N

NORMAL FORCE, N

SHEAR FORCE, V V

TORQUE, T

BENDING MOMENT, M
SITUATION 1

A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must

carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of
2
the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m .
SOLUTION 1
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN.
Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2 .

Given: d = 100mm, P = 400kN, σ = 120 MN/m2

𝑁
σ should be in MPa ( 2) for easy calculation
𝑚𝑚

1 MN = 1,000,000 N
𝑀𝑁 1,000,000 𝑁 1𝑚 2
120 x x = 120 MPa
𝑚2 1𝑀𝑁 1000𝑚𝑚

400 𝑥103
𝑃 𝑃 120 = π D = 119.35mm
σ= σ= π 2 π 2 (𝐷2−1002)
𝐴 ( 𝐷 )−( 𝑑 ) 4
4 4
SITUATION 2

A homogeneous 800kg bar AB is supported at either end by a

cable as shown in figure. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if
the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
SOLUTION 2
A homogeneous 800kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in figure. Calculate
the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

Tb Free Body Diagram Ts

10m

𝑚
800kg (9.81𝑠2) = 7848 N
By Symmetry :
7848
Tb = Ts = 2
= 3924 𝑁
Mass of the bar = 800kg
For Bronze: For Steel:
σb = 90 MPa 𝑃 3924 𝑃 3924
σ= 90 = σ= 120 =
𝐴 𝐴𝑏𝑟 𝐴 𝐴𝑠𝑡
σs = 120 MPa Abr = 43.6 mm2 Ast = 32.7 mm2
SITUATION 3
The homogeneous bar shown in Fig. P-106 is supported by a smooth
pin at C and a cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D.
Find the stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6 inch and the bar weighs
6000 lb.
 SOLUTION 3
The homogeneous bar shown in Fig. P-106 is supported by a smooth pin at C and a cable that runs
from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6 inch and the bar
weighs 6000 lb. T
T
34
3 3m
A 5 B C

5m 5m

6000lb
Σ Mc = 0
3
5T + 10T( ) = 6000 (5)
34

T = 2957.13 lbs

𝑇 2957.13
σ= σ= π σ = 10,458.72 psi
𝐴 (0.6)2
4
SITUATION 4
A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel
and bronze sections, as shown in figure. Axial loads are applied at the
positions indicated. If P = 3000 lb and the cross sectional area of the rod
is 0.5 in2 , determine the stress in each section.
 SOLUTION 4
A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and bronze sections, as shown
in figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. If P = 3000 lb and the cross sectional area of
the rod is 0.5 in2 , determine the stress in each section.

σst = 24 ksi
σal = 24 ksi
σbr = 18 ksi
SITUATION 5
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate
that is 25 mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2 .
SOLUTION 5
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick?
The shear strength is 350 MN/m2 .

P = 549.80 kN
SITUATION 6
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown
in Fig. 1-11b if P = 400 kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.
SOLUTION 6
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b if P = 400 kN.
The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

d = 29.13 mm
SITUATION 7
The members of the structure in Fig. P-120 weigh 200 lb/ft.
Determine the smallest diameter pin that can be used at A if the shearing
stress is limited to 5000 psi. Assume single shear
SOLUTION 7
SOLUTION 7

D = 0.52 in.
SITUATION 8
In Fig. 1-12, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are
each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate
material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine the following
(a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and
(b) the largest average tensile stress in the plates.

t = 7.85mm
σ = 26.67 MPa
SITUATION 9
The lap joint shown in Fig. P-126 is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets.
Calculate the maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the
rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi.
Assume the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.

P = 24.74 kips
 𝑃
σ= P=σA
𝐴
L
t

t
 L P=σA
t

F1 = σt (t L)

F1 = σt (t L)
 L P=σA
t

F1 = σt (t L)

D
p
F2 = p (DL)
t

F1 = σt (t L)
 ΣFx = 0

2F1 - F2 = 0
2F1 = F2

2 [ σt (t L) ] = p (DL)

σt 2(t ) = p (D)

σt = normal stress in the circumferential section (MPa)

𝑝𝐷
p = internal pressue (MPa) σt =
D = inner diameter (mm)
2𝑡
TANGENTIAL STRESS
t = thickness of the wall (mm)
 ΣFy = 0
t
F1 = σL (πDt) F1 - F2 = 0
F1 = F2
π𝑫 𝟐 π𝑫𝟐
F2 = p ( ) D σL (πDt) = p ( )
𝟒
𝟒
𝑫
σL (t) = p ( )
𝟒

σL = normal stress along the longitudinal direction (MPa) 𝑝𝐷

p = internal pressue (MPa) σL =
4𝑡
D = inner diameter (mm)
LONGITUDINAL STRESS
or
t = thickness of the wall (mm) SPHERICAL VESSELS
SITUATION 10
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 40mm in diameter with a wall thickness of
20mm is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2

A. Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stress in the steel.

B. To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress is limited to
120 MN/m2

Given: D = 400mm, t = 20mm, p = 4.5 MN/m2 or 4.5 MPa

𝑝𝐷 4.5(400) 𝑝(400)
A. σt = = = 45MPa B. 120 = p = 12MPa
2𝑡 2(20) 2(20)

𝑝𝐷 4.5(400) 𝑝(400)
σL = = = 22.5MPa 120 = p = 24 MPa
2𝑡 4(20) 4(20)
SITUATION 11
The tank shown is fabricated from 1/8 in. steel plate. Calculate the maximum
circumferential and longitudinal stress caused by internal pressure of 125 psi.