21st CLPW Reviewer
Literature - derived from the Latin words litera meaning letters, litteratura meaning writing and
literatus meaning learning.
Types of Literature
a. Oral Literature - is generally the literature of the ancient times. It is preserved and handed down
from one generation to another by word of mouth. Oral literature started unwritten, but eventually
captured for writing.
b. Written literature- is one that gets its form from the use of the pen by literary genius. Compared
to oral form, it is likely to be permanent in form because once written, it remains as is.
World literature is widely read beyond the borders of the country where it was written.
English literature - the body of written works produced in the English language by inhabitants of the
British Isles (including Ireland) from the 7th century to the present day.
American literature - the body of written works produced in the English language in the United States.
Like other national literatures, American literature was shaped by the history of the country.
Greek literature - body of writings in the Greek language, with a continuous history extending from the
1st millennium BC to the present day.
Spanish literature - the body of literary works produced in Spain. Such works fall into three major
language divisions: Castilian, Catalan, and Galician.
Japanese literature - the body of written works produced by Japanese authors in Japanese or, in its
earliest beginnings, at a time when Japan had no written language, in the Chinese classical language.
Noh Play - the national theater of Japan.
Indian literature - refers to the literature produced on the Indian subcontinent until 1947 and in the
Republic of India thereafter. The Republic of India has 22 officially recognised languages.
Kalidasa - considered to be the brightest of the “nine gems of genius”.
African literature - the body of traditional oral and written literatures in Afro-Asiatic and African
languages together with works written by Africans in European languages. African literature
Chinese literature - oldest literature in the world and one of the major literary heritages of the world,
with an uninterrupted history of more than 3,000 years, dating back at least to the 14th century BCE.
Po–Chu–I - well-known Chinese poet who represented the classical tradition in Chinese
literature, politics and morality
NICKNAMES FOR COUNTRIES in ASIA
Philippines – The Pearl of the Orient Seas China – The Red Dragon
Thailand – Land of Smiles Singapore – The Lion City
Sri Lanka – India’s Teardrop India – Land of Prayer
South Korea – Land of the Morning Calm Myanmar – Land of the Golden Pagodas
North Korea – The Hermit Kingdom Iraq – Cradle of Ancient Civilization
Mongolia – Land of Blue Sky Macau – Vegas of the East
Japan – Land of the Rising Sun Hong Kong – Asia’s World City
Indonesia – the Emerald of the Equator Afghanistan – Graveyard of Empires
Bhutan – Land of the Thunder Dragon
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was an Early Modern Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest
writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists. He is best known for his
novel Don Quixote, a work often cited as both the first modern novel and "the first great novel of
world literature"
Critical reading - develops one’s critical thinking skills and makes one keen to details.
- enables readers to understand and appreciate a piece of literature further.
- enables readers to write a critical review or analysis of a piece of literature.
Readers read texts critically to…
…learn new information.
…learn more about culture and society.
…for better understanding of their meaning.
Paulo Coelho - the pride of Brazil whose novel, The Alchemist, became a worldwide phenomenon; one of
the best-selling books in history with 190 million copies sold and translated into 80 languages. Musician
and lyricist prior to pursuing a writing career as a novelist. Published 30 books, majority of which are
novels.
- He also wrote “The Story of the Pencil”.
Recipient of international awards, among these awards are:
- Spain’s Elle- Best International Writer (2008)
- Denmark’s Hans Christian Anderson Award (2007)
- Mexico’s Las Pergolas Prize (2006)
- American Wilbur Award (2006)
Fable - A brief story illustrating a moral or revealing general truths about human nature. Often includes
talking animals or animated objects as the principal characters.
Example: The Ants and the Grasshopper
Parable - A short story designs to allegorically teach some religious principle, moral, general truths.
Includes teal or literal occurrences to which anyone can relate.
Example: The plant Sower
Anecdote - is "a story with a point", such as to communicate an abstract idea about a person, place, or
thing through the concrete details of a short narrative or to characterize by delineating a specific
quirk or trait.
Multimedia - an essential avenue to transform unique adaptations of a literary genre, thus, making learning
outputs interesting and productive.
Multimedia Formats
1. Video - Digital video is a primary component in multimedia, especially those that appear online and on
television. The different formats of these types of multimedia include wmv, avi, mped and flash.
2. Animation is a form of art for most people, especially those that are in the business of producing
animated movies. Right now, animation has become interactive, allowing users to directly affect the
outcome of animated components and events. Flash is the most common platform for animation, and
using this component, the interactivity of animation is enhanced.
3. Text - has always been and will always been the most common among the types of multimedia
components in different applications. Text is also used to create a digital signature, such as in
passwords.
4. Digital image files are needed to create videos and animation. A user would sooner go to a website filled
with colourful photographs than one that contains only text elements. Familiar image formats include
jpeg and png.
Characteristics of Multimedia
• Multimedia can be used in the presentations, making them more fun and
• A multimedia presentation has various viewing options such as projector or a media player and the like.
• You can also download the multimedia presentation or play it live.
• The technology of multimedia can also be used to make the information be conveyed more easily to the
user.
• Multimedia technology has improved the learning experience by combining various forms of media together
A. The Basic Elements of a Short Story
1. Character| The character element is the person or people in a story.
Characters are usually of two types:
The protagonist is the main character. He or she is in conflict with
another character, who is known as the antagonist.
An example of a protagonist and an antagonist are Superman, the protagonist, and Lex Luthor, the
antagonist.
2. Setting| The first important element of a short story is the setting. The setting refers to the time and
place that the event(s) in the story take place.
3. Plot| The plot refers to the flow of events in the story. Essentially, the plot refers to what is happening
in the story.
4. Conflict| The conflict or complication refers to the tension, the fight or the struggle between the
various characters or forces in the story. Thisactually gives fuel to the story and influences its flow (i.e. its
plot). Without the conflict, then you have no story.
5. Climax| The climax is the most exciting part of a story. It is when the conflict is about to or is getting
resolved.
6. Theme| This element refers to the topic that the writer writes or comments on in his or her writing. The
theme is the motif of the story, that is, it permeates the whole story and recurs throughout the narrative.
An example of a theme is the topic of "bravery" in Harry Potter.
Information Technology (IT) is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or
information.
ICT skills are about understanding and applying a range of computer programs, software and other
applications. These include: word processing, spreadsheets, databases, power points and search engines.
