¼~;q / hmi kL; %bl fLFkfr esabdks; .kfp bl l w
i kL; %& l q =kl sv p~mdkj i jsbo~ QbZd kj
osQLFkku esa; .k~; dkj djusi j] l q / ~; ~mi kL; %; g gqv k v ufp p bl l w =k l sv ufp / dkj i js
v p~mdkj l si js; j / dkj dksfodYi l sf}Ro gksusi j] l q/ ~/ ~; ~mi kL; %; g gksusi j >yka
t ' k~>f' kbl l w=kl s>' k~/ dkj i js>y çFke / dkj osQLFkku esat ' k~ @t ' Ro ndkj djusi j] ; .k%
çfr"k/ ksokP; %bl okfrZ d l s; yksi dkfu"ks/ djusi j l qn~/ ~; ~mi kL; %, sl sgksusi j l Hkho.kks±
dk feyku djusi j f}Roi {k esal q ¼~ ;q
i kL; %v kSj f}RokHkkoi {k esal q i kL; %: i fl ¼ gksrk gS
è; q A
çd kj & ÷ & fLFkfr esaçR;kgkj dk LFkkuh v kns'k fufeÙk l w
=k dk i fj Hkk"kk l smYys•
lq¼~
;qi kL; %& l q
/ hmi kL; %bl fLFkfr esabdks; .kfp bl l w =kl sv p mdkj i jsbd bZ d kj
osQLFkku esa; .k djusi j LFkkus¿Urj r e%bl i fj Hkk"kk l sLFkku v kUr; Zl s; dkj djusi j] l qèk~
; ~mi kL; %bl fLFkfr esav ufp p bl l w =k l sv ufp ; dkj i jsv p mdkj l si js; j / dkj dks

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 111
 i kB&6 v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/

v Pk~l fU/ esa fodYi l sf}Ro djusi j] l q/ ~/ ~; ~mi kL; %bl fLFkfr esa>ykat ' k~>f' k bl l w =kl s>' k / dkj
i js>y çFke / dkj osQLFkku esat ' k@t ' Ro djusi j LFkkus¿Urj r e%i fj Hkk"kk l sLFkku v kUr; Zndkj
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/ djusi j] v y ks¿UR;L; i fj Hkk"kkcy l sl a; ksxkUrL; yksi%l w =kl s; yksi çkIr gksusi j ; .k%çfr"kèks
okP; %okfrZd l s; yksi dk fu"ks/ djusi j l qn~/ ~; ~mi kL; %gksusi j l Hkho.kks±dkfeyku djus
i j f}Roi {k esal q
¼~;q
i kL; %v kS
j f}RokHkkoi {k esal q
è; q
i kL; %: i fl ¼ gksrk gS A

i kBxr i z'u&1
è; ku nsa
% 1- la
fgrk ' kCn dk v FkZD; k gS
\
2- bdks; .kfp bl l w
=k dk v FkZfy• sa
\
3- la
; ksxkUrL; yksi%bl l w
=k dk v FkZfy• sa
\
4- eá~
; kdkj%mnkgj.k esa; dkj dk f}Ro fdl l w
=k l sgksrk gS
\
5- >ykat ' k~>f' k l w
=k esai nka
sdh foHkfÙkQcrkv ks\
6- lq
¼~;q
i kL; %bl dk oS
d fYi d : i D; k gS
\

6-8 , pks¿; ok; ko%

AA( 6-1-75)
=kkFkZ& , p osQLFkku esaØe' k%v ; ~v o~v k; ~v ko~gksv p i jsA
lw
=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
lw =k gS
A nksi n gS A, p%v ; ok; ko%l w =kxr i nPNsn gS A , p%( 6@ 1) A
v ; ok; ko%( 1@ 3) Av ; ~p v o~p v k; ~p v ko~p bfr v ; ok; ko%brjs r j; ksx}U}l ekl Abdks; .kfp
lw=kl sv fp l IrE; Ur i n dhv uq of̀r Al w
=kkFkZ
& , p osQLFkku esav ; ~v o~v k; ~v ko~; sgksv p~i jsA
v FkkZ
r ~, v ks, sv kS; s; fn v p~osQi w
oZgSrksmuosQLFkku esav; ~v o~v k; ~vko~v kns'kgkrskgS ALFkkuh
pkj v kns'k Hkhpkj gS Av r%; Fkkl a
a [ ; euqns'k%l ekuke~i fjHkk"kkl sçFke osQLFkku esa çFke] f}rh;
osQLFkku esaf}rh; Øe l sv kns'k gksrsgS A
a
mnkgj . k & gj; sfo".kosuk; d%i kod%
A
, p~bl dkv FkZ, v ks, sv kS; spkj o.kZgS
Av r%pkj mnkgj.k; gk¡çnf' kZ
a r djrsgS
Aosgj; s]
a
fo".kos] uk; d%v kS
j i kod%bfrA
=kkFkZl eUo; & gfj ' kCn dk prq
lw FkhZ, dopu esagj; sAml dk : i l k/ u çfØ; k esagjs,
fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gS
Aogk jsiQl si jst ks, p~, dkj og v p~osQ, dkj l sv O;ofgri w oZgSAv r%
çÑrl w =kl s, dkj dksv ; ~v kns'kgksrkgS
Arc gj; ~, fLFkfr gksrhgS
Aml osQckn o.kZfeyku l sgj; s
: i fl ¼ gksrk gSA
fo".kq' kCn dkprqFkhZ, dopu fo".kosgSAml dk: i l k/ u çfØ; kesafo".kks, fLFkfr gSAogka
.kdkj l si jst ks, p~v kd
s kj og v p~osQ, dkj l sv O;ofgri w
oZgS
Av r%çÑrl w =kl sv ksd kj dksv o~
v kns'k gksrk gSArc fo".ko~, fLFkfr gSAo.kZfeyku l sfo".kos: i fl ¼ gS A
uh/ krqdk.oq
y ~çR;; ; ksx l suk; d%' kCn gS
Aml dk: i l k/ u çfØ; kesauSv d ; g fLFkfr

112 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/ i kB&6
gS
Aogk udkj l si jst ks, sd kj og v p osQv dkj l sv O;ofgri w
oZgS
Av r%çÑrl w =k l s, sd kj dks v Pk~l fU/ esa
v k; ~v kns'k gksrk gS
Arc uk; ~v d fLFkfr gS
Ao.kZfeyku l suk; d ' kCn çkIr gS
Aml dk çFkek
foHkÙkQ~
; Ur : i gSuk; d%A
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/
i w/ krqdk .k~
oqy ~çR;; ; ksx l si kod%' kCn gS
Aml dk : i l k/ u çfØ; k esai kSv d fLFkfr
gS
Aogki dkj l si j t ksv kS
d kj og v p v dkj l sv O;ofgri w oZgS Av r çÑrl w=kl svkSd kj dksv ko~
v kns'kgksrkgSArc i ko~v d fLFkfr gS Ao.kZfeyku l si kod ' kCn çkIr gS
Aml dk çFkekfoHkÙkQ ~
; Ur
: i gSi kod% A

6-9 okUrksf; çR;; sAA( 6-1-76) è; ku nsa

%
=kkFkZ& ; dkj v kfn çR;; i jsv ksv kSdksv o~v ko~gksrk gS
lw
=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
lw =kgS
Arhu i n gS
AokUr%f; çR;; sl w=kxr i nPNsn gS Ao%( odkj) v Urs
; L; l okUr%cgq ozhfgl ekl Af; ( 7@
1) ] çR;; s( 7@
1) Af; çR;; snksuksai n l IrE; Ur gS
Amuesf;
v Y&cks/d gS Av r%rnkfnfof/ gS Aml l sv FkZgS; dkjkfn çR;; i jsAl w
=kkFkZgS
& ; dkjkfn çR;; i js
v ksv kSdksv o~v ko~gksA
mnkgj . k & xO;e~ukO;e~bfrA
lw l eUo; & xks'kCn l s; r~çR;; gS
=kkFkZ Arc xks; fLFkfr gS Axdkj l si jst ksv ksd kj gS] og
; dkjkfn&; R&çR;; l sv O;ofgri w oZgSAv r%çÑrl w
=kl sv ksd kj osQLFkku es
av o~v kns'kgS Arc xo~
; gSAo.kZfeyku l sxO; ' kCn%curkgS Aml dkçFkek, dopu xO;e~gS Axksfodkj v FkZgS ] v FkkZ
r~
nqX/ ngh bR;kfn xO;e~gS A
ukS' kCn l s ' ; R'çR;; gS A rc ukS; fLFkfr gS A udkj l s i j t ks v kS d kj gS ] og
; dkjkfn&; Rk~&çR;; l sv O;ofgri w oZgS Av r%çÑrl w =k l sv kS
d kj osQLFkku esav ko~v kns'k gS
Arc
uko~; fLFkfr gS Ao.kZfeyku l sukO; ' kCn çkIr gS Aml dk çFkek , dopu ukO;e~gS Aukok rk; Z
e~
v FkZgS] v FkkZ
r ~ukS
d k l si kj t kus; ksX; t ykfn ukO;e~gS A

6-9-1) v èoi fj ek. kspA( okfr Z

d e~
)
; g okfrZ
d gSAi kf.kuht hust ksughadgk ml dk fpa r u bl esagS
Av r%; g t ksughadgk gS
ml dhfpUrkdjrkgS AokfrZd kv FkZ
& xks'kCn osQv kd
s kj osQLFkku esav o~v kns'kgksrkgS; w
fr i js; fn
v èo i fjek.k dk cks/ djkrk gSrksA
mnkgj . k & xO;w
fr%
A
okfr Z l eUo; & xks'kCn l s; w
d kFkZ fr' kCn i jsxks; w
fr fLFkfr gS
Aogk xdkj l si j t ksv ksd kj
gSml osQLFkku esav o~v kns'kgS Arc xo~; w fr fLFkfr gSAo.kZfeyku l sxO;w fr ' kCn çkIr gS
Aml dk
çFkek, dopu xO;w fr%A; gk¡dgkv Ok~&v kns'krc ghgksrkgSt c xO;w fr' kCn ekxZosQi fjek.kv FkZ
esaç; ksx gksrk gS
A; g L=khfyÄ~x ' kCn] nksØks'k i fjek.k bl dk v FkZgSA

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 113
 i kB&6 v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/

v Pk~l fU/ esa

i kBxr i z'u&2
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/
7- , pks¿; ok; ko%bl l w
=k dk v FkZfy• a
s\
8- okUrksf; çR;; sbl l w
=k esarnkfnfof/ dksçnf' kZ
r dhft , \
9- xO;w
fr%; gk¡ i j v okns'k fdl l sgS
\
10- , pks¿; ok; ko%bl l w
=k esa; Fkkl a
[ ; i fjHkk"kk dk Kku oS
Q
l sgksrk gS
\
è; ku nsa
% 11- t ukofLr bl l fa/ esafdl osQLFkku esav kns'k\
1) i w
oZdk 2) i j dk 3) i w
oZi j nksuksadk 4) i j : i dks
12- v / ksfyf• r dkS
u&l k mnkgj.k fdl l w
=k dk gS; q
ÙkQrkfydk pq
uks\
( d) l q
¼; q
i kL; % ( i) okUrksf; çR;; sA
(• ) l q
è; q
i kL; % ( ii) , pks¿; ok; ko%
( x) gj; s ( iii) >ykat ' k~>f' kA
( ?k) ukO;e~ ( iv) bdks; .kfpA
(d) (• ) ( x) ( ?k)
1) ( iii) ( iv) ( i) ( ii)
2) ( iv) ( iii) ( ii) ( i)
3) ( iii) ( iv) ( ii) ( i)
4) ( iv) ( i) ( iii) ( ii)

i kB l kj
ft u nkso.kZdhl a fgrk gS] v FkkZ
r ~ft u nksosQeè; esav / Z ek=kk l sv f/ ddky dk O;oèkku
ughagS
] mudksl a fgrkf/ dkj esafLFkr l w=kksal sfofHkUu v kns'k gksrsga
Aft udh l a
S fgrk muesa, d i w
oZ
o.kZv kS
j v i j i jo.kZgSAbl i kB esai w oZosQLFkku esav kns'k dk fo/ ku gS A
bo~
Ql si jsv l o.kZv p~; fn gSrksbdks; .kfp bl l w =k l sbo~
QosQLFkku esa; .k~dk fo/
ku gS
Abd~; gk¡v fo/ h; eku gS
Av r%v.kq fnr~l o.kZL; pkçR;; %bl l w =kl sog nh?kZvkfn dkxzg.k
djrk gS
Aml l snh?kZbo~ QosQLFkku esaHkh ; .k~v kns'k gksrk gS
A
e/ qv fj%bl mnkgj.k esabo~ Qmdkj osQLFkku esa; .k~odkj gS Arc e/ ~o~v fj%fLFkfr gS A
v ufp p bl l w =k l s/ dkj dksfodYi l sf}Ro gksrk gS Af}Roi {k esae/ ~/ ~o~v fj%fLFkfr gS
iowZ
èkdkj dks>ykat ' k~>f' kl w=kl st ' k~ndkj gkrskgSArc en~/ ~o~vfj%fLFkfr gS Aodkj l a ; ksxkUr
i n osQv Ur esagSAv r%l a ; ksxkUrL; yksi%l w =k l sml dk yksi çkIr gksusi j ; .k%çfr"ks/ksokP; %

114 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/ i kB&6
okfrZd l soyksi dkfu"ks/ gksrkgS Ae¼ofj%: i fl ¼ gksrkgS
Af}Ro v Hkkoi {kesaeèofj%l k/ q: i v Pk~l fU/ esa
fu"i Uu gksrk gS
A; gk¡ Hkh oyksi dk fu"ks/ gS
A
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/
v p~l si jsjsiQgdkj i js; j dksnksfodYi l sgksrk gSv pksjgkH; ka}sl w
=k l sAeá~
; kdkj%
ogkamnkgj.kgSAogkaHkhgy osQi js; e dkykis fodYi l sgksrkgS; e osQi jsjgrsAml l si owZ; dkj
dk ; e~; dkj osQi jsfodYi l syksi gksusi j eákdkj%, d ; dkj ; qÙkQ: i gksrk gS A
, p~osQi js; fn v p~gksrks, dkj osQLFkku esav ; ~v ksd kj osQLFkku esav o~, sd kj osQLFkku
esav k; ~v kS
j v kS
d kj osQLFkku esav ko~v kns'k gkrsk gS, pks¿; ok; ko%l w
=k dk l jykFkZgSAbuesaokUr
v o~v ko~nksgS A; fn ; dkjkfn çR;; i jsgksrksokUr v kns'kgksrkgSokUrksf; çR;; sl w =kdkv FkZgSA è; ku ns
a
%
xO;e~ukO;e~bR;kfn mnkgj.kA

; ksX; r ko/ Z
u
lw
=kO;k[ ; k; g O;kdj.k dkeq [ ; fo"k; gSAO;kdj.kv è; udky esal w =kO;k[ ; ku osQfcuk
, d i n Hkhvkxsfo}ku ughat krsAt ksxzUFkl k/ :qi dkfuekZ . kdjusosQfy, v k; ksft r gSog çfØ; k
xzUFk gh gksrk gS
Agekjk ; g i kB~
; xzUFk Hkh çfØ; k xzUFk gh gS
AçfØ; k xzUFk esal w=kka
sdk O;k[ ; ku
v ko' ; d gSA
lw
=kO;k[ ; ku i jh{kkesaHkhi jh{kdkasdk#fp fo"k; gSAv r%O;k[ ; ku uke D; kAO;k[ ; ku osQ
fdrusv a x gS
Aml soS Ql sdjukpkfg, v kS j ml dkfof' k"VØe l smi fLFkr oS
Q
l s; g Nk=kfgr osQfy,
çnf' kZ
r djrsga Aogka; g ' yksd eq
S [ ; gS&
i nPNsn%i nkFkkZ
sfÙkQ
foZ
xzgksokD; ; kst ukA
v k{ksiks¿Fk l ek/ kuaO;k[ ; kua"kfM~
o/ aLer̀ e~
AA
1) i nPNsn] 2) i nksFkkZ
sfÙkQ
] 3) foxzg] 4) okD; ; kst uk] 5) v k{ksi] 6) l ek/ ku
bu l Hkh dk v oyEc djosQ, d l w =k dh O;k[ ; k dh gS
Aml dk v è; ; u djosQNk=kksa}kjk
v U; l w
=kksadk O;k[ ; ku Lo; a; Ru l sdjusesal i Q
y gksa
xsA
lw
=ke~& bd ks; . kfpA
ckydksaosQl q
• osQfy, i kf.kuh; ços'kk; jfpr gekjsbl i kB~
; xzUFkesav Pl fU/çdj.kesa; g
lw
=kgS
A
lK
ak p i fjHkk"kk p fof/ fuZ
; e , o pA
v frns'kks¿f/ dkj' p "kfM~
o/ al w
=keq
P; rsAA "kfM~
o/ i kf.kuh; l w
=kksaesa; g l k{kkr~y{; l a
Ldkj
v uq
j ks/ gksusl sfof/ l w=k gS
A
bl l w=k esarhu i n gS
Abd%; .k~v fp i nPNsn gS
a Aogkabd%"k"Bh, dopukUr i n gS A; .k~
çFkek, dopukUr i n gS Av fp l IrE; Ur i n gS
Al a
fgr k; ke~ bl dkv f/ dkj gS
Al a
fgrkesa bd dks
v p i js; .k~okD; ; kst ukA

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 115
 i kB&6 v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/

v Pk~l fU/ esa bd %; gk¡i j bd~v kfnj UR;su l fga

r k bl l w
=k l sfufeZ
r çR;kgkj gS
Av kS
j og Ñf=ke l a
KkA
bd~çR;kgkj esab m½ Æ; spkj o.kZ l ekEukf; d o.kZgSA
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/
bd %"k"BhAml dkv FkZl EcU/ gS Al EcU/ dkv uq ; ksxhughagSAbl fy, og "k"BhLFkkus;ksxk
i fjHkk"kkl sLFkku "k"BhgSAml l sLFkkusi n çkIr gksrkgSv kS
j LFkku çl Ä~
x gSA; gk¡ bd~v fo/ h; eku
gksrk gS Av . kq L; pkçR;; %l w
fnRl o. kZ =k l sbd~l o.kZdk xzkgd gksrk gS Aml l sbZd kjkfn nh?kZosQ
LFkku esaHkh dk; Zl EHko gS A
v fp v p~çR;kgkj] vkS j og l Kak] ml osQl a
fK v b m½ Æ, , sv ksv kSuo o.kZ l ekEukf; d
% Loj gS
è; ku nsa A
a
r fLefUufr fufnZ"Vsi w
oZL; i fjHkk"kkl sv p dkvFkZgkrskgSt ksvp~dkvO;ofgri o wZgSAbl
çdkj v p~v fo/ h; eku gS Av r%v . kq L; pkçR;; %l w
fnRl o. kZ =kl sl o.kZdkxzkgd gksrkgSAml l s
nh?kZv kdkjkfn osQi jsHkh dk; Zl EHko gS A
; . k~çR;kgkj gSv kS
j og l a
Kk] ml osQl a
fK Õk~
] Ok~
] j~
] y~; spkj o.kZl ekEukf; d o.kZgS A; .k~
a
çFkekUr gSAvr%fo/ h; eku v FkokHkkO ; eku gS
AHkkO ukaxzg. kau i fjHkk"kkl s; .k~l o.kZ
; ekusu l o. kkZ
dk xzg.k ughadjkrkA
bl çdkj l a
fgrk fo"k; gksusi j bo~
QosQLFkku esa; .k~gksrk gS
] v p~osQi js; g v FkZgS
A
lq/ hmi kL; %; gk¡mnkjg.kAv kS j og l ekl gS Al ekl esal kfUuè; dhv fuok; Z Ro gksusl snks
i n osQeè; esaosQ oy v / Zek=kkdkfyd O;o/ ku gS Av r%l a fgrk dk ; gk¡fo"k; gS Abl çdkj ; gk¡
bZd kj LFkkuhv kSj og v p dk v O;ofgri w oZgSAv r%ml osQLFkku esa; .k~v FkkZ r ~; ~o~j~y~; spkj
v kns'k çkIr gSALFkkuhv kns'k dhl a [ ; k oS
"kE; gksusl sLFkkus¿Urjre%l w=k l sLFkku v FkZxq
. k çek.k
Ñr~pkj çdkj osQv kUr; ZesaLFkku v kUr; Zl sbZ d kj osQLFkku esa; dkj gh gksrk gS Abl çfØ; k l s
lq¼; qi kL; %: i fl ¼ gksrk gS A

i kBkUr i z'u
uhpsoq QN ç' u nsrsgSAmudk mÙkj çeq
a [ ; l snh?kZgh gSAl w=k O;k[ ; ku v kS
j : i l k/ u nks
gksrsgS
aO;kdj.kç' u dkeq [ ; çdkj gS
Av Pl fU/ çdj.kesa; ksX; rko/ Z
uka
' kesa, d l w=kdkO;k[ ; ku
l foLrkj çnf' kZ
r gS
Aml dksns• dj v kS
j l e>dj bu l w =kksadh Hkh O;k[ ; ku djuk pkfg, A
>ykat ' k~>f' kl w
=k esa: i l k/ u oS
Ql sdjuk pkfg, : i l k/ u osQv usd çdkjksadk l foLrkj
çnf' kZ
r gS
Av r%ml LFky dksns• dj v kS j l e>dj v U; : i l k/ u esaç; kl djukpkfg, AçFke
y?kq: i l k/ uh; gS Aml osQckn Øe' k%foLrkj djuk pkfg, A
1- la
fgrS
d i nsfuR;k dkfjdk dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
2- bdks; .kfp l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
3- la
; ksxkUrL; yksi%l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
4- v ufp p l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A

116 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/ i kB&6
5- , pks¿; ok; ko%l w
=k dhO;k[ ; k dhft , A v Pk~l fU/ esa
6- çl T; çfr"ks/&i ; Z
nkl çfr"ks/ i j y?kq
q fVIi .khfyf• , A ; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/
7- ; gk¡uhpsçkjEHkfLFkfr nsrsgS
av kS
j ft l : i dksfl ¼ djuk gSml sHkhnsrsgS
açnÙk : i dks
lw=k l fgr fl ¼ dhft , A
7-1) ?kl Æv kns'k & ?kLykns'k%
]
7-2) ekr`v kKk& ek=kkKk] ekR=kkKk
7-3) ; fn v fi & ; | fi è; ku nsa
%
7-4) fi r` mi ns'k%& fi =kq
i ns'k%
] fi R=kq
i ns'k%
7-5) ' k' kh mn; %& ' k' ; q
n; %
7-6) l k/ qbPNk & l kfèoPNk] l kf¼oPNk
7-7) v fHk mn; %& v H; q
n; %
] v CH; q
n; %
7-8) mHkkSv fi & mHkkofi
7-9) v l kSv =k& v l ko=k
7-10) çHkksbg
Zk & çHkohgk

i kBxr i z'uksÙkj
mÙkj Hkkx &1
1- v/ Z
ek=kk v f/ ddky O;o/ ku v HkkoRed l ehi rk gh l a
fgrkA
2- bd osQLFkku esa; .k~gksv p i jsl a
fgrk fo"k; esa
A
3- l ;aksxkUr t ksi n ml osQv a
fre v y dk yksi gksrk gS
A
4- v pksjgkH; ka}sA
5- lè
q; iqkL; %
A
6- >yke~"k"Bh cgq
opuAt ' k~çFkek , dopuA>f' k l Ireh, dopuA
mÙkj Hkkx&2
7- , p osQLFkku esaØe l sv ; ~v o~v k; ~v ko~gksv p i jsA
8- okUrksf; çR;; sbl l w
=k esaf; çR;; snku
sksai n l IrE; Ur gS
Amuesf; v Yk~
&cks/d gS
Av r%
ogk rnkfnfof/ gSAml l sv FkZçkIr gksrk gS; dkjkfn çR;; i jsA
9- xO;w
fr%; gk¡ v okns'k v kS
j v èoi fjek.ksp bl okfrZ
d l sA

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 117
 i kB&6 v Pk~l fU/ esa; . k~
&v ; ok; kokfnl fU/

v Pk~l fU/ esa 10- , pks¿; ok; ko%l = wkesa; Fkkl a

[ ; i fjHkk"kkdkKku fg LFkkuh, v ks, svkS; s, p pkj gS Avkns'k
v ; ~v o~v k; ~v ko~; sHkh v ; ok; ko pkj gS A LFkkuh l a
a [ ; k v kS
j v kns'k l a
[ ; k l eku gS
; .k&
~v ; ok; kokfnl fU
/ ; Fkkl a
[ ; i fjHkk"kkdkKku gS A
11- iw
oZdkA
12- 3)

è; ku nsa
%

118 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i kB&7
v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
7

v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS

j çÑfr Hkko è; ku nsa
%

i kf.kuh; l =
wkghy{k.kdgykrsgS A
aog y{k.kft l ' kCn Lo: i dkl Ladkj djrkgSog ' kCn
Lo: i ml dk y{; dgykrk gS Av r%O;kdj.k osQNk=k }kjk y{k.k v kSj y{; dksv PNh çdkj l s
t kuuk pkfg, Ay{k.k dk v FkZt kuusokyk ghy{; dkl a Ldkj djusesal eFkZgksrk gS
Av r%y{k.k
ml dkv FkZv kS j y{; bu rhuksadkst kuukpkfg, A; g ghO;kdj.kkè; ; u dki UFkgS AoghO;kdj.k
gSt ksy{k.kdkst kurkgS ] v FkZdkst kurkgS] v kjSy{; dkst kurkgS
] v kS
j y{k.kl sy{; dkl a
Ldkj
djrk gS ] v kjSbl çdkj l aLÑr i nksadk O;ogkj djrk gS A
l fagrkfo"k; gku
ssi j Hkhi w
oZi j dksi w
oZosQLFkku esav kns'kgksrkgSi w
oZi kB esaO;k[ ; kdhgS
A
, d%i o
wZ
i j; ks%; g vf/ dkj l w=k; gk¡eq
[ ; gSAo.kks±dhl fagrkmues, d i w
oZ
o.kZv i j i jo.kZ
gS
Abl i kB esai w
oZi j nksuksaosQLFkku esa, d gh v kns'k dk fo/ ku djrsgS
A; g bl i kB dk eq
a [;
fo"k; gSA
dghai j ; | fi ge fpUru djrsgS
adh; gk¡l fU/ i fj.kke gksi jUrqughagksrkgS Aml çdkj
osQLFky Hkh gS AogkaçÑfr Hkko dgykrk gSAv FkkZr ~; | fi o.kks±esab l ehi rk v kusi j Hkh oS
lk
i fj.kke ughagksrk gS
Amudk çÑfr LoHkko Lo: i oS l k gh jgrk gS A; g gh çÑfrHkko gS A

mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
d j v ki l {ke gksa
xs&
 v f/ dkj l w
=k oS
Q
l sv U; l w
=kksaesadk; Zdjrk gSt ku i kusesa
_
 dc i w
oZi j dks, dkns'k gksrk gSt ku i kusesa
_
 lw
=kksadk O;k[ ; ku djusesal eFkZgS
at ku i kusesa
_
 çnÙk l a
f/ osQmnkgj.k dk l w
=k l fgr l k/ u djusesa
_
 fl ¼dk.M v fl ¼dk.M i kf.kuh osQdk'Sky dkst ku i kusesa
_

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 119
 i kB&7 v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko

v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k  xq
. k%of̀¼%i j: i e~i w
oZ
: i e~l o.kZ
nh?kZ
%çÑfrHkko%bu l a
f/ ; ksadk Kku çkIr dj i kusesa
_
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko  bl i kB osQl ghKku l sv kxsosQi kB esabl osQçof̀ÙkLFky dksl e>dj mudkl a
Ldkj djus
esal eFkZgksa
xsA

7-1 , d %i w
oZ
i j ; ks%
AA( 6-1-81)
=kkFkZ& bl v f/ dkj esafo/ h; eku v kns'k i w
lw oZi j osQLFkku esa, d gh gksrk gS
A
=k O;k[ ; k & v f/ dkj l w
lw =k gS
Anksi n gS
A, d%( 1@
1) ] i w
oZ
i j; ks%( 6@
2) i w
oZ
' p i j' p
è; ku nsa
% bfr i w
oZ
i jkSbrjsrj; kxs}U}l ekl Ar; ks%i o
wZ
i j; ks%"k"Bhf}opu gS
A; gk¡l sv kjEHkdjosQ[ ; R;kr~i jL;
( 6-1-112) l w =kl si gys; g v f/ dkj gS Aft u o.kks±dhl a
fgrkmuesa, d i owZo.kZv kSj v i j i j o.kZ
gksrk gS
Abl v f/ dkj esafo/ h; eku v kns'k i w oZi j osQLFkku esa, d ghdjuk pkfg, Abl v f/ dkj
esai w
oZi j nku
sksaLFkku esa, d v kns'kgkrskgS
Abl osQmnkgj.kv kxsv kn~xq. k%bR;kfn esa; FkkLFkku Li "V
gka
xsA
s

7-2 v kn~xq
. k%
AA( 6-1-84)
=kkFkZ& v o.kZl sv p~i jsi w
lw oZi j osQLFkku esa, d xq
. k v kns'k gksrk gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w =kgS Av kn~xq . k%nksi n gSAv kn~( 5@ 1) ] ri jdj.kughagS Al Hkhçdkj
osQv dkj dkxz g.kdjkrkgS Axq . k%( 1@1) ] v nsÄ~ x.qk%l a
Kkdj.kl sv ( ßLo)] , ] v ks; sLoj xq . ki n
okP; gS A, d%i w oZi j; ks%( 6-1-81) ; g v f/ dkj gS Ai w
oZv kS
j i j bu nksuksaosQLFkku esa, d ghv kns'k
gksrkgSAbdks; .kfp l = wkl sv fp ( 7@ 1) v uq of̀r gSAv o.kZl sv p~i jsi w oZi j osQLFkku esa, d xq .k
v kns'kgksrkgSl w =kkFkZgS Av o.kZl sv p i jsi w oZi j osQv o.kZv pksosQLFkku esa, d xq . kkns'kgksrkgS A
; g xq. kkns'k v l o.kZv p~i jsgksusi j gksrk gS, slk t kuuk pkfg, A
mnkgj . k & mi sUæ%
AxÄ~
xksnde~
AÑ".kf¼Z
%
AroYdkj%
A
lw =kkFkZl eUo; & mi bUæ%fLFkfr esai dkj l si j t ksv dkj gS ] ml l si j v p~bUæ' kCn dk
bdkj gS ] bl çdkj og v dkj bUæ' kCn osQbdkj l sv O;ofgri w oZgSAv r%çÑrl w =kl sv dkj&bdkj
osQLFkku esa, d xq . kuked v kns'kçkIr gksrkgS
Av nsÄ~xq . k%l w
=kl a
Kkçdj.kesai <+ kx; kgSAv , v ks
budk uke xq . k gS
Aogk v $b bu nksuksaosQLFkku esarhuka sesal sdkSu&l k gksAogkaLFkkuh v kns'k dh
l [a; koS "kE; gS Av r%LFkkus¿Urjre%bl i fjHkk"kkl sLFkkuÑr v kUr; Z; gk¡t kuukpkfg, At S l s& v$b
; gk¡ i j v dkj dk mPpkj.k LFkku d.B] v kS j bdkj dk rkyq Av kns'kka
sesav dkj dk mPpkj.k LFkku
d.B] , dkj dk d.Brkyq ] v kd
s kj dk d.B v ks"B gSA; gk¡; g Li "Vgksukpkfg, dhv dkj&bdkj
osQLFkku esad.B v kS j rkyq
] , dkj dkHkhLFkku d.BrkyqgS Av r%v $b LFkkuhosQl kFkv kns'kdk
, bl dk LFkku l sv kUr; ZgS Av r , dkj gh v kns'k gksrk gSArc mi sUæ' kCn fu"i Uu gksrk gS A
xÄ~xk; k%mnde~foxzg gS Al ekl djusi j xÄ~ xkmnde~; g fLFkfr gSAxÄ~ xkmnde~fLFkfr
esaxdkj l si jst ksv kdkj gS
] ml l si jsv p~mnd' kCn dk mdkj gS ] bl çdkj og v kdkj mnd
' kCn os
Qmdkj l sv O;ofgri owZgS
AçÑr l w =kl sv kdkj&mdkj os
QLFkku esa, d xq
. kuked v kns
' kçkIr
gksrkgSAogkav k$mbu nksuksaosQLFkku esav , v ksbu rhu esal sxq
. kuked esaoS Ql sgksAogkLFkkuh
v kns'kdhl [a; koS"kE; gS
Av r%LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkdkLFkkuÑr v kUr; Z; gk¡t kuukpkfg, At Sls
& v k$m ; gk¡ i j v kdkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku d.B] v kS j mdkj dk v ks"BkSAv kns'k esa v dkj dk
120 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i kB&7
mPpkj.kLFkku d.B] , dkj dkd.Brkyq ] v ksd kj dkd.Bks"B gS
A; gk¡; g Li "VgSdh v kdkj&mdkj v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
osQLFkku esad.B v kSj v kS
"B gS] v ksd kj dkHkhLFkku d.Bks"B gS Av r%v k$mLFkkuhosQl kFkv kns'k
v ksd kj dkLFkku l sv kUr; ZgS
Av r v ksd kj ghv kns'kgksrkgS Arc xÄ~ xksnde~' kCn fu"i Uu gksrkgS
A
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
Ñ".kL; ½f¼%foxzg gS Al ekl djus i j Ñ".k½f¼%fLFkfr gksrhgS AÑ".k½f¼%fLFkfr
esa.kdkj l si jst ksvdkj gS] ml l si jsv p~½f¼' kCn dk½dkj gS ] bl çdkj og v dkj ½f¼' kCn
osQ½dkj l sv O;ofgri w oZgS
AçÑrl w =k l sv dkj&½dkj osQLFkku esa, d xq . kuked v kns'k djuk
pkfg, Av $½ buosQLFkku esav , v ksbu rhuksesaxq . kuked oS Q
l sgksAogkLFkkuhv kns'kdhl a [;k
oS"kE; gSAv r%LFkkus ¿Urjre%bl i fjHkk"kkl sLFkkuÑr v kUr; Z; gk¡t kuukpkfg, At S l s& v $½ ; gk¡
v dkj dkmPpkj.kLFkku d.B] ½dkj dkew Zv kns'kesav dkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku d.B] , dkj dk è; ku ns
/ kA a
%
d.Brkyq ] v ksd kj d.Bks"BA; gk¡; g Li "V gSdh v dkj&½dkj dk LFkku d.B v kS j ew
/ kZgSi jUrq
v kns'kesafdl hdkHkhmPpkj.kLFkku d.B v kS j ew
/ kZnksuksaghughagSAv r%v kUrjre~v Hkko gSArc
v kns'k D; k gksArc&

7-3 mj. k~j i j %

AA( 1-1-50)
=kkFkZ& ½dkj osQLFkku esafo/ h; eku v .k~ji j l fgr gksrk gS
lw A
lw=kO;k[ ; k & i fjHkk"kkl w
=k gS
Arhu i n gSAm%v .k~ji j%l w =kxr i nPNsn gSAm% ½o.kZdk
"k"Bh, dopu gS Av r%m%bl dk½o.kZvkS j ?o.kZ; g v FkZgS Av .k~( 1@ 1)] ji j%( 1@1) A; gk¡v .k~
iwoZ.kdkj osQl kFkgS Aj%i jks; Lekn~v l kSji j%cgq ozhfg l ekl A; gk¡j¡çR;kgkj gS Aekgs'oj l w=kesa
y.k~l w =kesaydkj l si jst ksv dkj og v uq ukfl d gS] i kf.kfu i jEi jkl sekursAml v dkj osQl kFk
jsiQdk ; ksx gksusl sj ; g çR;kgkj fu"i Uu gksrk gS Aml dk v FkZgSj~y~o.kZ A"k"BhLFkkus;ksxk l w
=k
l sLFkkusi n dhv uq of̀r gS ALFkkus¿Urjre%l w =kl sHkhLFkkusi n dhv uq of̀r gSv kS
j ml dkçFkekUr
l sfoi fj.kke gksrkgS Al w=kkFkZ
& ½dkj osQLFkku esav .k~çl Ä~ x esaog v .k~ji j l fgr çor̀ gksrkgS A
v FkkZ
r ~; fn ½o.kZosQLFkku esav b mbR;kfn esadksbZHkh gksrksml ç; ksx l si w oZmuosQl kFk j~
dkst ksM+uk pkfg, A; fn Æo.kZosQLFkku esav b mdksbZHkh gksrksrc ç; ksx l si w oZmuosQl kFk
y~dkst ksM+ uk pkfg, A

; gk¡ ; g l kj &
v $½ bu nksuksaosQLFkku esaxq
. kdjusl sges'kkv j~gksrkgS Av $ÆbuosQLFkku esaxq . kdjus
l sges'kkv y~gksrkgSAv $½ buosQLFkku esaof̀¼%djusl sges'kk v kj~gksrkgS Av $ÆbuosQLFkku
esaof̀¼ djusi j ges'kk v ky~gksrk gS
A½dkj dksxq . ko`¼h v j~v kj gh gksrk gSHkk"; okD; A
mnkgj . k & Ñ".k ½f¼%bl fLFkfr esav dkj&½dkj osQLFkku esav kn~xq . k%l w
=k l sv ,
vksxq. kgq
v kAçÑr l = wkl sji jRo djusi j v j~, vks; srhuka
svkns'kçkIr gq
, Abues
avj~bl dkmPpkj.k
LFkku d.B v kS j ew
/ kZgS
Av r%v $½ LFkkuhosQl kFkv j~bl dkghLFkku Ñr v kUr; ZgS Av r%v j~
ghv kns'kgksrkgS Aml l sÑ".k~v j~f¼%fLFkfr esao.kZl Eesy u djusl sÑ".kf¼Z %i fjfuf"Br : i çkIr
gksrkgSA
ro Ædkj%okD; gS Anksuksai n esav / Z
ek=kkdky l ehi rk foof{kr gksusl sl a
fgrk gS
Arc ro
Ædkj%fLFkfr gS
Aodkj l si j t ksv dkj] ml l si j v p~Ædkj ' kCn dk Æo.kZgS ] bl çdkj og
v dkj Ædkj l sv O;ofgri w
oZgS
Av kn~xq . k%bl l w=k l sv dkj&Ædkj osQLFkku esa, d xq . kuked

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 121
 i kB&7 v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko

v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k v kns'kdjukpkfg, Av $Æbu nksuksaos QLFkku esav , v ks; srhu xq
. kuke oSQl sgksAogkaLFkkuhv kns'k
dhl a [ ; koS
"kE; gS
Av r%LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkl sLFkkuÑr v kUr; Z; gk¡t kuukpkfg, Av $Æ; gk¡
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i j v dkj dkmPpkj.kLFkku d.B v kS j Ædkj dknUr gS Av dkj&Ædkj osQLFkkusesaçl ÙkQxq . kmj.k~
ji j%l w=k l sv y~, v ksgksAbuesav y~bl dk mPpkj.k LFkku d.B v kS j nUr gS Av r%v $ÆLFkkuh
osQl kFk v y~bl dk ghLFkkuÑr v kUr; ZgS Av r%v y~gh gksrk gS Aml l sro~v y~dkj%fLFkfr esa
o.kZfeyku djusl sroYdkj%i fjfuf"Br : i çkIr gksrk gS A

i kBxr i z'u&1
è; ku nsa
%
1- , d%i w
oZ
i j; ks%fdl çdkj dk l w
=k gSv kS
j D; k v FkZgS
\
2- xÄ~
xksnde~; gk¡ i j v ksd kj fdl l w
=k l s\
3- v kn~xq
. k%bl l =
wk dk v FkZfy• ks\
4- mj.k~ji j%bl l w
=k esav .k~fdl .kdkj l s\
5- ½dkj osQLFkku esabdkj gksrk gSrksoLrq
r %D; k v kns'k gksrk gSv kS
j fdl l w
=k l \s
6- v kn~xq
. k%bl dk mnkgj.k D; k gS
\
1) xO;e~ 2) ukO;e~ 3) fo".kos 4) mi s{kk
7- mj.k~ji j%bl dk mnkgj.k D; k gS
A
1) Ñ".kf¼Z
% 2) xosUæ% 3) ujsUæ% 4) ' kphUæ%

7-4 of̀¼j sfpAA( 6-1-85)

=kkFkZ& v o.kZl s, p i jsi w
lw oZi j osQLFkku esa, d of̀¼ v kns'k gksrh gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w =kAnksi n gS Aof̀¼%, fp l w =kxr i nPNsn gSAof̀¼%( 1@ 1) ] , fp
( 7@1) Av kn~xq . k%l w=k l sv kn~i ×peh , dopukUr i n dh v uq of̀r A, d%i w
oZi j; ks%( 6-1-81)
v fèkdkj gS
Ai woZv kSj i j nksuksaosQLFkku esa, d ghv kns'kgksrkgS Av o.kZl s, p i jsi w
oZi j osQ LFkku
esa, d of̀¼ v kns'k gksrk gSl w =kkFkZ
Av FkkZ
r ~; fn v o.kZ( ßLo v Fkok nh?kZ) , p ( , v ks, sv kS) osQ
v O;ofgr i woZgksrksi o wZi j osQLFkku esaof̀¼ ( v k , sv kS ) , dkns'k gksrhgSAv o.kZl s, p~i jsi w oZ
i j osQv o.kZ&, p~LFkku esa, d of̀¼ v kns'k gksrk gS A
v i okn & v kn~xq . k%l w=kl sv o.kZl sv p i jsxq . kdkfo/ ku gS Aof̀¼jsfp l w =kl sv o.kZl s
, p~i jsof̀¼ dkfo/ ku gS Av o.kZl s, p~i js; snksuksal w
=kdk; ZosQfy, çoÙ̀kgksrsgS Arc fdl l w
a =k
l sdk; Zdjuk pkfg, A; fn l Hkht xg v kn~xq . k%l w
=k dksçoÙ̀k djrsgS arksof̀¼jsfp l w=k dk çoÙ̀k
v FkZ{ks=k v FkkZr ~dksbZHkh y{; ' ks"k ughajgrk gS Arc of̀¼jsfp l w =k O;FkZgkst k; sxkAi jUrqHkxoku
i kf.kuhdk dksbZopu O;FkZughagS Av r%of̀¼jsfp l w =k dk ft ruk y{; gSog l Hkhml dk ghgksA
ml osQy{; es avkn~xq . k%dk; ZughadjsxkAxq . kdkft ruky{; ns • kmrukoLrq r ughagS Aml esay?krqk
v kxbZ A; g y{; l a d ksp v FkkZ
r ~y{; esaçof̀Ùkck/ of̀¼jsfp l w =kl sfd; kgS Av r%of̀¼jsfp l w =kxq.k
dk v i okn gS Axq . k v o' ; çkIr FkkAfi Qj Hkhof̀¼jsfp l w =k dksv kjEHk fd; kAv r%og ckèkd gh
gksrk gS
Axq . k mRl xZfof/ gksrk gS ] of̀¼ v i okn gksrk gSA

122 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i kB&7
mnkgj . k & Ñ".kS
d Roe~
AxÄ~
xkS
?k%
Anso'So; Z
e~
AÑ".kkS
Rd.BÔe~
A v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & Ñ".kL; , dRoe~foxzgAl ekl djusi j Ñ".k , dRoe~fLFkfr gS A.kdkj v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
l smÙkjorhZt ksv dkj] ml l si j , p~, dRo' kCn dk , o.kZgS ] bl çdkj og v dkj , dkj l s
v O;ofgr i w oZgSAv r%v $, ; gk¡v o.kZl s, p~fLFkfr gSArc v $, i w oZi j nksuksaosQLFkku esaçÑr
lw=kl s( v k, sv kSbuesal s) of̀¼ , dkns'kçkIr gksrkgS
Abuesal sdkSu&l kgksAogkaLFkkuhv kns'kdh
la[ ; k oS
"kE; gSAv r%LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kk l sLFkkuÑr v kUr; Z; gk¡ ns• uk pkfg, At S l s& LFkkuh
v dkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku d.B] v kS j , dkj dkd.BrkyqgS Av kns'kesaosQoy , sd kj dk ghmPpkj.k
LFkku d.B rkyqgS Av r%v $, LFkkuhosQl kFk v kUrjrE; , sd kj ghgksrkgS Arc v $, buosQLFkku
esav Urjre , sd kj gksrkgS
Arc Ñ".k~, sdRoe~fLFkfr gksrhgS Ao.kZfeyku djusl sÑ".kS d Roe~: i è; ku nsa
%
fl ¼ gksrk gS A
xÄ~xk; k%v ks?k%foxzgAl ekl djusi j xÄ~ xkv ks?k%fLFkfr gS
Aogkv k$v ksbu nksuksaosQLFkku
esaLFkkus
¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkcy l sd.Bks"B LFkku t U;Ro / eZl svUrjre v kS
d kj gkrskgS
Arc xÄ~ xk?
Sk%
: i fl ¼ gksrk gSAxÄ~ xkçokg ml ' kCn dk v FkZgS
A
nsoL; , s'o; Z
e~foxzgAl ekl djusi j nso , s'o; Z
e~fLFkfr gksrhgS
Aogkv $, snksuksaosQLFkku
esaLFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkcy l sd.BrkyqLFkkut U;Ro / eZl sv Urjre , sd kj gksrkgS
Arc nso' oS;Ze~
: i fl ¼ gksrk gS A
Ñ".kL; v kS Rd.BÔe~foxzgAl ekl djusi j Ñ".k v kS Rd.BÔe~fLFkfr gSAogk v $v kSosQ
LFkku esaLFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkcy l sd.Bks"BLFkku t U;Ro/ eZl sv Urjre v kS
d kj gksrk gS
Arc
Ñ".kkS
Rd.BÔe~: i fl ¼ gksrk gS AÑ".kl EcfU/ ft Kkl k v FkZgS
A
v Pk~l fU/çdj.kesafdl l =
wkdkoLrq
r fdrukdk; Z{ks=kgS
] fdruky{; uhpsl kj.khesans• us
l sLi "V gksxkA
iw
oZ ij v kns'k fd l çd kj lw
=k
v bd~ xq
.k io
wZ
i j dks, dkns'k v kn~xq
. k%
v , p~ of̀¼ io
wZ
i j dks, dkns'k of̀¼js
fp
bd~ vp~ ; .k~ io
wZosQLFkku esav kns'k bdks; .kfp
vl o.kZ
, p~ vp~ v ; ~v o~ io
wZosQLFkku esav kns'k , pks¿; ok; ko%
v k; ~v kOk~

7-5 , R;s/ R;w

B~
lqAA( 6-1-86)
=kkFkZ& v o.kZl s, t kfn , fr , / fr vkjSÅB os
lw Qi jsi o
wZ
i j osQLFkku es
aof̀¼ , dkns'kgksrkgS
A
lw=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=k gS
A, R;s/R;w B~l q, d gh i n l w=k esagS
Av kSj og l Ireh cgq opukUr
gSA, fr%p , / fr%p ÅB~p bfr , R;s/R;w B%brjsrj ; ksx }U} rs"kq, R;s/R;wB~
l qbfrAçFke i kB esa
gh mYys• fd; k gSfd / krqfunZ s'k osQfy, bd~v Fkok f' ri ~dk O;ogkj djrsgS A; gk¡ b.k~xrkS
a ]
, èko`¼kS/ krqgSAmudkf' ri ~
a &çR;; ; ksx l s, fr%, / fr%' kCn fu"i Uu gksrsgS
Av kn~xq
a . k%l w
=kl sv kr~

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 123
 i kB&7 v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko

v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k i ×k~
pE; Ur i n dhv uq of̀r gSAof̀¼jsfp l w =kl sof̀¼%, fp nksi n dhv uq of̀r gS
A, d%i w
oZi j; ks%dk
v f/ dkj gSAi w
oZvkS j i j nksuksaosQLFkku esa, d ghv kns'kgksrkgSAi n ; kst uk& vkn~, fp , R;sèkR;wB~
lq
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko of̀¼%, d%i w oZ
i j; ks%bfrA
r nkfnfof/ & ; gk¡rnkfnfof/ oS Ql sgksrhgSml fo"k; esaFkksM+
k çdk' k MkyrsgS A; u
a s fof/
LrnUrL; l w =k O;k[ ; k osQl e; rnkfof/ dk o.kZ u fd; k gSAml dk gh ; sç; ksx LFky gS A, fp
, R;sèkR;wB~
l qnksuksai n l Ireh esagSAmudk , fp i n l sy{; esa, d ckj osQ oy , d gh v y~çkIr
gksrk gSAv r%, p v Yck/sd i n gS A, slk gksusi j rnkfnfof/ gS
Av FkZgS& , t kfn , fr v kjS, / frA
; gk¡, p~osQ oy b.k~ &/ krqv kS
j , / / krqdkghfo' ks"k.k gSÅB~bl dkughagS ] D; ksa
fd ÅB~dHkhHkh
è; ku nsa
% , t kfn ughagksrk gS A
lw=kkFkZgksrkgS& v o.kZ, t kfn , fr , / fr v kS j ÅB osQi jsi woZi j osQLFkku esaof̀¼ , dkns'k
gksrkgS
Av FkkZ r ~v o.kZl si j , t kfn v FkkZ
r ~ft l dkv kfn o.kZ, Pk~
&çR;kgkjLFkgS ] ml çdkj dhb.k~
/ krqv Fkok , / ~/ krqgksv Fkok ÅB~gksrksi w oZi j osQLFkku esaof̀¼ , dkns'k gksrk gS
A
lw=kkor j . k & mi , fr mi , / rs; gk¡ i j of̀¼jsfp l w
=k l sgh of̀¼ l EHko gksusi j bl l w
=k
dh jpuk D; ksadh ; g ç' u v krk gS AogkamÙkj gS& , fÄ i j: i e~v kxsl w =k gS
Aml dk v FkZgS&
v o.kkZUr mi l xZl s, Ä v kfn / krql si jsi w
oZi j osQLFkku esai j : i , dkns'kgksrkgS
Av r mi , fr]
mi , / rs; gk¡i j , fÄ i j: i e~l w
=k l si j : i çkIr gS Aml dk v i okn gksusl sof̀¼ djusosQfy,
, R;s/R;wB~
l ql w
=k dh jpuk i kf.kfueqfu usdhA
mnkgj . k & mi S
frAmi S
/ rsAç"BkS
g%A
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & b.k~ &/ krqdk çFke i q #"k , dopu esa: i gS, frAmi mi l xZ; kxs l smi
, fr fLFkfr gSA/ krqmi l xZdhl a fgrkv fuok; ZgS A; gk¡v o.kZl si j , t kfn vFkkZ
r ~, dkjkfn b.k~&èkkrq
gSArc v $, i w oZ
i j osQLFkku esa, fÄ i j: i e~l w
=kl si j: i çkIr gksusi j , R;s/R;w B~
l ql w
=k l sof̀¼
dk fo/ ku djrsgS Aogkav $, nksuksaosQLFkku esaLFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kk cy l sd.B rkyq
a LFkku
t U;RoèkeZl sv Urjre , sd kj gksrk gS Arc mi S fr : i fl ¼ gksrk gS Al ehi t krk gSml dk v FkZgS A
, / ~/ krql sr çR;; dk: i , / rsgS Ami mi l xZ
a ; ksx l smi , / rsfLFkfr curhgS Aogkav o.kZ
l si j , t kfn , èk~/ krqgS
Av r%v $, fLFkfr esa , fÄ i j: i e~l w =k l si j: i çkIr gksusi j , R;s/
R;wB~
l ql w
=kl sof̀¼ fo/ ku djrsgS Aogkv $, nksuksaosQLFkku esaLFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkcy l sd.B
a
rkyqLFkkut U;Ro/ eZl sv Urjre , sd kj gksrkgS
Arc mi S/ rs: i fl ¼ gksrkgS Al ehi c<+r kgSv FkZgS A
ç"BkS g%ç"Bokg~dk"k"BhgS Aogkç"B Åg%fLFkfr gS AÅg ' kCn esaÅdkj ÅB~gS, slkt kuuk
pkfg, Av o.kZl sÅB i jsi w oZi j osQLFkku esav kn~xq. k%l w
=k l sxq
. k çkIr gS
Av r%v kn~xq
. k%l w
=k
l sçkIr xq . k dksjksd dj v $Å i woZ
i j osQLFkku esav kUrjrE; l sv kSof̀¼ gksrhgSArc ç"BkS
g%: i
fu"i Uu gksrkgS A
bl l w
=k esaoq
Q
N okfrZ
d gS
Amudk l ekl l a
f/ gksusl sO;k[ ; k djrsgS
A
a

7-5-1) v {kknw
fgU;keq
il a
[ ; kue~
A( okfr Z
d e~
)
okfrZ
d kFkZ& v {k' kCn l sÅfguh' kCn i jsi w
oZ
i j osQLFkku esaof̀¼ , dkns'k gksrk gS
A
mnkgj . k & v {kk.kke~Åfguhfoxzg gS
Al ekl djusi j v {k ÅfguhfLFkfr esav dkj&Ådkj

124 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i kB&7
osQLFkku esav kn~xq. k%l w
=k l sxq
. k çkIr djusi j bl okfrZ
d l sof̀¼ gksrh gS
Arc v {kkS
fg.kh : i v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
fu"i Uu gkrskgS
Av {kkS
fg.khl sukdkuke gS Aml dki fjek.k& 21870 jFk] 21870 gkFkh] 65610 ?kksMs]+
109350 i nkfr l SfudA
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
7-5-2) çkn~Ågks<ks<Ôs"kS
"; s"kq
A( okfr Z
d e~
)
okfr Z
d kFkZ%& ç mi l xZl si js; fn Åg Å< Åf< , "k , "; ' kCn gksrksi w
oZ
i j osQLFkku esa
of̀¼ , dkns'k gksrhgS
A
mnkgj . k & ç Åg%& çkSg%( mÙke ÅgdrkZ ] rdZ
d rkZ
) Aç Å<%& çkS <%( o`¼) Aç Åf<%
& çkS
f<%( çkS
<rk) Aç , "k%& çS
"k%( çsj.kk) Aç , "; %& çS
"; %( çsj.k; ksX; ] l sod) A
è; ku nsa
%

7-5-3) ½r sp r r̀ h; kl ekl sA( okfr Z

d e~
)
d kFkZ& rr̀h; k l ekl esav o.kZl s½dkjkfn ½r' kCn osQi jsi w
okfr Z oZ
i j osQLFkku esaof̀¼
, dkns'kgksrhgSA
mnkgj . k & l q
• su ½r%rr̀h; kl ekl djusi j l q • ½r%fLFkfr esav kn~xq . k%l sxq
. k çkIr
gksusi j bl okfrZd l svdkj&½dkj os QLFkku es aof̀¼ , dkns'kgksrhgS
ALFkku vkUr; Zl sv dkj&½dkj
osQLFkku esamj.k~ji j%l w =k l sv kj~v kns'k gksrk gS
Arc l q • krZ
%: i fu"i Uu gksrk gSAl q
• h ml dk
vFkZgS A

7-5-4) ç&oRl r j &d Ecy &ol uk. kZ

&n' kkuke~½. ksA ( okfr Z
d e~
)
d kFkZ& ç oRl rj dEcy ol u ½.k n' k l s½.k' kCn i jsi w
okfr Z oZ
i j osQLFkku esaof̀¼
, dkns'kgksrhgSA
mnkgj . k & ç ½.ke~& çk.kZ e~( mÙke ½.k) AoRl rj ½.ke~& oRl rjk.kZ
e~( oRl osQfy,
xg̀hr ½.k) AdEcy ½.ke~& dEcyk.kZ e~( dEcy osQfy, xg̀hr ½.k) Aol u ½.ke~& ol uk.kZ
e~
( oL=kosQfy, xg̀hr ½.k) A½.k½.ke~& ½.kk.kZ e~( , d ½.kosQfy, xg̀hr v i j ½.k) An' k
½.ke~& n' kk.kZ
e~( ft l ns'k esan' k çdkjd dk t y gSog ns'k fo' ks"k) A

7-6 mi l xkZ
n~½fr / kr kS
AA( 6-1-88)
=kkFkZ& v o.kkZ
lw Ur mi l xZl s½dkjkfn / krqosQi jsi w
oZ
i j osQLFkku esaof̀¼ , dkns'kgksrhgS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w=kgSArhu i n gS Ami l xkZ r ~( 5@1) ] ½fr ( 7@ 1) ] / krkS( 7@ 1) A½r~
ri jdj.kgS Aml l sßLo ½dkj ght kuukpkfg, Av kn~xq . k%l w=kl sv kr~i ×k~
pE; Ur i n dhv uq of̀r
gS
Aof̀¼jsfp l =wk l sof̀¼%i n dhv uq of̀r gSA, d%i w oZi j; ks%dk v f/ dkj gS Ai woZv kSj i j nksuksaosQ
LFkku esa, d gh v kns'k gksrk gSAi n; kst uk & v kn~mi l xkZ r ~½fr / krkSof̀¼%, d%i w oZi j; ks%bfrA
r nUrfof/ & bl l w =kesarnUrfof/ gS A; gk¡v kn~mi l xkZ r ~l eku foHkfÙkQ d nksi n gSA; gk¡
v kn~; g fo' ks"k.k gS
] mi l xkZ
r ~fo' ks"; gS
Av r%rnUrfof/ gS Arc oS l sfo' ks"; mi l xZxzg.k djuk
pkfg, ft l osQv Ur esafo' ks"k.k v o.kZgS A; gk¡ mi l xZfo' ks"; gS
Av kn~fo' ks"k.k gS ArnUrfof/ l s
v o.kkZ
Ur mi l xZv FkZgksrk gS A
r nkfnfof/ & bl l w
=kesaoS
Q
l srnkfnfof/ gksrhgSml dksçnf' kZ
r djrsgS
A; su fof/ LrnUrL;
a

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 125
 i kB&7 v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko

v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k lw=kO;k[ ; kosQl e; rnkfof/ dko.kZ u fd; kgS
Aml dk ghç; ksx LFky ; sgS A½fr / krkSnksuksai n
l IrehesagS Amuea s½fr i n l sy{; esaosQ oy , d ghv y~½dkj çkIr gS Av r%½fr v Ycks/d
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i n gS Abl çdkj gksusl srnkfnfof/ gS Abl çdkj oS l k fo' ks"; xzg.k djuk pkfg, ft l dk v kfn
fo' ks"k.kgS
A; gk¡fo' ks"; / krq
] fo' ks"k.k½r~gS Av r%oSl h/ krqdkst kuukpkfg, ft l dkv kfn o.kZ
½dkj gS Av FkZgksrk gS& ½dkjkfn / krq A
l=
wkkFkZgS& v o.kkU
Zr mi l xZl s½dkjkfn / krqosQi jsi w
oZi j os
QLFkku es
aof̀¼ , dkns
' kgkrskgS
A
mnkgj . k & çkPNZ
frA
è; ku nsa
% lw=kkFkZl eUo; & ç ½PNfr ; gk¡i j ç v o.kkZ Ur mi l xZgS
] ½PNfr ½dkjkfn / krqi jsgS A
ogkv kn~xq . k%l w=kl sxq . kçkIr djusi j çÑr l w =k l sof̀¼ dkfo/ ku djrsgS A; fn ; gk¡Hkhv kn~
a
xq
. k%l w
=k çor̀ gksrk rksçÑr l w =k fujodk' k v FkkZ
r ~O;FkZgksrkAv r%opu çkek.; l s; g xq . k dk
v i okn gS
Av $½ i w oZi j osQLFkku esav k, sv kSbuesav U;re çkIr gS Aog v kv .k~gSv kSj og ½dkj
osQLFkku esaçkIr gS Av r%mj.k~ji j%l w =k l sv kj~gksrk gSArc v kj~, sv kSbuesav kj~gh LFkku l s
v Urjre gS Ai woZi j osQLFkku esav kj~v kns'k gh gksrk gS Arc çkPNZ fr : i fl ¼ gksrk gS
A

7-7 , fÄ i j : i e~
AA( 6-1-91)
=kkFkZ& v o.kkU
lw Zr mi l xZl s, Äkfn / krqosQi jsi w
oZi j osQLFkku esai j: i , dkns'kgksrkgS
A
lw=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=k gS Al w =k esanksi n gSA, fÄ ( 7@ 1) ] i jL; : i e~i j: i e~bfr "k"Bh
rRiq#"k l ekl Ai w oZ
o.kZi jo.kZ: i l sv o' ks"k jgrk gSi j: i ' kCn dk v FkZ Av kn~xq . k%l w
=k l sv kr~
i ×k~
pE; Ur i n dhv uq of̀r gSAmi l xZ n~½fr / krkSl = wkl smil xkrZ~i ×k~pE; Ur / krkSl Ireh, dopukUr
nksi n dhv uq of̀r gSA, d%i w oZi j; ks%dkv f/ dkj gS Ai w
oZv kS
j i j nksuksaosQLFkku esa, d ghv kns'k
gksrk gSml dk v FkZgS Ai n; kst uk & v kn~mi l xkZ r ~, fÄ / krkSi w
oZi j; ks%, d%i j: i e~bfrA
r nkfnfof/ v kS j r nUrfof/ & v kn~mi l xkZ
r ~l eku foHkfÙkQd nksi n gS Av kn~fo' ks"k.k
mi l xkZ
n~fo' ks"; gS
Av r%rnUrfof/ }kjkv o.kkZ
Ur mi l xZl sv FkZgksrkgS
A, fÄ / krkSnksuksa l IrE; Ur
i n gSAmuesa, fÄ v Ycks/d gS Av r%rnkfnfof/ l s, Äkfn / krqdksv FkZgksrk gS A
lw
=kkFkZgS& v o.kkZ
Ur mil xZl s, Äkfn / krqos
Qi jsi w
oZ
i j osQLFkku esai j : i , dkns'kgksrkgS
A
v i okn & v $, ] v k$, ] v$v ks]v k$v ksfLFkfr es
aoLrq
r %of̀¼jsfp l w
=kl sof̀¼ çkIr gSAvr%
; g fof/ of̀¼jsfp dh v i okn gS Av o.kZl s, t kfn b.k~ok , / / krq; fn gksrks, fÄ i j: i e l w=k
l si j: i çkIr gksusi j , R;s/R;w
B~
l ql w
=kl sof̀¼ gksrhgSAv r%, fÄ i j: i e~bl dk, R;s/R;w B~l ql w
=k
v i okn gSAçFke of̀¼jsfp bl dk v i okn , fÄ i j: i e~ A
mnkgj . k & çst rsAmi ks"kfrA
lw o; & ç , t rs( , t `nhIrkS/ krq
=kkFkZl eU ) ; gk¡v o.kkZ
Ur mi l xZç gSAml l si js, Äkfn èkkrq
, t rsgSAof̀¼jsfp l w
a =kl sof̀¼ çkIr gksusi j , fÄ i j: i e~l w
=kof̀¼ dkv i okn gS Aç&mi l xZv dkj
dkv kS j , dkj osQLFkku esai j: i gksrkgS
] v FkkZ
r ~v dkj , dkj: i l sv o' ks"kjgrkgSArc çst rs: i
fl ¼ gksrk gS AmRd"kZ: i l sçnhIr v FkZgS A
mi v ks"kfr ( m"k nkgs/ krq
) ; gk¡ v o.kkZ
Ur mi l xZmi gS
Aml l si js, Äkfn / krqv ks"kfr gS
A

126 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i kB&7
of̀¼jsfp l w=kl sof̀¼ çkIr gksusi j , fÄ i j: i e~l w =kof̀¼ dkv i okn gS AfdUrqmi &mi l xZv dkj v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
dkv kS j v ksd kj osQLFkku esai j: i gksrkgS
] v FkkrZ~v dkj vksd kj: i esa' ks"kjgrkgS
Arc mi ks"kfr : i
fl ¼ gksrk gS At yuk v FkZgS A
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
7-7-1) ' kd Uèokfn"kqi j : i aokP; e~
A( okfr Z
d e~
)
; g okfrZ
d gS Ai kf.kfueq
fu ust S
l sl w
=ki kB dksfy• k gS
] oS l sghx.ki kB Hkhfy• k gSAml esa
fof' k"Vdk; ZosQv FkZosQfy, ' kCnksadkl axzg gS Amuesa, d x.k ' kdUèokfnx.kgS AokfrZ
d kFkZ& v p~
i js' kdUèokfn fo"k; esaVh i j: i gksrk gS
A
mnkgj . k & ' kdU/q
%AddZ
U/q
%Aoq
Q
yVkAeuh"kkAgyh"kkAykÄ~
xyh"kkAi r×t fy%
Al kjÄ~
x%A
è; ku nsa
%
l heUr%
A
okfr Zd kFkZl eUo; & ' kdkuke~v U/q
%dwi%
A' kd v U/q
%fLFkfr esaddkj l smÙkjorhZv dkj
v p v O;ofgri w oZgSAv r%' ko~
Qbl osQv dkj dhfV l a
Kk gS
Aml dk i j: i djusi j ' kdU/q
%: i
fl ¼ gksrk gS
A
ddkZ
. kke~v U/q%
A( ddkZ %dksbZjkt k] mudk oq
Q
v k v FkZ
A) ddZv U/q
%; gk¡ i j i j: i djus
i j ddZ
U/%
q : i fu"i Uu gksrk gS
A
oqQys"kqv Vfr l k oq
Q
yVk ( O;fHkpkfj.kh L=kh) Aoq
Q
y v Vk fLFkfr esaVh dk i j: i gksusi j
oq
Q
yVk fl ¼ gksrk gSA
eul ~b"Zkk ; gk¡i j eul ~' kCn dk v l ~fVl a
Kd gSAml dk i j: i djusi j eu~bZ
"kk gksrk gS
A
o.kZfeyku l seuh"kk : i dh fu"i fr gksrh gS Acqf¼ v FkZgS
A
i rr~v×k~
t fy%; gk¡i j i rRk~
&' kCn dkvr~fVl a
Kd gS
Aml dki j : i djusi j i r~v ×k~ t fy%
gkrskgS
Ao.kZfeyku djusl si r×t fy%: i dhfu"i fr gksrhgSAegkHkk"; dkj ' k"skkorkj i r×t fy vFkZ
gS
A
l kj v Ä~
x%& l kjÄ~
x%( gfj.k i f{kfo' k"sk ok) A
l heu~v Ur%( l hEu%v Ur%& l heUr% ) A; gk¡ fV%v u~gS Aml dk i j: i djusi j l heUr%
fl ¼ gksrkgSAukjhosQosQ' kos'kf' kj esat ksosQ
' kfoHkkt u js• kfn• kbZnsrhgSog l heUr dgykrhgS A
' kdUèokfnx.kv kÑfrx.kA
v kÑfr Lo: i dk; Zn' kZ
u l sdk; ZdjrkgSv kÑfrx.kAft l x.kesav orZ
eku dksbZ' kCn ml
x.k esafLFkfr dk xzg.k djrk gS] ml dk : i l k/ qgS, slk dg l drsgS
] rc og x.k v kÑfrx.k
a
dgykrkgS A
ekrZ
. M%' kCn yksd esaçfl ¼ gS Al w
; Zv FkZgS Aer̀.MsHko%ekrZ . M%ml dhO;q Rifr gS
Ai jUrq
er̀.M' kCn oS Q
l kAogkadgrsgS aer̀e~v .Me~deZ / kj; l ekl djusi j er̀ v .MfLFkfr gksrhgS
Aogka
i j : i djusi j er̀.M' kCn fu"i u gksrkgSA; g er̀.M' kCn ' kdUèokfnx.k esaughagS Ai jUrqml dk
t ks: i og rc gh l EHko gS ] ; fn og ' kCn ' kDUèokfnx.k ekuk t krk gS A v r%' kdUèokfnx.k
v kÑfrx.kdgykrkgS A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 127
 i kB&7 v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko

v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
i kBxr i z'u&2
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
8- of̀¼jsfp l w
=k dk v FkZfy[ ksa
\
9- of̀¼jsfp l w
=k dk v i okn dkS
u gS
\
10- , fÄ i j: i fefr l w
=k dk v i okn dkS
u gS
\
1) of̀¼jsfp 2) , Ä%i nkUrknfr 3) , R;s/R;w
B~
lq 4) v kn~xq
. k%
% 11- , fÄ i j: i fefr l w
è; ku nsa =k dk mnkgj.k D; k gS
\
1) çst rs 2) mi S
fr 3) xÄ~
xkS
?k% 4) nsoky; %
12- uhpsçFkeLrEHk dk f}rh; LrEHk esadkS
u v i okn l gh gSrkfydk pq
us\
Lr EHk%
&û Lr EHk%
&ü
( d) v kn~xq
. k% ( i) , fÄ i j: i e~
( • ) of̀¼jsfp ( ii) , R;s/R;w
B~
lq
( x) , fÄ i j: i e~ ( iii) v d%l o.kZ
snh?kZ
%
( ?k) bdks; .kfp ( iv) of̀¼jsfp
(d) (• ) ( x) ( ?k)
1) ( i) ( ii) ( iii) ( iv)
2) ( ii) ( i) ( iii) ( iv)
3) ( iii) ( ii) ( i) ( iv)
4) ( iv) ( i) ( ii) ( iii)

7-8 v d %l o. kZ
snh?kZ
%
AA( 6-1-97)
=kkFkZ& v o~
lw Qdk l o.kZv p~i jsi w
oZ
i j osQLFkku esanh?kZ, dkns'k gksrk gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w =kgS Arhu i n gS Av d%l o.kZ
a snh?kZ %l w
=kxr i nPNsn gS Av d%( 5@ 1) ]
l o.kZ
s( 7@1) ] nh?kZ%( 1@ 1) Abdks; .kfp l w =k l sv fp l IrE; Ur i n dhv uq of̀r gS
A, d%i woZi j; ks%
dkv f/ dkj gS Ai woZv kjSi j nksuksaosQLFkku esa, d ghv kns'kgksrkgS Ai n; kst uk& v d%l o.kZ sv fp
nh?kZ
%, d%i w oZi j; ks%bfrAl w=kkFkZ
& v o~Qdkl o.kZv p~i jsi w oZi j osQLFkku esanh?kZ, dkns'kgksrkgS A
v o~QosQi jsl o.kZv p~oLrq r v d~ghgksrkgS Av r%v FkZgS& v b m½ Æo.kks±l si js; fn l o.kZ
v b m½ Æo.kZgksrksi w oZi j osQLFkku esa( v d~&l o.kZv p~osQLFkku esa ) nh?kZ, dkns'kgksrk gS A
mnkgj . k & nS
R;kfj%
AJh' k%
Afo".kw
n; %
Agksrf̀"k%
A
lw l eUo; & nS
=kkFkZ R;kuke~v fj%foxzg gS Al ekl djusi j nS R; v fj%fLFkfr gksrh gS Aogka
; dkj l si jst ksv dkj] ml l si j rq
Y; kL; ç; Rual o.kZ
e~l w
=kl sl o.kZv p~v dkj gSAv kn~xq . k%l w
=k
l sxq
. kçkIr djusi j çÑr l w =kl si w
oZi j v dkj&v dkj osQLFkku esaLFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkl sLFkku

128 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i kB&7
v kUr; Zl sv kdkj gh nh?kZ, dkns'k gksrk gS
Arc nS
R;~v k fj%fLFkfr esao.kZfeyku l snS
R;kfj%: i v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
fl ¼ gksrk gS
AnS R; nkuoksadk ' k=kqv FkZgS
A
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
fJ; %bZ' k%foxzgAl ekl djusi j Jhb'ZkfLFkfr gksrhgS AogkabZd kj l si j bZ
d kj gSv kS
j og
rqY; kL; ç; Rual o.kZe~l w
=kl sl o.kZ
laKd gS A; gk¡bdks; .kfp bl l si w
oZbZ
d kj osQLFkku esa; .k~çkIr
djusi j v d%l o.kZ snh?kZ
%çÑrl w =k l si w
oZ
i j osQbZ
d kj&bZ
d kj osQLFkku esaLFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kk
l sLFkku v kUr; Zl sbZd kj gh nh?kZ, dkns'k gksrk gS
Arc Jh' k%: i i fjfuf"Br gksrk gS A
fo".kks%mn; %foxzgAl ekl djusi j fo".kqmn; %fLFkfr gS Aogkmdkj l si jsmdkj gS ] og
rq
Y; kL; ç; Rual o.kZ
e~l w
=kl sl o.kZ
la
Kd gS A; gk¡bdks; .kfp bl l si w
oZmdkj osQLFkku esa; .k~çkIr è; ku ns
a
%
gksusi j v d%l o.kZ snh?kZ
%çÑr l w=k l si w
oZ
i j mdkj&mdkj osQLFkku esaLFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kk l s
LFkku v kUr; Zl sÅdkj gh nh?kZ, dkns'k gksrk gS
Arc fo".kw n; %: i fl ¼ gksrk gS
A
gksrk½f"k%foxzgAdeZ / kj; l ekl djusi j gksr` ½f"k%fLFkfr gS Aogk ½o.kZl si j ½o.kZ
gSv kSj og rq Y; kL; ç; Rual o.kZ
e~l w=kl sl o.kZl a
Kd gS A; gk¡bdks; .kfp bl l si w
oZ½dkj osQLFkku
esa; .kçkIr djusi j v d%l o.ksZnh?k% ZçÑr l = wkl si w
oiZj ½dkj&½dkj osQLFkku es a LFkkus¿Urjre%
i fjHkk"kk l sLFkku v kUr; Zl s½dkj gh nh?kZ, dkns'k gksrk gS Arc gksrf̀"k%: i fl ¼ gksrk gS A
fdl l si jsdku
S&l kl o.kZgksukpkfg, v kjSog gku
ssi j vkns'kD; kgku
skpkfg, uhpspkj ckDl
esaçnf' kZ
r fd; k gSA

1) v $v ¾v k v$vk¾vk vk$v¾vk vk$vk¾vk

2) b$b¾bZ b$bZ
¾bZ bZ
$b¾bZ bZ
$bZ
¾bZ
3) m$m¾Å m$žŠÅ$m¾Å Å$žÅ
4) ½$½¾Î ½$Î ¾Î Î $½¾Î Î $Î ¾Î

7-9 , Ä%i nkUrknfr AA( 6-1-105)

=kkFkZ& i nkUr , Ä l sv fr i jsi w
lw oZ
i j osQLFkku esai w
oZ
: i , dkns'k gksrk gS
A
lw =kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w =kgS
Arhu i n gS A, Ä%i nkUrkn~v fr l w =kxr i nPNsn gSA, Ä%( 5@1) ]
i nL; v Ur%i nkUr%"k"Bh rRiq #"k l ekl %rLekr~i nkUrkr~i ×peh , dopuA v fr ( 7@ 1) ]
ri jLrRdkyL; l w =k l s; gk¡ , dekf=kd v dkj dkst kuuk pkfg, Av fe i w oZ%l w=k l si w
oZ
%i n dh
v uqof̀r gS A, d%i w oZ
i j; ks%dkv f/ dkj gS Ai w oZv kS
j i j nksuksaosQLFkku esa, d ghv kns'kgksrkgSv FkZ
gSAi n; kst uk& i nkUrkn~, Ä%v fr i w oZ
i j; ks%, d%i woZ%HkofrAl w =kkFkZ& i nkUr , Ä~l sv r%i jsi w
oZ
i j osQLFkku esai w oZ
: i , dkns'k gksrk gSA, pks¿; ok; ko%l w =k dk ; g v i okn gS A
mnkgj . k & gjs¿oAfo".kks¿oA
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & gfj' kCn dk l Ecks/u gjsgS Av Ok~&/ krqdk yksV eè; e i q #"kesa: i v o~
A
gjsv o~okD; esafLFkr jsiQl si jst ks, dkj og v o' kCn osQv dkj l sv O;ofgri w oZgS A ogka
, pks¿; ok; ko%l w=kl sv ; kns'kçkIr gksusi j çÑr l w
=kl si w
oZi j osQLFkku esai o
wZ: i djusi j gjs¿o
okD; fl ¼ gksrk gS Agsgjs] gsxksfoUn] rq e j{kk djksv FkZgSA

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 129
 i kB&7 v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko

v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k fo".kq' kCn dkl Ecks/u fo".kksgSAvOk~ &/ krqdkyksVeè; ei #
q"k: i vo~gS Afo".kksv o okD;
esafLFkr jsiQl si j t ks, dkj og v o' kCn osQv dkj l sv O;ofgri w oZgS Aogk, pks¿; ok; ko%l w
=kl s
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko v ; kns'k çkIr gksusi j çÑrl w =k l si w
oZ
i j osQLFkku esai w
oZ
: i djusi j fo".kks¿o okD; curk gSAgs
fo".kks] rqe j{kk djksv FkZgS A
¹ v usd LFkku i j ^¿* t ksfpÉ fn• kbZnsrkgSml dkuke v oxzg gSAog fpÉ fn• krkgSdh
; gk¡, d ßLo v dkj Fkk v c ughagS Ai woZ
: i i j: i v Fkok yq
Ir gq
, dksfn• krk gS
Abl fpÉ dk
dksbZmPpkj.k ughagksrk gS ] v Fkok djrsughagS At gk bl fpÉ dksfy• k gSogk yq Ir v dkj dk
mPpkj.k ughadjuk pkfg, Aº
è; ku nsa
%
7-10 y ksi%' kkd Y; L; AA( 8-3-19)
=kkFkZ& v o.kZ
lw iw
oZdk i nkUr esa; dkj odkj dk v ' k~i jsfodYi l syksi gksA
lw=kO;k[ ; k& fof/ l =wkgSAnksi n gS Aykis%(1@ 1)] ' kkdY; L; (6@ 1)AHkk& sHkxks&v?kk& sv i o
wZ
L;
; ks¿f' k ( 8-3-17) l w =k l sv i w
oZ
L; "k"BÔUr v f' k l IrE; Ur nksi nksadh v uq of̀r gS Av i w oZL; bl dk
vo.kiZo w;Zk%
s "k"Bhf}opu esacny t krhgS Avo.kZ %i w
o%
Z; kH; karkSv i wokA
Sr; ks%vi o
Z w;Zk%
s cgq oh
zfgl ekl % A
; gk¡ v o.kZbl l sv dkj osQv êò kjg Hksn t kuuk pkfg, AO;ksy Z ?kq
ç; Rurj%' kkdVk; uL; bl l sO;ks%
"k"Bhf}opukUr i n dh v uq of̀r gSAo~p ; ~p bfr O;kS ] r; ks%O;ks%brjsrj; ksx}U}l ekl Ai nL; dk
v f/ dkj gS Aml dk i n; ks%"k"Bhf}opu esai fj.kke gksrk gS AokD; ; kst uk & v i w oZ; ks%O;ks%i n; ks%
yksi%' kkdY; L; v f' kA; gk¡ i n; ks%v i w oZ; ks%O;ks%fLFkfr gksrh gS Aogkav i w oZ; ks%O;ks%dk fo' ks"k.k
gSAvkS j O;ks%; g i n; ks%dkfo' ks"k.kgSAv r O;ks%brusva ' kesarnUrfof/ gS Aml l sv o.kZ iw
oZt ks; dkj
v Fkokodkj rnUr t ksi n ml dkfodYi l syksi gksrkgS Aml osQckn v yks¿UR;L; i fjHkk"kkl sv Ur
odkj ; dkj dkghyksi gksrkgS Av r%i Q fyrkFkZ& i nkUr v o.kZ iwoZosQodkj ; dkj dkfodYi l s
yksi gksv ' ki jsA' kkdY; uke dksbZi kf.kfui w oZ
orhZO;kdj.kdkj gS AmuosQer l s; g dk; Zgksrk gS A
i jUrqv U; v kpk; ks±osQer esa; g dk; Zughagksrk gS Ai kf.kfu nksuksadk v uq eksnu dj jgsgS Av r%
a
fodYi b"V gS Al w
=kkFkZgS& v o.kZ iw
oZi nkUr osQ; dkj odkj dkfodYi l sv ' ki jsyksi gksAv FkkZ r~
i nkUr esav o.kZi w oZft l l sml ; dkj v Fkokodkj gSrksv kS j ml osQckn Hkhv ' k~ &çR;kgkjLFk o.kZ
gSrks; dkj odkj dk fodYi l syksi gksrk gS Av FkkZr ~v ' k i js; fn i nkUr esav ; ~v o~v k; ~v ko~
; sgksrksmu ; dkj v kjSodkj dk yksi fodYi l sgksv FkZgS A
mnkgj . k & gj v kxPNAfo".k v kxPNArLekv kgAfo".kk v kLFkkA
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & gjsv kxPN bR;kfn okD; gS AokD; esal fagrkfodYi l sgksrhgS A; fn l a
fgrk
gksrksogkl a fgrkf/ dkjLFkl w
=kçor̀ gksa
xsArc gjsv kxPN bR;kfn mnkgj.kesa, dkj v p~v kdkj l s
v O;ofgri w oZgSAv r%, pks¿; ok; ko%l w=k çoÙ̀k gS
Arc , dkj osQLFkku esav ; ~v kns'k gksrk gS Arc
gj; ~v kxPN fLFkfr gksrhgS Aogkai nkUr esav o.kZi w
oZft l l soSl k; dkj gS
] v FkkZ
r ~i nkUr esav ; ~ gS
]
ml l si j v ' k~
&çR;kgkjLFkv kdkj gS Ayksi%' kkdY; L; l =wkl sfodYi l sykis gksrkgS At c yksi ugha
gksrk rc yksi v Hkkoi {k esagj; ~v kxPN bl fLFkfr esao.kZ feyku l sgj; kxPN l k/ q: i cusxkA
fo".kksv kxPNArLeSv kgAfo".kkSv kLFkkAbR;kfn mnkgj.kesaHkhmi j nf' kZ
r Øe l sdk; Zgksrs
gSav kS
j Hkhfo".ko~v kxPNArLek; ~v kgAfo".kko~v kLFkkAfLFkfr gksusi jAbu mnkgj.kesav o.kZi woZ
; dkj v kSj odkj gSA; dkj odkj dkyksi fodYi l sgksrkgS Arc yksi v Hkkoi {kesa& fo".kokxPNA
rLek; kgAfo".kkokLFkkA: i gksrsgS
A
a
130 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i kB&7
bu pkj mnkgj.k esayksii {k esarks& gj v kxPNAfo".k v kxPNArLek v kgAfo".kk v kLFkk v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
fLFkfr gksrh gS
Arc muesav o.kZl si j l o.kZv o.kZgS Av r%v d%l o.kZsnh?kZ
%l w
=k l sl o.kZ
nh?kZ
, dkns'k çkIr gksusi j&
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko

7-11 i w
oZ
=kkfl ¼e~
AA( 8-2-1)
lw & l ok l kr v è; k; h osQçfr rhu i kn v fl ¼] rhu i knksaesaHkh i w
=kkFkZ oZosQçfr i j
vfl ¼gS
A
lw=kO;k[ ; k & v f/ dkj l w=k gS
Av "Vekè; k; osQprq FkZ
i kn dk v v ( 8-4-67) v fUre l w =k è; ku ns
a
%
rd bl dkv f/ dkj gS Al w=kesanksi n gaAi w
S oZ
=kv fl ¼e~l w =kxr i nPNsn gSAi woZ=k; gk¡=kYk~ &çR;; kUr
v O;; Ai woZ
=k; gk¡l Irehv FkZesa=ky~gS Aml l si w
oZesa; g v FkZçkIr gksrkgS Afdl l si w oZesav kS
j D; k
iwoZesa
AogkadgrsgS & v "Vkè; k; hesav kB v è; k; gS
a ] çR;sd v è; k; esapkj i kn gS
a Ai w oZ=kkfl ¼e~l w=k
v "Vekè; k; osQf}rh; i kn dkçFke l w =kgSArc fdl l si w oZbl dkmÙkj gksrkgSi w oZ=kkfl ¼e~l w=k l s
iowA
Zog i owZD; kgSç' u dkmÙkj gS& i w oZfo| eku ' kkL=k] l =
wkt kyAv kjSog v "Vekè; k; os QçFkei kn
l fgr l kr v è; k; gSAbrukHkkx l i knl Irkè; k; hdgykrkgS A' ks"kv "Vekè; k; osQrhu i kn f=ki knh
dgykrkgS A
v fl ¼fefr çFkek , dopukUr i n gS Afl ¼e~bl dk fu"i Uu v FkZgS
Au fl ¼e~v fl ¼fefr
u×k~
&rRi#
q"kl ekl Av fl ¼e~bl dkv fl ¼on~v fu"i Uuon~v FkZdjrsgS AD; kv fl ¼ bfr ç' uArc
a
dgrsgSAf=ki knhv fl ¼Al i knl Irkè; k; hosQçfr f=ki knh v fl ¼A
a
; g v f/ dkjl w
=kAbl l s( i w
oZ
=kkfl ¼e~
) i j ft rusv f/ dkj l Hkh l w
=kksaesabl dk fuos'k djuk
pkfg, Arc rhu i knksaesaHkh i w
oZl w=k osQçfr i jl w
=k v fl ¼ ; g v FkZçkIr gksrk gS A
lw
=kkFkZ& l i knl Irkè; k; osQçfr rhu i kn v fl ¼] rhu i knksaesaHkhi w
oZosQçfr i j v fl ¼gS
A
bl çdkj l i knl Irkè; k; hfl ¼dk.M dgykrk gS Af=ki kn v fl ¼dk.Mdgykrk gS AD; ksa
fd
l i knl Irkè; k; h osQçfr f=ki kn v fl ¼] fdUrqf=ki kn esaHkh i woZ
lw=k çfr i jl w
=k v fl ¼ oS
l sHkh
l i knl Irkè; k; h fl ¼ ghA; g Hkh t kuuk fd f=ki kn esaHkh i j osQçfr i woZ
lw
=k fl ¼ gS A
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & gj v kxPN ; gk¡yksi%' kkdY; L; ( 8-3-19) yksi fo/ k; d l w =kf=ki kn esa
fLFkr gSAv d%l o.kZ snh?kZ
%( 6-1-97) l i knl Irkè; k; esafLFkr gSAv r%i w oZ
=kkfl ¼e~ l w =kçHkko l s
v d%l o.kZ snh?kZ
%l w
=kosQçfr yksi%' kkdY; L; l w =kv fl ¼ gSAv FkkZr ~yksi%' kkdY; L; l w =kughagS
osQl ekuArc v d%l o.kZ snh?kZ
%l w
=k dksyksi%' kkdY; L; l w=k l sfd; k x; k; dkj odkj dk yksi
ughat ku l drkAml dh nf̀"V esagj v kxPN fLFkfr ughagS ] oLrq r %gj; ~v kxPN ; g gh fLFkfr gS
, slkekursga Av r%v o~
S Qdki j l o.kZv d~ughagSu l o.kZ nh?kZ, dkns'kgSAml l sgj v kxPN fLFkfr
oS l hghjgrhgS ] ogki u
q l o.kZ
nh?kZ, dkns'kughagkrskgS
Abl hçdkj fo".kv kxPNArLekvkgAfo".kk
v kLFkk bR;kfn mnkgj.k esaHkh l o.kZ nh?kZ
d kns'k ughagS
S AfdUrqbl dh nf̀"V esarksl Ei w . kZ' kkL=k fl ¼
gh gS Av r%gekjs}kjk gj v kxPN , slk gh fy• k t krk gSv kS j O;ogkj fd; k t krk gS A

i kBxr i z'u&3
13- v d%l o.kZ
snh?kZ
%l w
=k dk v FkZfy• sa
A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 131
 i kB&7 v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko

v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k 14- ( , $, ) , dkj l si js, dkj gSrksdkS
u&l k l w
=k yxsxk\
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko 15- , Ä%i nkUrknfr l w
=k fdl dk v i okn gS
\
16- yksi%' kkdY; L; l w
=k l sfdl dk yksi gksrk gS
\
17- fo".kksv kxPN bl dk fo".k v kxPN bfr i fjorZ
u osQckn l o.kZ
nh?kZ
l fU/ D; ksaughagksrh\
18- v fl ¼dk.M esadkS
u&l si knk gS
\
19- fo".kksv kxPN bl dk l a
f/ esaD; k : i cusxk\
è; ku nsa
% 1) fo".kv kxPN] fo".kkokxPN 2) fo".kkv kxPN] fo".kokxPN
3) fo".kv kxPN] fo".kokxPN 4) fo".kv kxPN] fo".kkoxPN
20- mÙkj dk ; ksX; Øe pq
ukst gk¡ i w
oZdk v i okn i jl w
=k gS
\
i) , fÄ i j: i e~ ii) , R
; s/R;w
B~
lq iii) of̀¼js
fp iv) v kn~xq
. k%
1) ( i) ( ii) ( iii) ( iv)
2) ( ii) ( i) ( iii) ( iv)
3) ( iv) ( iii) ( i) ( ii)
4) ( iv) ( i) ( iii) ( ii)
21- v / %çFke LrEHk esafLFkfr çnf' kZ
r AogkadkS
u&l k l w
=k çor̀ gksrk gSf}rh; LrEHk l spq
uksA
( d) v k$, ( i) bdks; .kfp ( • ) b$m ( ii) v kn~xq
. k%
( x) , $Å ( iii) of̀¼js
fp ( ?k) v k$m ( iv) , pks¿; ok; ko%
(d) (• ) ( x) ( ?k)
1) ( i) ( ii) ( iii) ( iv)
2) ( ii) ( i) ( iii) ( iv)
3) ( iii) ( i) ( iv) ( ii)
4) ( ii) ( iii) ( iv) ( i)
bl l sv kxsIyq
r v kS
j çxá̀ dh çÑfrHkko osQckjsesao.kZu djsa
xsAv r%Iyqr dkS
u gS
] dkS
u
çxá̀ bl Kku osQfy, oq Q Nl w=k mi fLFkr djrsgS
A; g l fU/ çÑfrHkkol fU/ dgykrh gS
a A

7-12 nw
j k¼w
r spAA( 8-2-84)
=kkFkZ& nw
lw j l sl Ecks/u esaokD; osQVh dksIyq
r fodYi l sgksrk gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=kgS
Al w
=kesarhu i n gSAnw
j kr~gw
r sp l w
=kxri nPNsn gS Anw
j kr~( 5@1) ]
gwr s ( 7@1) ] p bR;O;; i nA okD; L; Vs%Iyq r mnkÙk%l w =k l s okD; L; "k"BÔsd opukUr] Vs%
"k"BÔsd opukUr] Iyq r %çFkekUr rhu i n dh v uq of̀r gS
Ai nl ewg okD; gS Ai n; kst uk & nwj kr~gw
rs
okD; L; Vs%Iyq r %HkofrAdksbZfdl hdkscq y krkgSArc çFke mPpkfjr ' kCn dkscksè; eku ughal u qrk]

132 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i kB&7
fdUrqv f/ d ç; Ru dhv i s{kk] rc og nw j esaekurkgSAgw
r ' kCn dkv kÞoku v FkZgS
Av kÞokue~; gk¡ v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
l Ecks/u esagh gS
Al w
=kkFkZgS& nwj l sl Ecks/u esaokD; osQVh dksIyq r fodYi l sgksrk gS
A
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
mnkgj . k & v kxPN Ñ".k 3A
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & v kxPN Ñ".k3 bl okD; esadksbZxksi Ñ".kdkscq y krkgSArc de èofu
dksÑ".kl qu ughal drkAml l st kukt krkgSdhÑ".knw
j esagS
Avr%xksi mPp l scksy rkgS AvkxPN
Ñ".k bl okD; esa.kdkj l si jorhZv dkj fVl a
Kd gS
Aog çÑr l w =k l sIyq
r gksrk gS
Arc v kxPN
Ñ".k3 ; g okD; gksrk gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
7-13 bZ
nw
nsn~f} opuaçxá̀e~
AA( 1-1-11)
=kkFkZ& bZ
lw nUr ÅnUr v kS
j , nUr f}opu dh çxá̀l a
Kk gksrh gS
A
lw=kO; k[ ; k& l K
akl w =kgS
Abl l w=kl sçxá̀l a
Kkdkfo/ ku djrsgS Al w
a =kesarhu i n gS
AbZ
a nwnsr~
f}opue~çxá̀e~l w =kxri nPNsn gSAbZr ~p År~p , r~p bfr bZ nw
nsr~bfr l ekgkj}U}l ekl A; gk¡bZr~
År~, r~buesri jdj.kl Unsgjkg bl v FkZosQfy, ri jLrRdkyL; osQrRdkfyd dkxzg.kkFkZosQfy,
ughAa bZ
nw
nsr~i n f}opue~bl dkfo' ks"k.kgS Av r%rnUrfof/ l sbZ nUr ÅnUr v kSj , nUr f}opu ; g
v FkZçkIr gksrk gS Arc l w=kkFkZ& bZ
nUr ÅnUr v kSj , nUr f}opu dh çxá̀l aKk gksrh gSA
mnkgj . ke~& gjhA fo".kw
A xÄ~ xsA ; gk¡ gfj' kCn dk fo".kq ' kCn dk v kS
j xÄ~
xk' kCn dk
çFkekf}opu esa; s: i gS
Abl l w=kl sgjhbfr ' kCn esaO;i nsf' kon~
Hkko l sbZ
nUr f}opu bZd kj dk]
fo".kw; gk¡Ådkj dk] v kS
j xÄ~
xs; gk¡ , dkj dh çxá̀ l a Kk gksrh gS
A

7-14 v nl ksekr ~
AA( 1-1-12)
=kkFkZ& v nl ~
lw &' kCn dk v o; o t ksedkj] ml l si jsbZ
nw
r kSçxá̀ gksA
=kO;k[ ; k & l a
lw Kkl w
=kgS
Al w=kesanksi n gS
Av nl %ekr~l w
=kxri nPNsn gSAv nl ~; g l oZ ukEu
v nl %"k"BÔsd opu gS Ab; eo; o"k"Bh gSAekr~i ×peh, dopukUr i n gS A; g fnX; ksx esai ×pehA
bZ
nw
nsn~f}opuaçxá̀e~l w =k l sbZ
nw
r ~v kS
j çxá̀e~nksi n dh v uq
of̀r gS
Al w=kkFkZgS& v nl ~&' kCn dk
v o; o t ksedkj] ml l si jsbZnw
r kSçxá̀ gksA
mnkgj . k & v ehAv ew
AçÑrsv ehv nl ~ &' kCn dk i q
fYyÄ~
x çFkekcgq
opukUr : i gSAml
edkj l si jsbn
Z~gS
Avew; gk¡vnl ~
&' kCn dki fqYyÄ~
x çFkekf}opukUr : i gS
Aml edkj l si jsbZ
n gS
A

7-15 fui kr , d kt ukÄ~

AA( 1-1-14)
=kkFkZ& v kÄ~
lw &fHkUu , dkp~fui kr çxá̀l a
K gksrk gS
A
=k O;k[ ; k& l a
lw Kkl w
=kgS
Abl esarhu i n gSAfui kr%, dkp~vukÄ~l w
a =kxr i nPNsn gSAfui kr%
çFkek, dopuA, d%v p~bfr , dkp~bfr deZ / kj; l ekl Au v kÄ~bfr v ukÄ~bfr u×k~ r Ri#
q"kl ekl A
bZ
nwnsn~f}opuaçxá̀e~l w =kl sçxá̀e~i n dhv uq of̀r Al w=kkFkZ& v kÄ~
&fHkUu , dkp~fui kr çxá̀l a K
gksrkgSA
mnkgj . k & v ( v k{ksi esa
) ] v k ( okD; v kS
j Lej.k esa
) ] b ( l Ecks/u] foLe; esa
) ] bZ

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 133
 i kB&7 v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko

v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k ( l Ecks/u esa
) ] m( l Ecks/u] fordZesa ) ] Å] , ] , s] v ks] v kS( l Ecks/u esa
) ] v kÄ~( v Yi ] e; kZ
nk
esa
) ; spkfn gS Aml l spkn; ks¿l Ùosl w
=kl sfui krl a
Kd gS Av kS j ; s, dkp gSAmuesav kÄ~çxá̀l a K ugha
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko gksrhgS Av U; esaçxá̀l Kak gksrhgS A

7-16 Iy q
r çxá̀k v fp fuR;e~
AA( 6-1-121)
=kkFkZ& Iyq
lw r v kS
j çxá̀ v p~i jsfuR; çÑfrHkko gksrk gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w=k gS
Arhu i n gS AIyq
a r çxá̀k%v fp fuR;e~l w
=kxri nPNsn gS AIyqr k%
% p çxá̀k%p bfr Iyqrçxá̀k%brjsrj; ksx}U}Av fp ( 7@
è; ku nsa 1) ] fuR;e~( 1@
1) AçÑR;kUr% i kne~l w
=k l s
çÑR;krr̀h; kUr i n dhv uq of̀r gSAi n; kst uk& Iyq
r çxá̀k%v fp çÑR;kfuR;e~ Al w=kkFkZ& Iyq
r v kSj
çxá̀ v p i jsfuR; çÑfrHkko gksrsgS Al fU/fodkj ughagksrk gS A
mnkgj . k & Iyq
r L; mnkgj.ke~& v kxPN Ñ".ký v =k xkS
' pjfrA
lw l eUo; & v kxPN Ñ".ký v =kxkS
=kkFkZ ' pjfr ; gk¡i j v kxPN Ñ".k , d okD; gS Anwj k¼wrs
plw =kl sfodYi l s.kdkjksÙkj v dkj Iyqr gksrkgS Arc v kxPN Ñ".ký v =kxkS ' pjfr ; g fLFkfr gkrsh
gSAogkav ýdkj l si j v =k ' kCn dkv dkj v p~gS Av d%l o.kZ snh?kZ
%l w=k l snh?kZ
d kns'kçkIr gksus
S
i j çÑr l w =kl sçÑfr Hkko gksrk gSAv FkkZ
r ~t c Iyqr gksrkgSrc l o.kZ nh?kZughagksrkgS At c Iyq r
ughagksrk gSrc l o.kZ nh?kZgksrk gS
] bl çdkj v kxPN Ñ".ký v =k xkS ' pjfr bfr] ^v kxPN Ñ".kk=k
xkS' pjfr* nksçdkj dk ç; ksx gksrk gS A
çxá̀ dkmnkgj.k& gjh, rkS A; gk¡jsiQl smÙkj t ksbZ
d kj og bZ
nUr f}opu gSAbZnw
nns~f}opua
çxá̀e~l w =kl sml dhçxá̀ l a KkgksrhgS Aml l si jsv p~, dkj gS Aogkabdks; .kfp bl l s; .kçkIr
gksusi j çÑrl w=k l sçÑfrHkko gksrk gS
Av FkkZr ~Lo: i esagh jgrk gSdksbZHkh o.kZ
fodkj ughagksrk
gS
Aml l sgjh , rkS; g gh : i jgrk gS AÅnUrf}opu dk mnkgj.k & fo".kwbekS A, nUrf}opu dk
mnkgj.k& xÄ~ xsv ewA
v eh bZ
' kk%
A; gk¡ v nl ~l oZukEu i qfYyÄ~ x çFkek cgqopu esav eh : i gS Abl edkj l si js
bZ
r ~gSAml dksv nl ksekr~l w =k l sçxá̀l a Kk gksrh gS
A; gk¡ edkj l si i jst ksbZ
d kj] ml l si jsbZ
d kj
gS
Av d%l o.kZ snh?kZ
%bl l sl o.kZnh?kZ
d kns'kçkIr gksusi j çÑr l w
S =kl sçÑfrHkko gksrkgS Aml l sv eh
bZ
' kk%; g gh: i jgrk gS A
v nl ~l oZukEu i q
fYyÄ~x] L=khfya
x v kSj ui q
l dfya
a x esaçFkek f}opu esa: i v ewv ewv ew
A
ogkabu : i ksadh fl f¼ çfØ; k i F̀kd~
&i F̀kd~gS
A
L=khfyÄ~x v kS j Dyhc çfØ; k l s^v ns* fLFkfr gksrh gS Aogk v nl ks¿l snkZ
nqnkse%( 8-2-80)
lw=k l sndkj dksedkj] v kS j , dkj dksÅdkj dk fo/ ku djrsgS A i jUrqbZ
a nw
nsn~f}opuaçxá̀e~
lw=knf̀"V l sv nl ks¿l snkZ
nqnkse%( 8-2-80) l w =kv fl ¼ gSAv kSj Hkh^v ns* fLFkfr esagh, nUr f}opu
dh çxá̀l a Kk gksrh gS Aml l sbZnwnsn~f}opuaçxá̀e~l w =k l sgh çxá̀l aKk gksd j çÑfrHkko gksrk gS
çÑrl w =kl sAv r%vnl ksekr~( 1-1-12) l w =kogkav ko' ; d ughagS Ai jUrqi q
fYyÄ~ x esav ew: i l kèku
çfØ; kesav nkSfLFkfr gkrshgS Aogkav nl k¿sl snkZ
nqnkse%( 8-2-80) l w =kl sndkj dksedkj] v kjS, dkj
dksÅdkj dk fo/ ku djrsgS Aml l sv ew: i i q
a fYyax esacurk gS Av nkS: i esav kS d kj dh fdl h
Hkh l w=k l sçxá̀l aKk ughagS Arc v nl ksekr~l w =k dh jpuk dhAv kS j og fl ¼dk.Mh; gS Aml dh
nf̀"V l s v nl ks¿l snkZnq nks e%( 8-2-80) l w =k v fl ¼ gS A i jUrq v nl ks ekr~( 1-1-12) bfr
134 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i kB&7
lw
=kkjEHkl keF; Zl sv nl ks¿l snkZ
nqnkse%( 8-2-80) l w
=kv fl ¼ ughagksrkgS
Av r%v ew; gk¡Ådkj dk v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
v nl ksekr~( 1-1-12) l w =kl sçxá̀l aKkgksrhgS
Av r%ÅnUr dkmnkgj.kjkeÑ".kkoewvkl krsnsrsgS A
a
ogkjkeÑ".kkS; g i n fn• krsgS adh; gk¡vew: i i qfYyÄ~ x es
agS
Açxá̀l aKko' kl sçÑfrHkko gkrskgS
A
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
fui kr t ksçxá̀ gSmudkmnkgj.k& b bUæ% Ammes'k% Av k, oauqeU;l sAv k, oafdy rr~ A
; gk¡ l Hkh esab] m] v k ; spkfnRo gksusl spkn; ks¿l Ùosl w =k l sfui krl a
Kk] fui kr gksusl sfui kr
, dkt ukÄ~l w =k l s çxá̀l aKkA b bUæ%; gk¡] v kSj m mes'k%; gk¡ v d%l o.kZ s nh?kZ
%l w=k l s
l o.kZnh?kZ
d kns'k çkIr gksusi j Iyq
S r çxá̀k v fp fuR;e~l w=k l sçÑfrHkko gksrk gS Av k , oauqeU;l s]
v k , oafdy rr~bu nksuksamnkgj.k esaof̀¼jsfp l w =k l sof̀¼ çkIr gksusi j Iyq r çxá̀k v fp fuR;e~
lw=k l sçÑfrHkko gksrk gS A è; ku nsa
%

i kBxr i z'u&4
22- nw
j k¼w
r sp l w
=k l sfdl dk fo/ ku djrsgS
\
a
23- fo".kw; gk¡ çxá̀l a
Kkfo/ k; d l w
=k D; k gS
\
24- v eh ; gk¡ çxá̀l a
Kk fdl l w
=k l sgksrh gS
\
25- v kÄ dhçxá̀l a
Kk gksrh gSv Fkok ugha
\
26- çÑfrHkkofo/ k; d l w
=k D; k gS
A

i kB l kj
ft u nkso.kks±dh l a
fgrk gksrh gS] v FkkZr ~ft u nksosQeè; esav / Z ek=kk l sv f/ ddky dk
O;oèkku ughagSmudksl a fgrkf/ dkj esafLFkr l w=kka
s}kjk fofHkUu v kns'k gksrsgSAft udhl a
a fgrk mues
a
,d i woZ
o.kZv i j i jo.kZdgykrk gS Abl i kB esai w oZi j nksuksaosQLFkku esa, d ghv kns'kdk foèkku
djrsgS Aogkav f/ dkjl w
a =k gh , d%i woZi j; ks%
A
v o.kZl sbfd i jsv kn~xq . k%l w
=k l si w
oiZj osQLFkku esaxq . k%v FkkZ
r ~v , v ksbuesav U;re
, dkns'k gksrk gS
Ami sUæ%bR;q nkgj.kA; g ghxq . kl fU/ çfl f¼ gSAv o.kZl s, p~i jsi w oZ
i j osQLFkku
esaof̀¼ v FkkrZ~v k , sv kSbuesav U;re , dkns'k of̀¼jsfp l w =k l sgksrk gS
A; g l w=k xq
. k dk v i okn
gSA; g gh of̀¼l fU/ uke l sçfl ¼ gS A
½dkj osQLFkku esat c v v k b bZmÅ bu o.kks±dk fo/ ku djrsgSarc muosQl kFk jsiQ
dk ; ksx djosQfo/ ku djrsgSA½dkj osQLFkku esav dkj dk fo/ ku djsrksog v j~oLrq
a r %ç; ksx
djuk pkfg, Aogk mj.k~ji j%l w=kAÑ".kf¼Z
%bR;q
nkgj.kA
of̀¼jsfp l w
=kl smRl xZof̀¼ çkIr gksrhgSi jUrqdghi j ughapkfg, Av r%, fÄ i j: e~l w =k
l sv o.kkZ Ur mi l xZl s, Äkfn / krqosQi jsof̀¼ dkscka/ dj i j: i dk fo/ ku djrsgS A; g dk; Z
a
' kdUèokfnx.k esaHkh v ko' ; d gS' kdUèokfn"kqi j: i aokP; e~okfrZd cuk; k dkR;; ueq fu usA; g
i j: i l fU/ bl uke l sl aLÑr esaçpkj gS A; g , fÄ i j: i adghai j b"V ughagSAv r%, R;s/R;w B~
lq
lw =kdhjpuki kf.kfu t husdhAml l sv o.kZl s, t kfn , fr , / fr ; fn i jsgksrksi j: i dkscka
èkdj
of̀¼ dk fo/ ku djrsgS A; fn ÅB~i jsgksrksxq
a . k dkscka/ dj of̀¼ dk fo/ ku djrsgS A
a

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 135
 i kB&7 v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko

v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k , R;s/R;w
B~l ql w
=k osQv usd okfrZ
d gS
A ml l sv {kkS
fg.kh çkS
g%çkS
<+
%l q
• krZ
%çk.kZ
e~bR;kfn
l kèkq
: i gksrsgSA
a
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
v o.kkZ
Ur mi l xZl s½dkjkfn / krqi jsv kn~xq
. k%l w
=k l sxq
. k çkIr gksusi j xq
. k dkscka
/ dj
of̀¼ dk fo/ ku djrsgS A
a ogkami l xkZ
n~½fr / krkSl w
=k gS
AçkPNZ fr ; gk¡ mnkgj.k gS A
v o~
Ql si jsl o.kZv d~gksrksi w
oZ
i j osQLFkku esanh?kZ, dkns'k gksrk gS
A; g l o.kZ
nh?kZ
l fU/
bl uke l sçfl ¼ gSAnsoky; %fo".kw
n; %bR;kfn mnkgj.k gS A
i nkUr esa, Ä~osQi jo.kZ; fn v r~v FkkZ
r ~ßLo v dkj gSrksi w
oZ: i gksrkgS
Av dkj dkyksi
è; ku nsa
% gksusi j l kekU; : i l sml dkmPpkj.kughadjrsAi jUrqbl dkyksi ughagksrkgS
A; gk¡i w
oZ
: i gq
vk
, slkt kuukpkfg, Afo".kks¿o çHkks¿=kbR;kfn mnkgj.kA
v usd t xg l a LÑr esage ns• rsgS afd ; sjFkksiLFkmi kfo' kr~bl hçdkj LFkykfu l fUr t gka
v $b] v $mbuesai q u%xq . kof̀¼ l o.kZ
nh?kZv kfn l fU/dk; ZughagksrsgSAi jUrqHkkfr v =krksgksl drh
a
gSAi jUrqughagksrhgS AogkajgL; dksghmu mnkgj.kesar; ~besjFkksiLFk; ~mi kfo' kr~bfr ; dkj dks
xq. kkfnfo/ k; d l w =k ns• rsgS A; dkj dk yksi gksusl syksi%' kkdY; L; l w
a =k l sfofgr gS Ai jUrqml
lq=k l sgh xq . kkfnfo/ k; d l w=k nf̀"V ughaosQl eku gS Ai kf.kfu uscM+ h oq
Q' kyrk l sv "Vekè; k; osQ
f}rh; i kn osQçFke l w =k dh jpuk dh i w oZ=kkfl ¼fefrAbl l w =k l sv "Vekè; k; i kn osQl kFk l Ir
v è; k; l i knl Irkè; k; h fl ¼dk.M dgykrsga Av "Vekè; k; osQv fUre rhu i kn gh f=ki knh v kS
S j
v fl ¼dk.MdgykrsgS A
a
Iyq
r o.kZl si jsv kS
j çxá̀l a
Kd l si js; fn v p~gksrksogkai w
oZi j v Fkoknksuksadk i fjorZ
u
ughagksrkgS
Abl Lo: i dksçÑfrHkko dgrsgS AogkaIyq
a r dkfo/ ku nw
j k¼w
r sp l w
=kl sgksrkgS Av kS
j
çxá̀l a
Kk bZ
nwnsn~f}opuaçxá̀e~bfr v l rksekr~l w =k l sgksrhgS
AçÑfrHkkofo/ k; d l w =k Iyq
r çxá̀k
v fp fuR;e~A

; ksX; r ko/ Z
u
lw=k dk O;k[ ; ku O;kdj.k dk fo' kky fo"k; gS A v "Vkè; k; h osQi Bu v Fkok i kBu gks]
lw
=kO;k[ ; ku osQfouk , d i n Hkh v kxsughat krsfo}ku yksxAt ksO;kdj.k osQl gkjsv kxsi <+ r sgS
]
a
oscM+ hd{kkv ka sesaO;kdj.k dkl oZ çFke çfØ; kxzUFkksadksi <+r sgS
Aml osQckn oknxzUFkdksi <+
a r sgS
A
a
ml osQckn nk' kZfu dxzUFkksadksi <+
r sgS
Agekjk; g i kB~
a ; xzUFkHkhçfØ; k xzUFkghgS AçfØ; kxzUFk es a
lw
=kka
sdk O;k[ ; ku v ko' ; d gS AoknxzUFk esarksoLrq r %fofHkUu v kpk; ks±osQO;k[ ; ku esaerHksn dh
cgqy rkgS Ank' kZ
fudxzUFkesaO ; kdj.kosQl w
=kO;k[ ; ku çk; %ughagksrsgS Av FkokdksbZ: i Hkhfl ¼ ugha
a
djrsgS A
a
l=wkO;k[ ; ku i jh{kkesaHkhvf/ d i w
NrsgS
A
avr%O;k[ ; ku uke D; kgS Afdrusv Ä~ x O;k[ ; ku
os
QgS
AosoS
a Ql sdjuspkfg, Aml dkfof' k"VØe l sv kSj miLFkki u D; k; sNk=kfgr osQfy, ; gk¡çnf' kZ
r
djrsgS
Aogka; g ' yksd eq
a [ ; gS&
i nPNsn%i nkFkkZ
sfÙkQ
foZ
xzgksokD; ; kst ukA
v k{ksiks¿Fk l ek/ kuaO;k[ ; kua"kfM~
o/ aLer̀ e~
AA
1) i nPNsn] 2) i nksFkkZ
sÙkQ
] 3) foxzg] 4) okD; ; kst uk] 5) v k{ksi] 6) l ek/ ku
136 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i kB&7
; sfo"k; bl çdkj v U; Hkh oq
Q
N fo"k; uhpsfoLrkj l fgr çnf' kZ
r djrsgS
A
a v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
mnkgj.k & mi l xkZ
n~½fr / kr kSbfr l w
=kA v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
 lw
=k d k v or j . kAfd l fy , l w
=k d h j puk d hA
( ç ½PNfr bl fLFkfr esav kn~xq
. k%bl l sxq
. kçkIr gksusi j xq
. kdkv i okn djosQof̀¼foèkku
osQfy, bl l =
wk dh jpuk dhA)
 lw
=kLFky & fd l çd j . k esagS
A
bl i kB~
; Øe esav Pl fU/çdj.k esa; g l w
=k ' kksfHkr gksjgk gS
A è; ku nsa
%
 N%çd kj osQl w
=k esabl l w A( fof/ l w
=k d k çd kj D; k gS =k] i fjHkk"kkl w
=k ---)
(l a
Kk p i fjHkk"kk p fof/ fuZ
; e , o pA
v frns'kks¿f/ dkj' p "kfM~
o/ al w
=keq
P; rsAA
bu N%çdkj osQi kf.kuh; l w
=kka
sesa; g fof/ l w
=k gS
)
 lw
=k esafd r usi n gS
a
A
( bl l w
=k esarhu i n gS
A)
a
 ; fn i nka
sesal fU/ gSr ksl fU/ foPNsn d j osQi n d k mYy s• d hft , A
( mi l xkZ
n~½fr / krkSl w
=kxr i nPNsnA)
 lw
=kLFki nka
sd h foHkfÙkQfunZ
s'k d j sa
A
(mil xkn
Z~i ×peh, dopukUr i nA½fr l Ireh, dopukUr i nA/ krkSl Ireh, dopukU
r i nA)
 ; fn d ksbZHkh l ekl gSr ksml d k foxzg v kS
j l ekl d k uke cr kv ks\
( bl esal ekl rksughafn• kbZnsjgk gS
Av r%oq
Q
N Hkh ughadguk gS
A)
 v uq
of̀Ùk v f/ d kj v k{ksi çd kj l st ksi n v kr sgS
a
] ogkafd l l w
=kl sd kS u&l ki n v kr k
gS
Aml d h foHkfÙkQcr kv ksA; fn l ekl gSr ksfoxzg v kS j l ekl d k uke cr kv ksAv k; s
gq
, i nksad ksd ksbZfoHkfÙkQfoi fj . kke gS Aog foi fj . kke Hkh cr kv ksA
( v kn~xq . k%l w
=k l sv kr~i ×k~
pE; Ur i n dh v uq of̀r gS A of̀¼jsfp l w=k l sof̀¼%çFkekUr
foèks;i ji n dhv uq of̀r gS
A, d%i w oZi j; ks%v f/ dkj gS Al ekl %& i w oZ
%p i j%p rkSi w oZi jkS
bfr brjsrj; ksx}U}l ekl Ar; ks%i w
oZi j; ks%bfrAi w oZv kSj i j nksuksaosQLFkku esa, d gh v kns'k
gksrkgSA)
 i fj Hkk"kk l smi LFkkfi r i n cr kv ksA
( ; gk¡ i nksiLFkkfi d i fjHkk"kk l sdksbZi n ughav k; kA)
 bl çd kj l Hkh i n çkIr gksusi j l Hkh i nksaosQfof' k"VØe l smYy s• d j uk pkfg,
& og i n ; kst uk@okD; ; kst uk gksrh gSA
( okD; ; kst uk & v kn~mi l xZl s½r / krqosQi w
oZi j dks, d of̀¼ gksrk gS
A)
 fd l l w
=k l s] fd l fu; e l s] fd l i fj Hkk"kk } kj k fd l i n d k fd l v Uo; @
l EcU/
la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 137
 i kB&7 v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko

v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k gksrk gS, sl k d guk pkfg, A
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko ( r nUrfof/ & bl l w =k esarnUrfof/ gksrh gSA; gk¡ v kn~mi l xkZr ~l eku foHkfÙkQ d i n nks
gaA, d fo' ks"k.kv i j fo' ks"; Av r%rnUrfof/ gksrkgS
S Arc oS l kfo' ks"; mi l xZxzg.kft l osQ
v Ur esafo' ks"k.kv o.kZgS
A; gk¡mil xZ%fo' k"s; gS
Av kn~fo' ks"k.kgSArnUrfof/ v o.kkZ Ur mil xZ
l e>ukpkfg, A
r nkfnfof/ & ½fr / krkSnksuksai n l IrehgS A½fr i n l sosQ oy y{; esa, d ckj , d gh
v y~½dkj dk çkIr gS Av r%½fr v Ycks/d i n gS Abl l srnkfnfof/ gksrhgSAbl hçdkj
fo' ks"; xzg.k ft l dk v kfn fo' ks"k.k gS
A; gk¡fo' ks"; / krqgS
] fo' ks"k.k ½r~gS
Av r%oS l sgh
è; ku nsa
%
/ krqdksl e>uk pkfg, ft l dk v kfn o.kZ½dkj gS Av FkZgksrk gS & ½dkjkfn / krqgS
A
, d%i w oZi j; ks%; gk¡ i w
oZ
i j; ks%i n esav uq
; ksfxfojg l sLFkku"k"Bh gS
Av r%"k"Bh LFkkus;ksxk
i fjHkk"kk l si woZi j osQLFkku esav FkZçkIr gS A)
 lw
=kkFkZd guk pkfg, A
(l w=kkFkZgksrkgS& v o.kkZ
Ur mi l xZl s½dkjkfn / krqosQi jsi w
oZ
i j osQLFkku esaof̀¼ , dkns'k
gksrkgS A)
 lw
=k d h l j y Hkk"kk l sv FkZLi "V d j uk pkfg, A
( v FkkZ
r ~v dkjkUr mi l xZl si j ; fn ½dkjkfn/ krqgksrksv dkj&½dkj osQLFkku esa of̀¼
, dkns'kgksrkgS A)
 mnkgj . k nsuk pkfg, A
( mnkgj.k & çkNZ
frA)
 lw
=kkFkZosQmnkgj . k esa; kst u@l eUo; çn' kZ
u d j uk pkfg, Av kS
j mnkgj . k osQv FkZ
d guk pkfg, A
(l w
=kkFkZl eUo; & ç ½PNfr ; gk¡v o.kkZ Ur mi l xZgS ] ½PNfr ½dkjkfn / krqi jsgS Av r%
ogkav kn~xq. k%l w
=kl sxq . kçkIr gksusi j çÑr l w=kl sof̀¼ fo/ ku djrsgS A; fn ; gk¡Hkhv kn~xq
a . k%
lw=k gh çor̀ gksrk gSrksçÑr l w =k fujodk' k v FkkZr ~O;FkZgksrkAv r%opuçkek.; l s; g xq . k dk
v i okn gS
Av $½ i w oZi j osQLFkku esav k, sv kSbuesav U;re gksrkgS Aogkav kv .k~gS] v kjSog ½dkj
osQLFkku esafo/ ku djrsgS Av r%mj.k~ji j%bl l w
a =kl sv kj~gksrk gS
Arc v kj~, sv kSbuesav kj~gh
LFkku l sv Urjre gS Av r%og gh gksrk gS Arc çkPNZ fr : i fu"i Uu gksrk gS
A)

i kBkUr i z'u
uhpsoq
Q N ç' u nsrsga
ASmuesamÙkj çeq
[ ; l snh?kZghgkrskgSAl =wkO;k[ ; ku v kS
j : i l k/ u nksuksa
gksrsga
SO;kdj.kç' u osQeq [ ; çdkj gSAv Pl fU/çdj.kesa; kX
a s; rko/ Z u v ' kesa, d l w
=kdhO ; k[ ; ku
l foLrkj çnf' kZ
r gS
Arc ns• dj v kS j l e>dj bu l w =kka
sdk O;k[ ; ku djuk pkfg, A
>ykat ' k~>f' k l w
=k esa: i l k/ u oS
Ql sdjuk pkfg, : i l k/ u dh v usd çdkj l foLrkj
çnf' kZ
r gS
Av r%og LFky ns• dj v kS j l e>dj v U; : i ksadk l k/ u esaç; kl fu"Bk l sfo/ ku gS
A
çFke y?kq: i l k/ uh; gS Arr%i j Øe' k%foLrkj djuk pkfg, A
138 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko i kB&7
1- v kn~xq
. k%l w
=k dhO;k[ ; k dhft , A v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
2- of̀¼jsfp l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
3- mi l xkn
Z~½fr / krkSl w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
4- v d%l o.kZ
snh?kZ
%l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
5- iw
oZ
=kkfl ¼e~l w
=k dhO;k[ ; k dhft , A
6- bZ
nw
nsn~f}opuaçxá̀e l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
7- bl i kB esadkS
u&l k l w
=k fdl dk v i okn l a
xg̀ dkj.k Hkh çfri kn u gS
A è; ku nsa
%
8- ; gk¡uhpsçkjEHkfLFkfr nht krh gS
AfdUrqt ks: i l k/ uh; osHkhfn, t krsgS
Aogkal sçnÙk
a
:i lw =k l fgr l k/ u dhft , A
çkj EHk l kè; : i çkj EHk l kè; : i
xt bUæ% xt U
sæ% ro , o roS
o
jek b'Zk% jes'k% nq
X/ v ksnu% nq
X/ kS
nu%
lw
; Zmn; % lw
; kZ
sn; % jke v kS
Rl q
D; e~ jkekS
Rlq
D; e~
nso ½f"k% nsof"kZ
% nq
xkZv kS
nk; Z
e~ nq
xkn
Sk; e
Z Z~
; K mi ohre~ ; Kksiohre~ ek , oe~ eS
oe~
t Ue mRl o% t UeksRlo% jksx vkS
"k/ e~ jkxsk"Sk/ e~
xzh"e ½rq
% xz
h"erZ
%
q nh?kZ, dkj% nh?kS
d
Zkj%
n.Mv xze~ n.Mkxze~ gfj bZ
' k% gjh'k%
fo| k v kuUn% fo| kuUn% eq
fu bUæ% eq
uhæ%
Hkw
fe b'Zk% Hkw
eh'k% xq
. khbfr xq
. khfr
e/ qmnde~ e/ w
nde~ fi r`½.ke~ fi r.̀ke~
9- LrEHk osQl Ec¼ksdk feyku dhft , A
( d) of̀¼jsfp ( i) çS
fr
( • ) , R;s/R;w
B~
lq ( ii) u| q
nde~
( x) , fÄ i : i e~ ( iii) xq
. kki okn%
( ?k) v d%l o.kZ
snh?kZ
% ( iv) v f/ dkj%
( Ä) bdks; .kfp ( v) nsos'k%
( p) v kn~xq
. k% ( vi) mi ks"kfr
( N) , pks¿; ok; ko% ( vii) doh' k%
( t ) , d%i w
oZ
i j; ks% ( viii) nsokokLrke~

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 139
 i kB&7 v Pk~l fU/ esa, d kns'k v kS
j çÑfr Hkko

v Pk~l fU
/ esa, dkns
'k
i kBxr i z'uksÙkj
v kS
j çÑfr Hkko
mÙkj Hkkx&1
1- , d%i w
oZ
i j; k%
s ; g v f/ dkj l w
=kgS
Abl v f/ dkj esafo/ h; eku v kns'ki w
oZ
i j osQLFkku esa, d
ghgksrk gS
A
2- xÄ~
xksnde~; gk¡i j v ksd kj v kn~xq
. k%l w
=kl sA
3- v o.kZl sv p~i jsjgrsi w
oZ
i j osQLFkku esa, d xq
. k v kns'k gksrk gSv kn~xq
. k%l w
=k dk v FkZ
A
è; ku nsa
%
4- mj.k~ji j%l w
=k esav .k~v bm.k~l w
=k esafLFkr .kdkj l sA
5- ½dkj osQLFkku esabdkj gksrk gSrksoLrq
r bj~v kns'k gksrk gS
] mj.k~ji j%l w
=k l sA
6- 4) 7- 1)
mÙkj Hkkx&2
8- of̀¼jsfp l w
=k dk v FkZv o.kZl s, p i jsi w
oZ
i j osQLFkku esa, d of̀¼ v kns'k gksrk gS
A
9- , fÄ i j: i e~
A
10- 3) 11- 1) 12- 4)
mÙkj Hkkx&3
13- v d dk l o.kZv p i jsi w
oZ
i j dksnh?kZ, dkns'k gksrk gS
A
14- , pks¿; ok; ko%
A 15- , pks¿; ok; ko%
A
16- v o.kZ
iw
oZi nkUr esa; dkj odkj dk v ' k i jsfodYi l syksi gksrk gS
A
17- fo".kksv kxPN bl dk fo".k v kxPN i fjorZu gksusl syksi%' kkdY; L; l w =k l soykis fd; kA
oyksifo/ k; d ; g l w
=kv d%l o.kZ
snh?kZ
%l o.kZnh?kZ
l fU/fo/ k; d l w=kosQçfr i woZ
=kkfl ¼fefr
lw=k l sv fl ¼Aoyksi dk v fl ¼Ro gksusl sl o.kZnh?kZ
d kns'k ughagksrkA
S
18- v fl ¼dk.M esav "Vekè; k; osQf}rh; rr̀h; prq
FkZi kn gS
A
a
19- 3) 20- 3) 21- 3)
mÙkj Hkkx&4
22- nw
j k¼w
r sp bl l =
wk l snw
j kr~l Ecks/u esaokD; osQVh dksIyq
r fodYi l sfo/ ku djrsgS
A
a
23- fo".kw; gk¡i j çxá̀l a
Kkfo/ k; d l w
=k bZ
nw
nsn~f}opuaçxá̀e~bfrA
24- v eh ; gk¡i j çxá̀l a
Kk v nl ksekr~ l w
=k l sA
25- uA
26- Iyq
r çxá̀k v fp fuR;e~bfr l w
=k çÑfr Hkko fo/ k; d gS
A

140 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/ i kB&8
gYk~l fU/ esa
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/
8

gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq

Rokfnl fU/ è; ku nsa
%

iw
oZi kB esaLoj l fU/ v kykspuk gS ALoj l fU/ gh v p~l fU/ Hkh dgykrh gS Al afgrk; ke~
( 6-1-72) bR;f/ dkj esai <+ sgq
, lw=k v p~l fU/ l w =k x.kuk djrsgS Ar; ksÕokZ
a ofp l afgrk; ke~( 8-2-
108) l w =kLFkl a
fgrk; ke~i n dkHkhv f/ dkj gS A; g v f/ dkj v v ( 8-4-68) bfr v "Vkè; k; hdk
v fUre l w =krd gS Abl l a fgrkf/ dkj esaO;×t ue~v FkkZr ~gy dksmfí ' ; dk; Zfo/ ku djrsgS A, d
a
O;×t u dk v i j O;×t u gksusl si fj.kke ; gk¡ gksrh gS A ; gk¡ O;×t u esav FkkZr ~gy~esav uq Lokj
v uq ukfl d fol xZft Þokew y h; mi èekuh; dh x.kuk djrsgS Aml l sgy~l fU/ bl l sbu l Hkh dk
a
i fjorZ u l e>ukpkfg, AoS l sHkhfof' k"; cks/ osQfy, dHkhgy~l fU/ fol xZl fU/ v uq Lokj l fU/
bR;kfn dkO;ogkj gksrkgS Afol xZl fU/ i w. kZ
r k: i l sgy~l fU/ l si F̀kd~dj ughal drsgS AD; ksa
a fd
v "Vkè; kÕ;k esai w
oZdksfol xZl fU/ gS ] rr%i j gy~l fU/ gS Afol xZl fU/ l si fjorZ u djuk gy~
l fU/ çdj.k esaxzg.k djrsgS Aml l sfol xZl fU/ l w
a =kdksbZgy~l fU/ çdj.kesaghmYys• gS At ks
i F̀kÙkQ
k l sfol xZl fU/ çdj.k esamYys• dj l drsgS aml l si F̀kd~mYys• djrsgS A
a
lw
=kesat ksi n gS
] fdUrqt ksi n v uq
a of̀Ùkv kfn l sçkIr gS
] mu l HkhdkfoHkfÙkQopukfn l w
a =k
O;k[ ; kesadgrsgS At S
a l s& bdks; .kfp l w
=kesabd%"k"Bh, dopukUr i n gS A; .k~ çFkek, dopukUr
i n gSAv fp l Ireh , dopukUr i n gS Abl dk y?kq: i l sfy, bd%( 6@ 1) ] ; .k~( 1@1) ] v fp
( 7@1) bl dk Hkh l gkjk fy; k t krk gSAogk bd%( "k"Bh@ , dopu) bl l sgh bd%( 6@ 1) : i l s
çdV djrsgS Av fp ( l Ireh@
a , dopu) bl dksv fp ( 7@ 1) : i l sçdV djrsgS A; g mi k; ogka
a
t kuukpkfg, A

mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
d j v ki l {ke gksa
xs&
 O;×t u l a
f/ esav usd l w
=k dkst ku i kusesa
_
 rhu i kn esai w
oZosQçfr i j ' kkL=k v fl ¼ bl osQv usd mnkgj.k t ku i kusesa
_
 LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kk dk foLrkj çof̀Ùk {ks=k dkst ku i kusesa
_

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 141
 i kB&8 gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa  O;×t u esav kUrjre i jh{kk dkst ku i kusesa

_
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/  , d gh LFky osQfofo/ oS
d fYi d : i oS
Q
l sl EHko t ku i kusesal {ke gksa
xsA

çLr q
fr
i nL; A( 8-1-16) ; g v f/ dkj gS
AbMk; k ok ( 8-3-54) l w
=k rd i nL; dk v f/ dkj gS
A
r; ksÕokZofp l a fgrk; ke~( 8-2-108) l w=kesal a fgrk; ke~v f/ dkj f=ki kn esav FkkZ
r ~v fl ¼dk.M
esagSAmu l w =kksaesa; g v f/ dkj gSAi jUrql w
=kO;k[ ; kudky esacgq / k mys• ughadjrsgS Abl dk.M
a
% esai w
è; ku nsa oZçfr i j l w =k v fl ¼ gksrk gSAv r%mu l w =kksadk dkS uiwoZru l w=k dkSu&l k i jorhZl = wk Li "V
Kku ughagSrksgy~l fU/ l q cks/ ughagksrhgSAv r%bl çdj.k dkl q • v è; ; u osQfy, rhu i kn
d.BLFk gksrksmÙke gS A
jke$l q' ksrsmnkgj.k esav uq cU/yksi gksusi j jkel ~' ksrsfLFkfr esaçfØ; k l sjke%' ksrsbfr
jke' ' ksrsnksuksaç; ksx l ghgS
Ai kf.kfu O;kdj.kesanksuksaç; ksx dhfl f¼ ft l Øe l sgksrhgSml Øe
a
l suhpsl w =k fn, t k jgsgS Abl h çdkj i j Øe dksHkh fn; k gS
a A

8-1 l l t q
"kks#%
AA( 8-2-66)
lw & l dkjkUri n dk v kS
=kkFkZ j ltq
"kUri n osQv UR; dks# gksrk gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w =k gSAnksi n gS Al l t q "k%#%l w =kxr i nPNsn gSAl %p l t % wp bfr
lltq "kkS
] r; ks%l l t q
"kks%bfr brjsrj; ksx }U} l ekl % A; g "k"Bhf}opu gS A#¡%bfr çFkek , dopuA
ogk m¡d kj dk mi ns'ks¿t uq ukfl d br~l w =k l sbRk~ &l a
Kk çkIr gS Aml osQckn rL; yksi%bl l w =k l s
ml dkykis gksrkgS Ai nL; dkv f/ dkj gS Ai n; kst uk& i nL; l l t q "kks#%Ai nL; l l t q
"kksnksuksal eku
foHkfÙkQ d i n gS Ai nL; fo' ks"; Al l t q
a "kks%fo' ks"k.k gSAv r%rnUrfof/ l sl dkjkUr i n dk v kS j
l t "qk~
&' kCnkUr i n dkv FkZçkIr gksrkgS Aml osQckn vyks¿UR;L; i fjHkk"kkl sml çdkj i n osQvUR;
dk dk; Zgksrk gS Al w=kkFkZgksrk gS& l dkjkUri n v kS j ltq "kUri n osQv UR; dks# gksrk gSAv FkkZ r ~; fn
i nkUr esal dkj gks] v Fkok l t q "k~
&' kCnkUr i n osQv fUreo.kZgksrksml osQLFkku esa#¡%gksrk gS A; g
fuR; dk; ZgSv kS j la fgrkf/ dkj esaughagS A
mnkgj . k & jke' kCn l sl qbfr foHkfÙkQçR;; ; ksx l sjkel ~gksrk gS
Ajkel ~l q
cUr gSAv r%
lq
fIrÄUrai ne l w =kl sml dhi nl a KkgksrhgS Ajkel ~l dkjkUr i n gS
Aml v UR; l dkj osQLFkku esa
lltq "kks#%l w
=kl s# gksrkgS A#¡%; g m¡d kj vuqukfl d gS
Aml dkmi ns'ks¿t uqukfl d br~l =
wkl sbRlK
ak
gksrh gS
ArL; yksi%l w =k l syksi gksrk gS
Arc jkej~; g gksrk gSArc&

8-2 • j ol ku; ksfoZ

ltZ
uh; %
AA( 8-3-15)
=kkFkZ& • j~v kS
lw j v ol ku~i jsi nkUr osQjsiQdksfol xZgksA
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w=k gSAnksi n gS A• jol ku; ks%fol t Z
uh; %l w
=kxr i nPNsn gSA• j~ p
v ol ku×k~
p bfr • jol kus] r; ks%• jol ku; ks%bfr brjsrj; ksx }U} l ekl Ai nL; bR;f/ dkj gS Ajksfj
lw
=k l sj%"k"BÔUr i n dhv uq of̀r gS
Ai n; kst uk • fj v ol kusp i nL; j%fol t Zuh; % A; gk¡i nL;
j%l eku foHkfÙkQd nksi n gSAi nL; fo' ks"; ] j%fo' ks"k.kgS
a Av r%rnUrfof/ l s jsiQ kUri n dkçkIr

142 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/ i kB&8
gksrk gS
A ogkaHkh jsiQ kUri n dh v y~l eq nk; cks/d gksusl sLFkku "k"Bh l q ukbZt krh gS A v r% gYk~l fU/ esa
v yks¿UR;L; i fjHkk"kkl sjsiQkUr i n osQv UR; dks; g v FkZçkIr gksrk gS Al w=kkFkZgksrk gS& • j v kS
j
v ol ku i jsjsiQ
kUri n osQv UR; dksfol xZgkrskgS A; g gh& • j v kjSv ol ku i jsi nkUr js i Qdkfol xZ
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/
gksl jyrk l sçdV djrsgS Ai jUrq; g i Q
a fyrkFkZgSrksi fjHkk"kkfn ; kst uk l sfu"i Uu v FkZ A
mnkgj . k & jke%
A
lw l eUo; & jkeçkfri fnd l sl fqoHkfÙkQ
=kkFkZ ; ksx l sjkel ~gksusi j l l t q
"kks#%l w
=kl s#Ro gkrsk
gSArc jkej~' kCn çkIr gksrk gSAml osQckn i j ; fn dksbZi n ughagS ] v FkkZ
r ~o.kkZ
sPpkj.k v Hkko gS
]
rksv ol ku gS Arc v ol ku i jsjsiQdk• jol ku; ksfoZ ltZ uh; %l w=kl sfol xZgksrkgS Aml l sjke%: i è; ku nsa
%
fl ¼ gksrk gSA
; fn okD; l a Ldkj i {k rksjke çkfri fnd l sl qfoHkfÙkQ; ksx l s] fdUrqml l si js' ksrs ' kCn
ç; ksx l sjkel ~' ksrsfLFkfr gksrsgSAogkjkel ~i n gS
a Aml osQv Ur esal dkj gS Av r%l l t q
"kks#%l w =k
l s#Ro gksrkgS Arc jkej~' ksrsfLFkfr gksrhgS Ajkej~' ksrs; gk¡jsiQl si j • j~' kdkj gS
AfdUrq; g jsiQ
i nkUr gSAv r%çÑr l w =k l sjsiQosQLFkku esafol xZgksrkgSAml l sjke%' ksrsfLFkfr%gksrhgS Arc&

8-3 fol t Z
uh; L; l %
AA( 8-3-34)
=kkFkZ& • j~i jsfol t Z
lw uh; dksl gksrk gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l =
wkgSAnksi n gS Afol t Zuh; L; ( 6@ 1) ] l %( 1@1) ] l dkj v FkZgSAi nL;
v f/ dkj gS A• jol ku; ksfoZ
ltZ uh; %l w =k l s• fj , dka' kv uqof̀r gS
Av kS j og e.Mw d Iyqr l sv krkgS A
es<d t S l smNy mNy dj t krk gSoS l sghoq QN i n Hkhoq QNl w=kksadksNksM+
d j t krsgSAv FkkZ
a r ~; r~
i n dh v uq of̀r v i usLFkku l sft ruh nw j t krh gSmruh og Øe' k%l Hkh l w =k esaxzg.k ughadjrs
gSai jUrqi jofrZoq QN dk xzg.k djrsgS arc og i n e.Mw d Iyqr l st krk gSdgykrk gS Ai n ; kst uk
&l a fgrk; ke~i nL; fol t Zuh; L; • fj l % Ai nL; fol t Z uh; L; bfr l eku foHkfÙkQ d nksi n gS Av r%
rnUrfof/ l sfol xkZ Ur i n dk v FkZçkIr gksrk gS Aml osQckn v yks¿UR;L; i fjHkk"kk l sfol xkZ Uri n
osQvUR; dksv FkZçkIr gksrkgS Al w=kkFkZgksrkgS& fol xkZ Uri n os
QvfUre • j i jsl %gksrkgS; fn l a fgrk
gksrksA; g gh& • j i jsfol t Z uh; dksl gksrk gSv usd t xg çdV djrk gS A
mnkgj . k & jke%' ksrs; gk¡ fol xZl si js• j~gS
Av r%fol t Z
uh; L; l %çÑr l w
=k l sfol xZ
dksfuR; l dkj çkIr gSArc &

8-4 ok ' kfj AA( 8-3-35)

lw %& ' kj i jsfol xZdksfodYi l sfol xZgksrk gS
=kkFkZ A
lw =k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w=kgS Anksi n gS AokfodYi kFkZesav O;; gS A' kfj l Ireh, dopu gS A
fol t Z
uh; L; l %l w =k l s fol t Zuh; L; "k"BÔUr i n dh v uq of̀r gS A ' ki Z
j s fol t Z
uh; %l w
=k l s
fol t Z
uh; %çFkekUr fo/ s;i n dhv uq of̀r gSAi nL; v f/ dkj gS
Al afgrk; ke~v f/ dkj gS AokD; ; ktsuk
&l afgrk; ke~i nL; ' kfj fol t Z uh; L; okfol t Z uh; %
Afol t Z
uh; L; l %l w =kl sfuR; fol xZçkIr gksus
i j ok ' kfj l =
wk l sfodYi l sfol xZdk fo/ ku djrsgS At c fol xZughagksrk gSrc fol t Z
a uh; L;
l %l w=k l sl dkj gksrk gS Al w=kkFkZ
& ' kj i jsfol xZdksfol xZfodYi l sgksrk gS A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 143
 i kB&8 gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa mnkgj . k & jke%' ksrsA

#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/ lw =kkFkZl eUo; & jke%' ksrsfLFkfr esa; gk¡ i nkUr fol xZgS A ml l si js' kjZ' kdkj gS
A
fol t Z
uh; L; l %l w=kl sfuR; l dkj çkIr gksusi j ok' kfj çÑr l w
=kl sfol xZdksfodYi l sfol xZ
gksrk gS
Aml l sjke%' ksrsfl f¼ gksrk gS
A
t c jke%' ksrs; gk¡fol xkZ
Hkkoi {kdkç; ksx fd; kt krkgSrc fol t Z uh; L; l %l w
=kl s fol xZ
l dkj djusi j jkel ~' ksrsfLFkfr gksrh gS
Arc& ( v kxsl w=k esans• uk pkfg, )
iw
oZ =kd k çHkko%& fol xkZ
=kkfl ¼e~l w Hkkoi {kesajke%' ksrs; gk¡fol t Z
uh; L; l %mRl xZl w
=k
è; ku nsa
% l sl dkj gksrkgS
Aml l sjkel ~' ksrsfLFkfr gksrhgS
A; gk¡jkel ~' kCn esa; | fi i nkUr esal dkj fn• kbZ
nsrkgSfi Q j Hkhl l t q
"kks#%l w=kl s; gk¡i q
u #Ro ughagksrkgS AoS Ql s; fn dksbZdgrkgSrksv c jkel ~
; gk¡ l dkj dk l fol t Z uh; L; l %l w=k l sfofgr gSAl l t q
"kks#%( 8-2-66) fol t Z uh; L; l %( 8-
3-34) ; snksuksal w
=krhu i kn esagSArhu i kn esai w
a oZosQçfr i j l w=kv fl ¼ gksrkgS Av r%i woZfo| eku
lltq "kks#%l w
=kosQçfr fol t Z uh; L; l %l =wkvfl ¼Av FkkZr ~l l t "qkks#%l w
=kfn• kbZughansrkgSv r%
l dkj gS Aogkav c&
mnkgj . k & jke%fpuksfr fLFkfr esafol xZgS
Aml l si j • jZpdkj gS
Av r%fol t Z
uh; L; l %
çÑr l w
=k l sfol xZl dkj gksrk gS
Aml l sjkel ~fpuksfr gksrk gS
Arc &

8-5 Lr ks%' p¡q

uk ' pq
¡%
AA( 8-4-39)
=kkFkZ& l dkj roxZdk ' kdkj poxZosQl kFk ; ksx gksusi j ' kdkj poxZgksrk gS
lw A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=k gS
Arhu i n gS Al ~p rq
a %p bfr Lrq % ArL; Lrks%bfr l ekgkj }U}
l ekl % Arq%bl l sv .kq
fnr~l o.kZ
L; pkçR;; %xzg.kd' kkL=kcy l sr~Fk~n~/ ~u~roxZdkst kuukpkfg, A
Lrks%i n osQl dkj v kS j roxZv FkZgSA' k~p pq %p bfr ' pq%Arsu ' pq ukAbfr l ekgkj }U} l ekl % A
; gk¡pq %l sp~N~t ~>~×k~bfr poxZdkxzg.kAml l s' pq ukbl dk' kdkj%v kS j poxZv FkZgS A' k~p
pq%p bfr ' pq %bfr l ekgkj }U} l ekl %
Ar; ksÕokoZfp l a
fgrk; ke~( 8-2-108) l a fgrk; ke vf/ dkj gS A
lw=kkFkZ
& l dkj roxZdk' kdkj poxZosQ; ksx esa' kdkj poxZgksrk gS ALFkkfuRo l dkj v kS j roxZgS A
v kns'kRo ' kdkj v kS
j poxZgS ALFkkuhN v kS j v kns'k NAv r%; Fkkl a[ ; euq
ns'k%l ekuke~i fjHkk"kk l s
v kns'k Øe' k%l sgksAl dkj roxZdk v kS j ' kdkj poxZl s; Fkkl a
Hkoa; ksx gksusi j l dkj osQLFkku
esal dkj] roxZosQLFkku esapoxZgksrk gS Aog gh ' pq Ro dgykrk gS A
Lrks%i n esav kjS' pq
%i n esal ekgkj }U} l ekl gSvkjSl ekgkj }U} l ekl es ai n ui a
lqdfyÄ~x
gksrkgS
Av r%Lrqv kS j ' pq' kCn osQ: i ui q l dfyÄ~
a x esagksAml l sLrquk ' pq; g gh: i gksAfdUrq
lw
=kesaLrk%
s v kjS' pq
%i fqYya x esaç; ksx gSAog oSQl sAdgrsgSa& i kf.kful w
=kosnkÄ~x gksrsgS
Aogkafu; e
a
dk v frØe.k Hkh gksrk gS Al w=ko' k l si q
fyÄ~
a x gSArc og ; gk¡ i qfyÄ~
a xe dgrsgS A
a
mnkgj . k & jke' ' ksrsAjkef' puksfrA
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & jkel ~' ksrs; gkLrks%l dkj dk ' pquk' kdkj osQl kFk ; ksx gS
Av r%l dkj
osQLFkku esa"k"Bh LFkkus;ksxk i fjHkk"kk cy l sLrks%' pq
uk ' pq%çÑr l w =k l s' kdkj gksrk gS
Aml l s
jke' ' ksrsl fU/ dk; Zgksrk gS
A

144 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/ i kB&8
jkel ~fpuksfr ; gk¡Lrks%l dkj dk' pq
ukpdkj osQl kFk; ksx gS
Av r%l dkj os QLFkku esa "k"Bh gYk~l fU/ esa
LFkkus;ksxki fjHkk"kkcy l sLrks%' pq uk' pq
%çÑrl w
=kl s' kdkj gksrkgS
Aml l sjkef' puksfr ; gk¡l fU/
dk; Zgksrk gS A
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/
bl mnkgj.k esal dkj dk pdkj osQl kFk ; ksx gS
ALrks%' pq uk ; ksx%; gk¡ ; Fkkl a
[ ; bl dk
ç; kst u ughagSLi "V djusosQfy, gh bl mnkgj.k dks; gk¡ fn; k x; k gS ALrks%eè; l dkj çFke
o.kZ] ' pq
uk ; gk¡ pdkj f}rh; o.kZgS
Av r%; kxs fo"k; esa; Fkkl a
[ ; ughagS, slk t kuuk pkfg, A
v c l fPpr~: i HkhLrks%' pq uk' pq%l =wkdkmnkgj.kgS Ai jUrqogkaØe' k%bl l sHkhv fèkd
lw=kksadh v i s{kk gS
Av r%ml : i dh l k/ uk osQfy, ft l Øe l sl w =k v krsgS aml Øe l suhps è; ku ns
a
%
fn, t krsgS AoS
a ; kdj.kfl ¼kUrdkS eqnhv Fkoky?kq fl ¼kUrdke
Sqnhesabdks; .kfp v Pl fU/l w =kkuUrj v ufp
p gy~l fU/l = wkdksfn; kgS Aml osQckn >ykat ' k~>f' k; g Hkhgy~l fU/l w =kl sfy; kAi jUrqçdj.k
v Pl fU/ , slkmYys• gS ArksoS Q
l sgy~l fU/l w =kHkhogkav k; sç' u ga SrksmÙkj bl çdkj fn; kt krk
gSdh, d ' kCn dkl Ei w . kZ: i l k/ usosQfy, ft rusl w=kv ko' ; d gSmrusfn, AogkavPl fU/çdj.k
dkl = wkv ko' ; d v kSj dghagy~l fU/çdj.kdkl w =kv ko' ; d gSArksl w =kka
sdkl ad j v i fjgk; d
Zkj.k
l sfd; kAoS l sghgy~l fU/çdj.kesafol xZ l fU/çdj.kosQl w =kv ko' ; d gkrssgS avi fjgk; Z
r kos
Qfy, A
v r%ft l Øe l sdksbZHkh , d l k/ q: i l k/ usosQfy, ft rusl w =k v ko' ; d gSamrus; gkafn, A
ml l sl w=kka
sdk l ad j ; | fi gq v k fi Q
j Hkh og gVk; k ughat k l drk gS A

8-6 >y kat ' kks¿UrsAA( 8-2-39)

=kkFkZ& i nkUr esa>yksosQLFkku esat ' k gksrk gS
lw A
lw=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w=kgS
Arhu i n gS A>yke~t ' k%v Ursl w
a =kxri nPNsn gSA>yke~( 6@ 3) ]
t ' k%( 1@3) ] v Urs( 7@ 1)Ai nL; dkv f/ dkj gS Ai n; kstuk& i nL; v Urs>ykat ' k%Al w
=kkFk&
Z i nkUr
esa>yksosQLFkku esat ' kgksrkgSA>y~v kjSt ' k~çR;kgkj gSA>y~LFkkuhvkjSt ' k~v kns
' kgS
ALFkkful a[;k
l sv kns'k l a
[ ; k fHkUu gS
Av r%LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kk cy l sLFkkuhl sLFkku dk v Urjre v kns'k
djukpkfg, A
mnkgj . k & l r~fpr~( l R; v kSj Kku v FkZ
) fLFkfr esal r~' kCn dk rdkj i nkUr esagSv kS
j
og >y~gS Av r%çÑr l w =k l srdkj osQLFkku esat ' k~gksrk gS
Ardkj , d LFkkuh] ml osQLFkku esa
t ' k~& t ~c~x~M~n~i kap v kns'kgSALFkkuhl a
a [ ; kl sv kns'kl a
[ ; kfo"ke gS
Av r%buesal sdkS
a u&l h
gksArc LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kk l sLFkkuh }kjk v Urjre v kns'k djuk pkfg, Auhpsv kUr; ZdksoS Qls
t kuk t krk gSml dksçnf' kZ
r djrsgS A
a
v kUrjrE; i jh{kk& v kS
j v kUr; ZLFkku v FkZxq. kçek.k}kjkpkj çdkj dkgkrskgS
Açek.k; gk¡
mPpkj.kdkyALFkkuhmPpkj.kdky v / Z ek=kk] v kns'kHkhmPpkj.kdky v / Z
ek=kkghgSAml l sdksbZHkh
, d v Urjre dg ughal drsgS A
a
xq
. kcká; Ru gS
Ardkj dkcká; Ru & fookj ' okl v ?kks"kv Yi çk.kgS At ~c~x~M~n~budk
cká; Ru& l oakj ukn ?kks"k v Yi çk.k gS
Av r%buesal sdksbZHkh , d v Urjre dg ughal drsgS
A
a
l kekU; : i l so.kks±dk dksbZHkhv FkZ; gk¡xzg.k ughadjrk gS
Aml l sv FkZ
Ñr v kUr; Zdh
i jh{kk ughadjrsgS A
a

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 145
 i kB&8 gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa rdkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku nUr gS At dkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku rkyq ] cdkj dk v ks"B] xdkj dk
d.B] Mdkj dkew / kZ
] ndkj dknUr gS Ardkj dkt ksmPpkj.kLFkku og ghmPpkj.kLFkku ndkj dk
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/ HkhgS Av r%rdkj osQLFkku esandkj l sLFkkuÑr v ka r ; ZçkIr gksrkgS
Aml l srdkj osQLFkku esandkj
v kns'kgksrkgSArc l n~fpr~fLFkfr gksrhgS A; gk¡Lrks%ndkj dk' pq ukpdkj l s; ksx gSAv r%Lrks%
' pq
uk' pq %l w
=kl sndkj osQLFkku esa; Fkkl a
[ ; euq
ns'k%l ekuke~bfr i fjHkk"kkl st dkj gksrkgS
Aml l s
l t ~fpr~fLFkfr gksrh gSArc &

8-7 • fj pAA( 8-4-54)

è; ku nsa
% =kkFkZ& • j i js>yksdkspj gksrk gS
lw A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=kgS
Anksi n gS
A• fj l Ireh, dopuAp v O;; i nA>ykat ' k~>f' k
lw
=k l s>yke~"k"Bhcgq opukUr i n dhv uq of̀r gS
Av H; kl sppZl w
=k l spj~çFkek , dopukUr i n
dh v uqof̀r gS] ml dk çFkek cgq opuRo l spj esaO;R; gksrk gSAi n ; kst uk & • fj >yke~pj%A
lw
=kkFkZ
& • j i js>yksosQLFkku esapj gksrk gSA
mnkgj . k & l r~fpr~fLFkfr esa>ykat ' kks¿Ursl w
=kl srdkj dksndkj djusi j l n~fpr~fLFkfr
gksrh gS Aogk Hkh Lrks%' pq uk ' pq%l w=k l sndkj dkst dkj djusi j l t ~fpr~fLFkfr gksrh gS Aogka
t ks>y~t dkj ml l si j • j~pdkj gS Av r%• fj p l w =k l st dkj osQLFkku esapj~
& p~V~r~d~i ~
' k~"k~l ~buesal sv U;re dkfo/ ku djrsgS ALFkkuhv kns'kdhl a
a [ ; koS
"kE; gS
Av r%LFkkus¿Urjre%
i fjHkk"kk l s; gk¡ fu; e djuk pkfg, ALFkkuhosQl n`' kre v kns'k djuk pkfg, v kS j l kn`' ; l sLFkku
v FkZxq . kçek.kÑr~pkj çdkj dkgksrk gS Av r%v kUr; Zl s; gk¡D; kxzg.kgS A>ykat ' kks¿Ursl w=kesa
foLrkj l fgr O;k[ ; k gS A; gk¡ l a
f{kIr esadgrsgS A
a
; gk¡l Hkhvkns'kka
ses
av / eZk=kkdkfyd çek.kl eku gS ] xq
. kv FkkZ
r ~cká; Ru l eku] o.kZdkdksbZ
Hkhv FkZughagSAvr%çek.kÑn~xq . kÑn~v kjSv FkZ Ñr~v kUr; Zl EHko ughagS ALFkkuÑn v kUr; Zv of' k"V
dh i jh{kk djrsgS ALFkkuh t dkj] ml dk mPpkj.k LFkku rkyq
a Av kns'kksaesapdkj v kSj ' kdkj dk
mPpkj.kLFkku rkyqgS A' k~"k~l ~buos QLFkku esa' k~"k~l ~ghØe' k%gksrsgS a, lshO; oLFkkgS
Avr%t dkj
osQLFkku esapdkj ghv kns'kgksrkgS Arc l p~fpr~gksrkgS Ao.kZfeyku djusl s l fPpr~b"V l kèkq
: i fu"i Uu gksrk gS
A
; gk¡ ; g t kuuk pkfg, & l r~fpr~fLFkfr esaçFke Lrks%' pq uk ' pq
%( 8-4-39) l w =k D; ksa
ughaçoÙ̀kgq v kAv Fkok• fj p ( 8-4-54) l w =kv kfn esaD; ksaughayxkAogkamÙkj gSfd v fl ¼dk.M
esai w
oZlw=k osQçfr i jl =wk v fl ¼ gS A i jl w
=k l sfd; k dk; Zi w oZlw=k dh nf̀"V l sughagS A v r%
v fl ¼dk.Mesaft l Øe l sl w =k v "Vkè; k; hesami fLFkr fd, gS aml Øe l smudhçof̀Ùk gksrhgS A
v r%l r~fpr~fLFkfr esal cl sv kfn esav fl ¼dk.Mesa>ykat ' kks¿Urs( 8-2-39) l w =kçoÙ̀kgS Aml l s
rdkj dkt ' k~ndkj gkrskgS Arc l n~fpr~fLFkfr gksrhgS A; gk¡HkhLrks%' pq uk' pq%( 8-4-39) v kS j
• fj p ( 8-4-54) nksuksadh, d l kFk çkfIr gS Ai jUrqLrks%' pq uk ' pq%( 8-4-39) l w=k v fl ¼dk.M
esai w
oZgS] • fj p ( 8-4-54) bfr i j gS Av r%i w oZlw
=kLrks%' pq uk' pq%( 8-4-39) dh; gk¡çof̀Ùkv kfn
esagksrhgS Aml l sLrqndkj dk' pqt dkj gksrkgS Arc l t ~fpr~fLFkfr gksrhgS A; gk¡i nkUr esa>y~
t dkj gS Av r%i q u >ykat ' kks¿Urs( 8-2-39) çoÙ̀kgS AD; ksfd >ykat ' kks¿Urs( 8-2-39) l w =kosQçfr
Lrks%' pquk' pq %( 8-4-39) l w
=kv fl ¼ gS Av r%>ykat ' kks¿Urs(8-2-39) l = wkdhnf̀"Vl sogkat dkj
ughagS Aogkandkj ghgS Av r%>ykat ' kks¿Urs( 8-2-39) l w =ki qu%çof̀ÙkpkgrkgS Av kSj v Ur esa• fj

146 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/ i kB&8
p ( 8-4-54) l w
=knf̀"Vl sLrk%
s ' pq
uk' pq
%( 8-4-39) l w
=kfl ¼ gS
Av r%• fj p ( 8-4-54) çoÙ̀kgksrk gYk~l fU/ esa
gS
Aml l st dkj osQLFkku esa• j~pdkj dk fo/ ku djrsgS Av r%l fPpr~: i fu"i Uu gksrk gS
a A
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/
8-8 ' kkRk~
AA( 8-4-43)
=kkFkZ& ' kkr~i jsroxZdkspoxZughagksrk gS
lw A
=k O;k[ ; k & fu"ks/ l w
lw =k gSA' kkr~, d gh i ×peh , dopukUr i n gS Arks%f"k l w
=k l srks%
"k"BÔUr i n dhv uq of̀r gS
Au i nkUrkêð ksjuke~l w
=k l su v O;; i n dh v uq of̀r gSALrks%' pquk ' pq%
lw=k l spq
%çFkekUr i n dhv uq of̀r Ai n ; kst uk & ' kkr~rks%pq
%uAl w
=kkFkZgksrk gS& ' kkr~i jsroxZ è; ku ns
a
%
dkspoxZughagksrk gS A
mnkgj . k & fo' u%
Aç' u%
A
=kkFkZl eUo; & foPN~
lw &/ krql suÄ~ &çR;; ; ksx l sfoPN~ $u gksusi j Ndkj osQLFkku esa' kdkj
djusi j fo' k~u fLFkfr gksrh gSArc Lrks%' pq uk ' pq
%l w =k l sudkj dks×kdkj çkIr gksusi j ' kdkj
l si j roxZdkl Ùo gksusl s' kkr~l w
=kl sfu"ks/ gksrkgSAml l sfo' u%: i fu"i Uu gksrkgSAxfr v Fkok
ços'k ml dk v FkZgS A
çPN~&/ krql suÄ~&çR;; ; ksx esaçPN~ $u fLFkfr gksusi j Ndkj dks' kdkj djusi j ( Ndkj osQ
v Hkko esarq
d pdkj HkhughajgrkgS A) çfØ; k}kjkç' k~u fLFkfr gksrhgS Arc Lrks%' pq uk' pq
%l w
=k
l sudkj dks×kdkj çkIr gksusi j ' kdkj l si jsroxZdksl Ùo gksusl s' kkr~l w
=kl sfu"ks/ gksrkgS
Aml l s
ç' u%: i fu"i Uu gksrk gS
A

i kBxr i z'u&1
1- l l t "qkks#%l w
=k dk v FkZfy• sa
\
2- • jol ku; ksfoZ
ltZ
uh; %l w
=k esafdl osQ}kjk rnUrfof/ gksrh gS
\
3- v ol ku esajsiQdksfol xZfdl l w
=k l sgksrk gS
\
4- dc fol xZdksfol xZfodYi l sgksrk gSv kS
j fdl l w
=k l s\
5- Lrks%' pq
uk ' pq
%l w
=k esafdudks; Fkkl a
[ ; gS
\
6- Lrks%' pq
uk ' pq
%l w
=k esafdl fdl dks; Fkkl a
[ ; ughagS
\
7- l r~fpr~fLFkfr esaçFke gh Lrks%' pq
uk ' pq
%l w
=k çoÙ̀k gksrk gSv Fkok ugha
\
8- rdkj dkspqosQ; ksx esapq
Ro D; ksaugha
\
9- ç' u%; gk¡ Lrks%' pq
uk ; ksx esaHkh ' pq
Ro D; ksaugha
\
10- jkel ~ps"Vrsbl l si j çFke dkS
u&l k l =
wk çoÙ̀k gS
\
1) l l t q
"kks#%
2) • jol ku; ksfoZ
ltZ
uh; %

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 147
 i kB&8 gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa 3) • fj p

#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/ 4) >ykat ' kks¿Urs
11- jkel ~ps"Vrs; gk¡ Øe l s; sdk; ZgksrsgS
arksjke' ps"Vrs: i cu t krk gS
\
1) #Roe~& fol t Z
uh; %& l %& ' pq
Roe~
2) fol t Z
uh; %& #Roe~& l %& ' pq
Roe~
3) ' pq
Roe~& #Roe~& l %& fol t Z
uh; %
è; ku nsa
%
4) "Vq
Roe~& ' pq
Roe~& #Roe~& t ' Roe~
12- >ykat ' kks¿Urs; gk¡ fdl osQv Ur esa
] fdl dksD; k gksrk gS
\
1) >yke~v Ursi nL; t ' k~HkofrA
2) i nL; v Urst ' k%>y~HkofrA
3) t ' k%v UrsLrks%>y~HkofrA
4) i nL; v Urs>y%t ' k~HkofrA
13- of.kt ~Nk=k%fLFkfr esaçFke dkS
u&l k l w
=k çor̀ gksrk gS
\
1) pks%oq
Q
%
2) • fj p
3) >ykat ' kks¿Urs
4) ok i nkUrL;

8-9 "Vq
uk "Vq
%AA( 8-4-40)
=kkFkZ& l dkj roxZdk "kdkj VoxZosQl kFk ; ksx gksusi j "kdkjVoxZgksrk gS
lw A
lw=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=k gS
Anksi n gS
A"k~p Vq
a %p "Vq %] rsu "Vquk }U}l ekl gS A"k~p Vq %p
bfr "Vq
%}U}l ekl ] og ; gk¡i qfYyÄ~x esagSALrks%' pq uk' pq
%l w=k l sLrks%"k"BÔUr i n dhv uq of̀r
gS
Al ~p rq %p Lrq %] rL; Lrks%}U} l ekl gS Ai n; kst uk & Lrks%"Vquk "Vq%
Al w=kkFkZgksrk gS
& l dkj
roxZdk "kdkj VoxZosQl kFk ; ksx gksusi j "kdkj VoxZgksrk gS &
roxZdk "kdkj osQl kFk ; ksx gSrks"Vq uk "Vq
%l w=k l sçkIr "Vq
Ro rks%f"k l w
=k l sfu"ks/ djrk
gSAroxZdk"kdkj osQl kFk ; ksx gksusi j "Vq Ro rc ghçkIr gksl drkgS ] ; fn Lrks%"Vq uk; ksx fo"k;
esa; Fkkl a
[ ; ughagSA v FkkZ
r ~l dkj roxZdk "kdkj VoxZosQl kFk ; Fkkl EHko ; ksx gksrk gS ] ogka
; Fkkl a
[ ; ughagS, slk rks%f"k l w
=kkjEHk i kf.kfueq
fu Kkfi r djrsgS &
a
mnkgj . k & nso""kMkuu%
A
lw l eUo; & nso' kCn dkl q
=kkFkZ çR;; ; ksx l snsol ~"kMkuu%fLFkfr gksrhgS
Aogkal l t q
"kks#%

148 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/ i kB&8
lw=kl s#Ro gksrkgS
Aml l snsoj~"kMkuu%gksrkgS
A• jol ku; ksfoZ
ltZ
uh; %l w
=kl sfol xZdjusi j nso% gYk~l fU/ esa
"kMkuu%gksrk gSA
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/
nso%"kMkuu%fLFkfr esa; gk¡ i nkUr fol xZgS
Aml l si j ' kj~"kdkj gS
Afol t Z
uh; L; l % l w
=k
l sfuR; l dkj çkIr gksusi j ok' kfj fol xZdksfodYi l sfol xZgksrkgS Aml l snso%"kMkuu%fl f¼
gksrkgSA
fol xZvHkkoi {kesarksnso%"kMkuu%; gk¡fol t Z uh; L; l %mRl xZl w=kl s l dkj gksrkgS Aml l s
nsol ~"kMkuu%fLFkfr gksrh gS A; gk Lrksl dkj dk "Vq uk "kdkj osQl kFk ; ksx gSAv r%"Vq uk "Vq
%l w
=k
l sl dkj dks"kdkj djusi j nso""kMkuu%l k/ q: i curk gS A è; ku nsa
%
xhrk; k"VhdkAxhrk; kl ~VhdkfLFkfr esal l t q
"kks#%l w =kl s#Ro gksusi j xhrk; kj~VhdkfLFkfr
esa• jol ku; ksfoZ
ltZuh; %l w
=k l sjsiQdksfol xZgksusi j xhrk; k%Vhdk fLFkfr gksrh gS Aml osQckn
fol t Z
uh; L; l %l w=kl sfol xZdksl dkj djusi j xhrk; kl ~VhdkgksrhgS AogkLrks%l dkj dk"Vq uk
Vdkj osQl kFk ; ksx gSAv r%"Vq uk "Vq
%l w
=k l sl dkj dk ; Fkkl a[ ; euq
ns'k%l ekuke~i fjHkk"kk cy l s
"kdkj djusi j xhrk; k"Vhdk l k/ q: i fu"i Uu gksrk gS A
Lrksdk"Vq
ukl s; kxs ; gk¡; Fkkl a
[ ; bl dkç; kst u ughagSLi "VdjusosQfy, gh; g mnkgj.k
; gk¡fn; k x; kgS
ALrks%eè; esal dkj çFke o.kZ ] "Vq
uk; gk¡Vdkj f}rh; o.kZgS Afi Q
j Hkh"Vq
uk"Vq
%
lw=k çor̀ gSAv r%; ksxfo"k; esa; Fkk l a[ ; ughagS, slk t kuuk pkfg, A

8-10 u i nkUrkêð
ksjuke~
AA( 8-4-41)
=kkFkZ& i nkUr VoxZl si jsukeo; ofHkUu Lrqdks"Vqughagksrk gS
lw A
=k O;k[ ; k & fu"ks/ l w
lw =kgSApkj i n gS
A
au i nkUrkr~Vks%v uke~l w
=kesami fLFkr i nksadkl a
f/
foPNsn gSAu v O;; i n gS Ai nL; v Ur%i nkUr% ] rLekr~i nkUrkr~bfr "k"BhrRiq#"k%l ekl % AVks%bfr
Vq' kCn dk i ×k~ peh, dopuAv uke~; | fi çFkek, dopu osQl eku gSfi Q j Hkhv uke~çkfri fnd
"k"BÔUr dk i n gS Ai jUrqogk "k"Bhyq Ir gSAv r%yq Ir "k"Bhi n dgykrk gSv kS j bl i n dk uke
v o; o fHkUu v FkZgSAv FkkZ r ~uke~bl dkt ksv o; o udkj] ml l sfHkUu ft rukALrks%' pq uk' pq %l w
=k
l sLrks%"k"BÔUr i n dh v uq of̀r gS
Al ~p rq %Lrq%] rL; Lrks%bfr }U} l ekl % A"Vq uk "Vq%l w
=k l s
"Vq%çFkekUr i n dh v uq of̀r gS A"k~p Vq%p "Vq%}U} l ekl Ai n ; kst uk & u i nkUrkr~Vks%v uke~
Lrks%"V%qAl w=kkFkZ& i nkUr VoxZl si jsuke v o; ofHkUu Lrqdks"Vqughagksrk gS A
mnkgj . k & "kV~l Ur%
A
lw l eUo; & "k"k~çkfri fnd dk"kM~çFkekUr : i gS
=kkFkZ A"kM~l Ur%fLFkfr esaLrks%l dkj dk
"Vq
ukMdkj osQl kFk ; ksx gSAogka"Vq uk "Vq
%l w
=k l sl dkj dks"Vq Ro "kdkj çkIr gS Ai jUrq; gk¡i nkUr
VoxZMdkj gS Aml osQckn Lrql dkj gS Av r%u i nkUrkêðksjuke~l w
=kl sfu"ks/ gksrkgS
A"kdkj ughagksrk
gSAml osQckn >y Mdkj l si js• j~l dkj gS Av r%• fj p l w =kl sMdkj osQLFkku esaLFkku v kUr; Z
l sVdkj gksrk gSArc "kV~l Ur%l k/ q: i fu"i Uu gksrk gS A

8-10-1) v ukEuofr &uxj h. kkfefr okP; e~

A( okfr Z
d e~
)
d kFkZ& u i nkUrkêð
okfr Z ksjuke~l w
=k l sfd; k x; k fu"ks/ uke~' kCn dk v o; o dksNksM+
dj

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 149
 i kB&8 gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa v U;=k gksrk gS

ALrksosQ"Vq
Ro dk fu"ks/ uke~; gk¡ i j t S
l k ughagksrk gSoS
l k uofr uxjh ' kCnksadk
Hkhfu"ks/ ughagksrk gS
Av FkkZ
r ~"Vq
uk "Vq
%l w
=k l suke~uofr uxjhrhuksadk "Vq Ro gksrk gS; g okfrZd
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/ dk Hkko gS A
mnkgj . k & "k..kke~
A"k..kofrA"k..kx; Z
%
A
okfr Zd kFkZl eUo; & "k"k~çkfri fnd dk"k"Bhcgq opukUr : i "k..kke~gS Aogk: i l k/ uØe
esa"k"k~v ke~fLFkfr gksusi j uq
Mkxe djusi j "k"k~uke~gksrkgSAogka>ykat ' kks¿Urs l w=kl si nkUr "kdkj
dkLFkkuÑn v kUr; Zl sMdkj djusi j "kM~uke~fLFkfr gksrhgS Aogkav c Lrks%udkj dk"Vq ukMdkj
% osQl kFk; ksx gS
è; ku nsa Av r%"Vq uk "Vq
%l w
=k l sudkj dk "Vq Ro djusi j ; Fkkl a
[ ; euq
ns'k%l ekuke~i fjHkk"kk
l s.kdkj djusi j "kM~.kke~gksrk gS AçR;; sHkk"kk; kafuR;e~okfrZ
d gS Aml l sMdkj dksfuR; .kdkj
gksrk gSAbl çdkj "k..kke~: i fl ¼ gksrk gS A
u i nkUrkêð
ksjuke~l w
=kl sfd; k"Vq
Rofu"ks/ v uke~i no' kl suke~v a
' kesaughagkrskgS
Av kS
j "Vq
Ro
gksrkgS
A
"kMf/ dk uofr%foxzg djusi j] rr%l ekl djusi j "kM~uofr%fLFkfr gksrh gS AogkaLrks
osQudkj dk "Vq uk Mdkj osQl kFk ; ksx gSAv r%"Vq uk "Vq
%l w
=k l sudkj dk "Vq Ro .kdkj çkIr gksus
i j u i nkUrkêðksjuke~l w
=k l sml dk fu"ks/ çkIr gksrk gS
Ai jUrqv ukEuofruxjh.kkfefr okP; e~okfrZ
d
esauofr' kCn dkmi knku fd; kgS Aml l s"Vquk"Vq%l =wkl sfuckZ
/ "VqRo gksrkgS
Arc "kM~.kofr%fLFkfr
gksrh gS
Aml dk çfØ; k l s"k..kofr%: i fu"i Uu gksrk gS A

8-11 r ks%f"kAA( 8-4-42)

=kkFkZ& roxZdk "kdkj i js"Vq
lw Ro ughagksrk gS
A
lw=kO;k[ ; k & fu"ks/ l w
=k gS
Anksi n gS Arks%( 6@1) ] f"k ( 7@1) Au i nkUrkêð
ksjuke~l w =k l su
v O;; i n dhv uq of̀r gS
A"Vq uk"Vq
%l w=kl s"Vq%çFkekUr i n dhv uq of̀r gS
A"k~p Vq%p "Vq %bfr }U}
l ekl %Ai n; kst uk& rks%"Vq %u f"kAl w=kkFkZ
& roxZdk"kdkj i js"Vq Ro ughagksrkgSAv FkkZr ~; fn roxZ
l si j "kdkj gSrks"Vq uk "Vq%l w
=k l sçkIr "VqRo ughagksrk gS
A
mnkgj . k & l u~"k"B%
A
lw =kkFkZl eUo; & v l ~
&/ krqdk' kr`çR;; ; ksx i q
fyÄ~
a x çFkek, dopu esagSl u~Al u~"k"B%
fLFkfr esaLrk%s udkj dk"Vq uk"kdkj l s; ksx gS
Av r%"Vq
uk"Vq%l w
=kl s; gk¡Lrk%
s udkj dk"Vq
Ro .kdkj
çkIr gksrkgS Ai jUrqrks%f"kçÑr l w=kl sml dkfu"ks/ gksrkgSAv kS
j l u~"k"B%; g gh: i l k/ qfl ¼
gksrkgSA
v i okn & "Vq uk"Vq %( 8-4-41) rks%f"k( 8-4-43) ; snksuksal w
=kv fl ¼dk.MesagS AfdUrq rks%
f"kl w=k"Vquk"Vq %( 8-4-41) l w =kl si jsgS
Av r%"Vq uk"Vq
%( 8-4-41) l w =kosQçfr rks%f"k( 8-4-43)
lw=k dksi woZ
=kkfl ¼e~( 8-2-1) l w =k l sv fl ¼ gS
Arks%f"k ( 8-4-43) bl l sfu"ks/ djusi j Hkh "Vq uk
"Vq%( 8-4-41) l w =kçof̀Ùkpkgrk gS A; fn çor̀ gksrkgSrksrks%f"k( 8-4-43) l w=kO;FkZgksrkgS
AfdUrq
i kf.kuhusdksbZHkhl w =k O;FkZughacuk; kgS Av r%opuçek.; l s"Vq uk "Vq
%( 8-4-41) bl dkrks%f"k
( 8-4-43) l w =k v i okn gksrk gSAv kS
j v i okn v fl ¼ ughagksrk gSA

150 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/ i kB&8
gYk~l fU/ esa
i kBxr i z'u&2
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/
14- "Vu
qk "Vq
%l w
=k dk v FkZfy[ ksa
\
15- "Vu
qk "Vq
%l w
=k esafdudk ; Fkkl a
[ ; gS
\
16- "Vu
qk "Vq
%l w
=k esafdudk ; Fkkl a
[ ; ughagS
\
17- dc Lrksdks"Vqughagksrk gS
\
18- "k..kke~; gk¡ i nkUr VoxZl si jsLrksdk "Vq
Ro fu"ks/ gksusi j Hkh oS
Q
l s\ è; ku nsa
%
19- l u~"k"B%; gk¡ i j Lrks%"Vq
uk ; ksx gksusi j Hkh "Vq
Ro oS
Q
l sA
20- "Vu
qk "Vq
%bl dk fu"ks/ l w
=k D; k gS
A
1) rks%f"k
2) ' kkr~
3) • fj p
4) >ykat ' kks¿Urs
21- buesal sdkS
u&l k fu"ks/ l w
=k ughagS
A
1) rks%f"k
2) ' kkr~
3) u i nkUrkêð
ksjuke~
4) • fj p

8-12 ; j ks¿uq
ukfl osQ
¿uq
ukfl d ksokAA( 8-4-44)
=kkFkZ& i nkUr ; j dk v uq
lw ukfl d i jsv uq
ukfl d fodYi l sgksrk gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=k gS
Apkj i n gS A
a ; j%v uqukfl osQv uq
ukfl d%ok l w =kxri nPNsn gS A
; j%( 6@ 1) ] v uqukfl osQ( 7@
1) ] v uqukfl d%( 1@ 1) ] ok v O;; i n gS Au i nkUrkêðksjuke~l w=k l s
i nkUrkn~i ×k~pE; Ur i n dhv uq of̀r gSv kSj og i nkUrL; "k"BÔUr l sfoi fj.kke gkst krhgS Arc i n
; kst uk gksrh gS& ; j%i nkUrL; v uq ukfl osQv uq
ukfl d%okAl w =kkFkZ& i nkUr ; j dksv uq ukfl d i js
v uq ukfl d fodYi l sgksrk gS A
foof̀r & v uqukfl d i js; j osQLFkku es
av uq
ukfl d gksrkgS ALFkkuh; j~v kS
j vkns'kv uqukfl d
gSAogk v uqukfl dk dkS u gSAjsiQÅ"ek.k l o.kZughagksrsgS ] v FkkZ
a r ~jsiQdk v kS
j ' k~"k~l ~g~budk
l o.kZughagS] jsiQv Fkok' k~"k~l ~g~vuqukfl d ughagksrsgS
A; ~Õk~
a ¡o~O¡k~y~Y¡k~; o~y dkv uq ukfl dk
gSAi jUrqfdl hHkhi n osQv Ur esa; oykughagksrsgS Av r%muosQLFkku esaghv uq
a ukfl d ughagksrk
gSAl HkhLojksadkv uq ukfl d gS Abl çdkj osQ oy l HkhLoj Õ¡k~O¡k~Y¡k~×k~e~Ä~.k~u~; sghv uq ukfl d

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 151
 i kB&8 gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa gSAmuesal sdkS

a u&l k gksLFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kk l sfu.kZ
; djuk pkfg, Apox±dksNksM+ d j oxks±dk
i ×pe o.kZi js] i nkUr esaorZ
eku oxks±osQçFke v kSj rr̀h; o.kZosQLFkku esaml o.kZdkrhl jkv Fkok
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/ i ka
pok o.kZgksrk gS, slk v FkZt kuuk pkfg, A
mnkgj . k & , rUeq
j kfj%, rÁq
j kfj%
A
lw =kkFkZl eUo; & , rL; eq j kfj%"k"Bh rRiq
#"k l ekl gS
Av Fkok , "k eqj kfj%deZ
/ kj; l ekl
gSAl ekl djusi j , rn~eq j kfj%fLFkfr gksrhgS A, rn~ndkjkUr l oZuke gSAl ekl djusi j l ekl i nksa
esafoHkfÙkQdk yq d ~gksrk gS AoS l sHkh çR;; yksisçR;; y{k.ke~i fjHkk"kk l sçR;; y{k.k djusi j
% , rn~l qcUr gS
è; ku nsa Av r%l qfIrÄUrai ne~bl l sml dhi n l a KkgksrhgS
Av r%, rn~i n osQv Ur es afo| eku
; j~ndkj gS Aml osQckn eq j kfj' kCn dkedkj v uq ukfl d gSAv r%v uqukfl d i js; j ndkj osQLFkku
esav uqukfl d dkfo/ ku djrsgS Aogkav p%Õk¡~Ok~
a ¡Yk~¡×k~e~Ä~.k~u~; sv uq
ukfl d mi yC/ gS Amuesa
a
LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkl sndkj osQLFkku esav Urjre v kns'kdjukpkfg, Av r%; gk¡v kUrjrE; i jh{kk
djuh pkfg, Aog ; gk¡ fn• kbZt krh gS A
v kUrj r E; i j h{kk &
çek. kÑnkUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha& çek.k ; gk¡ mPpkj.k dkyAndkj v / Z
ekf=kd] v kns'k esa
, dkf/ d v / Z
ekf=kdk gS
Av r%dksbZHkh çek.k l sv Urjre ughagS
A
vFkÑ
ZnkUr; ZgSvFkokugh&a o.kks±dkdkb
sZHkhvFkZughagS
Al eq
nk; ghvFko
Zku~rL; d
Sns
' kk¿
suFkd
Z%
U;k; l sAv r%v FkZl sv kUr; Zdk fopkj ughadjrsgS A
a
xq. kÑnkUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha & xq. k ; gk¡ cká; Ru gSA ndkj dk cká; Ru l a okj ukn ?kks"k
v Yi çk.k gSAv kns'kksaesav p dksNksM+
d j l Hkhcká; Ru l a okj ukn ?kks"k v Yi çk.k gS
Av r%dksbZHkh
a
, d xq. k l sv Urjre ughagS A
LFkkuÑn v kUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha& ndkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku nUr gS Av kns'kksaesaÆrq
y l kuka
nUrk%opu l s?k~¡Yk~
¡u~budk mPpkj.kLFkku HkhnUr ghgS Abuesaudkj ghv Urjre gS Av r%ndkj
osQLFkku esaudkj gksuk pkfg, Aml l s, rUeq
j kfj%: i fl ¼ gksrk gS
A

8-12-1) çR;; sHkk"kk; kafuR;e~

A( okfr Z
d e~
)
d kFkZ& i kf.kfueq
okfr Z fu ykS
fdd l aLÑr Hkk"kk esagh Hkk"kk bl dk ç; ksx djrsgSAykS
a fdd
la
LÑr Hkk"kkesav uq
ukfl dkfn&çR;; i jsi nkUr ; j dksfuR; v uqukfl d gksrkgS A; gk¡i jRo l sxg̀hr
çR;; ml dk v kfn o.kZv uq ukfl d gS
arks; g okfrZ
d çor̀ gksrk gS A
mnkgj . k & rUek=ke~
AfpUe; e~
A
l eUo; & rr~çek.ka; L; foxzgArn~ndkjUr l oZ uke l si j ek=kPk~
&rf¼rçR;; fofgr gksus
i j rn~ek=ke~fLFkfr gksrhgSAogkaek=kp~v uqukfl dkfnçR;; gS Arf¼rçR;; l q cUr l sghgksrsgS
Av r%
a
rn~l qcUr gS Aogkal q i dk yqd ~gksrk gS
Afi Qj Hkh çR;; yksisçR;; y{k.ke~i fjHkk"kk l sçR;; y{k.k
djosQrn~dh i nl a Kk fl ¼ gksrh gSA v r%; gk¡ rn~bl dk ndkj i nkUr gS A ndkj osQLFkku esa
; jk¿
suq
ukfl osQ¿uq
ukfl dksokl w
=kl sfodYi l sv uq ukfl d çkIr gksusi j bl okfrZd l sfuR; v uqukfl d
dk fo/ ku djrsgS Arc ndkj osQLFkku esaLFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kk l sndkj l sv Urjre udkj gh
a
v kns'k gksrk gS
Aml l srUek=ke~l k/ q: i fu"i Uu gksrk gS
A

152 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/ i kB&8
fpn~, o foxzg gS Afpr~l q
cUri n l si j LokFkZesae; V~rf¼r çR;; dkfo/ ku djrsgS Arc
a gYk~l fU/ esa
fpr~e; fLFkfr gS Ai w
oZosQl eku ghfpr~bl dhi nl a KkgksrhgS Abl çdkj >ykat ' kks¿Urs i fjHkk"kk
l srdkj osQLFkku esaLFkku v kUr; Zl sndkj gksrkgS Arc fpn~e; , slkgksrkgS Arc ndkj osQLFkku
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/
esa; jks¿uqukfl osQ
¿uq
ukfl dksok l w
=k l sfodYi l sv uq ukfl d çkIr gksusi j bl okfrZ d l sfuR;
v uq
ukfl d fo/ ku djrsgS Arc ndkj osQLFkku esaLFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkl sndkj l sv Urjre udkj
a
gh v kns'k gksrk gSAml l srUe; gksusi j çfØ; k l sUe; e~l k/ q: i fu"i Uu gksrk gS
A

8-13 r ksfy Z
AA( 8-4-59)
=kkFkZ& ydkj i jsroxZdksi jl o.kZgksrk gS
lw A è; ku nsa
%
lw=k O;k[ ; k& fof/ l w
=kgS Abl l w =kesanksi n gSArks%fy l w
a =kesami fLFkr i nksadkl fUèkPNsn
gSArks%( 6@1) ] fy ( 7@1) Av uqLokjL; ; f; i jl o.kZ %l w=kl si jl o.kZ
%çFkekUr i n dhv uq of̀r gS
A
i jL; l o.kZ
%i jl o.kZ%"k"BhrRiq #"k%l ekl gS Al w =kkFkZ& ydkj i jsgksusi j roxZdksi jl o.kZgksrk
gSA; gk¡roxZosQLFkku esat ksv kns'kfo/ h; eku gSogkai j ydkj dkl o.kZgksAydkj dky~Y¡k~nksuksa
ghl o.kZgS A
mnkgj . k & rYy; %
Afo}kufy• frA
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & rfLeu~y; l IrehrRi# q"kgSAv FkokrL; y; %"k"BhrRiq #"kgS
Al ekl djus
i j rn~y; %fLFkfr gksrhgS AroxZndkj l si j ydkj gS Av r%rksfyZl w
=kl sndkj osQLFkku esaydkj
dksl o.kZdk fo/ ku gS ALFkkuhndkj v uuqukfl d gSALFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kk l sv uuq
ukfl d ndkj
l sv Urjre v uuq ukfl d ydkj gh v kns'k gksAml l srYy; %l k/ q: i curk gS A
fo}ku~fy• fr okD; gS AokD; esal a fgrk dh foo{kk gSrks; gk¡ rks%udkj i jsfy• fr ' kCn
dkydkj gS Av r%rksfyZl w=kl sudkj osQLFkku esai j ydkj dkl o.kZfo/ ku gksrkgS ALFkkuhudkj
v uq
ukfl d gSAvr%LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkl sv uqukfl d udkj l sv Urjre v uqukfl d ydkj ghgksA
ml l sfo}kufy• fr l k/ q: i fu"i Uu gksrk gS
A
; g ; gk¡ t kuuk pkfg, dh fo}kufy• fr fo}kufy• fr nksuksaHksn gS
Afo}kufy• fr : i esa
v uq
ukfl d v kdkj gS ] ydkj ughagS
Afo}kufy• fr : i esarksYk~v uq
ukfl d gS
Av r%; g ghb"V : i
gS
] fo}kufy• fr ughagS A

i kBxr i z'u&3
22- , rUeq
j kfj%; gk¡ ndkj dksudkj fdl l w
=k l sgksrk gS
\
23- rksfyZl w
=k dk v FkZfy• sa
\
24- fpr~e; e~fLFkfr esal fU/ fdrusçdkj gksrh gS
\
25- çR;; sHkk"kk; kafuR;e~l w
=k dk v FkZfy• \a
s
26- rksfyZl w
=k dk mnkgj.k fy• sa
\

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 153
 i kB&8 gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa 8-14 mn%LFkkLr EHkks%i w oZL; AA( 8-4-60)

#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/ =kkFkZ& mn osQi j LFkk&LrEHk dksi w
lw oZ
l o.kZgksrk gS
A
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=kgS
Abl l w =kesarhu i n gS
Amn%mn~mi l xZdk i ×peh, dopukUr
a
i n gS
ALFkkLrEHkks%"k"Bhf}opu gS Ai w oZ
L; "k"Bh, dopuAv uq LokjL; ; f; i jl o.kZ
%l w
=k l sl o.kZ
%
çFkekUr i n dh v uq of̀r gS
Ai n; kst uk & mn%LFkkLrEHkks%i w
oZ
L; l o.kZ
%A
lw =kkFkZfu"i knu & mn%; gk¡ t ksi ×peh og fnX; ksx i ×peh dgykrk gS Aml osQgksusi j
% rLekfnR;qÙkjL; i fjHkk"kkl smn~bl l sv O;ofgri j dksdk; ZgksrkgS
è; ku nsa Amn%i ×k~ pehfunZ s'kgksusl sdk; Z
fofgr gSAfdUrqLFkkLrEHkks%"k"BhgS Av r%mn l si j dksdk; Zfofgr Li "V gS Ai j l Ei w. kZLFkkv Fkok
LrEHk~nksuksaosQLFkku esadk; ZdksçkIr gksrkgS
Av Fkokv yks¿UR;L; i fjHkk"kkl sLFkkLrEHkosQv fare
v y dksv kns'k çkIr gkrskgS Aml dk v i okn gksusl sçck/ v kfn osQi j dksi fjHkk"kk osQl kFk v FkZ
gksrk gSdh LFkk LrEHk~bu nksuksaosQv kfn v y osQLFkku esav kns'k gksrk gS
A
v kns'kdkS
u gSAogkadgrsgS ai w
oZdkl o.kZv kns'kgksAi w
oZndkj gSAml dksl o.kZv kns'kgksA
ndkj osQr~Fk~n~/ ~u~i ka p l o.kZgSAmuesal sdkS
a u&l kgksArc LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkl sLFkkLrEHk~
nksuksaosQv kfno.kZl dkj gS
] ml dksv Urjre v kns'k gksAv r%v kUrjre i jh{kkb"V gS
a Al w
=kkFkZ& mn
l si j LFkk&LrEHkosQv kfn esai w
oZ
l o.kZgksrkgS; gk¡v kUrjrE; i jh{kkdjuhpkfg, Aog ; gk¡çnf' kZr
djrsgS A
a

v kUrj r E; i j h{kk&
LFkkuÑn v kUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha& l dkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku nUr gSAv kns'k esaÆrq
y l kuka
nUrk%opu l sndkj dksl o.kZr~Fk~n~/ ~u~ bu i ka p dkmPpkj.kLFkku HkhnUr ghgSAv r%l dkj
l sl n`' kre muesadksbZ, d çkIr ughagksrk gS
Al Hkh l eku gS
A
a
çek. kÑn v kUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha& çek.k; gk¡mPpkj.kdky gS Al dkj v / Z
ekf=kd] v kns'kksa
esar~Fk~n~/ ~u~; sl Hkh v / Z
ekf=kdk gS
Av r%dksbZHkh çek.k l sv Urjre ughagSA
Ñn v kUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha& o.kks±dk dksbZHkhv FkZughagksrkgS
v FkZ Al eq
nk; ghv FkZ
oku~
ml dk , d Hkkx v uFkZ
d gSbl U;k; l sAv r%v FkZl sv kUr; Zdk fopkj ughadjrsgS A
a
. kÑn v kUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha& xq
xq . k ; gk¡ cká; Ru gS
A

o. kZ cká; Ru
Lk~ fookj ' okl v ?kks"k egkçk. k
Rk~ fookj ' okl v?kk"sk vYi çk.k
Fk~ fookj ' okl v ?kks"k egkçk. k
n~ lo
akj ukn ?kk"sk vYi çk.k
èk~ lo
akj ukn ?kk"sk egkçk.k
Uk~ lo
akj ukn ?kk"sk vYi çk.k

154 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/ i kB&8
v r%l dkj osQl n`' k ckáç; Ru osQ
oy Fkdkj dk gh gS
Av r%l dkj osQLFkku esandkj dk gYk~l fU/ esa
l o.kZFkdkj ghv kns'k gksl drk gSA
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/
v r%mn~LFkkue~
] mn~LrEHkue~; gk¡i j l dkj dkLFkku esaFkdkjsi jsmn~FFkkue~
] mn~FrEHkue~
fLFkfr gksrh gS
Arc&

8-15 >j ks>fj l o. kZ

sAA( 8-4-64)
=kkFkZ& gy osQi j >j dk fodYi l syksi gksrk gSl o.kZ>j i jsA
lw
lw=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=k gSArhu i n gSA>j%>fj l o.kZ
a sl w=kxri nPNsn gSA>j%( 6@ 1) ] >fj è; ku ns
a
%
( 7@ 1) ] l o.ksZ( 7@1) Agyks; eka; fe yksi%l =wkl sgy%i ×k~ pE; Ur i n] v kS
j yksi%çFkekUr i n dh
v uqof̀r gSA>; ksgks¿U;rjL; ke~l w =kl sv U;rjL; ke v O;; i n dhv uq of̀r gS
Av U;rjL; ke~bl v O;;
dkfoHkk"kkv FkokfodYi l sv FkZgksrkgS Arc i n; kst uk& gy%>j%>fj l o.kZ syksi%v U;rjL; ke~A
lw=kkFkZ& gy i js>j dk fodYi l syksi gksrk gSl o.kZ>j i jsAv FkkZ r ~Øe l s gYk~$>$l j~o.kZ
>
fLFkfr gksrh gSrksi w oZ>j dk yksi fodYi l sgksrk gS A
mnkgj . k & mn~Fk~Fkkue~
] mn~Fk~rEHkue~
A; gk¡gy~ndkj gS Arr i j Fkdkj > gS AFkdkj l s
i j Fkdkj v kjSrdkj l o.kZ> gS Av r%>jks>fj l o.kZsl w
=k l sndkj l si j Fkdkj dk fodYi l s
yksi gksrk gS
Arc&
y ksii {k esa y ksi v Hkkoi {k esa
mn~Fkkue~
] mn~Fk~Fkkue~
mn~rEHkue~ mn~Fk~rEHkue~
fLFkfr gksrh gS
Aogk v c • fj p l w =k l sndkj l si j • j~pkj : i ksaesagS
Av r%l Hkh t xg
ndkj osQLFkku esaLFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kk l sLFkku l sv Urjre pj~rdkj gh gksrk gSrc&
y ksii {k esa y ksi v Hkkoi {k esa
mr~Fkkue~& mRk~Fk~Fkkue~ mr~Fk~Fkkue~& mRFFkkue~
mr~rEHkue~& mÙkEHkue~ mr~Fk~rEHkue~& mRFrEHkue~
bl çdkj yksii {k esamRFkkue~mÙkEHkue~nksuksa: i gksrsgS
av kS
j yksi v Hkkoi {k esamRFFkkue~
mRFrEHkue~nksuksa: i gksrsgS
A
a
foLr kj & ( i j h{kk osQfy , ughagS ) & mn~Fkkue~bR;kfn fLFkfr esayksi v kS j yksi v Hkko
esat ksfLFkfr gksrhgSogk• fj p ( 8-4-54) l w =knf̀"V l syksifo/ k; d >jks>fj l o.kZ s( 8-4-64)
HkhFkdkj fo/ k; d mn%LFkkLrEHkks%i w oZL; ( 8-4-60) nksuksal w
=k v fl ¼ gS
Av r%• fj p ( 8-4-54)
a
lw=kew y l dkj dksns• dj ghndkj dksrdkj djrkgS AoSl sos: i gksaAHkk"; dkjer esa• fj p ( 8-
4-54) l w =k dk v "Vkè; k; h esaLFkku i fjorZu djosQ' k' Nks¿fV ( 8-4-62) l w =k osQckn LFkkfi r gksrk
gS
A rc Åi j fd; k yksi v kS j l dkj dksfd; k Fkdkj nksuksaHkh fl ¼ gka sA i jUrq; g l Hkh fo"k;
ckyksi; ksxhughagSrFkkbl xzUFk esamYysf• r gksrk gS A; g ppkZfof' k"V fof' k"V ft Kkl k dh' kka fr
osQfy, fn; k gS Aº

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 155
 i kB&8 gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa 8-16 >; ksgks¿U;r j L; ke~ AA( 8-4-61)

#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/ =kkFkZ& >; osQi j gdkj dksi w
lw oZ
l o.kZfodYi l sgksrk gS
A
lw
=kO;k[ ; k& fof/ l w
=kgS
Arhu i n gS A>; %(5@ 1) ] g%( 6@ 1) ] v U;rjL; ke~; g foHkk"kkv FkZ
osQfy, v O;; gS Amn%LFkkLrEHkks%i w oZ
L; ( 8-4-60) l w=k l si w
oZL; "k"BÔUr i n dh v uq of̀r gSA
v uq
LokjL; ; f; i jl o.kZ
%l w=kl sl o.kZ %çFkekUr i n dhv uq of̀r gSArc i n ; kst ukgksrhgS& >; %
g%i w
oZL; l o.kZ %v U;rjL; ke~Al w=kkFkZ& >; osQi j gdkj dksi w oZl o.kZfodYi l sgksrk gS A

è; ku nsa
% mnkgj . k & okX?kfj%
AokXgfj%
A
lw l eUo; & okfp gfj%l IrehrRiq
=kkFkZ #"k%
Aok.khfo"k; esai VqokDi Vqv FkZgSAl ekl djus
i j okd~gfj%fLFkfr gkrsh gS Aokd~çR;; y{k.k l si n gS Av r%>ykat ' kks¿Ursl w=k l sddkj dks
LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkl sLFkku v kUr; Zt ' k~xdkj gksrkgS
Aml l sokx~gfj%gksusi j ogk>; ~xdkj
gS] ml l si j gdkj gS A; gk¡çÑr l w
=kl sgdkj osQLFkku esav kns'kdjukpkfg, Av kns'kdkS u gS
Ai w
oZ
dkl o.kZ AdkS uiw oZAxdkjAml osQl o.kZd • x ?kÄ ; si ka pA, d LFkkuh] v kS
j v kns'ki ka
pAv r%
LFkkuhv kns'k l a[ ; koS
"kE; gS
Av r%LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kk l sdkVh djuk pkfg, Aml l sv kUrjrE;
i jh{kkdjuhpkfg, A

v kUrj r E; i j h{kk &

LFkkuÑn v kUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha& LFkkuh gdkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku d.B gS A v kns'k esa
v oq
Q
gfol t Z
uh; kukad.B%opu l sxdkj dk l o.kZd • x ?k Ä ; smPpkj.k LFkku Hkh d.B gh
gS
Av r%gdkj l sl n`' kre~muesadksbZ, d Hkh çkIr ughagksrk gSl Hkh v kns'k l eku ga
A
S
; gk¡ , d ykS
fdd mnkgj.k fo"k; dh l jyrk osQfy, fn; k t krk gS& jke n' k euq "; ksadks
dgrsgS aesjsgkFk esai ka
p v keziQ
y gS
Av ki esal sft l osQgkFk esaesjsi Q
a y osQl eku i Q
y gS
] ml dks
eS
ai q
j Ldkj nw xkA
a
ogka, d çl Ä~ x & ogkaçR;sd euq
"; osQgkFkesai Q
y gSAi jUrq, d osQ, d v keziQ
y] fdl h
osQnks] fdl hosQrhu i u
q fdl hos QpkjAfdl h , d eUnkj osQgkFkesai ka
p v kez
iQy gS
Arc l n`' kre~
dkSu gS Aft l osQgkFk esai ka
p iQ
y gSog gh l n`' kre gS
Av r%i qj Ldkj eUnkj osQfy, fn; k t krk
gS
A
f}rh; çl Ä~x & muesaçR;sd euq "; osQgkFkesai ka
p iQ
y gS
AfdUrql HkhosQgkFkesacnji Q
a y
gS
A, d osQHkhgkFk esav keziQ
a y ughagS Arc l n`' kre dkSuArc l Hkh l eku gS
AdksbZ, d l n`' kre
a
ughagS
Av r%i qj Ldkj ughafn; k t krk gS
A
v r%; fn v kns'k esafo| eku l Hkh l eku gS
arksdksbZHkh v Urjre ughagS
A
çek. kÑn v kUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha& çek.k; gk¡mPpkj.kdkyAgdkj v / Z ekf=kd] v kns'kd
• x ?k Ä ; sl Hkh Hkh v / Z
ekf=kdk gS
Av r%muesadksbZ, d Hkh çek.k l sv Urjre ughagS A
a
Ñn v kUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha& o.kks±osQdksbZHkhv FkZughagksrkgS
v FkZ Al eq
nk; ghv FkZ
oku~
gksrk gSrL; S
d ns'kks¿uFkd
Z%U;k; l sAv r%v FkZl sv kUr; Zdk fopkj ughadjrsgS
A
a
. kÑn v kUr; ZgSv Fkok ugha& xq
xq . k ; gk¡ cká; Ru gS
A
156 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/ i kB&8
o. kZ cká; Ru gYk~l fU/ esa
LFkkuh g la
okj ukn ?kks"k egkçk. k #Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/
vkns'kk d fookj ' okl v?kk"sk vYi çk.k
• fookj ' okl v?kk"sk egkçk.k
x lo
akj ukn ?kk"sk vYi çk.k
?k la
okj ukn ?kks"k egkçk. k
è; ku nsa
%
Ä lo
akj ukn ?kk"sk vYi çk.k
v r%gdkj osQl n`' kckáç; Ru osQ oy ?kdkj ghgS Av r%gdkj osQLFkku esaxdkj dkl o.kZ
?kdkj ghvkns'kgksl drkgS Aml l si w
olZo.kiZ{kesaokx~?kfj%& okX?kfj%: i fu"i Uu gksrkgS
Ai o
wZ
l o.kZ
dk oSd fYi d gksusl si {k esaokXgfj%f}rh; : i Hkh curk gS A

8-17 ' k' Nks¿fVAA( 8-4-62)

=kkFkZ& >; osQi j ' kdkj dksN%fodYi l sgksrk gSv V i jsA
lw
lw=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=kgS Al w
=kesarhu i n gaA' k%N%v fV l w
S =kxr i nPNsn gS
A' k%( 6@ 1) ]
N%( 1@ 1) ] v fV ( 7@1) A>; ksgks¿U;rjL; ke~l =
wkl s>; %i ×peh, dopukUr] v U;rjL; ke~v O;;
nksuksai n dhv uq of̀r gS
Arc i n; kst ukgksrhgS
& >; %' k%N%v fV v U;rjL; ke~ Al w
=kdkv FkZ& >;
osQi js' kdkj dksNdkj fodYi l sgksv V i jsAv FkkZ r ~; fn >; ~$ ' k $ v V~fLFkfr gksrks' kdkj
osQLFkku esafodYi l sNdkj gksrk gS A
mnkgj . k & rfPNo%rfP' ko%
A
lw=kkFkZ
l eUo; & l %f' ko%foxzg%v FkokrL; f' ko%foxz gAl ekl djusi j v kS j l iq~dkyq d
gksusi j rn~f' ko%fLFkfr gksrh gS A; gk¡ >; ~ndkj gS ] ml osQi j f' ko' kCn dk v kfn o.kZ' kdkj gS A
' kdkj l si j v V~bdkj HkhgS Av r%; gk¡' k' Nk¿ sfV l w=k dhçof̀Ùk gS Ai jUrqLrqosQndkj dk ' pq uk
' kdkj osQl kFk; ksx gS
Av r%Lrks%' pq uk' pq%l =wkHkh; gk¡çl ÙkQgS AfdUrq>y~ndkj gS ] ml osQckn
• j~' kdkj gS Av r%• fj p ( 8-4-54) l w =k HkhçoÙ̀k gksuk pkgrk gS Arhuksl w
=kksaesa; q
xi r~çkIr gksus
i j oLrqr %foçfr"ks/si jadk; Z e~i fjHkk"kkl sfu.kZ
; v U;=kfd; kt krkgS Ai jUrqv fl ¼dk.Mesav FkkZ r~
rhu i kn esaog l EHko ughagS Arhu i kn esarksi woZosQçfr i j' kkL=kv fl ¼ gS Av r%l EHko gksusi j
iwoZlw
=k v kfn esaçor̀ gksrk gS Aml osQckn ml l si jofrZl w =k Øe l sAv r%Lrks%' pq uk ' pq%l w=k l s
Lrqndkj osQLFkku l sv kUr; Z' pq Ro t dkj gku ssi j rt ~f' ko%fLFkfr gksrh gS Arc >y~t dkj dk
>' k ' kdkj l sv O;ofgri w oZgS Av r%• fj p l = wk l s>y t dkj osQLFkku esaLFkku v kUr; Zl spRoZ
pdkj djusi j rp~f' ko%fLFkfr gksrh gS Av c ; gk¡ >; ~pdkj gS ] ml osQckn ' kdkj gS ] ' kdkj l s
i jsv V~bdkj gS Av r ' k' Nks¿fV l w=kl s' kdkj dksfodYi l sNdkj djusi j NRoi {kesarp~fNo%
& rfPNo%v kjSNRo v Hkkoi {k esarp~f' ko%& rfP' ko%: i fu"i Uu gksrk gS A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 157
 i kB&8 gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa 8-17-1) NRoeehfr okP; e~A( okfr Zd e~)

#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/ d kFkZ& ' k' Nks¿fV l w
okfr Z =k esav V~t ksdgk gSml dksNksM+
dj v e~, slk dguk pkfg, ; g
okfrZ
d kFkZgS
A v FkkZ
r ~>; osQi j ' kdkj dksfodYi l sNRo gksrk gSv e~i jsA v V~çR;kgkj dk
×keÄ.kue~l w=k osQedkj rd bl dksc<+ kuk pkfg, A
mnkgj . k & rPN~
y ksd %
ArP' yksd %
A
l %' yksd %& rPN~
y ksd %deZ
/ kj; l ekl Al ekl djusi j v kS
j lq
i ksadk yq
d gksusi j rn~
' yksd %fLFkfr gksrh gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
; gkaLrks%' pquk' pq
%( 8-4-39) ] • fj p ( 8-4-54) ] ' k' Nks¿fV ( 8-4-62) rhuka
sl w
=k, d l kFk
çkIr gS A; svfl ¼dk.MvFkkZ
a r ~rhu i kn es
agS
Arhu i kn es
ai w
o±osQçfr i j' kkL=kv fl ¼ gSAv r%l EHko
gksusi j i w
oZ
lw=k v kfn esaçoÙ̀k gksrsgS
A
a
rc Lrks%' pq uk' pq %l w=kl sLrksndkj dkLFkku v kUr; Zl s' pq Ro t dkj gksusi j rt ~' yksd %
fLFkfr gksrhgSArc >y~t dkj >' k ' kdkj l sv O;ofgri w oZgSAv r%• fj p l w =k l s>y t dkj osQ
LFkku esaLFkku v kUr; Zl spRoZpdkj djusi j rp~' yksd %fLFkfr gksrhgS Av c ; gk¡>; ~pdkj gS ]
ml osQckn ' kdkj gS ] ' kdkj l si jsv V~ughagS
Av r ' k' Nks¿fV l w
=kl s; gk¡NRo l EHko ughagS Av r%
bl okfrZ d dhjpuk dkR;k; ueq fu usdhAogka' kdkj l si j ydkj gSv kS j og v V~esaughagS ] v e~
esagSvr%çÑr okfrZ d l s' kdkj dksfodYi l sNdkj djusi j NRoi {kesarp~N~ y kd
s %& rPN~ y kd
s%
NRo v Hkkoi {k esarp~' yksd % & rP' yksd %: i fu"i Uu gksrk gS
A

i kBxr i z'u&4
27- mn%LFkkLrEHkks%i w
oZ
L; l w
=k dk v FkZfy• sa
A
28- >jks>fj l o.kZ
sl w
=k dk v FkZfy• sa
A
29- >; ksgks¿U;rjL; ke~l w
=k dk mnkgj.k D; k gS
\
30- ' k' Nks¿fV l w
=k dk mnkgj.k D; k gS
\

i kB l kj
; g l fU/çdj.kv fl ¼dk.Mes agSAv r%; gk¡i woZosQçfr i j l w
=kv fl ¼ gS
Aml l sdc fdl
lw
=kdhçof̀ÙkgksrhgSfu.kZ ; osQfy, l w
=kksadki w
oZi j Øe dkv o' ; Kku gksukpkfg, Aml osQfy,
v fl ¼dk.M dk v "Vkè; k; hØe l sd.BLFkhdj.k cgq r gh Kku o/ Zd gSA
O;kdj.kdkdk; Zfg l k/ q' kCn fuekZ . kgS
AogkaçÑfÙkosQl kFkçR;; dkst ksM+ ukpkfg, Al qi~
v kS
j frÄ~çR;; t ksM+ sarksl eqnk; i nl a
Kd gksrkgS Ai n osQv Ur esal dkj v usd t xg çkIr gS A; Fkk
l qt l ~' kl ~, sl~fHkl ~H; l ~Äfl Äl ~v ksl~bu l q i esa
] rl ~fl i ~Fkl ~ol ~el ~Fkkl ~; sfrÄ l dkjkUr
çR;; gS Av U; Hkhoq
a QN buosQLFkku esav kns'k gksrsgS
arc i nkUr esal dkj çkIr gksrk gS Abl i nkUr
esal dkj dksl l t q "kks#%l w =k l s#Ro gksrk gS
A

158 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/ i kB&8
#Ro gksusi j ; fn • j~v Fkok v ol ku gksrks• jol ku; ks%fol t Z
uh; %l w
=k l sjsiQdksfol xZ gYk~l fU/ esa
gksrk gSA; fn fol xZl si j • ; ~gksrksfol xZdksl dkj gksrk gS A; fn ' kj~gksrksfodYi l sfol xZ
v Fkok l dkj gksrk gSok ' kfj l w
=k l sA
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/
l dkj v kS
j roxZdk' kdkj v kS j poxZosQl kFk ; Fkkl a
Hko ; ksx gksusi j l dkj roxZosQLFkku
esa' pq
Ro Lrks%' pq
uk ' pq
%l w
=k l sgksrk gS
A
i nkUr esa>y~gSrksml osQLFkku esat ' Ro >ykat ' kks¿Ursl w
=kl sfo/ ku djrsgS
A• j i js>yks
a
dkspRoZ• fj p l w=k l sfo/ ku djrsgS
A
a
' kkr~i jsroxZdkspoxZughagksrkgS' kkr~bl l w =kdkv FkZgS AmRl xZlw
=kdjosQvi okn v Fkok è; ku nsa
%
fu"ks/ djrsgS a; g i kf.kfu dh ' kS
y h gS
Aogka; g ' kkr~l w
=k fu"ks/ l w
=k gS
A
l dkj roxZdk "kdkj VoxZosQl kFk ; kxs gksusi j "kdkj VoxZdk fo/ ku djrsgS A"Vq
a uk "Vq
%
lw
=k l si jUrqi nkUr VoxZl si j Lrqdks"VqRo dk fu"ks/ u i nkUrkêð
ksjuke~l w
=k l sdjrsgS
Abl çdkj
a
roxZdk "kdkj i js"Vq Ro dk fu"ks/ rks%f"k l =
wk l sA
i nkUr ; j dksv uq
ukfl d i jsv uq
ukfl d fodYi l sgksrk gS; jks¿uq
ukfl osQ
¿uq
ukfl dksok l w
=k
l sAydkj i jsroxZdksi jl o.kZfo/ ku rksfyZl w
=k l sA
gy~osQi j >j dk fodYi yksi l o.kZ>j i jsgksrksgksrkgS>jks>fj l o.kZ
sl w
=kl s>; osQ
i jsgdkj dksi w
oZ
l o.kZfodYi l sgksrk gS
] >; ksgks¿U;rjL; ke~l w
=k l sA
; fn >; ~$ ' k $ v e~fLFkfr gSrks' kdkj osQLFkku esafodYi l sNdkj ' k' Nks¿fV l w
=k l s
gksrkgS
A

i kBkUr i z'u
uhpsoqQ N ç' u fn, t krsgS
Amudk mÙkj çeq
a [ ; : i l snh?kZgh gksrk gS
Al w =kO;k[ ; ku v kS
j
: i l k/ u ; snksuksaghO;kdj.kç' u osQeq[ ; çdkj gS
Av Pl fU/çdj.kesa; ksX; rkc<+ kusosQfy, , d
lw=k dk O;k[ ; ku foLrkj l fgr çnf' kZr gSAml dksns• dj v kS
j l e>dj bu l w =kksadk Hkh O;k[ ; ku
djukpkfg, A
>ykat ' k~>f' kl w
=kesa: i l k/ u oS
Q
l sdjukpkfg, : i l k/ u osQvusd çdkj l sfoLrkj l fgr
çnf' kZ
r gS
Av r%ml LFky dksns• dj v kS j l e>dj v U; : i ksadksl k/ u dkç; kl fu"Bkl sdjuk
pkfg, AçFke y?kq: i dksfl ¼ djksAml osQckn Øe' k%foLrkj djuk pkfg, A
1- l l t "qkks#%l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
2- Lrks%' pq
uk ' pq
%l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
3- >ykat ' kks¿Ursl w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
4- "Vu
qk "Vq
%l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
5- ; jks¿uq
ukfl osQ
¿uq
ukfl dksok l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 159
 i kB&8 gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa 6- ; gk¡uhpsçkjEHkfLFkfr nsrsgS

av kS
j t ks: i l k/ uh; gS
aog HkhnsrsgS
Aog çnÙk: i l w
a =kl fgr
fl ¼ dhft , A
#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/
çkj EHk l kè; : i çkj EHk l kè; : i
rn~' yksd % rP' yksd % eU=kku~fy• eU=kkYk¡fy•
rn~f' ko% rfP' ko% rn~uke rUuke
v p~ßLo% v T>zLo% rn~p; % rPp; %
è; ku nsa
% mn~LFkkue~ mRFkkue~ f' kol ~' ka
d j% f' ko' ' ka
d j%
"kV~ekl k% "k.ekl k% rn~u rUu
l r~ekxZ
% l UekxZ
% eukd~gl fr eukX?kl fr
eǹ~e; e~ e.̀e; e~ xzkekn~pfyr% xz
kekPpfyr%
Ñ".kl ~pi y% Ñ".k' pi y% mn~• uue~ mR• uue~
l r~Nk=k% l PNk=k% okp~ek/ q
;Z
e~ okÄ~
ek/ q
;e
Z~
, rn~rq , rÙkq ân~ef.Mr% âUef.Mr%
mn~fr"B mfÙk"B lq
ân~fe=ke~ lâ
qfUe=ke~

i kBxr i z'uksÙkj
mÙkj Hkkx&1
1- l dkjkUri n v kjSl t q
"kUri n osQv a
fre dks# gksrk gS• j i jsA
2- i nkUrL; j%nksuka
sdh l eku foHkfÙkQgksusl srnUr fof/ gksrh gS
A
3- v ol ku esajsiQdksfol xZ• jol ku; ksfoZ
ltZ
uh; %l w
=k l sA
4- fol xZl s' kj i jsfol xZdksfol xZfodYi l sok ' kfj l w
=k l sgksrk gS
A
5- Lrks%' pq
uk ' pq
%l w
=k esaLrks%LFkkuh l s' pq
uk v kns'k ; Fkkl a
[ ; gS
A
6- Lrks%' pq
uk ' pq
%l w
=k esaLrks%LFkkuh dks' pq
uk fufeÙk osQl kFk ; ksx esa; Fkkl a
[ ; ughagS
7- l r~fpr~fLFkfr esaçFke gh Lrks%' pq uk ' pq
%l w=k çoÙ̀k ughagksrk gS
A; | fi Lrks%rdkj dk
' pq
uk pdkj osQl kFk ; ksx fn• kbZnsrk gSfi Qj Hkh >ykat ' kks¿Ursl w=k çoÙ̀k gS
AD; ka
sfd &
v fl ¼dk.M esai w oZ
lw=k çfr i jl w=k v fl ¼ gS A v r%l r~fpr~fLFkfr esal cl s i gys
v fl ¼dk.Mesa>ykat ' kks¿Urs( 8-2-39) l w =k çoÙ̀k gS
Aml l srdkj dkst ' k~ndkj gksrk gS A
rc l n~fpr~fLFkfr gksrhgSA; gk¡HkhLrks%' pquk' pq%( 8-4-39) v kS j • fj p ( 8-4-54) nksuksa
dh, d l kFkçkfIr gSAi jUrqLrks%' pq uk' pq%( 8-4-39) l w=kv fl ¼dk.Mesai w oZgS
] • fj p
( 8-4-54) i j gS
Av r%i woZlw=kLrks%' pq
uk' pq%( 8-4-39) dhçof̀Ùkv kfn esagksrhgS Aml l s

160 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/ i kB&8
LrqosQndkj dks' pqt dkj gksrk gS
Arc l t ~fpr~fLFkfr gksrh gS
A gYk~l fU/ esa
8- ' kkr~i j rqdk pql s; ksx gksusi j pq
Ro ughagS
A #Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/
9- ç' u%; gk¡' kdkj l si j LrqgS Av r%' kkr~i j rqdkspq
Ro ' kkr~l w
=k l sfu"ks/ djrk gS
Av r%
ogk Lrks%' pquk ; ksx esaHkh ' pq
Ro ughagksrk gS
A
10- 1)
11- 1)
12- 4) è; ku nsa
%
13- 1)
mÙkj Hkkx&2
14- l dkj roxZdk "kdkj VoxZosQl kFk ; kxs gksusi j "kdkjVoxZgksrk gS
A
15- "Vu
qk "Vq
%l w
=k esaLrks%LFkkuh dk "Vq
uk v kns'k l s; Fkkl a
[ ; gS
A
16- "Vu
qk "Vq
%l w
=k esaLrks%LFkkuh dk "Vq
uk fufeÙk l s; ksx gksusi j ; Fkkl a
[ ; ughagS
A
17- i nkUr VoxZl si jsukeo; ofHkUu dk Lrksdks"Vqughagksrk gS
A
18- "k..kke~; gk¡i j i nkUr VoxZl si jsLrksdks"Vq
Ro fu"ks/ gksusi j Hkhv ukEuofr&uxjh.kkfefr
okP; e~okfrZd cy l sgksrk gSA
19- l u~"k"B%; gk¡ Lrksdk "Vq uk l s; ksx gku
ssi j Hkh roxZl si jsudkj "kdkj i js"Vq
Ro dksrks%
f"k bl l sfu"ks/ gksusl sugha
A
20- 1)
21- 4)

mÙkj Hkkx&3
22- , rn~eq
j kfj%fLFkfr esandkj dksudkj ; jks¿uq
ukfl osQ
¿uq
ukfl dksok l w
=k l sgksrk gS
A
23- ydkj i jsroxZdksi jl o.kZgksrk gSrksfyZl w
=k dk v FkZgS
A
24- fpr~e; e~fLFkfr esal fU/ djusi j fpUe; e~, d gh : i gksrk gS
A
25- çR;; sHkk"kk; kafuR;e~l w
=k dk v FkZ& ykS
fddl a
LÑrHkk"kk esav uq
ukfl dkfn&çR;; i jsi nkUr
; j dksfuR; v uq ukfl d gksrk gS
A
26- rksfyZl w
=k dk mnkgj.k rYy; %
] fo}kufy• fr bR;kfnA

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 161
 i kB&8 gYk~l fU/ esa#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa mÙkj Hkkx&4

#Ro&' pq
Rokfnl fU
/ 27- mn%LFkkLrEHkks%i w
oZ
L; lw
=k dk v FkZ& mn osQi j LFkk&LrEHk dksi w
oZ
l o.kZgksrk gS
A
28- gy~osQi j >j dk fodYi l syksi l o.kZ>j i jsgksrks>jks>fj l o.kZ
sl w
=k dk v FkZ
A
29- >; ksgks¿U;rjL; ke~l w
=k dk mnkgj.k okX?kfj%gS
A
30- ' k' Nks¿fV l w
=k dk mnkgj.k rfPNo%rfP' ko%
A

è; ku nsa
%

162 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gy ~l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/ i kB&9
gYk~l fU/ esa
v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j
9 fol xZl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esav uq

Lokj l fU/
v kS
j fol xZl fU/ è; ku nsa
%

iw
oZi kBksaesal a
Kk i fjHkk"kk v Pk~l fU/ çÑfr Hkko l fU/ gYk~l fU/ bu çdj.k dk Øe' k%
i fj' khyu fd; k gSAv uq Lokj l fU/ oLrq r %gYk~l fU/ ghgS Ackgq Y; l sedkj dksudkj dksfodYi
l sv uq Lokj gksrkgS
Abl çdkj v uq Lokj dkv usd LFkku i j i jl o.kZgksrkgS
Av r%; sl HkhgYk~l fU/
dkdk; ZghgS AoSl sHkhKku dhl jyrkosQfy, v yx l smYys• fd; kgS Av uq
Lokj l fU/ çdj.k
esai nL; dk v f/ dkj t kuuk pkfg, A
fol xZl fU/ Hkh bl h i kB osQv a
r xZ
r gS
Afol xZl fU/ osQoqQNl w
=k i w
oZi kB esaHkh fo| eku
gS
Av of' k"V l w=k gh oqQ
N ; gk¡ fn, t krsgSAfol xZl fU/ çdj.k esabl fol xZl si w
a oZfo| eku o.kZ
v kS
j i j fo| eku o.kZnksuksagh t kuusdk fo"k; gSAbl çdkj fol xZl fU/ çdj.k esaew y fLFkr esa
Hkh fol xZughagS ] v fUre fLFkfr esaHkh fol xZughagSA: i l k/ u çfØ; k osQeè; esafol xZgksrk
gS
Ai uq%ml dki fjorZ u gkrskgSAv r%bl çdj.kdkuke fol xZl fU/ çdj.kHkhos Qoy i jEijkçHkko
ghgS A
fol xZl fU/ ukedj.kdkrkRi; Z; g gS; fn i nkUok[ ; ku i {kgSrksnksuksai n osQeè; esafol xZ
fn• kbZnsrk gS A ; fn okD; kUok[ ; kui {k gSrksbl çdj.k esaçnf' kZ
r fLFkfr gksrh gS A ; gk¡ osQ
oy
okD; kUok[ ; kui {k ghçnf' kZ
r djrsgS A
a

mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
d j v ki l {ke gksa
xs&
 i nkUr edkj dksv uq
Lokj dc gksrk gS; g t ku i kusesa
_
 v i nkUr edkj v kS
j udkj v uq
Lokj dc gksrk gS; g t ku i kusesa
_
 lL
aÑr esat gk¡ rgkav uq
Lokj l fU/ dk foPNsn djusesa
_
 okD; kUok[ ; kui {k esafol xZl fU/ D; k gksrh gSt ku i kusesa
_
 fol xZl fU/ esafofo/ çdkj osQl w
=k l fgr t ku i kusesa
_

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 163
 i kB&9 gYk l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa  v uq

Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/ esal w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dj i kusesa
_
v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j  v fxze çdj.k esabl çdj.k dk l w
=k l fgr O;ogkj dj i kusesa
_
fol xZl fU/  v i usys• esa' kq
¼ l fU/ dj i kusesa
_

9-1 eks¿uq
Lokj %
AA( 8-3-23)
=kkFkZ& edkjkUr i n dksv uq
lw Lokj gksrk gSgy i jsA
lw=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=k gS
Al w =k esanksi n gS Ae%v uq Lokj%l w
=kxri nPNsn gS Ae%( 6@ 1) ]
v uqLokj%( 1@ 1) Ai nL; dkv f/ dkj gS Al afgrk; ke~dkHkhv f/ dkj gSAgfy l oZ s"kke~l w
=kl s gfy
è; ku nsa
% l IrE; Ur i n dh v uqof̀r gS Ai n; kst uk & l afgrk; ke~i nL; e%v uqLokj%gfyA
r nUrfof/ & bl esai nL; e%nksuksai n "k"BÔUr gS Ai nL; fo' ks"; gSAe%fo' ks"k.kgSAfo' ks"k.k
rnUr fo' ks"; dh l a Kk gksrhgS
Av r%rnUr fof/ l soS l k i n ; gk¡xzg.k djuk pkfg, ft l osQv Ur
esaedkj gS Av FkkZr ~ekUri n v FkZçkIr gksrk gS
AogkaHkh ekUri nL; "k"BÔUr gS Aml dk v FkZl EcU/
gSAbl l w =kesal EcU/ osQçfr; ksxhi n gSi jUrqv uq; ksxhdkmYys• rksughagS Av kS j fdl hHkhçdkj
çkIr ughagksrk gS Av r%; g "k"BhLFkku "k"Bhv uq ; ksxh l sjfgr gSAi nL; ; gk¡i j "k"BhçÑfr i n
' kCn v Yl eqnk; cks/d gSAv kns'kv uq Lokj , dky~gSAv r%v yks¿UR;L; i fjHkk"kkcy l sekUri n osQ
va fre v y~osQLFkku esav uq Lokj gksrk gS; g v FkZçkIr gksrk gS A
rc l w=kkFkZgksrk gS& ekUri n osQv a fre v y osQLFkku esav uq
Lokj gksrk gSgy~i jsl a
fgrk
fo"k; gksusi jAbl dk gh i Q fyrkFkZv usd t xg & ekUr i n dksv uq Lokj gksrk gSgy~i jsbl : i
l sçdVdjrsgS Av FkkZ
a r ~l a
fgrkesafo"k; hHkw
r gy osQv O;ofgri w
oZekUr i n gSrksedkj dksv uq Lokj
gksrk gS; g rkRi; kZ
FkZgSA
mnkgj . k & gfjaoUnsA
gfje~oUnsokD; gS AokD; esal fagrkfoo{kk/ hu gS
Aogkagfje~l q
cUr gS] v r%ml dhl q fIrÄUra
i ne~l w =kl si nl a
Kkl q
y HkgS Agfje~oUns; gk¡i j gy odkj l sv O;ofgri woZekUr i n gfje~gSA; fn
nksuksai n osQeè; esav / Zek=kkl sv f/ d dky dkO;o/ ku ughagSrkseks¿uq Lokj%l w=kl sedkj dks
v uqLokj djusi j gfjaoUnsl k/ q: i fu"i Uu gksrkgS A; fn l a
fgrkfoof{kr ughagSrksgfje~oUns; g
Hkh ç; ksx dj l drsgS ]a dksbZnks"k ughagS
A
v k{ksi & ^oue~v fLr* mnkgj.kesav uqLokj dksedkj fdl l w =kl sgksrkgSAoLrqr %^oue~*
i n i F̀kd~fl ¼ gksrk gS
Aml osQv Ur esav e~&çR;; dk edkj Lodh; gS At c ^oue~v fLr* okD;
dk ç; ksx djrsgSrc ogk ew y ' kCn edkj gSAml l si j gy~ughagSAv r%ml dksv uq Lokj ugha
gksrk gSAv uq Lokj ghughagksrk gSrksv uq
Lokj dksedkj fdl l w=k l sgksrk gS; g ç' u gh; q
fÙkQ
ghu
gSA
oq
QN okD; osQv Ur esaHkhv uq Lokj dksfy• rsgS at S
l s& ^v fLr ouaA* i jUrqokD; osQv Ur
esaouai n gS
Av FkkZr ~ml osQckn gy~ughagS ] vFkokf}rh; okD; gS Af}rh; okD; esa; | fi gy~çFke
o.kZgksuk pkfg, fi Q j Hkh nksokD; ksadh l afgrk ughagksrh gSAv r%l a fgrk osQv Hkko esaedkj dks
v uqLokj ughagksrkgS Av r%okD; osQv Ur esav uq Lokj dHkhHkhl eFkZughagksl drkgS Av r%v fLr
ouav l k/ qgSAogkav fLr oue~l k/ qgS A
164 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gy ~l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/ i kB&9
9-2 u' pki nkUrL; >fy AA( 8-3-24) gYk~l fU/ esa
=kkFkZ& v i nkUr udkj v kS
lw j edkj osQLFkku esa>y~i jsv uq
Lokj gksrk gS
A v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j
lw=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=kgSApkj i n gS Au%p i nkUrL; >fy l w =k esami fLFkr i nksdhl a f/
fol xZl fU/
foPNsn gS Au%( 6@ 1) ] p v O;; gSAv i nkUrL; ( 6@ 1) ] >fy ( 7@ 1) Aeks¿uq Lokj%l w=k l se%"k"Bh
, dopu] v uq Lokj%çFkekUr i n dhv uq of̀r gS
Ai n; kst uk & v i nkUrL; u%e%p v uq Lokj%>fyA
lw=kkFkZ& v i nkUr udkj v kS
j edkj osQLFkku esa>y i jsv uq Lokj gksrkgSAv FkkZr ~v i nkUr esafo| eku
udkj dk v kS j edkj dksv uq Lokj gksrk gS>y~i jsA
mnkgj . k & ; ' kka
fl Av kØa
L; rsA' kkUr%
A
è; ku nsa
%
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & ; ' kkafl ; gk¡; ' kLk~
&' kCn dkui ql dfyÄ~
a x çFke cgq opu gSAml dk : i
l kèku çfØ; k esa; ' kku~fl fLFkfr gksrhgS Aogkfo| eku udkj i nkUr esaughagS Av r%og v i nkUr
udkj gS Aml l si j >y~l dkj gS Av r çÑr l = wk l sudkj dksv uq
Lokj gksrk gS
Aml l s; ' kka
fl : i
fu"i Uu gksrk gS
Al w=k esaedkj v kSj udkj dksv uq Lokj dgk gSA; g udkj dk mnkgj.kA
¹ ; ' kku~fl fLFkfr oS
Q
l sgksrhgS
& ; gk¡ft rusl w=kv ko' ; d gSmu l Hkhdkl q
cUr çdj.kgS
A
v r%mu l Hkh osQKku osQfouk l Ei w . kZçfØ; k çn' kZ
u O;FkZgS Aº
v kØa
L; rs& v kÄ~&mi l xZ
] Øeqi knfo{kiss/ krqgS
] ml osQckn ÆV~ydkj djusi j L; fodj.k
dk fo/ ku gksusi j v k Øe~L; rsfLFkfr gksrhgS Aml esaedkj i nkUr esaughagSAv kS
j edkj l si j
L; >y~l dkj gS Av r çÑrl w =kl sedkj dksv uq Lokj gksrkgS
Aml l sv kØa
L; rs: i fu"i Uu gksrkgS
A
lw=k esaedkj v kS
j udkj dksv uq Lokj dgk gSArks; g edkj dk mnkgj.k gS A
' keqmi ' kes/ krql sÙkQç; ; djusi j ' kkUr : i curkgSAogkçfØ; kl s' kke~r fLFkfr gksrh
gS
A; gk¡edkj vi nkUr gS ] ml os
Qi j >y~rdkj gS Avr%u' pki nkUrL; >fy l =
wkl sedkj dksvuq Lokj
djusi j ' kka
r fLFkfr gksrh gSrc&

9-3 v uq
Lokj L; ; f; i j l o. kZ
%
AA( 8-4-57)
=kkFkZ& v uq
lw Lokj dks; ; i jsi jl o.kZgksrk gS
A
lw=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w=k gS
Al w
=k esarhu i n gS
Av uqLokjL; ( 6@1) ] ; f; ( 7@ 1) ] i jl o.kZ
%
( 1@1) Ai jL; l o.kZ%i jl o.k% Z"k"BhrRiq
#"kl ekl Al a
fgrk; ke dkv kfndkj gS Al w
=kkFkZ
& v uqLokj osQ
LFkku esa; ; i jsi jl o.kZgksrk gSA
mnkgj . k & ' kkUr%
A
=kkFkZl eUo; & ' kka
lw r fLFkfr esabl v uq Lokj osQ; ; i jsgSAv FkkZ
r ~; ; l sv O;ofgr i w oZ
gSAv r%çÑr l w =kl sv uqLokj osQLFkku esav kns'kgksrk gS
Av kns'k D; k gS
Ai j dk l o.kZ Ai j rdkj
gSAml dkl o.kZdkS u gSAr Fkn / u ; si kapA, d LFkkuhvkS j v kns'ki ka
p gS
ALFkkuhl a [ ; kl sv kns'k
la [ ; kfHkUu gS Av r%LFkkus¿Urjre%i fjHkk"kkl sLFkkuhdkv Urjre v kns'kgksALFkku l s] v FkZl s] xq .k
l s] v kS j çek.kl sv kUr; Zpkj çdkj dkgksrkgS Ao.kZdkv FkZughagksusl sv FkZ Ñr v kUr; ZughagS A
v kns ' kksadkçek.kvFkkZ r ~mPpkj.kdky v / Zekf=kd gSAv r çek.kÑr v kUr; Zl EHko ughagS ALFkkuhosQ
v uq Lokj dk mPpkj.kLFkku ukfl dkgS Av kns'k esaudkj dk mPpkj.kLFkku nUr v kS j ukfl dk gS Av U;

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 165
 i kB&9 gYk l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa dkukfl dkughagSAv r%LFkku v kUr; Zl sv uqLokj osQLFkku esaudkj v kns'kgksrkgSArc ' kkUr ' kCn
v uq j fu"i Uu gksrk gSAml l si jsl qçR;; ; ksx l sv kSjçfØ; k l s' kkUr%çFkekUr : i fl ¼ gksrkgSA
Lokj l fU/ v kS
fol xZl fU/ 9-4 ok i nkUrL; AA( 8-4-58)
=kkFkZ& i nkUr v uq
lw Lokj dk ; ; i jsi jl o.kZfodYi l sgksrk gS
A
lw=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w =kgSAl w
=kesanksi n gS Aok fodYi kFkZv O;; gS
a Ai nL; v Ur%i nkUr% ]
rL; bfr "k"BhrRiq #"k%l ekl % Av uq
LokjL; ; f; i jl o.k%Zl Eiw . kZl =
wkdhvuq
of̀r gSAogkav uqLokjL;
( 6@
1) ] ; f; ( 7@ 1) ] i jl o.kZ%( 1@1) Ai jL; l o.kZ %i jl o.kZ %"k"Bh rRiq
#"k l ekl gSAl afgrk; ke
dkv f/ dkj gS Al w=kkFkZ& i nkUr v uq
Lokj osQLFkku esa; ; i jsi jl o.kZfodYi l sgksrkgSl fagrkgksrksA
è; ku nsa
%
mnkgj . k & jkeUuekfeAjkeauekfeA
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & jkee~uekfe okD; gS AokD; esal afgrkfoo{kk/ hu gSA; fn l afgrkfoof{kr
gSrksl w =k ; gk¡çor̀ gksrk gS Aogkajkee~l q cUr i n gSAml dk i nkUr esaedkj gS Auekfe f}rh; i n
gSAml dk çFkeo.kZgy~udkj gS Av r%edkj dk gy~i jsv FkkZ r ~gy~l sv O;ofgri w oZedkj dks
eks¿uqLokj%l w =kl sv uq Lokj gksrk gS
Arc jkeauekfe fLFkfr gksrhgS Aogkav uq Lokj i nkUr esagSfdUrq
; ; i jsgS Av FkkZ r ~i nkUr v uq
Lokj ; ; osQv O;ofgri w oZgSAv uqLokjL; ; f; i jl o.kZ
%l w=k l sfuR;
i jl o.kZçkIr gS Aogkav c oki nkUrL; l w =kl sfodYi l si jl o.kZdkfo/ ku djrsgS Ai jl o.kZugha
a
gksrk gSrksjkeauekfe l k/ qokD; fu"i Uu gksrkgS Ai jl o.kZgksrk gSrksLFkkuhv uq Lokj] v kns'k i j
udkj dk l o.kZgS AdkS u l o.kZAr Fk n / u ; si kapA, d LFkkuhi ka p v kns'kAv r%LFkkus¿Urjre%
i fjHkk"kkl svuq Lokj osQLFkku esadkS u gksrkgSAv uqLokj dkmPpkj.kLFkku ukfl dkgS Avkns'kesaudkj
dkmPpkj.kLFkku nUr v kS j ukfl dkgSAv r%ukfl dkLFkku l kE; l sçkIr gS Av U;r~v kUr; Zl sl EHko
ughagS Av r%v uq Lokj osQLFkku esaudkj djusi j jkeUuekfe l k/ qokD; fl ¼ gksrk gS Abl h çdkj
jkeauekfe] jkeUuekfe nksuksaokD; l k/ qgS A
a

; g ; gk¡ l a
xzg%
&
v uq
LokjL; ; f; i jl o.kZ%bfr ok i nkUrL; bfr nksuksal w =k dh çofÙk {ks=k dh Øe' k%; g
iQ
fyrkFkZdg l drsgS a& v uqLokjL; ; f; i jl o.kZ
%l w=k v i nkUr v uqLokj dks; ; i jl o.kZfuR;
djrkgSAi nkUr v uqLokj dks; ; i jsfodYi l si jl o.kZoki nkUrL; l w =kdjrkgS Av uqLokj dksdc
dkS
u&l k o.kZgksrk gSuhpsl a
{ksi l snsrsgS
A
a
v uq
Lokj l sdoxZgksrksi jl oZ
. k Ädkj gksrk gS
At S
l s' kÄ~
d j bfrA
v uq
Lokj l si j poxZgSrksi jl oZ
. k ×kdkj gksrk gS
At S
l sl ×k~
p; %bfrA
v uq
Lokj l si j VoxZgSrksi jl oZ
. k .kdkj gksrk gS
A; Fkk Ro.Vhdl sbfrA
v uq
Lokj l si j roxZgSrksi jl oZ
. k udkj gksrk gS
At S
l si jUrqbfrA
v uq
Lokj l si j i oxZgSrksi jl oZ
. k edkj gksrk gS
At S
l sjkeEi ' ; bfrA

166 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gy ~l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/ i kB&9
gYk~l fU/ esa
i kBxr i z'u&1
v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j
1- eks¿uq
Lokj%; gk¡ i j fdl osQedkj dksv uq
Lokj\
fol xZl fU/
2- v i nkUr edkj dksv uq
Lokj fdl l w
=k l s\
3- v i nkUr edkj dks; e i jsv uq
Lokj fdl l w
=k l s\
4- Roe~jke%; gk¡ i j edkj dksv uq
Lokj fdl l w
=k l s\
5- Roe~gfj%; gk¡ i j edkj dksv uq
Lokj fdl l w
=k l s\
6- iQ
ye~jksprs; gk¡ i j dkS
u&l k l fU/ l w
=k çor̀ gksÙkk gS
\ è; ku nsa
%
7- gfjaoUns; gk¡ dkS
u&l k l fU/ l w
=k çoÙ̀k gksrk gS
\
8- v i nkUr v uq
Lokj dksi jl o.kZfdl l w
=k l sgksrk gS
\
9- t yagjfr ; gk¡ v uq
Lokj fdl l w
=k l s\
1) u' pki nkUrL; >fy
2) ok i nkUrL;
3) eks¿uq
Lokj%
4) v uq
LokjL; ; f; i jl o.kZ
%
10- ' kke~r fLFkfr esa' kkUr i fjorZ
u bl Øe l sgksrk gS
\
1) edkj dksu
2) edkj dksv uq
Lokj] ml dksu
3) edkj dkst ' k~
] ml dksu
4) udkj dkse] ml dksedkj
11- t ye~u; fr ; gk¡ l fU/ djrsgS
arksdkS
u&l k : i l EHko gS
\
1) t yau; fr] t yUu; fr
2) t ye~u; fr] t yUu; fr
3) t yau; fr] t yUu; fr] t ye~u; fr
4) t ye~u; fr] t yau; fr
12- t ye~u; fr ; gk¡ i j l a
fgrk ughagSrksdkS
u&l k ç; ksx l k/ qgS
\
1) t yau; fr] t yUu; fr
2) t ye~u; fr
3) t yau; fr
4) t ye~u; fr] t yau; fr

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 167
 i kB&9 gYk l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa AAbfr gYk~l fU/ esav uqLokj l fU/ AA

v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j AAv Fk fol xZl fU/ AA
fol xZl fU/
9-5 v r ksj ksjIy qr knIy q
r sAA( 6-1-109)
=kkFkZ& v Iyq
lw r v r~l si j # osQLFkku esamr~gksrk gSv Iyq
r v r~i jsA
lw=k O;k[ ; k& fof/ l w=kgS Abl l w=kesapkj i n gSAv r%jks%v Iyq r kn~v Iyq rs l w=kxri nPNsn
gSAv r~ri j gS ] ml dk: i vr%i ×peh, dopukUr gS Al a fgrk; ke~v f/ dkj gS Ajks%(6@ 1)] v Iyq r kn~
( 5@ 1) ] v Iyq r s( 7@1) A u Iyq r %v Yi qr%] rLekr~v Iyq r kn~
A rfLeu~v Iyq r sA ; gk¡ nksuksaesaHkh
è; ku nsa
% u×k~&rRiq#"k%l ekl gS A½r mr~l w =kl smr~çFkekUr i n dhv uq of̀r gSA, Ä%i nkUrknfr l = wkl sv fr
l Ireh, dopukUr i n dhv uq of̀r gS
AokD; ; kst ukgksrhgS& v Yi q r kn~v r%jks%mr~v Iyq r sv frA
v r%; gk¡ fnX; ksx esai ×peh gS Av r%rLekfnR;q ÙkjL; i fjHkk"kk l sv r%( ßLo v dkj l s) v O;fgr
i j osQdk; Zdksfo/ ku djrkgS Ajks%LFkku "k"BhgSAml l s"k"BhLFkkus;ksxkl w =kl sLFkkusi n dhçkfIr
gSAv Iyq r sv fr ; gk¡i jl IrehgSAml l srfLefUufr fufnZ "Vsi w oZ
L; i fjHkk"kk cy l sv Iyq r v dkj l s
v O;ofgri w oZosQdk; ZdksgksrkgS; g v FkZçkIr gksrkgS Amr~ri j gS Av r%ri jLrRdkyL; i fjHkk"kk
l smr~ßLo "V osQmdkj dksxzg.kdjrsgS Al Hkhi fjHkk"kk osQcy l sl w =kkFkZgksrk gS& v Iyq r vr
i js# osQLFkku esamr~gksrk gSv Iyq r v r%i jsl afgrk esaAv FkkZ r ~; fn v Iyq r l sv r ( ßLo v dkj
l s) i j # gSrksml osQLFkku esamr~( ßLo mdkj) gksrk gS ] ; fn i jsv Yi q r v r~( ßLo v dkj) gS ]
fdUrql a fgrk gksrksA
mnkgj . k & f' koks¿P; Z
%
A
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & f' ko ' kCn l sçFkek foHkfÙkQesa, dopu çR;; l q i ~dk fo/ ku djrk gS A
rc f' kol ~fLFkfr%gksrh gS Abl çdkj v Pkj~ &/ krqdk ÑR; çR;; ; ksx l sv P; Z %: i fu"i Uu gksrk
gSAnksuksaosQfeyku l sf' kol ~vP; Z %fLFkfr gksrhgS Af' kol ~bl osQvUr esal q i ~gSAv r%l q fIrÄUrai ne~
lw=k l sml dhi n l a Kk gksrh gS
Aml osQv Ur esal dkj gS Av r%i nkUr l dkj dk l l t q "kks#% l w =k
l s #%gksrkgS Aml dkmdkj v uq ukfl d gS Av r%mi ns'ks¿t uq ukfl d br~l w =kl sml dhbRl a Kk gksrh
gSAml osQckn rL; yksi%l w =kl smdkj dkyksi gksrkgS Abl çdkj bRl a Kkdj.kv kS j ml dkyksidjus
l sy?kq: i l sbl çdkj çdV djrsgS & v uqcU/ yksi gksusi j v kS j yksi djusi j f' koj~v P; Z %gksrk
gSAogkav c odkj l si j v Iyq r v r~( ßLo v dkj) gS Aml osQi j # gS Aml osQi j v Iyq r v r~gS A
v r%çÑrl w =k l s# dksmr~gksrkgS Arc f' ko mv P; Z %fLFkfr gksrhgS A; gkaodkj l si j v o.kZgS A
ml osQckn v p~mdkj gS Av r%v kn~xq . k%l w
=k l sv dkj&mdkj nksuksaosQi w oZi j osQLFkku esaLFkku
v kUr; Zl sv ksd kj gksrk gS Aml l sf' koksv P; Z
%fLFkfr gksrhgS A; gk¡, p v ksd kj l si j v p~gS Av r%
, pks¿; ok; ko%l = wkl sv okns'kçkIr gS Ai jUrqf' koksbl dkv ksd kj i nkUr esagS Aml l si j v r~gS Av r%
, Ä%i nkUrknfr l w =k l sv dkj dksi woZ: i djusi j f' koks¿P; Z
%okD; curk gS Af' ko v Fkok egs'oj
iwT; uh; gSv FkZgS A
¹ O;q RifÙk & 1) çÑr l w =kdkv FkZ
& v c ft l l w
=kosQO;k[ ; ku dkfo"k; gSogA; gk¡t S
ls
& v rksjksjIyqr knIyq
r sçÑr l w
=k gS
A
2) l l t q
"kks#%( 8-2-66) v fl ¼dk.Mh; l w=k gS
Aml l s#%fofgr gSAv rksjksjIyq
r knIyq
rs
( 6-1-103) l w
=kfl ¼ dk.MesagS Abl dhnf̀"V l s#Roav fl ¼ ghgS
Afi Q
j Hkh; fn ; g #Ro v fl ¼
168 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gy ~l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/ i kB&9
gksrksO;kdj.k ' kkL=k esav U;=k dghai j Hkhfl ¼ #Ro ughagS
Aml l sv rksjksjIyq
r knIyq
r sl w
=k O;FkZ gYk~l fU/ esa
gkst k, xkAi jUrqi kf.kfu eq
uhdk dksbZHkhopu O;FkZughagSAv r%opu çek.; l sog v fl ¼ Hkh
fl ¼ gS, slk xzg.k djrk gS Aº
v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j
fol xZl fU/
9-6 gf' k pAA( 6-1-110)
=kkFkZ& v Iyq
lw r v r osQi j # osQLFkku esamr~gksrk gSg' k i jsA
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w =k gS A bl l w=k esanksi n gS A gf' k ( 7@1) ] p ; g v O;; i n gS A
lafgrk; ke~v f/ dkj gSAv rksjksjIyqr knIyqrs l =wkl sv Iyqr kn~( 5@ 1) ] v r%( 5@ 1) ] jks%( 6@1) i nksa
dhv uq of̀r gS
Au Iyq r %v Iyq
r% ] rLekn~v Iyq r kn~bfr u×k~&rRiq #"k%l ekl %A½r mr~ l w =kl s mr~
çFkekUr i n dhv uq of̀r gS
Ai n; kst uk& l afgrk; ke~v Iyqr kn~v r%jks%mr~gf' kpAv r%; gk¡ fnX; ksx è; ku ns
a
%
i ×peh gS Aml l sv r%l si j dk ; g v FkZçkIr gksrk gS Agf' k ; g i j l Ireh gS Aml l sg' k dk
v O;ofgr i w oZdk ; g v FkZgSAml hdksghdgrsgS ag' ki jsAjks%; gk¡LFkku "k"BhAml l sv FkZ# osQ
LFkku esav FkZçkIr gksrk gS
Al w
=kkFkZ& v Iyq r v r%l si j # osQLFkku esamr~gksrk gSg' ki jsAv FkkZ r~
ßLo v dkj l si j # osQLFkku esaßLo mdkj gksrk gSg' k i jsA
mnkgj . k & f' koksoU| %
A
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & f' ko ' kCn l s çFkekfoHkfÙkQesa, dopu dkçR;; l q i ~gksrkgSrc f' kol ~
fLFkfr gksrhgS Abl hçdkj oUn&/ krql sÑR; çR;; ; ksx esaoU| %: i curkgS AnksuksaosQfeyku djus
l sf' kol ~oU| %fLFkfr gksrh gS Af' kol ~bl osQv Ur esal qi ~gSAv r%l q fIrÄUrai ne~l w =k l sml dh
inl K ak gksrh gSAml osQv Ur esal dkj gS Av r%i nkUr l dkj dksl l t q "kks#%l w =k l s#%gksrk gSA
ml dk mdkj v uq ukfl d gS Av r%mi ns'ks¿t uqukfl d br~l w=k l sml dh bRl a Kk gksrh gS Aml osQckn
rL; yksi%l w =k l sm¡d kj dk yksi gksrkgS Abl çdkj bRl a Kkdjusv kS j ml dk yksidjusi j y?kq: i
l sçdV djrsgS a& ^v uq cU/v yksi gksusi j*Ayksi djusi j f' koj~oU| %fLFkfr gksrhgS Aogkav c
f' ko' kCn osQodkj l si j v Iyq r v r~( ßLo v dkj) gS Aml l si j g' k~odkj gS Av r%çÑr l w =kl s
# dksmr~gksrkgS Arc f' ko moU| %fLFkfr gksrhgS A; gk¡f' ko' kCn osQodkj l si j v o.kZgS Aml l s
i j v p~mdkj gS Av r%v kn~xq . k%l w
=k l sv dkj&mdkj nksuksai w oZi j osQLFkku esaLFkku v kUr; Zl s
v ksd kj gksrk gSAml l sf' koksoU| %l k/ qokD; curk gS A
ç' u & oq QNi w
NrsgS afd f' ko%oU| %fLFkfr esafol xZl dkj dksfdl l w
=kl sv Fkok f' ko%
oU| %bl dksf' koksoU| %l fU/ fdl l w=k l sgksrh gS
A
mÙkj & f' ko%: i i F̀kd~l kf/ r gS Aml l s, d , d i n i F̀kd~i F̀kd~l a LÑr] fufeZ
r gSAmu
fufeZ
r i nksadksysd j okD; dhjpuk djrsgS Av r%; g fLFkfr i nkUok[ ; kui {k esagh l EHko gksrh
a
gS
] okD; kUok[ ; kui {k esaughagksrh gS
Af' ko%oU| %fLFkfr esafol xZdk i fjorZ u djusosQfy, l w =k
ughagS
Afol t Z uh; L; l %l w=k l sfol xZdksl dkj • j i jsgh gksrk gS Ag' k~i jsfol xZdk i fjorZ
u
osQfy, dksbZHkh l w =k ughagS
Av r%f' ko%oU| %gSrksf' koksoU| %ml dk i fjorZ u ughadj l drs
gS
Ai jUrqt Sl sf' ko%oU| %; g ç; ksx dj l drsgS aoSl sghf' koksoU| %Hkhç; ksx dj l drsgS Ai jUrq
a
bl dkogkat kukv Fkokml dk; gk¡v kukv l EHko gS Aml l sf' koksoU| %bl dhl fU/ foPNsn f' kol ~
oU| %gh djuh pkfg, A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 169
 i kB&9 gYk l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa 9-7 Hkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w oZL; ; ks¿f' kAA( 8-3-17)
v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j =kkFkZ& Hkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w
lw oZosQ# dks; kns'k v ' k i jsgksrk gS
A
fol xZl fU/ =k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
lw =k gS
Al w
=k esarhu i n gS
AHkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w
a oZ
L; ; %v f' k l w
=k osQ
i nksaesafo| eku dk l fU/ foPNsn gS AHkks%p Hkxks%p v ?kks%p v %p bfr Hkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v k%bfr
brjsrj; ksx}U}l ekl % AHkk&sHkxks&v ?kks&v k%i w
oZs; Lekr~l %Hkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w
oZ
%bfr cgq ozhfgl ekl %
A
Hkksl~Hkxksl~v ?kksl~; spkfnx.kesai <+ sgq
, l dkjkUr fui kr gS A; %çFkekUr i n gS Av f' kl IrE; Ur i n
gSAjks%l qfi l w=kl sjks%"k"BÔUr i n dhv uq of̀r gSAl w
=kkFkZgksrkgS& Hkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w
oZosQ# dks
; kns'k v ' ki jsgksrk gSAv FkkZ
r ~# osQi w oZ; fn HkksHkxksv ?kksv kS
j v o.kZgSfdUrq# i j ; fn v ' k~gS
% rks# osQLFkku esa; dkj v kns'k gksrk gS
è; ku nsa A
Hkksl~Hkxksl~v ?kkls~; spkfnx.k esai <+
sgq
, l dkjkUr fui kr dgykrsgS Al k/ kj.k l Ecks/u esa
a
Hkksl~bl dkç; ksx gksrkgS AHkxor%dkl Eck/su esaHkxksl~ç; ksx gksrkgS
Ai kfi u%dkl Eck/su esav ?kkls~
ç; ksx gksrkgSA
mnkgj . k & nsok bgAnsokf; gA
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & ( v o.kZi woZosQ; g mnkgj.k gS A) nso ' kCn l sl Ecks/u osQv FkZesaçFkek
cgq opu osQt Lk~ &çR;; dkfo/ ku djusdhçfØ; kl snsokl ~: i çkIr gksrkgS Aml l si j bg v O;;
osQç; ksx l snsokl ~bg fLFkfr gksrhgS
Ansokl ~osQv Ur esal q i ~gSAv r%l qfIrÄUrai ne~l w=kl sml dh
inl a Kk gksrh gS Aml osQv Ur esal dkj gS Av r%i nkUr osQl dkj dksl l t q "kks#%l w
=k l s#%gksrk
gS
Aml dkmdkj vuq ukfl d gSAv r%mi ns'ks¿t uq
ukfl d br~l w =kl sml dhbRl aKkgkrshgS Aml osQckn
rL; yksi% lw=k l smdkj dk yksi gksrk gSAyksi djusi j nsokj~bg fLFkfr gksrh gS Aogkav c t ks#%
gSml l si woZv o.kZv kdkj gS Aml l si j v ' k~bdkj gSAv r%çÑr l w =kl s# osQLFkku esa; dkj gksrk
gS
Aml l snsok; ~bg fLFkfr gksrhgS Arc yksi%' kkdY; L; l w =kl sv o.kZi woZ; dkj dkfodYi l syksi
gksrk gS
Ayksii {k esansok bg] yksi v Hkkoi {k esansokf; g nksuksa: i fl ¼ gksrsgSA
a
Hkksl~nsok%AHkxksl~ueLrsAv ?kksl~; kfgAbu rhuksamnkgj.kesai nkUr esal dkj gS Av r%l l t q
"kks
#%l w=kl s#Ro v kS j v uq
cU/yksi djusi j Hkksj~nsok%AHkxksj~ueLrsAv ?kksj~; kfgAfLFkfr gksrhgS
Aogka
v c jsiQo.kZdk # gS Aml l si w
oZHkksHkxksv ?kks' kCn gS
Aml l si j v ' k~ndkj] udkj v kS
a j ; dkj gSA
v r%çÑrl w =k l s# osQLFkku esa; dkj dk fo/ ku djrsga Aml l sHkks;~nsok%
S AHkxks;~ueLrsAv ?kks;~
; kfgAfLFkfr gksrh gSArc &

9-8 gfy l oZ
s"kke~
AA( 8-3-22)
=kkFkZ& Hkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w
lw oZosQ; dkj dk yksi gksrk gSgy i jsA
lw=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w =kgSAnksi n gS Agfy ( 7@ 1) ] l oZ
s"kke~; gk¡l oZbl l oZ uke dk "k"Bh
cgqopu gS AHkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w
oZ
L; ; ks¿f' kl w=kl sHkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w
oZ
L; i nksadhv uq of̀r gS
AHkks%
p Hkxk%s p v ?kk%
s p v%p bfr Hkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v k%bfr brjsrj; ksx}U}l ekl % AHkks&Hkxk&
sv ?kk&
sv k%i woZs
; Lekr~l %Hkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w
oZ%bfr cgq ozhfgl ekl % AHkksl~Hkxksl~v ?kksl~; spkfnx.k esai <+ sgq,
l dkjkUr fui kr gSAO;kys Z
?kqç; Rurj%' kkdVk; uL; l w =k l sO;ks%i n l s; dkj bl , dka ' k dhv uq of̀r
gSAyksi%' kkdY; L; l =wkl syksi%çFkekUr i n dhv uq of̀r gSAi n ; kst uk& Hkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w
oZ
L;

170 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gy ~l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/ i kB&9
; L; yksi%gfy l oZ s"kke~
Al w
=kkFkZ& Hkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w
oZosQ; dkj dkyksi gksrkgSgy i jsAv FkkZ
r~ gYk~l fU/ esa
; dkj l si w
o±; fn HkksHkxksv ?kksv kS
j vo.kZgSfdUrq; dkj l si j ; fn gy~gSrks; dkj dksyksi v kns'k
gksrkgS
Al oZ s"kke~bl dkrkRi; ZgSdhl HkhO;kdj.k v kpk; kZ sdhbl fo"k; i j l gefr gSfd ; dkj
v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j
dk yksi gksrk gh gS Ayksi fuR; gS A fol xZl fU/
mnkgj . k & Hkksnsok%
AHkxksueLrsAv ?kks; kfgA
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & Åi j fyf• r l w =k esaHkks;~nsok%
AHkxks;~ueLrsAv ?kks;~; kfgAfLFkfr gksrh
gS
Av c ; gk¡; dkj l si w
oZHkksHkxksv ?kks' kCn gSAml ; dkj l sghi j gy ndkj] udkj v kS j ; dkj
gS
Av r%çÑr l w =kl s; dkj dkfuR; yksi djusi j Hkksnsok% AHkxksueLrsAv ?kks; kfgAbR;kfn l kèkq
okD; fl ¼ gksrsgSA
a
è; ku nsa
%
; gk¡ ; g l a
xzg
i nkUr l dkj osQ#Ro dksl l t q
"kks#%, d ghl w
=k }kjk çk/ kU; l sfo/ ku djrsgSAl dkj l s
a
i j D; kgS] ; gkfpUrkughagSAt c l dkj dks#Ro gksrkgSrc # osQi w oZv kS
j i j dkS
u&l ko.kZv Fkok
dkSu&l k ' kCn gSml osQfo"k; esacrkrsgS A
a
1) # osQi w oZv Rk~
] i j v r~( v $ j~$ v ) rc # dksmr~gksrk gS& ( v $ m$ v ) A
ml l si j çFkek v dkj osQl kFk mdkj dkxq . k gksrkgS& ( v ks$ v ) Aml osQckn i j dksi w oZ: i
gkrskgS& ( v k¿ s) A( mnk- & nsoj~v fi ] jkej~v fi A& nso mv fi ] jke mv fi Ansoksv fi ] jkeksvfi A
nsoks¿fi ] jkeks¿fi )
2) # osQi woZHkksHkxksv ?kksv k] i j v ' k~gS( HkksHkxksv ?kksv k$ j~$ v ' k~
) rc # dks; dkj
gksrk gS& ( HkksHkxksv ?kksv k$ ; ~$ v ' ) A( mnk- & nsokj~v kfLrdk% Ankuokj~ukfLrdk% A& nsok; ~
v kfLrdk%Ankuok; ~ukfLrdk% A)
3) i nkUr ; dkj l si w
oZHkksHkxksv ?kksv k] i j v p~gS( HkksHkxksv ?kksv k$ ; ~$ v p~) rc
; dkj dk fodYi l syksi gksrk gS& ( HkksHkxksv ?kksv k $ ; ~$ v Pk~ ) @( HkksHkxksv ?kksv k $ -
-- $ v Pk~
) Abl çdkj ; g ghv fUre fLFkfr gS Abl l si jsfdl hHkhl w =kl sfdl hHkhdk; Zdkfoèkku
ughadjrsgS A( mnk- & nsok; ~v kfLrdk%
a A& nsok; kfLrdk%@nsok v kfLrdk% A)
4) i nkUr ; dkj l si w
oZHkksHkxksv ?kksv k] i j gy~( oLrq
r g' k~
) gS( HkksHkxksv ?kksv k$ ; ~
$ g' k~
) rc ; dkj dksfuR; yksi gksrk gS& ( HkksHkxksv ?kksv k $ --- $ gYk~ ) ( mnk- & nkuok; ~
ukfLrdk%A& nkuok ukfLrdk% A)
5) # osQi woZbp~i j v ' k~gS( bj~v ] bj~v k] mj~b] , j~b]) rc # osQLFkku esaHkh dksbZ
i fjorZ
u ughagksrk gS
Agfjj~v =k& gfjj=k bR;kfn LFky esaA
6) yksi%' kkdY; L; l w =k l sv ' k i js; dkj v kS j odkj dk fodYi l syksi djrsgS Ai jUrq
a
gfy l oZ s"kke~l w
=kl s; dkj dkgy i jsfuR; yksi dkfo/ ku djrsgS Av ' k~
a &eè; esag' k~gS
AgYk~
&eè;
esag' k~gS Anksuksaesag' k~l k/ kj.kgSAyksi%' kkdY; L; l w =kl sg' ki js; yksi fodYi l sçkIr gS ] gfy
l oZs"kke~l w=kl sfuR; çkIr gS Ai jUrqgfy l oZ s"kke~l w
=kesal oZ
s"kke dgkgS
Av r%' kkdY; er esaHkhg' k~
i jsyksi gh gksrk gSyksi v Hkko ughai jUrqg' k~i jsodkj dk yksi fodYi l sgksrk gS, slk t kuuk
pkfg, A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 171
 i kB&9 gYk l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa l kj . kh esaçnf' kZ

r mnkgj . k d k fuj h{k. k d j ksA
v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j û ü ý þ
fol xZl fU/ nsol ~v fi nsol ~bg nsokl ~, o nsokl ~oU| k%
nsoj~v fi nsoj~bg nsokj~, o nsokj~oU| k%
nso mv fi nso; ~bg nsok; ~, o nsok; ~oU| k%
nsoksv fi nsof; g  nsok; so  nsok oU| k%
ns
oks¿fi nso bg  nsok , o 
è; ku nsa
%
ÿ ö ÷ ø
dfol ~v fi dfol ~; kfr fo".kq
l ~v k; kfr fo".kq
l ~t ; rq
dfoj~v fi dfoj~; kfr fo".kq
j ~v k; kfr fo".kq
j ~t ; rq
d foj ~v fi d fo; kZ
fr fo". kq
j k; kfr fo". kq
tZ;r
ù ûú ûû ûü
gjsl~bo gjsl~uke fo".kkls~bPNk fo".kksl~n; k
gjsj~bo gjsj~uke fo".kksj~bPNk fo".kksj~n; k
gj sfj o gj sukeZ fo". kksfj PNk fo". kksnZ
;k
ûý ûþ ûÿ ûö
nsoS
l ~v fi nsoS
l ~xhre~ xkS
l ~, o xklS~xPNfr
nsoS
j ~v fi nsoS
j ~xhre~ xkS
j ~, o xkjS~xPNfr
nsoS
j fi nsoS
xhZ
r e~ xkS
j so xkS
xZ
PNfr

9-9 j ksfj AA( 8-3-14)

=kkFkZ& jsiQi jsjsiQdk yksi gksrk gS
lw A
lw=kO;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
=k gS
Abl l w=k esanksi n gS
Aj%fj l w
=k esafLFkr l a
f/ dk foPNsn gS A
j%( 6@
1) ] fj ( 7@1) A<ks<syksi%l w
=k l syksi%çFkekUr i n dhv uq of̀r gSArc l w=kkFkZ& jsiQi js
jsiQdk yksi gksrk gS
A
mnkgj.k dksv kxsosQl w
=k esaçnf' kZ
r fd; k gS
A

9-10 <ªªy ksisi w

oZ
L; nh?kkZ
s¿. k%
AA( 6-3-110)
=kkFkZ& yksi fufeÙk < v kS
lw j jsiQi jsi w
oZdk v .k nh?kZgksrk gS
A
=k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w
lw =k gS
Abl l w
=k esapkj i n gS
A<ªªy ksis( 7@
1) ] i w
oZ
L; ( 6@
1) ] nh?kZ
%
172 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gy ~l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/ i kB&9
( 1@ 1)] v.k%( 6@ 1)A; gk¡v .k~i woZ
. kdkj l A
s ogkl ekl %& <~p j%p <ªªkSbfr brjsrj; ksx}U}l ekl % A gYk~l fU/ esa
<ªªkSyksi; fr bfr <ªªy ksi%bfr mi i nl ekl %A<dkj&js i Qyksi dkfufeÙkHkw r gksusi j <ªªy ksisi n dkv FkZ
gSArc l w =kkFk&
Z <yksi v kSj jsiQ
yksi osQfufeÙkHkrw i w
oZdk v .k~nh?kZgksrk gS A<dkj yksi dk fufeÙk
v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j
v i j <dkj gh gksrk gS ] <ks<syksi%l w =k l st kuk t krk gS
AjsiQyksi dk fufeÙk v i j jsiQgh gksrk fol xZl fU/
gSjksfj l w =k l st kuk t krk gS
Av .k~& v b mrhu gS Al w
=k dk l q
cks/kFkZ
& ft l <dkj osQi js<dkj
dk yksi] ft l jsiQosQi jsjsiQdk yksi gq v k] og <dkj v Fkok jsiQ; fn i jsgksrksml l si w oZdk
v .k&v b mbudksnh?kZgksrk gS A
mnkgj . k & i q
uk jersAgjh jE; %
A' kEHkwjkt rsA
lw=kkFkZl eUo; & i q uj~jsiQkUr v O;; gS
Ai q
uj~jersokD; esafLFkr jsiQi jsjsiQgSAv r%jks
fj l w
=k l si w
oZj siQdk yksi gksrk gS
Arc i qu jersfLFkfr gksrhgS r è; ku ns
A; gk¡v c jsiQyksi dk fufeÙk Hkw a
%
jsiQgSAml jsiQi jsgksusi j ml l si woZv .k~v dkj dksçÑr l w =kl snh?kZgksrkgS
Av r%i q
ukjersl kèkq
okD; curk gS A
gfjl ~jE; %fLFkfr esal l t q
"kks#%l w
=k l si nkUr gfjl ~
&' kCn osQl dkj dks#Ro djusi j gfj
j E; %fLFkfr gksrh gS
Z AogkajsiQi jsjsiQgS Av r%jksfj l w =k l sçFke jsiQdk yksi gksrk gS
Arc gfj
jE; %fLFkfr gksrhgSAv c ; gk¡jsiQyksi dkdkj.kjsiQgS Avr çÑr l w =kl sml l si w
oZdkv .k~bdkj
dksnh?kZgksrk gS Arc gjh jE; %l k/ qokD; curk gS A
' kEHkq
l ~jkt rsfLFkfr esal l t q
"kks#%l w
=k l si nkUr ' kEHkq
l~&' kCn osQl dkj dks#Ro djusi j
' kEHkjq~jkt rsfLFkfr gksrhgS AogkajsiQi jsjsiQgS Av r%jksfj l w =kl sçFke jsiQdk yksi gksrk gS Arc
' kEHkqjkt rsfLFkfr gksrh gS A; gk¡ v c jsiQyksi dk dkj.k jsiQgS Av r%çÑr l w =k l sml l si w
oZdk
v .k mdkj dksnh?kZgksrk gS Arc ' kEHkwjkt rsl k/ qokD; curk gS A

9-11 , r Ùknks%l q
y ksiks¿d ksju×k~
l ekl sgfy AA( 6-1-128)
lw=kkFkZ& ddkj jfgr , rr~rn~l si jst ksl qml dk yksi gy~i jsgksrk gSu×k~l ekl gksus
i j ughA
a
lw =k O;k[ ; k & fof/ l w =k gS
Al w
=k esai ka
p i n gSA, rÙknks%( ö@
a ü) ] l qy ksi%( û@û) ] v dks%
( 6@ 2)] vu×k~ l ekl s( 7@1) ] gfy (7@ 1) Al ekl %& , rr~p rr~p , rÙknkSbfr brjsrj; ksx}U}l ekl % A
r; ks%, rÙknks%Al ks%yksi%l q y ksi%bfr "k"Bh rRiq #"k%Au u×k~l ekl %v u×k~ l ekl %bfr u×k~ r Riq#"k%
l ekl %ArfLeu~v u×k~ l ekl sAv fo| eku%d~; ; k% s rkSv dkSbfr cgqozhfgl ekl % Ar; k%s v dks%
Al w =kkFkZ
&
ddkj jfgr , rÙkn l si jst ksl qml dkyksi gy i jsgksrkgS ] u×k~l ekl gksusi j ugha Av FkkZr ~ddkj
jfgr , rRk~ &l oZ
uke dkv kS j rr~ &l oZuke dkgksl qml dkyksi gksrkgSgy i jsAi jUrqu×k~l ekl gks
ij l qy ksi ughagksrk gSA
mnkgj . k & l ' kEHkq
%A, "k fo".kq
%A
=kkFkZl eUo; & rr~
lw &l oZuke dk l q
çR;; ; ksx l sv kS
j çfØ; k l sl l ~' kEHkq
%fLFkfr gksrh
gS
Aogkarn dkl q çR;; gy~' kdkj i jsgS
Av r%çÑr l w =kl srn dkl q y ksi djusi j l ' kEHkq%l kèkq
okD; curk gSA

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 173
 i kB&9 gYk l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa , rRk~

&l oZ
uke dkl q
çR;; ; kxs l sv kS
j çfØ; kl s, "kl ~fo".kq
%fLFkfr gksrhgS
A, rn osQl q
çR;;
dk gy odkj i jsgSAv r%çÑr l w =k l s, rn dk l q
y ksi djusi j , "k fo".kq%l k/ qokD; curk gSA
v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j
fol xZl fU/ i kBxr i z'u&2
13- v rksjksjIyq
r knIyq
r sl w
=k dk v FkZfy[ ksa
\
14- v rksjksjIyq
r knIyq
r sl w
=k esaLFkkuh dkS
u gSv kS
j v kns'k dkS
u gS
\
15- # osQi w
oZv r~v kS
j i j v r~gSrksdkS
u&l k l w
=k çor̀ gksrk gS
\
16- # osQi w
oZv kdkj v kS
j i j v kdkj gSrksdkS
u&l k l w
=k çor̀ gksrk gS
\
è; ku nsa
%
17- gfy l oZ
s"kke~l w
=k l sD; k gksrk gS
\

i kB l kj
bl i kB esagYl fU/ çdj.k dk v Ä~ xHkw
r v uqLokj l fU/ çdj.k dk foLrkj l fgr mYys•
fd; k gS
Al afgrk esafo"k; hHkw
r gy dk v O;ofgri w oZekUr i n gSrksedkj dksv uq Lokj gksrk gS
eks¿uq
Lokj%l w
=k l sAbl l st kuk t krk gSfd bl l w
=k l si nkUr edkj dksv uq
Lokj gksrk gSA
u' pki nkUrL; >fy l w=k l sv i nkUr esafo| eku udkj v kSj edkj dksv uq
Lokj gksrk gS>y~
i jsAvr%eks¿uqLokj%v kS
j u' pki nkUrL; >fy nksuka
sl w
=kdkdk; Z{ks=kvPNhçdkj l st ku ysukpkfg, A
bu nksuksal w
=k l sft l v uq
Lokj dk fo/ ku djrsgS
] ml dk i q
a u%v kxsdgsgq
, dk; ZgksrsgS
A
a
v uq
LokjL; ; f; i jl o.kZ
%l w
=k v i nkUr v uq
Lokj dk ; ; i jsi jl o.kZfuR; djrk gS
Ai nkUr
v uq
Lokj dk ; ; i jsfodYi l si jl o.kZok i nkUrL; l w =k djrk gSA
fol xZdhv usd xfr gS Aogkai nkUr l dkj dks#Ro l l t q "kks#%, d ghl w=k l sç/ kurk l s
fo/ ku djrsga Al dkj l si jsD; k gSbl dh fpUrk ; gk¡ ughagS
S At c l dkj dks#Ro gksrk gSrc #
osQi w
oZv kS
j i j dkS
u&dkuS l so.kZv FkokdkSu&l s' kCn v krsgS] bl fo"k; esaogkal w
a =kesa; g fo"k;
Li "V çfri kfnr fd; k gS
A

i kBkUr i z'u
uhpsoq
QN ç' u fn; st krsgS
A
amudkmÙkj çeq • : i l snh?kZghgSAl = wkO;k[ ; ku v kjS: i l kèku
nksuksaO;kdj.k ç' u osQeq [ ; çdkj gksrsgSAv Pl fU/ çdj.k esa; ksX; rk o/ Z
a uka' k esa, d l w=k dk
O;k[ ; ku l fgr foLrkj fn• k; kgSAml dksns• dj v kS
j l e>dj bu l w=kksadkO;k[ ; ku djukpkfg, A
>ykat ' k~>f' kl =
wkesa: i l k/ u oS
Q
l sdjukpkfg, A: i l k/ u osQv usd çdkj foLrkj l fgr
çnf' kZ
r fd; sgSAv r%ml LFky dksns• dj v kS
a j l e>dj v U; : i ksaosQl k/ usdk ç; kl djuk
pkfg, AçFke y?kq: i l k/ uh; Aml osQckn Øe' k%foLrkj djuk pkfg, A
1- eks¿uq
Lokj%l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
2- v uq
LokjL; ; f; i jl o.kZ
%l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A
174 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gy ~l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/ i kB&9
3- v rksjksjIyq
r knIyq
r sl w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A gYk~l fU/ esa
4- gf' k p l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j
5- gfy l oZ
s"kke~l w
=k dh O;k[ ; k dhft , A fol xZl fU/
6- LrEHk esafLFkr i jLi j l Ec¼ksadk feyku dhft , Ad&LrEHk esal w
=k gS
A• &LrEHk esafLFkfr
gS
Afdl l w =k l sdkSu&l h fLFkfr gksrh gSfeyku dhft , A
d &Lr EHk • &Lr EHk
1) eks¿uq
Lokj% d) i q
uk jers
2) u' pki nkUrL; >fy • ) Roajke%
è; ku nsa
%
3) ok i nkUrL; x) i q
u jers
4) v uq
LokjL; ; f; i jl o.kZ
% ?k) nsok xPNfUr
5) v rksjksjIyq
r knIyq
rs Ä) ' kkUr%
6) gf' k p p) f' koaç.kekfe
7) gfy l oZ
s"kke~ N) jkemgl fr
8) jksfj t ) jkemv fLr
8) <ªªy ksisi w
oZ
L; nh?kkZ
s¿.k% >) v kØa
L; rs
7- LrEHkesafLFkr i jLi j l Ec¼ dkfeyku dhft , Ad&LrEHkesal w =kgSA• &LrEHk esamu l w
=kksa
dk fo/ s; gSAfdl l w =k l sfdl dk fo/ ku gksrk gS
] feyku dhft , A
d &Lr EHk • &Lr EHk
1) • fj p d) i jl o.kZ
%
2) u' pki nkUrL; >fy • ) ; yksi%
3) rks%f"k x) jyksi%
4) l l t q
"kks#% ?k) v uq
Lokj%
5) ok i nkUrL; Ä) p
6) v rksjksjIyq
r knIyq
rs p) nh?kZ
%
7) ok ' kfj N) mRk~
8) jksfj t ) #%
9) <ªªy ksisi w
oZ
L; nh?kkZ
s¿.k% >) fol t Z
uh; %
10) gfy l oZ
s"kke~ ×k) "Vq
Rofu"ks/%
8- ; gk¡uhpsçkjEHkfLFkfr nsrsgS
av kS
j t ks: i l k/ uh; gSog HkhnsrsgS
Amu çnÙk: i ksadksl w
a =k
l fgr fl ¼ dhft , A

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 175
 i kB&9 gYk l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa çkj EHk l kè; : i çkj EHk l kè; : i

v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j Hkw
fee~• ufr Hkw
feÄ~
• ufr rL; kl ~efr% rL; k efr%
fol xZl fU/ v keze~pw
"kfr vkez×pw
"kfr xkS
l ~xr% xkxSZ
r%
unhe~rjfr unhUrjfr dkl ~/ kofUr dk / kofUr
jkee~Hkt jkeaHkt l l ~v fLr l ks¿fLr
jkel ~gl fr jkeksgl fr l l ~i ' ; fr l i ' ; fr
jkel ~v =k jkek¿
s=k , "kl ~v fLr , "kk¿
sfLr
è; ku nsa
%
jkel ~v kxr% jke v kxr% , "kl ~i ' ; fr , "ki ' ; fr
eUnl ~c¼% eUnksc¼% dl ~v ; e~ dks¿; e~
ckykl ~fg ckyk fg dkdl ~jkS
fr dkdksjkS
fr
ckykl ~v =k ckykv =k ' kEHklq~jkt k ' kEHkwjkt k
eul ~jFk% euksjFk eul ~eksnue~ eukseksnue~

i kBxr i z'uksÙkj
mÙkj Hkkx&1
1- eks¿uq
Lokj%; gk¡ i nkUr edkj dksv uq
Lokj gy i jsA
2- v i nkUr edkj dksv uq
Lokj u' pki nkUrL; >fy l w
=k l sA
3- v i nkUr edkj dks; e i jsv uq
Lokj eks¿uq
Lokj%l w
=k l sA
4- Roe~jke%; gk¡ edkj dksv uq
Lokj eks¿uq
Lokj%l w
=k l sA
5- Roe~gfj%; gk¡ edkj dksv uq
Lokj eks¿uq
Lokj%l w
=k l sA
6- iQ
ye~jksprs; gk¡ i j eks¿uq
Lokj%l fU/l w
=k çor̀ gksrk gS
A
7- gfjaoUns; gk¡ i j ok i nkUrL; l fU/l w
=k çor̀ gksrk gS
A
8- v i nkUr v uq
Lokj dks; ; i jsi jl o.kZgksrk gS
Al w
=k v uq
LokjL; ; f; i jl oZ
. k%
A
9- 3)
10- 2)
11- 1)
12- 2)
mÙkj Hkkx&2
13- v rksjksjIyq
r knIyq
r sl w
=k dk v FkZ& v Iyq
r v r l s i js# osQLFkku esamr~gksrk gSv Iyq
r
vr i jsA
176 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k
gy ~l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/ i kB&9
14- v rksjksjIyq
r knIyq
r sl w
=k esaLFkkuhfg v Iyq
r l sv r i j jsiQt ksv Iyq
r v r l sv O;ofgri w
oZ gYk~l fU/ esa
gSv kS
j v kns'k mr~gS A
v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j
15- # l si w
oZv r~v kS
j i j v r~gSrksv rksjksjIyq
r knIyq
r sl w
=k çor̀ gksrk gS
A
fol xZl fU/
16- # l si w
oZv kdkj v kS
j i j v kdkj gSrksHkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w
oZ
L; ; ks¿f' k l w
=k çor̀ gksrk gS
A
17- gfy l oZ
s"kke~l w
=k l sHkks&Hkxks&v ?kks&v i w
oZ; dkj dk yksi gksrk gSgy i jsA

çFke i q
Lr d esafLFkr l w
=kksad h l w
ph
( v d kj kfnØe l s)
i kB esaLFkku & l w
=k & v "Vkè; ; hØe è; ku nsa
%
¹ 7-8º v d%l o.kZ snh?kZ%
AA( 6-1-97) ¹ 2-12º mPpkS #nkÙk% AA( 1-2-29)
¹ 5-13º v p' pAA( 1-2-28) ¹ 8-14º mn%LFkkLrEHkks% AA( 8-4-60)
¹ 6-4º v pksjgkH; ka}sAA( 8-4-46) ¹ 2-2º mi ns' ks¿t uqukfl doAA( 1-3-2)
¹ 4-13º v pks¿UR;kfn fVAA( 1-1-64) ¹ 4-18º mi l xkZ %fØ; k; ksxsAA( 1-4-59)
¹ 3-2º v .kfqnr~l o.kZ L; oAA( 1-1-69) ¹ 7-6º mi l xkZ n~½froAA( 6-1-88)
¹ 9-5º v rksjksjIyq r knoAA( 6-1-109) ¹ 7-3º mj.k~ji j% AA( 1-1-50)
¹ 2-10º v n' kuZayksi% AA( 1-1-9) ¹ 2-11º Ådkyks¿ToAA( 1-2-27)
¹ 7-14º v nl ksekRk~ AA( 1-1-12) ¹ 7-1º , d%i w oZ
i j; ks%AA( 6-1-81)
¹ 4-2º v nsÄ~xq . k%AA( 1-1-2) ¹ 7-9º , Ä%i nkUrknfrAA( 6-1-105)
¹ 6-6º v ufp pAA( 8-4-47) ¹ 7-7º , fÄ i j: i e~ AA( 6-1-91)
¹ 9-3º v uqLokjL; ; f; oAA( 8-4-57) ¹ 6-8º , pks¿; ok; ko% AA( 6-1-75)
¹ 5-6º v usd kfY' kr~l oZ L; AA( 1-1-55) ¹ 9-11º , rÙknks%l q y ksiksoAA( 6-1-128)
¹ 4-11º v i Ù̀kQ, dkYoAA( 1-2-41) ¹ 7-5º , R;s/R;w B~
lqAA( 6-1-86)
¹ 5-4º v yks¿UR;L; AA( 1-1-52) ¹ 8-2º • jol ku; ksoAA( 8-3-15)
¹ 4-14º v yks¿UR;kRoAA( 1-1-65) ¹ 8-7º • fj pAA( 8-4-54)
¹ 2-1º v kfnjUR;su l fgrkAA( 1-1-71) ¹ 4-19º xfr' pAA( 1-4-60)
¹ 2-5º v kfnf×kZVq Mo% AA( 1-3-5) ¹ 5-5º fÄPpkAA( 1-1-53)
¹ 5-7º v kns%i jL; AA( 1-1-54) ¹ 4-16º pkn; ks¿l ÙosAA( 1-4-57)
¹ 7-2º v kn~xq . k% AA( 6-1-84) ¹ 2-7º pq Vw
AA( 1-3-7)
¹ 5-1º v k| UrkSVfdrkS AA( 1-1-46) ¹ 8-16º >; ksgks¿U;rjL; ke~ AA( 8-4-61)
¹ 5-12º bdksxq . ko`¼hAA( 1-1-3) ¹ 8-15º >jks>fj l o.kZ sAA( 8-4-64)
¹ 6-2º bdks; .kfpAA( 6-1-77) ¹ 8-6º >ykat ' kks¿UrsAA( 8-2-39)
¹ 4-23º bX; .k%l Eçl kj.ke~ AA( 1-1-44) ¹ 6-7º >ykat ' k~>f' kAA( 8-4-53)
¹ 7-13º bZnwnsn~f}opua oAA( 1-1-11)

la
LÑr O
; kd j . k 177
 i kB&9 gYk l fU/ esav uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j fol xZl fU/

gYk~l fU/ esa ¹ 9-10º <ªªy ksisi w

oZL; oAA( 6-3-110) ¹ 7-10º yksi%' kkdY; L; AA( 8-3-19)
v uq
Lokj l fU/ v kS
j ¹ 3-3º ri jLrRdkyL; AA( 1-1-70) ¹ 9-4º oki nkUrL; AA( 8-4-58)
¹ 5-9º rLekfnR;q ÙkjL; AA(1-1-67) ¹ 8-4º ok' kfjAA( 8-3-35)
fol xZl fU/
¹ 5-8º rfLefUufr fufnZ "VsoAA( 1-1-66) ¹ 6-9º okUrksf; çR;; sAA( 6-1-76)
¹ 2-9º rL; yksi% AA( 1-3-9) ¹ 5-14º foçfr"ks/si ja
oAA( 1-4-2)
¹ 3-1º rq
Y; kL; ç; Rua oAA(1-1-9) ¹ 4-5º fojkeks¿ol kue~
AA( 1-4-110)
¹ 8-11º rks%f"kAA( 8-4-42) ¹ 8-3º fol t Z
uh; L; l %AA( 8-3-34)
¹ 8-13º rksfyZ AA( 8-4-59) ¹ 4-1º of̀¼jknS Pk~AA( 1-1-1)
è; ku nsa
% ¹ 4-10º nh?kZ apAA( 1-4-12) ¹ 7-4º of̀¼jsfpAA( 6-1-85)
¹ 7-12º nw j k¼w r spAA( 8-2-84) ¹ 8-17º ' k' Nks¿fVAA( 8-4-62)
¹ 8-10º u i nkUrkêð ksjuke~ AA( 8-4-41) ¹ 8-8º ' kkr~AA( 8-4-43)
¹ 2-4º u foHkÙkQ kSrqLek% AA( 1-3-4) ¹ 4-22º ' ks"kksAA; l f• AA( 1-4-7)
¹ 9-2º u' pki nkUrL; oAA( 8-3-24) ¹ 2-6º "k%çR;; L; AA( 1-3-6)
¹ 7-15º fui kr , dkt ukÄ~ AA( 1-1-14) ¹ 5-3º "k"BhLFkkus;ksxkAA( 1-1-49)
¹ 2-13º uhpkS j uq
nkÙk% AA( 1-2-30) ¹ 8-9º "Vq uk "Vq % AA( 8-4-40)
¹ 4-6º i j%l fUud"kZ % oAA( 1-4-109) ¹ 4-4º l uk| Urk / kro% AA( 3-1-32)
¹ 7-11º i woZ =kkfl ¼e~ AA( 8-2-1) ¹ 2-14º l ekgkj%Lofjr% AA( 1-2-31)
¹ 4-15º çkxzh' ojkfUui krk% AA( 1-4-56) ¹ 6-3º l a; ksxkUrL; yksi% AA( 8-2-23)
¹ 4-17º çkn; % AA( 1-4-58) ¹ 4-9º l a; ksxsxq #AA( 1-4-11)
¹ 7-16º Iyq r çxá̀koAA( 6-1-121) ¹ 8-1º l l t q "kks#% AA( 8-2-66)
¹ 4-3º Hkwokn; ks/ kro% AA( 1-3-1) ¹ 6-1º l afgrk; ke~ AA( 6-1-72)
¹ 9-7º Hkks&Hkxks&v?kko sAA(8-3-17) ¹ 4-12º l q fIrÄUrai ne~ AA( 1-4-14)
¹ 5-2º fenpks¿UR;kr~i j% AA( 1-1-47) ¹ 8-5º Lrk%' pq uk ' pq %AA( 8-4-39)
¹ 2-15º eq • ukfl dkopuksoAA( 1-1-8) ¹ 5-11º LFkkus¿Urjre% AA( 1-1-50)
¹ 9-1º eks¿uq Lokj% AA( 8-3-23) ¹ 3-4º Loa: i a' kCnL; koAA( 1-1-68)
¹ 5-10º ; Fkkl a [ ; euq ns'k%oAA( 1-3-10) ¹ 4-20º Lojkfnfui kreO;; e~ AA( 1-1-37)
¹ 8-12º ; jks¿uq ukfl osQ oAA( 8-4-44) ¹ 2-3º gyUR;e~ AA( 1-3-3)
¹ 4-24º ; Lekr~çR;; oAA( 1-4-13) ¹ 9-8º gfy l oZ s"kke~AA( 8-3-22)
¹ 4-21º ; wL=; k[ ; kSunhAA( 1-4-3) ¹ 6-5º gyks; eka; feoAA( 8-4-64)
¹ 3-5º ; su fof/ LrnUrL; AA( 1-1-72) ¹ 4-7º gyk¿ suUrjk% oAA( 1-1-7)
¹ 9-9º jksfjAA( 8-3-14) ¹ 9-6º gf' kpAA( 6-1-110)
¹ 2-8º y' kDorf¼rsAA( 1-3-8) ¹ 4-8º ßLoay?kq AA( 1-4-10)

178 la
LÑr O
; kd j . k