Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Differential Calculus 1

The Limit of a Function d c −c ( dv / dx ) d du / dx

Limit is a number such that the value of a given 11. v = 2. (ln u) = ;u0
dx   v2 dx u
function remains arbitrarily close to this number
when the independent variable is sufficiently close dy dy du dy / du 1 d M ( du / dx )
12. =  = = 3. (log u) =
to a specified point. dx du dx dx / du dx / dy dx u
where M = log e = 1 / ln 10 = 0.43429
Theorems on Limits Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions where M = modulus of common logarithm
1. lim k f(x) = k lim f(x), k being constant. d du
x→a x→a 1. (sin u) = cos u Differentiation of Exponential Functions
2. lim [f(x)  g(x)] = lim f(x)  lim g(x) dx dx
d u du
x→a x→a x→a d du 1. (a ) = au ln a
3. lim [f(x) g(x)] = lim f(x) lim g(x) 2. (cos u) = –sin u dx dx
dx dx
x→a x→a x→a d u du
d du 2. (e ) = eu
f (x) lim f ( x ) 3. (tan u) = sec2 u dx dx
4. lim = x→a , provided lim g(x)  0. dx dx
d du dv
x→a g( x ) lim g( x ) x→a
d du 3. (uv) = v uv – 1 + uv ln u
x→a 4. (cot u) = –csc2 u dx dx dx
sin x dx dx
5. lim = 1, x is in radian. d du
x→a x 5. (sec u) = sec u tan u The Derivative
dx dx Derivative of y = f(x) is the limit of the ratio of the
Differentiation of Algebraic Functions d du incremental change of x to the incremental change
6. (csc u) = –csc u cot u
d dx dx of y as the incremental change of x approaches zero.
1. (c) = 0 In symbol:
dx
d Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric
2. (x) = 1 Functions y f ( x + x ) − f ( x )
dx Lim = Lim
d du d du / dx x → 0  x x →0 x
3. (u) = 1. (arcsin u) =
dx dx dx 1 − u2 dy
y’ = = f’(x) = Dxy
d du dv d du / dx dx
4. (u + v) = + 2. (arccos u) = –
dx dx dx dx 1 − u2
d du The Differential
5. (un) = nun – 1 d du / dx
dx dx 3. (arctan u) = The differential of a variable is equal to the
dx 1 + u2 increment of that variable. That is, for variable y,
d du / dx
6. ( u) = d du / dx the differential is y or dy and for variable x, the
dx 2 u 4. (arccot u) = –
dx 1 + u2 differential is x or dx. The ratio y/x is called
d dv du
7. (uv) = u +v d du / dx difference quotient.
dx dx dx 5. (arcsec u) =
dx u u2 − 1
d dw dv du Meanings of Derivative
8. (uvw) = uv + uw + vw du / dx
dx dx dx dx d
6. (arccsc u) = –
d dv dx u u2 − 1 1. Slope of the Curve
9. (cv) = c The slope of the curve y = f(x) at any point is
dx dx
Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions identical to the derivative of the function or y’.
d  
u v ( du / dx ) − u ( dv / dx )
10. v = du / dx
dx   v2 d
1. (loga u) = Slope at any point, m = y’ = dy/dx
dx u ln a
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Differential Calculus 1
2. Rate of Change a. 9x2 + 6x - 18y – 35 = 0
The derivative of a function is identical to its b. 2y2 - 6x + 3y – 11 = 0 PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE:
rate of change. Thus, the rate of change of the 13. Given the function y = x(x + 1)3. Determine the
volume V of a sphere with respect to its radius value of its second derivative at x = 1. Situation 1. Evaluate the following:
r is dV/dr. 14. Determine the slope of the polar curve r = tan  1. lim [(1 - cos x)/(x2)]
x→
at  = /3.
Curvature and Radius of Curvature 15. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x = y3 4x − 1
2. lim
y '' at (1, 1) x →
x2 + 2
1. Curvature,  = 16. Given the following curves:
[ 1 + ( y ')2 ] 3/2
Curve 1: y = x2 + 7x + 6
1 [ 1 + ( y ')2 ] 3/2  x − 4 if x  4
Curve 2: x – 2y = 6 3. lim f ( x ) given that f (x) = 
2. Radius of Curvature,  = =
 | y ''| What are the slopes of Curve 1 at points of x→4  8 − 2 x if x  4
intersection?
PROBLEMS: 17. Find the equation of the tangent and normal
7 x − 2 if x  2
line to the curve y = 3x2 - 2x at (1, 1). 4. Given that f ( x ) = 
Situation 1. Evaluate the following: 18. What are the equations of the tangents to the  3x + 5 if x  2
2 curve y = x3 - 7x + 6 at its points of intersection a. Find lim f(x)
1. lim ( x − x + 2) x→2+
x→2 with the x-axis?
19. The parametric equation of the curve is x = 2 lim
3 x→2−
2. lim cos3 , y = 2 sin3 . Find the equation of the b. Find f(x)
x→ 2 x − 2
normal to the curve at  = /4.
1 Situation 2. Find the first derivative of the
3. lim sin 20. Make the cubic y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d be tangent
x→ 0 x following functions.
to the line y = 12x + 13 at (-1, 1) and have a
1 5. y = sec2 t – tan2 t
4. lim x 2 sin horizontal tangent line at the point (1,5).
6. y = sec4 x – tan4 x
x →0 x
7. x = 2cos2 (t/2)
5x 2 + 3 cos x − 3 8. y = tan (x sin x)
5. lim
x →0 2x 9. y = arctan (4/x)
 1 4  10. y = log 2x + 5
6. lim  − 2 
x →2  x − 2 x −4 11. y = ecos 2x
7. Limit of (x2 – 1)/(x – 1) as x approaches 1. 12. r = cos t cos t
8. Limit of (x3 – 2x2 + 7)/(2x3 + x – 3) as x 13. y = log sin2 4x
approaches infinity. 14. ln (xy2) = xy
15. y = 53x
Situation 2. Evaluate the following: 16. eln 4x + eln 4y = 1
9. If y = cos x, find y(98). 17. y = xln x
10. Find the slope of the curve y = x3 + 3x + 14 ex
18. y = x
where the curve crosses the x-axis. 19. y = tanh (4x + 1)/5
11. Find the points on the curve y = 2x3 - 3x2 - 12x + 20. y = sech2 4x
6 where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
12. Find the vertex of the parabola by means of the Situation 3. Evaluate the following:
derivative:
21. Find y if y = y’ = y” = y’’’ = … = y(n) and y  0.
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Differential Calculus 1
22. If x2 + y2 = a2, find y”. 27. 3 and -3
23. If y = xn, find y(n+1) Answer Key for Problems for Practice: 28. 1.9997
24. Find the slope of the curve x2 + 2y2 - 3x - 4y + 2 29. (3x)-2/3
= 0 at (1, 2). 1. 0
30. 0.375
25. Find the slope of y(3x - y2) = 10 at (3, 2). 2. 4
26. For the curve y = (1 - x)2/x, find the rate of 31. 3.386
3. 0
change of slope at (2, ½) 32. -6/(3x – 1)2
4. a. 12 b. 11
27. At what value of x will the slope of the curve x3 33. 36x – y – 63 = 0
5. 0
− 9x − y = 0 be 18? 34. 12
6. 4(sec2x)(tanx)
28. What is the slope of y = 2 sin x at x = 1? 35. -2/3
7. -sint
29. Determine the derivative of y with respect to x 36. -16x/y5
of the equation x = y3/3. 8. sec2(xsinx)(xcosx+sinx)
37. 3x – y – 1 = 0
30. Find the 2nd derivative of y = x-2 at x = 2. 9. -4/(16+x2)
38. x – 4y + 2 = 0
31. If f(x) = x(2x), then f ’(1) is equal to 10. 1/[(2x+5)ln(10)]
32. Given the function f(x) = (3x2 + x)/(3x2 – x). 39. -1
11. -2sin(2x)ecos2x
Find the value of f ‘(x). 12. -sin(2t)
33. What is the equation of the tangent to the curve
8 cot ( 4 x )
y = 3x3 – 15 at x = 2? 13.
34. The function f(x) satisfies f ’(x) = 3x2 – sin (x). ln ( 10 )
Then the slope of the line tangent to the graph
y − xy 2
of f(x) at the point x = 2 is: 14.
35. At the point (1, 2) of the curve x2 – xy + y2 = 3, x2 y − 2x
find the rate of change with respect to x of the 15. 125x ln ( 125)
slope of the tangent line to the curve.
36. Determine the second derivative of y in terms 16. -1
of x of the equation x3 – y3 = 8 ln ( x ) − 1
17. 2 x ln ( x )
37. Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola
( x ln ( x ) + 1) ex
x
y2 = 6x - 3 perpendicular to the line x + 3y = 7. 18. x
e −1
38. Find the equation of the tangent to the ellipse x2
– xy + 2y2 - 4x + 2y + 2 = 0 parallel to the line x - 4
19.
4y = 2.  4x + 1 
39. Find the rate of change of y with respect to x at 5 cosh 2  
 5 
the point (3, 2) if 7y2 - xy3 = 4.
−8sinh ( 4x )
20.
cosh 3 ( 4x )
21. ex
22. -a2/y3
23. y(n+1) = (n + 1)! x(n-n)
24. ¼
25. 2
26. ¼

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Differential Calculus 2
Maxima and Minima (Critical Points) A. 30 kph C. 35 kph PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE:
Consider the graph of y = f(x). At the maximum and B. 20 kph D. 25kph
minimum points, the slope is zero or the tangent is 1. Identify the locations of all local minima and
horizontal. 3. Find the point on the parabola y2 = 2x that is maxima of the function f(x) = 2x3/3 + x2/2 – 3x
dy closest to the point (1, 4). + 4. Locate also the point of inflection.
= y' = 0 A. (2, 2) C. (0.5, 1)
dx
B. (4.5, 3) D. (2.42, 2.2) 2. Determine the shortest distance from point (4,
These are the highest and lowest points relative to 2) to the parabola y2 = 8x.
the adjacent points. 4. Which of the following most nearly gives the A. 2.83 C. 2.41
percentage of the area covered by the largest B. 3.54 D. 6.32
Rate of Change of Slope rectangle inscribed in a parabola with base
The second derivative is the rate of change of the perpendicular to its axis? 3. A man on an island 12 km south of a straight
slope. A. 44.72% C. 57.74% beach wishes to reach a point on shore 20 km
y '' = rate of change of slope B. 50.00% D. 70.71% west. If a motorboat, making 20 kph, can be
hired at the rate of P1000 per hour for the time
5. A man is at point A on a bank of a straight river, it is actually used, and the cost of land
▪ If y ''  0 , the curve is concave upward
3 km wide, and wants to reach point B, 8 km transportation is P30 per kilometer, how much
▪ If y ''  0 , the curve is concave downward downstream on the opposite bank, as quickly must he pay for the trip?
as possible. He could row his boat to point C A. P908 C. P1,000
Points of Inflection directly across the river and then run to B, or he B. P1,080 D. P1,008
Point of inflection is a point at which the curve could row directly to B, or he could row to some
changes its rotation from concave upward to point D between C and B and then run to B. If 4. A woman at point A on the shore of a circular
concave downward or vice versa. he can row at 6 km/hr and run at 8 km/hr, find lake with diameter 4 mi wants to arrive at point
the time for quickest possible route? C diametrically opposite A on the other side of
y '' = 0 at points of inflection A. 1.50 hrs C. 1.25 hrs the lake in the shortest possible time. She can
B. 1.33 hrs D. 1.42 hrs walk at the rate of 4 mi/hr and row a boat at 2
PROBLEMS mi/hour. At what angle to the diameter AC
1. Given the critical points of the function y = ax3 6. A certain travel agency offered a tour that will should she row?
+ bx2 + cx + d, cost each person P1500.00 if not more than 150 A. 0 (row all the way) C. 30
Lowest point = origin persons will join, however the cost per person B. 90(walk all the way) D. 45
Point of inflection = (4, 2) will be reduced by P5.00 per person in excess of
Determine the highest point (relative 150. How many persons will make the revenue 5. A 5-meter line AD is perpendicular to another
maximum) of the curve. a maximum? 5-meter line BC. The two lines intersect at point
A. 75 C. 225 D so that BD = 2 meters and DC = 3 meters.
2. It is estimated that between the hours of noon B. 150 D. 250 Point P on line AD is x meters away from A.
and 7:00 PM the speed of a highway traffic The total length of the lines linking P to points
flowing past the intersection of EDSA and 7. A piece of wire 24 inches long is to be used to A, B, and C is minimized. Find x.
Ortigas Avenue is approximately S = t3 - 9t2 + form a square and/or a rectangle whose length A. 3.593 m C. 2.983
15t + 45 kph, where t is the number of hours is three times its width. Determine the B. 2.017 m D. 1.407
past noon. What is the slowest speed the dimensions of the square to minimize the
highway traffic is moving within the said combined area. 6. A store has been selling 200 DVD players a
hours? A. 1.57 inches C. 2.75 inches week at P15,750 each. A market survey
B. 1.75 inches D. 2.57 inches indicates that for each P450 rebate offered to the
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Differential Calculus 2
buyers, the number of sets sold will increase by 12. The strength of a rectangular beam varies A. 31.02 N C. 39.16 N
20 a week. How large a rebate should the store directly to the product of its width and the B. 36.00 N D. 34.48 N
offer to maximize its revenue? square of its depth. Find the depth of the
A. P6,655 C. P5,625 strongest beam that can be cut from a log whose 18. Two vertical poles 15 ft and 20 ft above the
B. P6,525 D. P5,566 diameter is 85 cm. ground and 21 ft apart are to be reinforced by a
wire connected to the top of the pole and tied
7. A tour bus has 80 seats. Experience shows that A. 69.40 cm C. 57.66 cm to a stake driven in the ground between the
when a tour costs P28,000, all seats on the bus B. 44.29 cm D. 49.07 cm poles. At what distance from the shorter pole
will be sold. For each additional P1,000 should the stake be for the wire to be of
charged, however, 2 fewer seats will be sold. 13. Find the slope of the line that passes through minimum length?
Find the largest possible revenue. (1,2) if the area in the first quadrant bounded A. 9 ft C. 11 ft
A. P29,000 C. P28,900 by this line and the coordinate axes is to be a B. 10 ft D. 12 ft
B. P28,500 D. P28,700 minimum.
A. -1/3 C. -1/2 19. Find the largest area of a rectangle that can be
8. The number of newspaper copies produced B. -2 D. -3 inscribed in a triangle whose dimensions are 10
from 1995 to 2002 is given by C = 50t2 – 200t + m, 12 m and 12 m.
10,000, where t is the number of years after 14. Find the shortest distance from the point (6,0) A. 20.45 m2 C. 54.54 m2
1995. Find the minimum copies of newspapers to the curve x2 – y2 =4. B. 40.91 m 2 D. 27.27 m2
produced. A. 3.74 units C. 4.37 units
A. 10,000 C. 9,800 B. 3.47 units D. 4.73 units 20. A uniform rod 20 cm long rest on a smooth
B. 9,850 D. 10,250 hemispherical bowl 12 cm in diameter. Find the
15. Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be angle that the rod makes with the horizontal
9. Find two numbers whose sum is 30, and the inscribed in the ellipse 36x2 + 25y2 = 900. when equilibrium is attained.
sum of whose cubes is a minimum. A. 60 sq. units C. 80 sq. units
A. 15 and 15 C. 13 and 17 B. 75 sq. units D. 50 sq. units A. 29.50° C. 23.18°
B. 14 and 16 D. 12 and 18 B. 25.08° D. 19.00°
16. A cable is to be run from a power plant on one
10. Suppose that x years after founding in 1975, a side of a river 900 m wide to a factory on the 21. If the horizontal distance reached by the
certain employee association had a other side 3 km away upstream. The cost of projectile is 150 m, find its minimum velocity at
membership of f(x) = 100(2x^3 – 45x^2 + 264x), running the cable over land is $4.00 per meter the point of release. Use g = 9.81 m/s2.
at what time between 1975 and 1989 was the while the cost under water is $5.00 per meter. A. 41.22 m/s C. 54.24 m/s
membership smallest? What total length of the cable must be run at B. 38.36 m/s D. 36.18 m/s
A. 1979 C. 1986 most economical cost?
B. 1980 D. 1982 A. 3,200 m C. 3,400 m 22. The cost of fuel per hour for running a ship is
B. 3,100 m D. 3,300 m proportional to the cube of the speed and is
11. The sides of a triangle are 4.25 m, 8.62 m and P1,350 per hour when the speed is 12 miles per
9.61 m. A rectangle is inscribed in such a way 17. A box of weight W = 120 N is pulled along a hour. Other costs amount to P6,400 per hour
that one of its sides is along the 9.61-m side of horizontal plane by a force F inclined at an regardless of the speed. Find the speed that
the triangle. Find the length of the rectangle if angle θ measured from the horizontal. The makes the cost minimum.
its area is maximum. coefficient of friction between the plane and the A. 16 mph C. 15 mph
A. 6.46 m C. 4.31 m body is 0.30. Find the least value of the force F B. 13 mph D. 20 mph
B. 4.81 m D. 7.21 m to impend motion.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Differential Calculus 2
23. The total cost of producing a commodity is 29. Two vehicles, A and B, start at point P and Answer Key for Problems for Practice:
given by C = 60x2 – 0.01x3, where x is the travel east at rates of 10 km/h and 30 km/h,
number of units produced. Determine the respectively. An observer at Q, 1 km north of P, 1. Minima (1, 13/6), Maxima (-3/2, 59/8), Point of
value of x so that the average unit cost is is able to observe both vehicles. What is the Inflection (-1/4, 229/48)
maximum. maximum angle of sight between the 2. A
A. 2,500 units C. 4,000 units observer’s view of A and B? 3. B
B. 2,000 units D. 3,000 units A. 45° C. 60° 4. B
B. 30° D. 75°
5. A
24. Find the shortest distance from the point (-1, 7)
to the curve 9x2 + 25y2 -18x + 100y -116 = 0. 30. Make the curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d pass 6. C
A. 6.14 units C. 6.76 units through (-1, -1) and have at (1, 3) an inflection 7. C
B. 5.71 units D. 7.20 units point with inflectional tangent 4x – y = 1. 8. C
A. y = -0.5x3 + 1.5x2 + 2.5x – 0.5 9. A
25. The sum of two numbers is S. Find the B. y = -0.5x3 - 1.5x2 + 2.5x – 0.5 10. C
minimum sum of the cubes of the two numbers. C. y = 0.5x3 + 1.5x2 + 2.5x – 0.5 11. B
A. S3/2 C. S3 D. y = 0.5x3 - 1.5x2 + 2.5x – 0.5
12. A
B. S /3
3 D. S3/4
31. Find the highest and lowest points on the curve 13. B
26. The line y = 2x + 8 intersects the parabola y = x2 x2 + xy + y2 = 12. 14. A
at points A and B. Point C is on the parabolic A. (-4, 2), (4, -2) C. (2, 2), (-2, -2) 15. A
arc AOB where O is the origin. Locate C to B. (-2, 4), (2, -4) D. (-2, 4), (4, -2) 16. D
maximize the area of the triangle ABC. 17. D
A. (1.1, 1.21) C. (0.9, 0.81) 18. A
B. (1, 1) D. (1.2, 1.44) 19. D
20. D
27. The cost, in dollars, of producing x yards of
certain fiber optics is C(x) = 1200 + 12x – 0.1x2 + 21. B
0.0005x3 and the company finds that if it sells x 22. A
yards, it can charge P(x) = 29 – 0.00021x dollars 23. D
per yard for the optical fiber. Find the 24. A
production level for maximum profit. 25. D
A. 192 yards C. 219 yards 26. B
B. 129 yards D. 291 yards
27. A
28. A cardboard box manufacturer wishes to make 28. D
boxes from rectangular pieces of cardboard 30 29. B
cm by 40 cm by cutting squares from four 30. A
corners. Find the largest volume contained by 31. B
each box.
A. 2,032.30 cm3 C. 3,302.30 cm3
B. 2,302.30 cm 3 D. 3,032.30 cm3

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Differential Calculus 3
Time Rates 3. Water flows at the rate of 10 ft3/min into a Problems for Practice:
If a quantity x is a function of time t, the time rate vertical cylindrical tank. The water surface in
of change of x is given by dx/dt. the tank is rising at the rate 4 in/min. Find the 1. A girl on a wharf is pulling a rope tied to a raft
radius of the tank. at the rate of 0.9 m/s. If the hands of the girl
pulling the rope are 3.8 m above the level of
When two or more quantities, all functions of t, are
4. An inverted conical tank has a base radius of 10 water, how fast is the raft approaching the
related by an equation, the relation between their wharf when there is 6 m of rope out?
m and height of 20 m. Water flows out from the
rates of change may be obtained by differentiating tank at 150 liters per second. How fast is the
both sides of the equation with respect to t. water surface falling when the depth of water 2. A lighthouse is 2 km off a straight shore. A
in the tank is 8 m? search light at the lighthouse focuses to a car
Basic Time Rates moving along the shore. When the car is 1 km
1. Velocity, v = ds 5. Gas is escaping from a spherical balloon at the from the point nearest to the lighthouse, the
dt rate of 2 cm3/min. Find the rate at which the searchlight rotates 0.25 rev/hour. Find the
where s is the distance surface area is decreasing, in cm2/min, when speed of the car in kph.
the radius is 8 cm.
d2s
2. Acceleration, a = dv = 2 3. A car drives east from point A at 30 kph.
dt dt 6. A particle moves according to the equation S = Another car starting from B at the same time
where v is velocity and s is the distance. t4 + 6t3 – 12t2 + C, where t is in seconds and S in drives S 30° W toward A at 60 kph. B is 30 km
3. Discharge or Flow, Q = dV meters. away from A.
dt a. What is the time t when the particle is at a. How far apart are the two cars after 45
where V is the volume at any time. rest? minutes?
4. Angular Speed,  = d b. What is the time range when the particle’s b. How fast in kph is the distance between the
dt speed is increasing? two cars changing after 45 minutes?
where  is the angle of rotation at any time. c. What is the time range when the particle’s c. After how many minutes will the two cars
d d2  speed is decreasing? nearest to each other?
5. Angular acceleration,  = = 2
dt dt 7. A car starting at 12:00 noon travels west at a 4. At 3:00 pm, boat A left the port in the direction
where  is the angular speed and  is the speed of 30 kph. Another car starting from the N 45 E at 26 knots. At 3:30 pm, boat B left the
angle. same point at 2:00 P.M. travels north at 45 kph. same port in the direction S 30 E at 32 knots.
Find how fast the two are separating at 4:00 a. How far apart are the boats at 4 pm?
Problems P.M. b. How fast are the two boats separating at
1. A street light is mounted 15-ft above the even 4:30 pm?
ground. A man 6 ft tall walks away from the 8. A wheel 1 m in diameter is rolled away from a
c. How fast are the two boats separating after
light with a speed of 6 ft/s along a straight path. light placed on the ground toward a vertical
wall 5 m from the light. The linear speed of the a very long time?
a. Find the length of his shadow when he is
wheel is 1 m/sec. Find the rate at which the
30 ft horizontally away from the light. length of the shadow on the wall is changing at 5. One leg of a right triangle is always 6 feet long,
b. How fast is his shadow lengthening? an instant when the wheel is midway between and the other leg is increasing at a rate of 2 feet
c. How fast is the tip of his shadow moving? the light and the wall. per sec. Find the rate of change of the
hypotenuse when it is 10 feet long.
2. A hemispherical dome has a diameter of 100 m. 9. A Ferris wheel with radius of 10 m has its center
A searchlight was placed at a point A located at 12 m above the ground. The seats of the wheel 6. The base of an isosceles triangle is 8 ft long. If
the circumference at the base. At the middle of have vertical speeds of 1.81 m/s when it is 17 the altitude is 6 ft long and is increasing 3
the dome at B, a balloon was released vertically m above the ground. How fast is the wheel inches per minute, at what rate are the base
at a velocity of 4 m/s. How fast is the shadow rotating in revolutions per minute? angles changing in rad/min.?
of the balloon move along the roof when the
balloon is 25 m high?
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Differential Calculus 3
7. A conical tank is 10 feet across the top and 12 approaching along the side when he is halfway 25. The sum of two positive numbers is k. What
feet deep. If oil is poured into the tank at the from B to O? are the numbers if the product of the first by the
rate of 1 cu.ft. per second, how fast is the cube of the other is a maximum?
surface rising when the oil is 8 feet deep? 15. The radius of a sphere initially zero increases at
the rate of 4 mm/s. Find how fast is the volume 26. The sum of five positive numbers is 10. What is
8. A light is placed on the ground 32 ft from a increasing at t = 2 sec. their maximum product?
building. A man 6 ft tall walks from the light
toward the building at a rate of 6 feet per 16. Given the parametric equations: x = t3 - 1 and y 27. The sum of two positive numbers is 10. What is
second. Find the rate at which his shadow on = t2 + t, find the second derivative. the maximum sum of their cubes?
the building is decreasing when he is 16 feet
from the building. 17. Find y” if y = x2 ex at the point x = -1. 28. A rectangular building is to be erected inside a
triangular lot with perpendicular sides
9. As a bicyclist moving at 6 m/s passes a point, a 18. Find the angle of intersection between the measuring 30 m by 40 m. If the building should
balloon 8 m directly above him rises at the rate curves xy + y = 1 and y3 = (x + 1)2. face the longest side of the lot, what is the
of 2 m/s. How fast is the distance between the largest floor area of a building that can be
balloon and the bicyclist changing after 3 sec? 19. Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve: erected? Would the answer matter if the
a. r = tan  at  = /4 building is laid on the perpendicular sides of
10. An airplane, flying at a constant speed of 360 the lot?
mph and climbing at an angle of 45º, passes b. r = sin2  at  = /3
over a point P on the ground at an altitude of c. r2 = cos 2 at  = /6 29. Determine the ratio of height to diameter of the
10560 ft. Find the rate at which its distance from most economical cylindrical can.
P is changing 1 minute later. 20. If y = (1 – x2) / (1 + x2), find…
a. y’(0.5) 30. Two towns A and B are to get their water
11. A 3-m long steel pipe has its upper end leaning b. y’’(0.5) supply from the same pumping station to be
against a vertical wall and lower end on a level c. y’’’(0.5) located on the bank of a straight river that is 15
ground. The lower end moves away at a km from town A and 10 km from town B. If the
constant rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is the upper 21. Find the radius of curvature for each of the points on the river nearest to A and B are 20 km
end moving down, in cm/s when the lower end following curves at the point indicated. apart and A and B are on the same side of the
is 2 m from the wall? a. y2 = x3 at (1/4, 1/8) river, where should the pumping station be
located so that the least amount of piping is
12. The surface area of the sphere (initially zero) b. y = sin x at (/2, 1) required?
increases uniformly at the rate of 26 sq. cm. per
second. Find the rate at which the radius is 22. Find the center of curvature for each of the 31. A powerhouse is on one edge of a straight river
increasing after 2 seconds. following curves at the point indicated. and a factory on the other edge, 100 m
a. y = x / (x + 1) at (0, 0) downstream. The river is 50 m wide. It costs
13. A body moves along a trajectory described by b. y = e-x^2 at (0, 1) P400 per meter to run electric cable across the
the parametric equations x = t3 and y = 8 - t2, river and P280 on land. What length of cable
where x and y are in meters and t is in seconds. 23. Make the cubic y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d be tangent should be run on land to minimize the cost?
a. What is the value of the velocity when t = to the line y = 12x + 13 at (-1, 1) and have a
horizontal tangent line at the point (1, 5). 32. Make the curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d pass
1.5 seconds?
through (-1, -1) and have at (1, 3) an inflection
b. What is the value of the velocity when t = point with inflectional tangent 4x – y = 1.
24. The dimensions of a box are x, x + 1, x + 4. Find
1.5 seconds? how fast
a. the total surface area A increases as x 33. A trapezoidal gutter is to be made from a strip
14. In a circular arena, there is a light L. A boy of metal 22 cm wide, by bending up the edges.
starting from B runs at the rate of 10 ft/s toward increases
b. the volume increases as x increases. If the base is 14 cm wide, what width across the
the center at O. At what rate will his shadow be top gives the greatest carrying capacity?

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Differential Calculus 3
34. A wall 10 ft high is 8 ft from a house. Find the c. What is the relative error in parts (a) & (b)? 34. 25.40 ft
length of the shortest ladder that will reach the 35. 23.21°
house, when one end rests on the ground Answer Key for Problems for Practice:
outside the wall. 36. 38.88 L
1. 1.163 m/s 37. 1.2%
35. A uniform rod of length 3R rests inside a 38.  4%
hemispherical bowl of radius R as shown. 2. 3.93 kph
Neglecting friction, determine the angle  3. 32.7 km, 75.7 kph, 21.4 minutes 39. Depth = √3 x breadth
corresponding to equilibrium. 4. 62.8 km, 45.6 knots, 46.16 knots 40. 9.048 in3, 3.016 in2, 1/100; 1/150
5. 1.6 ft/s
6. 1/52 rad/min
7. 20.63 in/min
8. -4.5 ft/s
9. 5.964 m/s
10. 353.6 mi/hr
36. The cube has an edge of 6 m. Use differentials 11. 1.79 cm/s
to approximate the volume of paint needed 12. 0.509 cm/s
with a coat thickness of 0.18 mm.
13. 7.39 m/s, 9.22 m/s2
37. The altitude of a certain right circular cone is 14. -16 ft/s
the same as the radius of the base, and is 15. 1024 mm3/s
measured as 20 cm with a possible error of 0.08 16. y” = -2t + 1 / 9t5
cm. Find approximately the percentage error in
the calculated value of the volume. 17. -1/e
18. 78.69
38. The measure of the electrical resistance of a 19. 3, −3√3, 0
wire is proportional to the measure of its length
and inversely proportional to the square of the 20. -32/25, -64/125, 4608/625
measure of its diameter. Suppose that the 21. 125/96, 1
resistance of a wire of given length is computed 22. 1, -1, 0, 1/2,
from a measurement of the diameter with a 23. y = 2x3 - 3x2 + 6
possible 2 percent error. Find the possible
percent error in the computed value of the 24. dA/dx = 12x+20, dV/dx = 3x2 + 10x + 4
resistance. 25. k/4, 3k/4
26. 32
39. The stiffness of a rectangular beam is
proportional to the breadth and the cube of the 27. 1000
depth. Find the shape of the stiffest beam that 28. 300 m2; No
can be cut from a log of given size. 29. 1
40. The radius of a sphere is claimed to be 6 inches, 30. 12 km from a point on the bank closest to town
with a possible error of 0.02 inch. Use A
differentials to approximate the maximum 31. 51 m
possible error in calculating: 32. 2y = -x3 + 3x2 + 5x – 1
a. the volume of the sphere
33. 16 cm
b. the surface area of the sphere.
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 Review Innovations CE Review for May 2022 – Differential Calculus 4
Common Maxima and Minima

1. Minimum length of ladder 10. For maximum volume of an

leaning against a wall open top rectangular box of
L known surface area: h
h
L2/3 = h2/3 + x2/3 x
x = 2h x
x
2. Longest horizontal beam that
can pass through a 90 L y 11. Open cylindrical tank. For
intersection minimum total surface area
(minimum cost) for known H
L2/3 = x2/3 + y2/3 x volume or maximum volume
for known total surface area D
3. For minimum perimeter of a
rectangle of known area or for D = 2H
maximum area for known y
perimeter 12. For maximum area (to admit
x the most light) of a Norman r
x=y (a square) window of given perimeter
y
4. Closed cylindrical tank. For x = 2y
minimum total surface area r = x/2 x
(minimum cost) for known H
volume or maximum volume 13. Largest rectangle that can be
for known total surface area D cut from a given triangle
x
h
y
D=H b = 2x → x = b/2
h = 2y → y = h/2 b
5. For a rectangle of maximum
area or perimeter that can be r
cut from a circle of radius r y
14. For maximum viewing of
x b
angle 
x=y (a square)  a

x= ab
6. For maximum volume of a x
rectangular box with given
sum of all edges or given total z
area 15. For the largest rectangle that
y can be inscribed in an ellipse
x
b y
x=y=z (a cube) a
x = a/ 2 y
7. For maximum area of a y y y = b/ 2 x x
rectangular window
surmounted by a right
isosceles triangle of known h
perimeter.
16. Smallest cone circumscribing a 
sphere of radius r
h=y

sin  = 1/3
8. For minimum perimeter of a
rectangular lot of known area
to be fenced on three sides y y
only 17. For minimum length of wire
x
running from the top of one L2
L1 b
x = 2y post to the stake on the ground a
and to the top of another post x

9. For a trapezoidal gutter of x

known width with maximum x d b
y
=
capacity y a a+b d
60° 60°
y
x = 2y (Half of regular
hexagon)

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 Review Innovations CE Review for May 2022 – Differential Calculus 4
PROBLEMS 6. Find the volume of the largest circular cone inscribed in
1. What is the allowable error in measuring the edge of a a sphere of radius 30 cm.
cube intended to hold 8 m3 if the error in the computed 7. A farmer has 2400 ft of fencing and wants to fence off a
volume is not to exceed 0.03 m3? rectangular field that borders a straight river. He needs
2. Find all derivatives y(n) of the function y = 1 / (3 + x). no fence along the river. What are the dimensions of the
3. What is the order and degree of the equation field that has the largest area?
2
 d2 y  y 8. A cylindrical can is to be made to hold 1 liter of oil. Find
d3 y  dy 
+ 4 x   = y  2 +e the radius that will minimize the cost of the metal to
dx 3  dx   dx  manufacture the can.
 
4. Eliminate the arbitrary constants c1 and c2 of y = x2 + c1e2x 9. Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be
+ c2e3x. inscribed in a semi-circle of radius 10 cm.
5. A point moves in the plane according to equations x = 10. A steel pipe is being carried down a hallway 9 ft wide.
t2 + 2t and y = 2t3 – 6t. Find dy/dx when t = 0, 2, 5. At the end of the hallway there is right angled turn into
6. A particle moves along a curve of parametric equations a narrower hallway 6 ft wide. What is the length of the
x = e–t, y = 2 cos 3t, z = 2 sin 3t, where t is the time. Find longest pipe that can be carried horizontally around the
the acceleration at t = 0. corner?
7. The cost of constructing a condominium is P10M for the 11. Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be
first floor. Every floor thereafter, the cost will be P3M inscribed in a right triangle with legs of length 3 cm and
more than the floor directly below. The fixed costs for 4 cm if two sides of the rectangle lie along the legs.
lot, plans, etc, amount to P37.5M. If the annual income 12. A Norman window has the shape of a rectangle
is P3M per floor, find the number of floors which will surmounted by a semicircle. (Thus, the diameter of
give the maximum rate of return on the investment. semicircle is equal to the width of the rectangle.) If the
8. A closed cylindrical tank having a volume of 71.57 m3 is perimeter of the window is 30 ft, find the width of the
to be constructed. If the surface area is to be minimum, window so that the greatest possible amount of light is
what is the required diameter of the tank? admitted.
9. Two posts, one 16 feet and the other 24 feet are 30 feet 13. Two vertical poles PQ and ST are secured by a rope PRS
apart. If the posts are to be supported by a cable strung from the top of the first pole to a point R on the
running from the top of the first post to a stake on the ground between the poles then to the top of the second
ground and then back to the top of the second post, find pole. The pole bases Q and T are at the same elevation
the distance from the lower post to the stake to use the as R. Which of the following describes angle PRQ and
least amount of cable. angle SRT if the length of rope is shortest?
10. A corner lot, triangular in shape, has perpendicular 14. Two runners A and B start at the origin and run along
sides measuring 90 m and 120 m, respectively. It is the positive x-axis, with B running 3 times as fast as A.
required to construct the largest rectangular building An observer, standing one unit above the origin, keeps
with sides parallel to the longest side. What is the A and B in view. What is the maximum angle of sight
largest area of the building in square meter? between the observer’s view of A and B?
11. A triangle has a variable sides x, y, and z subject to the 15. Two vertices of a rectangle are on the positive x-axis.
constraint that the perimeter P is fixed to 18 cm. What The other two vertices are on the lines y = 4x and y = 6 -
is the maximum possible area of the triangle? 5x. What is the maximum possible area of the
12. A wall 10 ft high along the property line is 8 ft from a rectangle?
house. A ladder was placed in such a way that the other 16. Find the height of the cylinder of greatest volume that
end will reach the house and the other end rests on the can be inscribed in a sphere of radius 20 cm.
ground outside the wall. Find the length of the shortest
ladder that will reach the house. Answer Key for Problems for Practice:
13. A Norman window is in the shape of a rectangle
surmounted by a semi-circle. What is the ratio of the 1. 4000 cc
width of the rectangle to the total height so that it will 2. 26 mi
yield a window admitting the most light for a given 3. 40
perimeter? 4. 201.06 m3
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE: 5. 1.639 m
6. 33,510.32cc
1. If 1200 cm2 of material is available to make a box with a 7. 1200 ft  600 ft
square base and open top, find the largest possible 8. 5.42 cm
volume of the box.
9. 100 cm2
2. A ship lies 6 miles from a straight shore, and opposite a
10. 21.07 ft
point 10 miles farther along the shore, another ship lies
18 miles offshore. A boat from the first ship is to land a 11. 3 cm2
passenger on the shore and then proceed to the other 12. 8.4 ft
ship. What is the least distance the boat can travel? 13. PRQ = SRT
3. Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be 14. 30
inscribed in the ellipse x2/25 + y2/16 = 1. 15. 0.8
4. A right circular cylinder of radius r and height h is
16. 23.1 cm
inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 m and
height 12 m. Determine the maximum volume of the
cylinder.
5. A concrete culvert is to be built with a cross-section in
the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semi-circle.
The area of the cross-section is to be 2.4 square meters.
Find the width so that its perimeter is minimum.

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