PERMUTATION:

The different arrangements which can be made out of a given number of

things by taking some or all of them at a time are called permutation.

n!
nPr =
(n−r )!

If we consider arrangements of objects in the form of a circle, instead of a line,

such permutations are called circular permutations.
nPr =¿ (n-1)!

COMBINATION:

The different selection which can be made out of a given number of things by taking
some or all of them at a time are called combination.

n!
nC r=
r !(n−r )!

PERMUTATION COMBINATION
The different arrangements which can be The different selection which can be made
made out of a given number of things by out of a given number of things by taking
taking some or all of them at a time some or all of them at a time
Not only selection is made but also an Only selection is made
arrangement in a definite order is
considered
The ordering is essential The ordering of the selected objects is not
essential
The permutation is always more Combination is less when compared to
permutation
n! n!
nPr = nC r=
(n−r )! r !(n−r )!

Relation between nPr and nCr:

 nP r
nC r=
r!

Matrix:
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns
enclosed by a pair of brackets.
Order of a matrix: m*n (m-rows and n-columns)
Types:

[Link] Types Meaning

1. Row matrix/Row vector One row and several columns
2. Column matrix/Column One column and several rows
vector
3. Square matrix Equal number of rows and columns
4. Identity/Unit matrix (I) Principal diagonal elements must be equal to 1
5. Scalar matrix Principal diagonal elements must be same.
6. Zero / Null matrix (O) All the elements are zero
7. Diagonal matrix Other than diagonal elements are zero.
8. Upper triangular Elements below diagonals are zero
9. Lower triangular Elements above diagonals are zero
10. Symmetric A= AT (or) a ij=a ji
11. Skew symmetric A=− AT (or) a ij=−a ji
12. Singular | A|=0
13. Non-singular | A|≠ 0
14. Idempotent A.A = A2 = A
15. Sub matrix Deleting some rows (or) columns (or) both rows
and columns
Trace of a matrix: Sum of principal diagonal elements.

Transpose of a matrix: Interchanging rows and columns

Properties:

i. (AT)T = A
ii. Reversal Law: (AB)T = BTAT
Equality of matrices:

 Order of matrices should be same

 Corresponding elements of the matrices should be same
Properties of Addition of Matrix:
 Commutative: A + B = B + A.
 Associative: A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
 A + O = O + A = A.
 If A + B = 0, then B = -A.
Condition for Matrix multiplication:

No. of columns in first matrix should be equal to no. of rows in second matrix.

AB ≠ BA.

Properties of determinants – Refer theory notes

DETERMINANTS:

Every square matrix has a determinant. A matrix is only an arrangement of numbers

where as a determinant has a definite value. If A is a square matrix, its determinant is
denoted by | A| .
Inverse Matrix:

Let A be a non-singular square matrix. If there exists a square matrix B, such that
BA = AB = I then B is called inverse matrix of A and is denoted by A-1.

−1 1
A = adj A
| A|

Working Rule to find the inverse of the matrix

Step 1 : Find the determinant of the matrix.

Step 2 : If the value of the determinant is non zero, proceed to find the inverse of the
matrix.
Step 3 : Find the cofactor of each element and form the cofactor matrix.
Step 4 : The transpose of the cofactor matrix is the adjoint matrix.
Step 5 : The formula for inverse of the matrix is
−1 1
A = adj A
| A|
 Lecture – 4,5 and 6.

Abscissia: Horizontal line of X-axis.

Ordinate: Vertical line of Y-axis.

Straight line: minimum distance between any two points.

Distance Between Two Points: AB = √ (x 2−x 1 )2 +( y 2− y 1 )2

Distance between origin and a point: OP = √ x 2+ y2

Internal Section:

Divides the line internally in the ratio m1 : m2 given by

( m1 x 2 +m2 x 1 m1 y 2+ m2 y 1
m1 +m2
,
m1+ m2 )
External section:

Divides the line externally in the ratio m1 : m2 given by

( m1 x 2−m2 x 1 m1 y 2−m2 y 1
m1−m2
,
m1−m2 )
Midpoint:

Divides the line in the middle (m1=m2=1) is given by

( x +2 x , y +2 y )
1 2 1 2

Locus: Path traced by a moving point under some specified geometrical condition.

Equation of the coordinate axes:

i. the equation of the x- axis is y=0

ii. the equation of the y- axis is x=0
Equation of straight lines parallel to the coordinate axes:

 The equation of a line parallel to y axis at a distance a from x axis is x = a

  The equation of a line parallel to y axis at a distance b from y axis is y = b

Lecture - 5
Slope/gradient:

The slope of the line is the tangent of the angle made by the line with positive
direction of X – axis measured in the anticlockwise direction.

y 2− y 1 ∆y
Denoted by m. Formula: m = tanθ or m= (or) m =
x 2−x 1 ∆x

Line passing from left to right – slope is negative.

Line passing from right to left – slope is positive.
(i) The slope of any line parallel to X axis is zero.
(ii) Slope of any line parallel to Y axis is infinity.
Equation of straight line:
[Link] Forms of straight line Formula
1. General Form ax+by+c = 0
2. Slope-intercept form y = mx + c
3. Slope-point form y- y 1=m(x−x 1 )
4. Two points form y− y 1 x−x 1
=
y 2− y 1 x 2−x 1
5. Intercept form x y
+ =1
a b
6. Normal/Perpendicular form xcos ∝+ ysin ∝= p
7. Parametric/Distance/Symmetric form x−x 1 y− y 1
= =r
cosθ sinθ
Co-ordinates of Parametric form: ( x 1+ rcosθ , y 1+rsinθ )

a x 1 +b y 1 +c
Length of the perpendicular: ±
√ a2 +b 2
Collinear points: Three or more points lie on a straight line.
Concurrent lines: Three or more lines passing through a same point.
Condition for concurrency:

| |
a1 b 1 c 1
a2 b 2 c 2 =0
a3 b 3 c 3

Lecture – 7

Angle between two lines:

Let θ be the angle between two straight lines y=m1 x+ c 1and y=m2 x+ c 2 with their
respective slopes m1=¿ tanθ 1and m2=¿ tanθ 2. Then the angle between two lines is given
by

tanθ=
| m1−m2
1+m1 m2 |
Condition for Parallelism: If the two lines is said to be parallel, then the slopes of two
lines must be equal. (i.e., m1=m2)

Condition for Perpendicularism: If the product of slopes from two straight lines is found
to be -1, then the two straight lines are perpendicular. (i.e., m1 m2=−1)

Equation of bisectors of the angle between the straight line:

ax +by +c a x 1 +b y 1 +c 1
=±
√ a2 +b 2 √ a +b
2
1
2
1

Acute Obtuse
If a 1 a 2+ b1 b 2> 0 - +
If a 1 a 2+ b1 b 2< 0 + -

Lecture - 8

Circle: Circle is defined as the locus of the point, which moves in such a way, that its
distance from a fixed point is always constant.
 Centre: Fixed Point
Radius: Constant distance of the circle.

Equation of the circle when centre and radius given: (x−h)2 +( y−k )2=r 2

Equation of a circle if the end points of a diameter given:

( x−x 1 ) ( x−x 2 ) + ( y− y1 ) ( y − y 2 )=0

General equation of the circle: x2 + y2 +2gx + 2fy + c = 0

where, c = centre = (-g,-f)

r = radius = √ g2 +f 2 −c

General second-degree equation: ax2 + by2 +2hxy + 2gx + 2fy +c = 0

Note:

Real circle: g2 + f 2−c >0

Point circle: g2 + f 2−c=0

No real circle: g2 + f 2−c <0

Concentric circle: Two or more circles having same centre.

Translation of axes: Shifting origin only, axes are parallel to old ones.

Differentiation and Integration: Read theory material but mostly expecting sums in
this unit.

Mathematical Models:

Features of Mathematical Models

The mathematical modeling of a real system involves the following distinct

phases:
1. Identifying the problem

2. Identifying variables
3. Formulating the model by writing the systems of equations connecting the variables

4. Analyzing the model mathematically

5. Interpreting the model

6. Testing and refining the model with observed data and

7. Concluding and predicting the real world system.

Uses of Mathematical Models

1. Mathematical models are intellectual tools. They help us to define and understand the
system under study.
2. Mathematical language differs from natural language in that it is more concise and less
ambiguous. It allows us to reason in more complex situations, with less effort, and with
less risk of confusion.
3. Mathematical models help us to organize our thoughts and help us to concentrate on the
most relevant factors responsible for the system behavior.
4. Mathematical models help us make predictions or simulations. It is the only analytical
tool available to make best predictions.
5. Mathematical models provide information on our knowledge gaps and guive direction
for further research work.
6. analysis of observed responses in plant growth as a function of certain factors
7. To increase our understanding of the crop growth and to provide direction in our
research;
8. simulation of plant growth by models consisting of many interacting components and
levels,
9. forecast of the plants response of to certain climatic or management condition, as a tool
for management and decision-making