SCIENCE PHYSICS PASSING PACKAGE

4 Marks Diagram
1 HUMAN HEART

2 HUMAN ALIMENTARY CANAL

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 3 HUMAN BRAIN

2 MARKS DIAGRAM
4 OPENING OF STOMATA

5 EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN HUMAN BEINGS

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 6 STRUCTURE OF A NEPHRON

7 STRUCTURE OF NEURON

8 Draw the diagram showing the germination of pollen on stigma.

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 9 Draw the diagram of longitudinal section of a flower and label „stigma‟.

CHECKER BOARD
10 The plant bearing round yellow coloured ( RrYy ) seed are self-
pollinated with the same plant. Represent the result obtained in the
F2 generation of dihybrid cross with the help of a checker board.
Mention the varieties of plants obtained in F2 generation.
Answer :

The plants obtained are

Round yellow — 9
Round green — 3
Wrinkled yellow — 3
Wrinkled green — 1
11 Tall pea plant producing red flowers ( TT RR ) is crossed with short pea
plant producing white flowers ( tt rr ).
i) Mention the type of plants produced from these plants in the F1
generation. ii) Write the ratio of plants obtained in the F2 generation
by crossing the plants of F1 generation and name the varieties of
plants obtained.

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 The tall plant (TT) self-pollinated with the dwarf (tt). Represent the
result obtained in the F2 generation of monohybrid cross with the help
of a checker board. Mention the varieties of plants obtained in F2
generation.

( ) ( )

(Tt) (tall plants)

T t

T TT Tt

t Tt tt

The plants obtained

3 tall pants
1 dwarf plants

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 IMPORTANT QUETIONS
12 Write the event occurs during Photosynthesis?
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water
molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
13 What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and
heterotrophic nutrition?
Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition
Organic food is obtained from
Organic food is manufactured.
various sources.
chlorophyll is present chlorophyll is absent
Food is generally prepared during
Food can be prepared at all times
day time.
14 What are Stomata? Write its function.
Tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves.
Functions:
 Exchange of gases O2/CO2
 helps in transpiration
15 Explain the function of guard cell?
 The opening and closing of the pore is a function of the guard cells.
 The guard cells swell when water flows into them, causing the
stomata pore to open.
 Similarly the pore closes if the guard cells shrink.
16 What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
OR
Which molecule is formed during the first step of cellular respiration
by the breakdown of glucose molecule in cytoplasm? Mention the
types of respiration and write any two differences between them.
Pyruvate.
Two types : i) Aerobic respiration 2 1 ii) Anaerobic respiration.

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 Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration occurs in the Anaerobic respiration occurs in
presence of O2 the absence of O2.
Aerobic respiration occurs in Anaerobic respiration occurs only
cytoplasm and mitochondria in cytoplasm.
17 Define the term „translocation‟.
Transport of food from leaves to other parts of the plant is called
translocation
18 Define transpiration.
Transpiration is the process of removal of water vapours from the aerial
parts of a plant, mainly through stomata in the leaves
19 How does transpiration help in upward movement of water from roots
to leaves?
Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction
force which pulls water from the xylem cells. This transpiration helps in
upward movement of water from roots to leaves
20 Explain the transportation food takes place in phloem. OR
Explain the process of translocation of food materials in plants.
 Phloem tissue helps in the translocation of photosynthetic products.
 Phloem tissue with the help of sieve tubes and companion cells
transport food both in upward and downward direction.
 Materials like sucrose enter the phloem and exert pressure.
 This pressure causes the moment of food to low pressure region.
21 How does transportation of water take place over the heights in a
plant?
 There is a steady movement of water into root xylem, creating a column
of water that is steadily pushed upwards.
 Evaporation of water molecules from the stomata of leaves due to
transpiration creates a suction which pulls water from xylem cells of root.
22 What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
Methods to get rid of excretory products in plants :
 Excess of water removed by transpiration

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  Remove oxygen and carbon dioxide gases through stomata
 Resins and gums get store in old xylem
 Diffusing certain wastes into surrounding soil.
23 List the functions of the following parts of the brain:
 Hypothalamus : Controls body temperature
 Medulla oblongata: it controls involuntary actions such as breathing,
blood pressure, etc.
 Pons: It controls facial expression, mastication of food etc.
 Cerebrum: It is the main thinking part of brain.
 Cerebellum :It maintains body balance during walking, drinking, riding
24 Define the following terms:
1) Phototropism: The movement of plant parts in response to light.
2) Geotropism: The movement of plant parts in response to gravity.
3) Hydrotropism: The growth of the plant in response to water
4) Chemotropism: The growth of plant in response to chemical stimulus.
Ex : Growth of pollen tube towards ovules during fertilization.
25 List the functions of the following plant hormones.
i) Auxins:
- It helps in the elongation of cells.
- It helps in the bending of stem towards light source.
ii) Gibberellins:
- It helps in the growth of the stem and flower
iii) Cytokines:
- It promotes cell division in fruits & seeds.
iv) Abscissic acid:
- It inhibits the growth of plant.
- It is responsible for wilting of leaves
26 List the important hormones and functions of the following glands.

Hormones Endocrine Functions

gland
Growth hormone Pituitary gland Stimulates growth in all organs

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 Thyroxin Thyroid gland It regulates carbohydrate, protein
hormone and fat metabolism in the body.
Insulin Pancreas: Function: regulates the blood
sugar level.
Testosterone Testis Functions:
Helps in the formation of sperms
Adrenaline Adrenal gland: It controls heartbeat, respiration
and blood pressure during
emergency situation.
27 Write two examples each for natural and artificial ecosystems.
 Natural ecosystem — forest, pond, lake.
 Artificial ecosystem — aquarium, garden, crop-field.
28 What is trophic level?
Each step or level of a food chain is called Trophic levels.
29 What is „biological magnification‟? Process that involves magnification
(increase) of the harmful chemicals at different trophic levels of ecosystem.
30 Construct a terrestrial food chain with trophic levels.
Grass → Rabbit → Wild cat → Tiger
31 Briefly explain the formation of ozone in the atmosphere.
 The higher energy UV radiations split apart some molecular oxygen [ O 2 ]
into free oxygen [ O ] atoms.
 These atoms then combine with molecular oxygen to form ozone.
32 Give reason: Protecting of ozone layer is necessary.
Ozone layer shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet radiation from
the sun. This radiation is highly damaging to organisms.
33 Nowadays Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) free refrigerators are being
manufactured. Why?
CFC’s are responsible for the decrease in the amount of ozone layer which
protects the earth from ultraviolet rays of sun.
34 The depletion of ozone layer is a cause of concern. Why?
Ozone layer acts as a protective shield by preventing harmful UV radiations
from entering the Earth surface. Hence, the depletion of ozone layer is a

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 cause of concern.
35 Explain how ozone affects an ecosystem.
 Incidences of skin cancer and herpes.
 Incidences of cataract in eyes.
 Global warming.
36 Give reason :
Decomposers play an important role in an ecosystem.
Decomposers breakdown the dead remains and waste products of
organisms. These substances are used up once more by the plants.
37 “The consistency in DNA replication during reproduction is very
important.” Justify.
 It is important for maintenance of body design features.
 Reproduction is linked to the stability of population of species.
38 Explain the different modes of asexual reproduction with an example.
(i) Fission: The parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
• Binary fission: 2 cells are formed. E.g., amoeba.
• Multiple fission: Many cells are formed. E.g. Plasmodium.

(ii) Fragmentation: The organism breaks-up into smaller pieces upon

maturation, each piece develops into new individual. E.g., Spirogyra.

(iii) Regeneration: If organism is somehow cut or broken into many pieces,

each piece grows into a complete organism. E.g., Planaria, Hydra.

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 (iv) Budding: A bud is formed which develops into tiny individual. It
detaches from parent body upon maturation and develops into new
individual. E.g., Hydra

(v) Vegetative Propagation: In many plants, a new plant develops from

vegetative parts

39 What is pollination?
 The transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma is called pollination.
40 Differentiate between self-pollination and cross pollination.
 Transfer of pollen occurs in the same flower is called self-pollination.
 Pollen is transfer from one flower to another is called cross pollination.
41 Explain the significant function of each structure in human male
reproductive system.
i) Testis:
 They produce sperms
 it is responsible for male characters.
ii) Scrotum: They regulate temperature necessary for production of
sperms.
iii) Urethra and vas deferens: Transport sperm from testis.
iv) Prostate gland and seminal vesicle:
They add their secretion to make the sperm transport easier and provide
nutrition.

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 v) Penis: Delivers the sperms to the site of ferliziation
42 How does uterus prepare to receive the fertilized egg in woman? What
happens if egg does not fertilise? Explain.
 Uterus prepares itself every month to receive fertilized egg.
 It makes its inner layer thick and spongy.
 If the egg is not fertilized, it lives for about one day.
 If fertilization doesn’t occur the lining slowly breaks and comes out
through the vagina as blood and mucous. ( Menstruation occurs )
43 What is the function of ovary and fallopian tube in human female
reproductive system?
 Ovary : Helps in production of eggs / secretes some hormones.

 Fallopian tube : Egg is carried from ovary to womb

44 Explain the structure and important role of placenta during gestation

period of woman. OR
What is placenta? Write its function.
 During pregnancy period the embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s
blood with help of disc shaped special tissue embedded in the uterine
wall is called placenta.
 Glucose and oxygen passes from mother to embryo through placenta.
 Removes the wastes generated from the embryo.
45 Name the Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs):
Bacterial: Gonorrhoea and syphilis
Viral: Warts and HIV-AIDS
46 What is contraception? Explain the different methods of
contraception.
Avoiding unwanted pregnancy is called contraception.
Methods of contraception
 Physical barrier : using condoms
 Chemical methods : Use of oral pills
 Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) : using Copper-T or loop
 Surgical methods

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 i. In males the vas deferens is blocked to prevent sperm transfer called
vasectomy.
ii. In females, the fallopian tube is blocked to prevent egg transfer called
tubectomy.
47 Sex of the child determined by the father. How? OR
“Chromosomes inherited from the father determines the sex of a
Child.” Explain.
 A child who inherits X chromosome from her father will be a girl.
 A child who inherits Y chromosome from his father will be a boy.
 Both the girl and boy inherit only X chromosome from the mother.
Therefore sex of a child is determined by the father.
48 Write the difference between acquired traits and inherited traits
Acquired traits Inherited traits
They cannot be transferred to the They get transferred to the progeny.
Progeny.
They cannot direct evolution They are helpful in evolution.
49 “Experiences of an individual during its life time cannot direct
evolution.” Why? OR The experiences of an individual acquired during
its lifetime cannot be Passed on to its progeny. Give reason.
Change in non-reproductive tissues cannot be passed on to the DNA of the
germ cells.
50 What is speciation?
The process of formation of new species from a pre-existing one.
51
Mention any four main factors that lead to the rise of new species.
 Geographical isolation
 Natural selection
 Inheritance of traits
 Genetic drift / gene flow
 Variation / mutation / changes in DNA.
52 Mention the tools used for tracing the evolutionary relationships
between the organisms.
 Excavating

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  Time-dating
 Studying fossils
 Determining DNA sequences.
53 Write the difference between homologous organs and analogous
organs.
Homologous organs Analogous organs
Organs of different organisms have Organs of different organisms have
common origin different origin.
They have similar structure and They have different structure and
perform different functions. perform similar function.
54 What is evolution? Explain the three evidences for evolution.
Phenomenon of gradual change of organisms from simple form into
complex form in a long period is called evolution.
Three evidences are :
i) Homologous organs :
The organs which have same basic structures but perform different
functions are called homologous organs.
ii) Analogous organs :
The organs which have different basic structures but perform similar
function are called analogous organs.
iii) Fossils : The preserved traces of living organism are called fossils.
55 Explain the two methods to estimate the age of fossils.
Ans. :
i) Relative method: The fossils we find closer to the surface are more recent
than fossils we find in deeper layers.
ii) Determining the time period by using isotopes ( dating )
56 What changes can you make in your habits to become more
environments friendly?
 Refuse : say No to single use plastic bags
 Reduce: Switch off the lights, fans, television and other electrical
appliances when not used.
 Reuse: reuse paper, plastic and glass bottles.

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  Repurpose: cups with broken handles can be used to grow small plants.
 Recycle: recycle plastic, paper, glass to make required things.
57 What needs of the local people are fulfilled by the forest ? OR
Local people are stakeholders of forest resources.” Explain.
 For fire wood: Timber and Thatch.
 For bamboo used in huts & baskets
 For implements of agriculture, fishing and hunting.
 To gather fruits, nuts and medicines.
 To fodder for their cattles.
58 Why should we conserve forest and wild life?
1. They help in maintaining the ecological balance at a place.
2. They purify the air and control flood
3. Prevent soil erosion .
4. Forests conserve biodiversity and hereditary resources..
59 Suggest some approaches towards the conservation of forests.
1. There should be ban on cutting of forest.
2. Forests should be saved from fires.
3. Forests should be saved from pests and insects.
4. Overgrazing should be prohibited.
60 List four stakeholders which may be helpful in the conservation of
forests.
Major stakeholders of forest resources are:
 Local people
 The Forest department of the Government
 The Industrialists
 The nature and wildlife enthusiasts
61 What is dam? List two advantages and two ill effects of constructing
big dams?
Dam is a barrier built across a river or a stream for storage of water.
Advantage:
i. Storage of adequate water for irrigation.
ii. Generation of electricity

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 Ill effects :
i. Social problems
ii. Economic problems
iii. Environmental problems

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