Java: 2021 Beginners Programming

Guide. 33 Best Java Tips and Tricks

 CONTENTS:

Introduction
What is the Java language?
Why is Java such a popular programming language?
What is the Java programming language?
The "cache issue"
Choosing the right editor
What are the advantages of the Java language?
What are the drawbacks of the Java language?
Which programming languages can be used in the Oracle Digital Cloud
Office?
How to install Java on the Oracle Digital Cloud Office?
Wrapping it up
Chapter 1 What are the features of the Java language?
Are there any flaws in the Java language design?
Are there any design flaws in the J2EE application server design?
Are the versions specified by the Java Language Specification (JLS) to
be the final versions, or will they be revised in some way?
Should I write J2EE applications using the J2EE application server
specification?
How can a J2EE server be used?
How does a J2EE client know how to create a program to communicate
with the server?
What J2EE features and standard J2EE servers have been defined by the
J2EE specification?
How does the JavaServer interface work?
Can Java EE 6 use J2EE?
Can Java EE 6 use J2EE libraries?
Does the JavaServer implementation interface behave differently in Java
EE 6 than in Java EE 5?
Does Java EE 6 specify the way that J2EE code is compiled and run?
 Is it possible to deploy Java EE 6 applications in J2EE-based
configuration?
File System Component
Database Component Registry
Message Component Registry
What features for Java development?
Notable changes in JDK 9
ProdJ99077 New features of JDK 9
Improved Exception Handling
Separately Generated Type Hints
Null Pointer Exceptions
Optimizations
New Inline Function Generator
Null in type inference
Favor closed over types
Why the first argument matters
What is the best IDE for Java development?
Chapter 2 What IDE chooses for Java programming?
Eclipse IDE
NetBeans IDE
IntelliJ IDEA
Novation IDE
iDevelop IDE
Ardu Pascal
Bitbucket CodeSourcery
JetBrains WebStorm
Xamarin
Who uses the most Java programming language?
What is the best IDE for iOS development?
What is the best IDE for Silverlight development?
What is the best IDE for .NET development?
How do you learn Java the right way?
What are you seeing that you wish was better in Java?
 What is your favorite IDE for Java development?
What IDE should I use? Or, what IDE should I learn first?
Chapter 3 What are plugins for Java programming?
Java plugins for .NET
Why should you create a Java plugin for .NET?
But how do you create a Java plugin for .NET?
What are the downsides of Java plugins for .NET?
What do you need to get started?
How do I add a plugin to my existing project?
How do I add a source folder to my .NET project?
How do I add a source folder to my .NET project using Eclipse?
How do I add source folders to my .NET project using Visual Studio?
Chapter 4 Do Java and Javascript the same?
What should I learn first?
Java
Some tips for Java developers
What are frameworks for Java?
Framework design considerations
Aesthetics and syntax
Scala and MVC
MVC and Spring
Reactive programming in a web application - A real-world case
How to Build a Reactive system
Connecting to a reactive database in Scala
Chapter 5 What are tools for Java language?
Does the tooling work well?
Does the tool provide the necessary configuration?
Is the configuration properly organized?
Is the configuration customizable?
The Future
Structural improvements
Chapter 6 How to learn Java programming language?
 If you are ready to get started with learning Java programming language,
follow these steps:
How to learn Java programming?
What is a constant?
What's the largest prime number?
What is a constant(T) in Java?
How do you define the type of a parameter?
How do you return the value of a parameter in a method?
What are the methods of the parameterized classes?
Do you have to create a class and implement methods with the
parameters of the parameterized classes?
How to add a ParameterizedMethodBuilder to a parameterized class?
Do you have to create a custom implementation of a custom class in
order to call the methods of the parameterized classes?
How to use a parameterized class as a parameterized class?
Do parameterized classes have to be subclassed?
Can I call the methods of the parameterized classes like this:
What is the difference between a weak parameterized class and a strong
one?
Chapter 7 How to use Java programming libraries?
The Best of both worlds: Libraries for Java programming.
Some of the many uses for Java libraries.
Not so easy to use: Libraries require some effort
What are some of the problems you face when using Java libraries?
Scalability
Instance-based Data Structures
The best comparison that I can make is the following:
Create new trees as needed
But how could we create a tree that has four children?
But how could we create a tree with eight children?
Now, what if we wanted to create a tree with ten children?
But, our new triple-tree only has five nodes in it. But what if we wanted
a double-tree with 10 nodes in it?
 So, what is the most common size of the internal structure of a Tree?
What about when we don’t have to create new trees, but just combine
existing trees?
Chapter 8 How to find work as a Java programmer?
How to build a career as a Java developer? 4 top development tips
What is a Java developer?
What is the Java language?
Learn Java quickly
Get over the fear of implementation
Start small and learn from mistakes
Develop your ability to solve problems
Create value through partnerships and use cases
Develop strong persistence skills
Learn Java using tools
Create and present software prototypes
Follow new technology
Use cloud-based development
Get familiar with distributed programming
Watch the code
Stop saying "it will be done"
Create documents
Use pair programming
Find a mentor
Use revision control
Start learning
Keep documentation
Replace the use of save points with "hot reload"
Don't repeat yourself
Use extreme coding
Avoid the large code base
Use the linter
Use classes rather than Object Oriented Programming
Avoid virtual spaces
 Simplify code
Avoid the keyword 'a'
"Begs the question"
Describe, don't ask
Recursive
Promises
Use let
Here are some useful uses of let
Chapter 9 What is Multithreading for the Java language?
Why is the Return Operation of a Function in Java Different from the
Return Operation in other Programming Languages?
How is the for-loop in Java different from in other languages?
What is the difference between a for-loop and a for loop?
Chapter 10 What is Java string handling?
Java 7 String Types
Java 8 String Operations
Java 7 to Java 8 Transitive Data Types
Java 7 to Java 8 Transitive Data Types
What’s New in Java 9?
Java 9 Transitive Data Types
Chapter 11 What is Java Database Connectivity?
Why Is It Important?
A Little About JPA
Why Is It Important?
What Is JPA 3.0
Caveat #1
Caveat #2
Chapter 12 What is Java framework spring?
What are the different types of spring frameworks?
What is Spring Framework vs Spring 4?
Spring Framework vs Spring 4.1
What is Spring 5?
 Can you use spring-boot to solve your project issues?
How to integrate Spring Framework?
How to integrate spring-web
Let’s see a detailed example of Spring Data JPA
How to integrate spring-mvc
What else can Spring Framework do?
What is Spring MVC?
PHPStorm: Spring MVC
Creating the View
Creating the View Method
Load Model
Show-Score Method
Chapter 13 What are Design patterns for Java?
The design pattern library for Java can be found here: Java Patterns
What is JSR-318?
How do I take advantage of this?
Where do I go from here?
Chapter 14 What are the web services for Java?
What are libraries and tools for Java web services?
What about Java EE 7?
What is the difference between Java EE 6 and Java EE 7?
Java EE specifications
What about the status of the Java EE 7 and its specifications?
How do I know which Java EE 7 specifications are available in my IDE?
Eclipse Enterprise for Java 6
Eclipse Enterprise for Java 7
Eclipse EE 7 and Cloud Foundry
Eclipse EE 7 and Tomcat
Eclipse EE 7 and JBoss
Eclipse EE 7 and NetBeans
Eclipse EE 7 and Maven
Eclipse EE 7 and JBoss
Chapter 15 What is Java for phones?
How Java for phones will work
Flexible domain objects
Supported platforms for Java for phones
Phone targets
Phone API targets
Testing the Java for phones platform
Java for phones - what it could mean for Java fans
So should Java developers be interested in Java for phones?
What is Java development?
What are its strengths?
What are its weaknesses?
What can I use with Java?
What are its alternatives?
Swift
Flock
Go
Frameworks
Swift Starter
CodeProject
Frugal
Elixir
AWS Lambda
ActiveMQ
Node.js
Github
Distributed.org
Learn Java
Chapter 16 How to use Java?
Java as an industry-wide movement
Java FAQ for Scala newcomers
Why are so many people switching to Scala, and what is the reason?
Java language is too big for its good
 Exposure to more complex languages
Conclusion
Why has Java been around so long?
How can someone easily switch from Java to other languages?
What do you think are the most important things to learn when coming
from another language to Java?
Introduction to Functional Programming
Using pattern-matching to match on more data structures
Using the WSDL for validation.
Faces vs. Extensible Markup Language.
Tools for the Real World.
Introduction

What is the Java language?

Java is a high-level, compiled, procedural language that's most often used as

the underlying engine behind the Java virtual machine (JVM) and as the
basis for the Java standard libraries.

Java is one of several programming languages that compile down to

machine code and run on IBM mainframes and Intel x86 processors, as well
as numerous other architectures.

Since Java is a scripting language, it is considered a dynamic programming

language, meaning that it's easy to automate tasks with many steps and little
or no boilerplate.

Java runs on many different platforms: It runs on the Unix, Linux, and
macOS operating systems; on Microsoft Windows; and it's the language of
choice for Android. You can also run Java on servers, in containerized
environments, and on embedded systems, such as the Raspberry Pi.

Java is a developer-centric programming language, meaning it's designed

for programmers who want to write code for a variety of systems, from the
command line to the web browser. It's also a language that's quite friendly
to extensibility and customization.

Java has traditionally been thought of as a "server-side" language, which

means it's ideal for writing server applications. But over time, its potential
for creating desktop applications grew. That's partly due to the presence of
its Cordova software development kit, which allows Java code to be used as
the basis for mobile apps.
Why is Java such a popular programming language?

Java is a mature, popular language that has a very friendly developer

community. Over the past few years, a large community of Java software
developers has sprung up around the platforms it supports.

While many traditional programming languages have enjoyed a strong

following due to their productivity, which allows for rapid development,
Java has evolved into a "server-side" language that's ideal for making robust
web applications, web services, and enterprise software. Because of its
popularity and excellent documentation, Java is quite popular in the
marketplace, with many businesses that use Java systems choosing to keep
it around in part because of its long-term commitment to its developer
community.
Java also is an exceptional language for writing low-level programming for
parallel computing. Because it compiles down to machine code, it's a
popular choice for supercomputers, where performance is paramount.

What is the Java programming language?

Java is a popular object-oriented programming (OOP) language that's

designed to be "interactive." That means that instead of the developers
writing applications directly, in Java, all of the software elements are
encapsulated in objects. Thus, all of the coding is done in Java code and
object code, and the interface (i.e. application) is coded in a developer-
friendly language, such as Java.

The main characteristic of object-oriented programming is that an object's

state—whether it's "downloaded," "updated," or "disposed of"—is visible to
other objects. Therefore, a single object in an object-oriented program
doesn't need to know the details of how to do anything. When a developer
has to code that out, that's what a "method call" is, and that's what Java is
about.
A "method call" is a very powerful feature of object-oriented programming,
because it allows a developer to instantiate and destroy an object, and thus
to change the object's state. That allows a developer to build up a business
logic with values for the object's state—for example, a file name in a web
service—and then to make a "method call" to that file name to make that
value readable to the other objects in the system.

In most programming languages, a method call uses the runtime library to

create and return values from the method. But because the main function of
Java is to be used on the operating system, which doesn't contain a runtime
library, a method call can be made directly from within the Java code.

This is a very powerful feature for the developer since the code to
implement the method call, and the methods that can be made to return
from that method can be created in Java code itself.

Another main feature of Java is that it allows developers to make copies of

objects, instead of creating objects on the fly. So if an object (in Java, a
class) has a lot of children, for example, this makes the developer's life
easier because she doesn't need to worry about keeping up with objects and
their changes—she only has to worry about the one "owner" of the object
(in the case of the class).

This approach also allows the developer to encapsulate common behavior

into objects that can be shared across the system. The benefit here is that the
class is the main value store of the system, and each piece of software needs
to be able to access this value store to manipulate the underlying
functionality. This shared data is referred to as an "interface" for the class,
and you can get that with a method call.

The biggest thing to note about Java is that, for the most part, it's designed
for running on the OS and CPU and nothing more—it doesn't have any
dependency on other operating systems or operating systems. This means
that it's much easier to update Java when something new is available. It also
means that it's easier to integrate new features into the language.
The "cache issue"

So you've decided to use Java for your system. Now you have to decide
what compiler to use. There are two good options for Windows: the
Microsoft Visual JScript compiler, and the Microsoft Visual Studio 2005.
Both use the .NET runtime, which is based on Mono, a cross-platform
implementation of the .NET runtime.

The major drawback with the Microsoft Visual JScript compiler is that it
doesn't have an integrated version of the .NET framework, so you can't use
all of the built-in .NET APIs that are available in Mono. That's not so bad in
this day and age, because most APIs are available to the Visual JScript
compiler, which enables you to use more of the standard .NET libraries. But
if you need to be more ambitious and use .NET APIs that aren't included in
the Microsoft Visual JScript compiler, you have to use the Microsoft Visual
Studio 2005 or 2008 versions, which are a little more complex to develop
and deploy with.

Both the Microsoft Visual JScript compiler and the Microsoft Visual Studio
2005 version of the .NET Framework have integrated Java runtime libraries
built-in, as well as support for C++, and that's just based on Windows. But
there are also versions for Linux and OS X that can run under the Wine
software emulator. These versions are a little more complex to build and
deploy, but they have all of the standard libraries and some more that are
specific to that platform.

On the other hand, the Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 version of the .NET
Framework does require some heavy-weight Java code. You'll have to
manually compile the code for various platforms (with some libraries for
Windows and OS X included) and then run them. This is why the Visual
Studio 2005 version of the .NET Framework is not an option for the
majority of Windows developers.

The best option depends on the type of application you're working on. If
you have a server-based app or a desktop app, the Microsoft Visual JScript
compiler works great and it's probably the best way to go. But if you are
working on a desktop app or a server-based app that needs more
functionality than the Visual JScript compiler can provide, you'll probably
want to look at the .NET Framework.

Choosing the right editor

There are some reasons to choose which IDE you're going to use. First and
foremost, you need to make sure that it's productive. You can't build a
productive environment without choosing the right editor.

Another reason for choosing a good IDE is for its ease of learning. With the
Windows version of Visual Studio, you'll get to use the Windows Visual
Studio IDE, which means that you can learn it in the same environment as
the rest of your development team. This makes it much easier to learn.

The Visual Studio software, on the other hand, has an integrated

development environment for Mac and Linux (but not for Linux in the Mac
version). The Linux version of the .NET Framework supports Eclipse with
the Mono Development Kit, but you'll have to port your code to use it.

Having an integrated development environment makes learning a language

easier. Just as an example, if you learn Java through IntelliJ, then you can
easily transition to using Visual Studio. In contrast, if you learn C# through
Eclipse, then you have to learn it in a different IDE, which makes learning a
much more difficult process.

Selecting the right IDE is probably one of the most important decisions you
make as a software developer. After all, the way that you learn to program
is one of the most important factors in the way you create software.

What are the advantages of the Java language?

Compared with other programming languages, the Java language comes
with several benefits, which include:

● Consistency. Every Java program can be compiled to the same

bytecode. This allows programs to be written in such a way that
every running program looks the same. While each Java program can
also be interpreted on the fly, its performance is more limited.
● Hardware enablement. Since the Java virtual machine is compiled to
Java bytecode, the JVM can run all supported processors.
● Packaged app development. Unlike other programming languages,
Java programs can be written in such a way that the entire program
can be packaged up, put on a disk, and then deployed. This
significantly reduces the time required for deployment and
production.
● Compiler as code. Java programs are compiled to machine code
(usually some variant of an instruction set architecture), which is then
executed by the computer. This avoids the need for code rewriting in
a run-time environment.

When using Java, some of the advantages can only be implemented with the
use of a JVM. The good thing is that with the JVM, the performance of the
applications can be increased.

What are the drawbacks of the Java language?

There are many drawbacks to using Java. One of the drawbacks is that a lot
of developers find it a complex language. Another drawback is that it is
more memory-constrained than other programming languages.

This means that even if the app is using less memory, there may be a
performance hit. More significantly, if the app takes a long time to load or
freeze, it will affect the user experience.
An application that is not constantly moving or changing will get a better
user experience. A good example of an application that uses Java is Yahoo!
Finance.

If you are a business or can prove that you are a business, you can use an
alternative programming language, such as PHP.

Which programming languages can be used in the Oracle Digital Cloud

Office?

Now that we know what the Oracle Digital Cloud Office is all about, you
should also be aware of the different programming languages that can be
used. Below are the languages that can be used in the Oracle Digital Cloud
Office.

Apache Flex is an Oracle software library, which is designed to help mobile

developers create desktop and mobile applications that combine the best
features of HTML5 with components of the Java programming language.

OpenJDK is a Java implementation based on the standard Java Virtual

Machine (JVM).

PHP is a general-purpose programming language designed for software

development. PHP has replaced the older languages Java, .NET, and
C/C++.

Clojure is a Lisp-like, functional programming language that allows

developers to construct data structures that are as flexible as an imperative
language and are expressive enough to express all sorts of algorithms.

Fortran is a general-purpose computer programming language. It’s a

descendant of BASIC that first appeared in 1958.
Erlang is a general-purpose, multilingual programming language that is
developed from the ALGOL compiler which was developed at the
Université de Liège in 1968.

Tcl is a concise shell scripting language.

Apache Storm is an open-source distributed-processing framework that

includes a distributed event-driven architecture. It works across a cluster of
commodity servers.

Apache Drill is an open-source distributed processing framework. It allows

developers to deploy microservice-based distributed applications.

Swing is a collection of Java coding standards, conventions, and practices.

It provides a framework to define and deploy systems with separation
between business logic and presentation.

How to install Java on the Oracle Digital Cloud Office?

The last thing we need to discuss is how to install Java on the Oracle Digital
Cloud Office.

The easiest way to install Java is to use the Oracle Java SE Platform
Enterprise Edition (Java SE). It is the same code that is included with the
Oracle Database, Oracle WebLogic Server and the Oracle Community
Technology Preview (CTP) releases.

If you are using the Oracle Community Technology Preview, you will need
to use an older release of Java. If you are using the Oracle Community
Technology Preview 4 or later, you will need the Oracle Java SE Platform
Enterprise Edition (Java SE).

This is a slightly more cumbersome installation process because it is not

supported by Oracle. To install Oracle Java SE you need to download it
from the Oracle website and then click on the “Install” button. Once Oracle
Java SE is installed, your site is ready to run.

Wrapping it up

Oracle is now providing an all-in-one offering for Java users with its Oracle
Digital Cloud Office. This is a completely customizable Java environment,
including development tools, a development environment, and all the tools
required to build, test and deploy Java software applications.

It is a complete package and you can use it on any computer, whether it is a

Mac, PC, or Linux computer.

One of the advantages of using Oracle’s Digital Cloud Office is that it is

free. Oracle is not trying to sell any software. It is completely free. The only
cost is time to download and install the Oracle Digital Cloud Office.

A second advantage of using the Oracle Digital Cloud Office is that it is

very easy to use. It is very fast. The Oracle Digital Cloud Office allows you
to focus on the development process.

If you use Oracle’s Digital Cloud Office for your Java development, you
can rest assured that you will have the best tools available to develop your
software.
Chapter 1 What are the features of the Java
language?

The Java language supports static types, modern programming styles (non-
recursion-based, for example), and algorithms, including a wide variety of
computing-optimized ones, such as array computations, string handling, bit-
manipulation, sorting, linking, reverse-engineering, binary-code
manipulation, Boolean logic, genetic programming, and graph algorithms,
among others.

Are there any flaws in the Java language design?

For a mature programming language, it should be unlikely for a

programming error to occur. However, even mature programming
languages can suffer from programming errors if the design is not designed
in such a way that it can be fixed efficiently.

Are there any design flaws in the J2EE application server design?

Incompatibility with other application servers: The J2EE application server

specification does not explicitly support interoperability between different
J2EE application servers.

Changes to the requirements: Changes to the requirements are not made

through the specification, and it is not clear what the changes will be. Such
changes may be required by a future release of the specification.

Are the versions specified by the Java Language Specification (JLS) to

be the final versions, or will they be revised in some way?
The versions specified by the Java Language Specification are pure
specifications, and no final version has been specified. For example, it is
not possible to find any articles on the web which define what version of
the Java language is the latest. If the JLS changes in some way, it will
probably affect the most recent version of the Java language specifications.

Should I write J2EE applications using the J2EE application server

specification?

The Java language specification does not require that the application server
specifications are used for J2EE applications. J2EE implementations can
exist which do not use the specification or which work with the
specifications, but which are built differently from the current, most
common implementations.

How can a J2EE server be used?

J2EE provides an abstraction that provides an interface to program clients.

Program clients can use the interface to communicate with the server and
take actions on the server.

How does a J2EE client know how to create a program to communicate

with the server?

It can create a program to communicate with the server through the

interface, which it defines. A program to communicate with the server may
use any types that the server supports, and a client using a type can treat the
program as if it were the server. It also can use any behavior of the program,
whether the behavior is provided by the program itself, or by other client
methods. A J2EE client does not have to create its J2EE server; it can use
any existing server if the existing server supports the client interface.

A program communicating with the application server uses the Session

protocol to do this. The client defines an interface to the server. It may then
use any of the methods in the interface, or a different class, to communicate
with the server.

The client also needs a way to receive messages from the server. The
message type is created using the read method of the client class. It can
receive any type of message from the server, as long as the type is
compatible with the class. In particular, it can receive both method
messages and message-based messages.

The client also can send messages to the server, but it must use the write
method of the client class to write the message, and it must wait for the
message to be sent before sending its message. In this way, the client can
send messages in a way similar to how a client program would
communicate with a human program, such as a web browser.

What J2EE features and standard J2EE servers have been defined by
the J2EE specification?

J2EE defines several standard methods, each of which is described in the

respective specification. The following list of J2EE features is provided to
illustrate how the J2EE standard defines these features.

Another J2EE feature is that methods can be called and handlers can be
defined without the need to define an implementation. The default
implementation for each of these methods is then provided for clients that
implement the interface.
A Java class which conforms to a standard J2EE server has the code below
added to the class definition:

● public final class JavaServer implements Service { public void

write(Session session, ReadableReusableData<String> data) {
WriteableReusableData<String> data = data; return true; } public
void read(Session session, String s) { String data = s; return true; } }

How does the JavaServer interface work?

The JavaServer interface specifies the methods that the server supports.

The write method is called by a client, and it provides a way for the client to
send data to the server. It returns true if the server responds, and returns
false otherwise. The read method is called by the server when the client
sends data to it. It returns the actual value of the data, whether the data is
correct or not.

The JavaServer implementation is a subclass of the JavaServerBase class.

In particular, it adds the methods of the java.lang.class package, and the
server implementation itself. The implementation also defines a default
implementation for the read method, so that clients who do not implement
the JavaServer interface can still access a default implementation of the
read method.

The JavaServer class also defines several factory methods that allow clients
to set up a ready-to-use JavaServer instance when they do not implement
the interface. The standard J2EE implementation supports the following:

● java.util.Scanner for reading individual messages.

● for reading individual messages. java.io.InputStreamReader for
reading message data.
● for reading message data. java.io.OutputStreamWriter for writing
message data.
 ● for writing message data. java.io.OutputStreamStream for writing
binary messages.
● J2EE is not yet integrated into Java EE 6.

Can Java EE 6 use J2EE?

No. J2EE is not an official part of Java EE 6. While J2EE may be available
in JRE, the implementation provided by Oracle is not compatible with Java
EE 6. Java EE 6, while defining the JavaServer interface, also defines other
interfaces which are not compatible with J2EE.

Can Java EE 6 use J2EE libraries?

No. J2EE is not an official part of Java EE 6. While J2EE may be available
in JRE, the implementation provided by Oracle is not compatible with Java
EE 6. Java EE 6, while defining the JavaServer interface, also defines other
interfaces which are not compatible with J2EE.

Does the JavaServer implementation interface behave differently in

Java EE 6 than in Java EE 5?

No. The JavaServer interface in Java EE 6 has the same functionality as it

had in Java EE 5. It does not affect the semantics of the interface, so it is
still possible to access the methods from Java EE 5 and Java EE 6.

Does Java EE 6 specify the way that J2EE code is compiled and run?
No. The JavaServer implementation interface in Java EE 6 does not affect
the compilation or execution behavior of the J2EE code.

Is it possible to deploy Java EE 6 applications in J2EE-based

configuration?

Yes. The JavaServer and JavaServerBase implementations have two entirely

different definitions. The JavaServer interface does not affect the behavior
of the JavaServer implementation. However, the JavaServer implementation
is also able to run and configure other server implementations.

These other server implementations can be found in the java.net namespace.

They are included in the JavaServer implementation namespace because
they are implemented in Java.

In addition, the current version of J2EE (J2EE 1.5) is a separate

implementation of the JavaServer interface. It does not conflict with Java
EE 6 at all. As of J2EE 1.5, the J2EE 1.5 implementation defines the
JavaServer interface differently. It defines the java.net.Server interface. It
defines this interface to allow independent development of J2EE
implementations and to allow for different implementations of the
JavaServer interface to be deployed in the same environment.

Java EE 6 offers a means to configure J2EE servers for use in Java EE 6

applications. This feature is called "runtime component configuration".

In J2EE 1.5, the JavaServer implementer, as defined in Java EE 5, does not

have any effect on the JavaServer implementation-defined in Java EE 6.

Therefore, the JavaServer implementation-defined in Java EE 6 does not

have to be the same as the J2EE 1.5 implementation.

In J2EE 1.5, the JavaServer interface is a JavaInterfaces interface. This

interface was not present in Java EE 5. In Java EE 6, this interface is now a
JavaServer implementation interface. As a consequence, it is possible to
configure JavaServer implementations for deployment with Java EE 6.

When implementing the JavaServer implementation, one could choose to

use a separate implementation of the JavaServer interface, such as a
JavaServer implementation of the java.net namespace, rather than defining
the java.net namespace interface. However, the JavaServer implementation
interface does not include a namespace property. If a container creates a
new JavaServer implementation implementation, it does not have to be the
same as the existing JavaServer implementation.

As an example, suppose that a container creates a container named jcloud-1.

After this container has been created, a java.net namespace container named
jcloud-1 can be added to a different java.net namespace. Then, the container
jcloud-1 can create a JavaServer implementation with the name
java.net.Server on a different namespace, using a different java.net
namespace interface.

If this was the only implementation in the JavaServer implementation, this

would have been the only java.net namespace that would be configured for
use with the container jcloud-1 . However, if this is the only implementation
in the JavaServer implementation, one does not have to explicitly create an
additional jcloud-1 in the java.net namespace. JavaServer implementations
in the java.net namespace can already be created, but one has to explicitly
do this, instead of simply adding a java.net namespace. If this is the only
implementation of the JavaServer interface, then it would be possible to
create a jcloud-1 in the java.net namespace and call an addJcloud function
on the jcloud-1 object, thereby creating a JavaServer implementation
jcloud-1 in the java.net namespace. This would be possible for all the
containers in the java.net namespace. However, this is only possible for the
container jcloud-1 . This feature is called "runtime component
configuration".

There are two different runtime component configuration approaches. A

runtime component configuration based on an existing application can be
configured for use in the same environment as the application. This
approach is called "runtime component configuration based on existing
application".

A runtime component configuration based on a component registration

cannot be modified after the component registration. This approach is called
"runtime component configuration based on a component registration".

In the static runtime component configuration approach, the application

produces an application package, which specifies the JavaServer interface,
and a component registry, which has a set of application classes that are
registered in the component registry. When a container adds a static runtime
component configuration based on an existing application, the application
and the registry can be added as the application:

● The application package specifies the JavaServer implementation,

● The application has the java.net.Server interface specified,
● The application has the java.net namespace configured in the
application,
● The application has the java.net namespace configured in the
application,
● The registry has a set of application classes that are registered in the
component registry,
● The component registry specifies the JavaServer interface,
● The registry has the java.net namespace configured in the registry,
● The component registry specifies the java.net namespace,
● The application package specifies the component registry, and
● The application has the java.net namespace configured in the
application.
● The application package does not include a java.net namespace.

A container adds a static runtime component configuration based on an

existing application, and in the runtime component configuration based on
an existing application, the following can be implemented:

● A Runtime Component Registry that includes a container,

 ● The JavaServer implementation in the container jcloud-1, and
● , and The java.net namespace in the runtime component
configuration based on the existing application.

The runtime component configuration based on the existing application can

be different from the runtime component configuration based on the
existing application. The runtime component configuration based on the
existing application has a virtual in it. This means that the virtual in the
runtime component configuration based on an existing application does not
take effect. The runtime component configuration based on the existing
application has a jcloud in it. This means that the cloud is created with the
existing application. For instance, in a virtual host implementation, the
server and the webserver, this is equivalent to the runtime component
configuration of the existing application with the virtual in it. If the
application packages are virtual hosts, this is equivalent to the runtime
component configuration of the existing application with the jcloud in it.

This approach can also be used with static runtime component

configuration, which consists of the server and web server, but there is no
registry.

This approach does not support the following:

1. Static application components, because the packages need to be built

manually from the java codebase.
2. Dynamic components, because static components need to be added
manually from the server to the registry.

Several frameworks work with this approach, including:

● TailorMade,
● BeaBox,
● BeaSOFT,
● BAOF,
● BeaWSOFT,
 ● Domain-Specific Language

File System Component

The root of a Classpath Component Registry is the application package,

which specifies all of the component registries in a specific top-level
directory. The root of a Classpath Component Registry has its
config.properties file in the component registry, which defines its
config.xml files and the layout of the folder.

Although it may seem like a big step backward, a service manager, an IPC
module, or a component layer with a service manager, an IPC module, or a
component layer with a service manager can also be added as a Classpath
Component Registry.

Database Component Registry

The Database Component Registry is used by the JDBC driver. To register a

database driver as a service manager, you need a repository to identify the
services to the driver. The JDBC driver does not use the registry as the
dependency registry for the drivers, but the registry is used by the IOLib
API for the driver. The same goes for SQL JDBC.

Message Component Registry

The Message Component Registry is used by the Hibernate Message

Service. As a basic example, an input annotation defines the value of a
Hibernate Query, which triggers a Hibernate Entry. The following
demonstrates a basic message component registry.
What features for Java development?

It includes the JSR 336 security enhancements of the JCP standard. It also
contains other changes and enhancements.

It features a secure server model, JAX-RS. It is meant to give better security

and privacy for HTTP calls, especially for SSL connections.

JDK 9 also enables components for the forthcoming HTTP/2, HTTP Basic
Authentication, and as an HTTP header. These components are already
implemented in some environments, but they don’t have a proper API to
make HTTP calls directly.

The DAL (Data Access Layer) is a lightweight API to retrieve data from
one or more Java Persistence Units (JPA, Hibernate, etc.).

As of JDK 9, there is a new Native Call API to access the FFI. It will help
in avoiding the problems of JNI and other JNI issues.

Furthermore, there is a new session proxy and JMX (Java Monitoring and
Eventing) API.

Notable changes in JDK 9

JDK 9 adds a new direct optimization pipeline for garbage collection. This
pipeline is based on a new aggregate-collector design.

Java SE 9 SP1 Update 9 or the “regular” SP1 is expected to be released in

March 2015. If SP1 is released earlier, JDK 9 might also be released with
SP1.
ProdJ99077 New features of JDK 9

There are quite a few significant changes in the JDK 9 JDK. We summarize
the significant changes here.

● Memory reduction and performance improvements.

● Java™ Virtual Machine
● New Compiler: Small Improvements for Smart and Proxy Compilers

The JDK 9 compiler has some optimizations for “smart compilers.” These
include improvements for out-of-bounds array access, out-of-memory, and
heap scans. They also include more and faster operator overloading. The
compiler will now also optimize subexpression elimination, type inference,
and compile-time parallelism for compilers, particularly when moving to
large compilers and static analysis tools.

Improved Exception Handling

This feature contains the type of exception handling that we will have in the
future. It includes “like kind and reference exception handling.” The
compiler will now use a derived type for JavaBean classes and fields, and
whether they are default or not, when an exception is thrown.

It also includes the proper handling of return values, which includes

automatic conversion of return values to type and return values to any
default. The Type system has been significantly improved, for instance, in
JVM arithmetic calculations.

● Performance improvements
● Overhead Hinting
This feature enables the profiling of the code for a particular exception
class. The compiler will inject hints for various overloads of different
JavaException classes, which are then evaluated when profiling the code.
This feature is one of the most efficient in terms of performance.

Separately Generated Type Hints

It enables “separately generated type hints.” This is an experimental feature

and, although it has seen quite a few bugs and issues, its performance has
improved quite a bit. It will improve as we get more compiler feedback and
feedback from applications using it.

Also, the finalization order is checked and replaced, which improves the
jOOQ database.

Null Pointer Exceptions

With this feature, if a value of a static class (such as String ) has a null
pointer, then the static class pointer value will be null. In that case, it is
important to handle the null pointer and to do so correctly, as that can lead
to NullPointerExceptions, which can be very expensive.

Furthermore, this feature enables if-else clauses (that may contain an else
block) to be used on finalizers as a keyword to avoid needless casts of any
type during the call, as explained here.

Optimizations

Highly Parallel Linking for Generic File-Level Processing

The implementation of JDK 9 implements a high level of parallelization for
all types of generic file-level processing.

However, when all programs run with the same prefix of MIME encoding,
the situation becomes rather complex. This requires that the application
passes a special configuration file to the JDK, using the (native) JDK’s
GzipPlugin.

The workaround to this problem is to send the configuration file using

HTTP via the TCP/UDP library. This allows the application to set the
default MIME encoder and cipher settings when it needs to.

New Inline Function Generator

Compilers are designed to generate code that is always as fast as possible.

This is why optimizing compilers like LLVM optimize code in memory and
perform code simplification. The new inline function generator from LLVM
(previously called Polymorphic inline function generator) will perform such
optimizations even on small programs.

This will help boost the performance of languages like CoffeeScript and
TypeScript that natively support languages that are compiled down to
machine code.

In the case of Scala, because Scala includes many functions that compile to
native machine code, this feature will make Scala code faster when the
function is rewritten to take advantage of its ability to optimize in memory
(and also do code simplification).

Null in type inference

Type inference is crucial for any type of system because it can help avoid a
lot of common runtime errors, such as null references. For instance, a null
in a type inference error is simply a matter of how the type system can
recognize when the null value is necessary and when it isn’t.

So, several design decisions have been made by the Scala team to make
type inference as accurate as possible.

A null check is never generated for such types (this is something you can
try to fix by manually setting the type in compile tasks). So, for such types,
if you are unsure if the value of the item will be null, then you must pass an
argument, such as a null value or a reference to another element in an array.

If the types don’t support nullable values, then the value will be null even if
you supply a string value to the method that returns the value (but you may
pass in a null parameter to that method as well, just so you’re not forced to
be explicit about what value to return).

This means that, unlike languages like JavaScript, C#, and Java where you
need to be explicit about what you mean by null, in Scala, you must think in
terms of nullable types. This is a disadvantage when some of these types are
represented with primitive types, but the upside is that type inference in
Scala is so good that this type of issue is very rare.

The last remaining vestige of the old type system is that, if you make a
reference to an object with an instance of the operator and try to set the
value of the instance of the object to null, the compiler will throw an
exception. It will also always throw an exception if you try to pass a value
that the type system believes to be an uninitialized value (i.e., a value
whose type does not include a constructor method). But you can’t define a
failure condition that produces an exception that is a normal case of what
Scala already does in the case of uninitialized arrays, null, and so on.

Favor closed over types

One last area of Scala that can benefit from type inference is one of the least
used Scala types: the first argument to a function. This is a type of the type
AssertionError. This type is effectively a boolean that indicates whether or
not an assertion failed, and it is used for things like logging the first
argument to a function. The call to a method will either succeed (if it
succeeds, then the code in that method was successful) or fail (if it fails,
then the call to the method was unsuccessful).

So, the first argument to a function can be a type that has the type
AssertionError (i.e., either False or Some [Failure]) if you are unsure that
you need to worry about making the first argument optional. In this case,
you are free to say that the argument is of type AssertionError (true if the
argument is the first argument, and true otherwise) or AssertionError (false
if the argument is the first argument, and false otherwise) and not need to
worry about making it a type that includes the value of the first argument.
This, combined with the type inference, means that the first argument to a
function is an uninitialized tuple of value False or Some[Failure] because
type inference has no trouble figuring out what value the function expects
the first argument to be, without any explicit instantiation.

In case you were wondering, the reason that the compiler is smart about not
throwing an AssertionError when the first argument to a function is
uninitialized is that you’re always putting the first argument to a function
into a list, and it is then de-facto an uninitialized tuple. And since in this
case you are guaranteed to put the first argument into a list, and because
lists of tuples always have a single value, there is nothing else that the
compiler is going to worry about. As long as you don’t start passing a list to
a function that expects an uninitialized tuple, the compiler is safe.

In many other cases, the type of the first argument to a function doesn’t
matter. If the function has a few parameters, it may make sense to omit the
first argument if the function is doing some transformation of a large
collection. Or, if the first argument is just something very simple like a
tuple or a function that returns a tuple, it may not matter at all.
Why the first argument matters

But it is important to have the first argument as a function of at least one

parameter. For one thing, you can’t just pass a function that expects an
uninitialized tuple to an actual method that expects a boolean. For another
thing, if the function has an interface type argument, you want to provide a
reasonable default value (or at least a reasonable possible value) for the first
argument to the function. This helps keep things consistent.

Many functions that expect to be called by a different function will need

some extra level of safety in the first argument. For example, suppose you
have a function like this:

● def greet(person: Person, greeting: String) = person.greeting

This function expects to be called from a function that also expects to be

called from a function that expects a string. In that case, if the first
argument is uninitialized, there is no reasonable default value for the first
argument, so you may need to put in an extra step before calling the first
function:

● def greet(person: Person, greeting: String) = person.greeting unless

greeting. nil?

Another place where you need to be sure that the first argument is specified
as uninitialized is if the function returns some sort of value as its second
argument.

For example, suppose that you have a function that takes a Person and
returns a function that will say something to that person. One common way
of doing this is to have the first argument be a constructor that you make a
copy of, and pass to the function, and then assign that copy to the second
argument. In that case, if you make that copy an uninitialized argument,
you’ll need to make sure that the first argument is specified as uninitialized,
or else this program won’t work:

● def greet(person: Person, greeting: String) = person.greeting unless

the person.has last name("Garrity")

If you pass in a string that is expected by the greet function, it will never
make sense to make a copy of the person that you want to greet. In that
case, you may have to provide an extra step:

● def greet(person: Person, greeting: String) = person.greeting unless

greeting. nil?

But there’s another case where you don’t have to worry about the first
argument’s type. Suppose that you have a function that takes a Person and
returns a function that you call with a list of Person and you want the
second argument to be either nil or a string. In that case, you don’t need to
specify the type of the second argument as uninitialized.

You just need to know if the second argument is a list or a string. But if you
have a function that takes a Person and returns a function that you call with
a list of Person and you want the second argument to be either nil or a
string, you have no way to know if the second argument is a list or a string,
so you must specify the type of the second argument to be either a list or a
string, or else you may never know, and so you must provide some extra
step:

● def greet(person: Person, greeting: String) = person.greeting unless

greeting.nil?

This second example works because you can specify the second argument’s
type with a boolean expression, and the parameter passed into the second
argument can either be a list or a string. But the second example is a bit
unsatisfactory because it’s a bit harder to test for the second argument type.
So in the common case, you may want to put in a bit of extra work to
ensure that the second argument is either a list or a string.
Some of the examples from this section will let you understand why you
have to specify the type of the second argument, but it’s not a one-to-one
relationship, and sometimes you may not even be able to say why you need
to specify the type.

For example, suppose that you have a function that takes a Person and
returns a function that you call with a list of Person and you want the
second argument to be either nil or a string. In that case, you don’t need to
specify the type of the second argument’s type, because it could be either a
list or a string. The problem is that this isn’t a one-to-one relationship,
because sometimes the second argument may be a list or a string. What you
may need to do, then, is specify the type of the second argument is nil, and
if you don’t want to specify the second argument’s type, then you may have
to provide an extra step to specify the second argument’s type.

This is somewhat disappointing since I can’t always know why I need to

specify the second argument’s type, but there are a few situations where you
do need to specify the second argument’s type.

One of the situations that I need to use the type of the second argument
quite often is when I’m writing a function that receives a Person and a list
of Persons as arguments, and I want the second argument to be a list or a
string. I should be able to say something like this:

● def function(person: Person, list: List[Person]) = person.greeting,

list.length,

This is a perfectly reasonable statement. Here, I’m specifying that the

second argument is either a list or a string, but you might have a different
need than I do, and it might be that you only need to provide the second
argument’s type if you don’t want to specify the second argument’s type. So
in that case, you’ll want to be able to say:

● def function(person: Person, list: List[Person]) = person.greeting,

list.length
In that case, you could put in a bit of extra work to ensure that the second
argument is a list or a string, but you don’t have to do this, since you can
define your functions with a function parameter without specifying the
second argument’s type. But what if you do want to specify the second
argument’s type?

I’m thinking about a function that’s particularly common to Javascript

functions, which I call typeof and that’s defined as:

● typeof "object"

It seems to me that typeof should be the only case where you would need to
specify the type of the second argument of a function. This is because, if the
second argument’s type is nil , then the value of typeof(object) is either an
object or the string "object". So if the second argument’s type is a string,
then typeof(object) would return a string , and if the second argument’s type
is object , then typeof(object) would return an object . In other words, if the
second argument’s type is nil , then typeof(object) is going to return an
empty string or nil , and if the second argument’s type is object , then
typeof(object) is going to return an object of some sort.

This is all well and good. But this is where it becomes a bit more confusing.
Imagine that we’ve gone back to the old-fashioned typeof(object) and we
have it return a string. Well, then we’ll have typeof(object) return a string if
the second argument is an object, and typeof(object) will return an object if
the second argument is a string. But what if the second argument is nil?
What happens if we put in this code:

● function typeof(object) { var self = this; if (typeof(object) ==

"object") return typeof(object); if (typeof(object) == "string") return
"object string string"; }

Now we’re in a pretty strange situation:

 ● When we call typeof("string", "object string string") ,
typeof("string", "object string string") will return a string.
● When we call typeof("object", "string", "object string string") ,
typeof("object", "string", "string") will return an object.
● When we call typeof("object", "string", "object string string") ,
typeof("object", "string", "string") will return an object of some sort.

Unfortunately, we can’t put in any conditionals on these types:

● if (typeof("object", "string", "object string string") == "string")

return "string";

We’re stuck, and the only way to get out of this situation is to change the
typeof function to return:

● function typeof(object) { var self = this; if (typeof(object) ==

"object") return typeof(object); if (typeof(object) == "string") return
"string string"; }

The tricky part is that this means we can no longer define a function that
returns an object and it has to return a string, or it has to return some sort of
object. The only option is to add a further condition on the return type of
the function:

● function typeof(object) { var self = this; if (typeof(object) ==

"object") return typeof(object); if (typeof(object) == "string") return
"string string string"; }

In my opinion, this doesn’t seem like a very great improvement. It seems

like it’s going to be pretty messy, and I have a strong suspicion that there’s
going to be some problems. It’s hard to avoid the conclusion that
typeof(object) is probably going to need to be changed again, and we’re
going to have to make the return types of functions that return an object and
some sort of object both depend on the type of the first argument.
First, we need to find a function that returns an object in the first argument
but returns a string in the second argument.

A nice enough example that I could find is this one:

● function str() { return "text" ; } function s(val) { return "string" ; }

function b(str) { return s(str) + " " ; }

Now, given this function, we can modify typeof to get back a function that
returns an object and then returns a string, so this code:

● function typeof(object) { var self = this; if (typeof(object) ==

"object") return typeof(object); if (typeof(object) == "string") return
"string string string"; }

Now we can do the same thing we did before:

● function typeof(object) { var self = this; if (typeof(object) ==

"object") return typeof(object); if (typeof(object) == "string") return
"string string string"; }

Now, this isn’t so bad: it works without too much trouble, and it looks much
better than what we had before.

Unfortunately, it’s still going to be a lot of work. In fact, I’d say that
typeof(object) isn’t so great. What I’m going to do is write a function called
checkExpression to do the checking for us:

● function checkExpression(args) { var baseExpression = new

XML.parser(); var expression = args[0]; if (typeof(expression) ==
"string") { baseExpression.parse(expression); } else {
baseExpression.parse(baseExpression.parse(expression)); } }

What is the best IDE for Java development?

There is an IDE for every possible thing. But Java is only a text-based
language, and not everyone understands Java well enough to use Eclipse,
IntelliJ, NetBeans, IntelliJ IDEA, or Visual Studio, to mention some of the
heavy hitters. The right choice for you depends on a lot of factors:
language, quality of tooling, understanding of what is being done and how
it is being done, familiarity with the tools, usability, and other personal
attributes. What does this mean? For the people that don't know what all the
fuss is about, they need to go the obvious route. If you need to get a job
done, if you are paying to get work done, you will find an IDE to suit your
needs and current skills. Otherwise, you will probably need to spend some
time getting up to speed, using a more novice IDE until you are more
comfortable with the current quality of the tooling for Java. Even then, you
may find that you are using an IDE that doesn't meet your needs. In other
words, a novice Java developer should be
Chapter 2 What IDE chooses for Java
programming?

Just like any other language, Java has its share of great and lousy IDE for us
to use. Let's get into it.

As said earlier, it's time to choose an IDE from the available set of options.
It's not an easy task, which is why we're discussing this on a separate blog.

Eclipse IDE

Eclipse, or eSolar, is a leading IDE for the programming language Java, and
one of the most popular programming tools for Linux and Unix. Eclipse is
available for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux and it is free.

It has a rich set of tools to offer. And if you think it's difficult to learn Java
from scratch, this is the IDE that you must try out. Eclipse IDE comes with
built-in courses to help you learn new technologies.

There is an extensive set of tutorials in the Eclipse Learning Center that you
can browse through to quickly learn new Java programming languages. The
great thing about Eclipse is that it's customizable. You can make it to suit
your needs as you go along.

Eclipse also comes with plugins for common development tasks like
website development, database editing, etc.

It's fast to start with and makes development and maintenance simple.

If you're looking for a good IDE that can handle the daily challenges of a
Java programmer, you should try out Eclipse.
NetBeans IDE

NetBeans, or nbDeveloper, is a full-featured Java IDE designed for

Windows and Mac OS X. NetBeans has powerful drag-and-drop features
that make the creation of multi language apps and libraries easy. NetBeans
allows you to use build and deployment tools like Maven, Ant, NuGet, and
Bamboo to build software. NetBeans has strong integration with all of your
other development tools.

What makes NetBeans a very popular choice is its great integration with
Java source code control systems like Git, Mercurial, and SVN. NetBeans
can also be used for developing REST web services and SharePoint
integration.

NetBeans has a rich set of features for HTML, CSS, and Java web
development. The environment also has useful debuggers and profilers. The
IDE has free beta versions of many products such as SPSS, XMind,
Salesforce.com, and JSLint.

NetBeans has a huge support community that is always available for help.
You can find user group events in multiple places, which is a great way to
network and build relationships.

If you're looking for a rich IDE, NetBeans is the best option available.

NetBeans is an open-source IDE for Java developers. You can download

NetBeans from their website to try it out. NetBeans has all of the features
and plugins you could ever want.

The IDE supports a set of standards like XML, HTML, Java, J2EE,
HTML5, CSS, etc. The IDE has a large community of developers that
create and improve it. The community effort has led to quite a few plugins
that are available for NetBeans.
The support for plugins and the quality of support are also excellent. It
comes with an extensive set of features that can easily be customized to
work with your existing tools. For example, NetBeans supports almost
every IDE in the market including Eclipse, Visual Studio, IntelliJ IDEA,
etc.

NetBeans is great for creating GUI applications that are better in terms of
performance.

IntelliJ IDEA

IntelliJ IDEA is an open-source IDE for the Java programming language.

This IDE comes with a huge set of features and plugins to add to it. IntelliJ
IDEA has advanced code completion and command-line tools.

It comes with auto-completion, debugging, code navigation, and syntax

highlighting. IntelliJ IDEA supports more than 50 Java IDEs like Eclipse,
NetBeans, and IntelliJ IDEA Studio.

You can easily integrate your existing development tools with the IntelliJ
IDEA IDE.

IntelliJ IDEA is very popular with enterprise developers and has a huge set
of features. It has easy-to-use wizards for interacting with your various
applications.

IntelliJ IDEA also offers a professional version for enterprise software

developers. With this version, you can control multiple clients and share
information among them.

You can also add custom tools to IntelliJ IDEA that you can use for your
projects. For example, you can easily install an Outlook plugin to simplify
how you send emails in IntelliJ IDEA.
Novation IDE

Novation IDE is a desktop IDE for building Java-based applications and

web services. Novation IDE is built on Eclipse but it has a great set of
features that can easily be upgraded to work on another IDE.

Novation IDE has a powerful debugger that can help you with many
problems with Java programs. You can even integrate Novation IDE with
an external debugger tool like ReSharper and get some really powerful
tools.

Novation IDE has excellent support for other development tools like
Maven, JRuby, Gradle, and Ant.

It has plugins to import/export code like GtkBuilder, GTK+, Scala, Groovy,

PHP, etc.

The support for plugins and cross-platform compatibility is very good. You
can integrate Eclipse plugins with Novation IDE. For example, you can
easily use TeX plugins in Novation IDE.

iDevelop IDE

iDevelop IDE is an open-source IDE for the Java programming language.

iDevelop has a strong focus on building desktop applications and UI design.
The UI editor allows you to easily create forms, drop-down menus, buttons,
lists, buttons, etc.

iDevelop has a lot of third-party plugins for writing Scala, Groovy, Java,
etc. The plugins that are available for iDevelop IDE include various toolkits
and web development libraries.
You can easily add custom extensions to iDevelop IDE to enhance your
development experience. The environment comes with a lot of automated
tooling. iDevelop is designed to make it easy to work with web
applications. It has IntelliJ IDEA features such as UITableViews, etc.

Ardu Pascal

ArduPascal is an open-source programming environment for professional-

level programming. It is designed for C++ and Pascal-based programs.

ArduPascal has the strongest focus on IDE. It provides a strong IDE-like

interface that can help you work with C++ code. The IDE supports a wide
range of features like syntax highlighting, read-eval-print loop, etc. It also
has a limited set of third-party plugins to extend its features.

The support for plugins and third-party tools is excellent. The interface is
designed in a way that you can do pretty much anything you want.

ArduPascal supports a variety of languages including C++, Pascal, Ada,

Java, Go, C#, etc.

Bitbucket CodeSourcery

Bitbucket CodeSourcery IDE is another IDE for the Java programming

language that comes with a large collection of plugins.

CodeSourcery offers several plugin support to speed up the development of

Java applications. Some of the plugins include WebStorm, Ant, SBT,
Uglify, Waf, etc.
The support for plugins and third-party tools is also good. You can easily
create custom tools in CodeSourcery to work with existing and new
libraries.

The interface is very powerful and is similar to Visual Studio. The UI is

very clean and it is easy to use.

JetBrains WebStorm

WebStorm is a free web development IDE that comes with a host of

productivity-enhancing tools. It is not only popular but also has an
extensive community of developers that contributes code to it.

It has the strengths of IDEs like Eclipse and NetBeans. The IDE is focused
on the development of complex web applications. It supports a broad set of
languages like Java, JavaScript, PHP, etc.

The IDE comes with a unique set of features to improve your development
experience. WebStorm comes with a large collection of plugins that are
community-developed and fully open source.

The interface is really clean and provides a great user experience. The
support for plugins and third-party tools is also good.

Xamarin

Xamarin is a free and open-source cross-platform C# IDE. It is available for

macOS, Windows, and Linux platforms. It comes with the support for a lot
of languages including C#, C++, JavaScript, Objective-C, etc.

Xamarin offers a complete set of features that are necessary to create web
and mobile applications. Some of the features that it provides include the
following:

● Multitouch support
● Syncing your code across devices
● Support for C++ and JavaScript
● Built-in web browser

Xamarin ships with an application to build mobile apps and it comes with a
completely free app manager.

The support for plugins and third-party tools is very good. The interface is
very simple and it has a good UI. It also has several third-party tools to
extend its functionality.

Using a simple IDE (Eclipse, NetBeans, Eclipse plug-in) to get started, until
they get more familiar with the tooling for the language and can move on to
something with better support for things like profiling and linting.

Can I start learning Java right now? Obviously. But to do it right, you will
need to educate yourself about the language and the tooling. If you haven't
thought a lot about it, or never tried a language that requires a lot of setups,
try to learn about it in short order and determine if it is something you will
like. In a word: love it. Learn Java the right way: what is involved, what
tools you will need. Do it because you want to, not because it will land you
a high-paying job. Or your choice of IDE. The right way to learn is to
develop your skills and keep developing them to get better at the language.
Of course, the easiest way to learn something new is to just start and see if
you can do it. If you want to learn Java and can't find a good, quick start,
here are some tutorials.

What is the best language for Java development? I don't know if it is better
than any other language for Java development. I do know that there are
different ways to develop in Java. The choice is up to the programmer.

What is the best IDE for Java development? It depends on the needs of the
developers. The correct answer depends on the person using the IDE. Not
every person is the same. People need different things from an IDE. If you
are new to the Java ecosystem, a beginner IDE is probably fine, especially
if you are scripting in Python. If you are comfortable with Java, there are
several compelling choices.

Who uses the most Java programming language?

What is the best IDE for Android development? Probably IntelliJ IDEA. If
you are familiar with Java development, you probably already know. If you
are not, read the following to learn more. It isn't easy to stand out in the
Android development world. Android development is complicated and
there are a lot of players. Many of them have good IDE support, so it is
easy to dismiss the mention of one IDEA over another. Some of the more
recent Android IDEs work a lot better than others. If you are doing Android
development, I highly recommend at least learning about them and their
features before you jump on something. As of this writing, Eclipse and
NetBeans are the IDE of choice for Android developers.

What is the best IDE for iOS development?

Again, it is hard to stand out in the iOS development world. IntelliJ IDEA is
probably the best for Objective C. However, I like Gradle's support for
Eclipse and that makes it worthwhile. It also makes Eclipse very
worthwhile for me. And there is also iOS Development for Eclipse, a pretty
good class designer. It works well with the best IDEs, like IntelliJ IDEA
and Xcode. If you are interested, take a look at this screencast and this
course.
What is the best IDE for Silverlight development?

Unless you are using Silverlight because you have an interest in Silverlight,
you don't need to get any special support. Just go ahead and do it the good
ol' fashion way, using Eclipse.

What is the best IDE for .NET development?

It depends. .NET development is evolving quickly. In general, IDEs that are

integrated with IntelliJ IDEA or Eclipse are good. There is also a class
designer for ASP.NET that works in the most popular IDEs. However, there
is also the Full ActiveState IDE that is also available for .NET
development. It is worth trying out.

How do you learn Java the right way?

Choose a good introduction. One that covers basic Java, syntax, algorithms,
and so forth. Learn it thoroughly. It is a widely used language. Then get
familiar with its world-famous IDE. That will give you a leg up.

What are you seeing that you wish was better in Java?

There are always areas for improvement. That is the nature of software. If
there is an area that needs improvement, you can probably help make it
better by giving your feedback.

What is your favorite IDE for Java development?

I use IntelliJ IDEA for Java development. It is probably the best Java IDE. I
don't use Android Studio for Android development. For Silverlight
development, I use NetBeans, the full ActiveState Eclipse for Silverlight
version. If I need C++, I use Visual Studio.

What IDE should I use? Or, what IDE should I learn first?

Choose an IDE that suits your needs and interests. If you are new to Java,
take a look at IntelliJ IDEA. If you are experienced, go with Eclipse. No
matter which IDE you choose, learn how to use it for everything and then,
try to limit your use of it to one IDE and system. Always keep one version
of a system and one IDE.
Chapter 3 What are plugins for Java
programming?

But what is a Java plugin? How do they differ from other Java
technologies? How do I build a Java plugin in Linux?

Java plugins for .NET

Java plugins are software and libraries that are meant to enhance the
performance of your .NET application or to develop a new one. As the
name suggests, they are very much similar to .NET DLLs (Direct Object
Reference Models). However, they are different and do not need a runtime
environment to work. This makes them the ideal way to develop a new,
custom or in-house, .NET application.

Why should you create a Java plugin for .NET?

These days, the world is very much driven by the use of programming
languages such as Java, Python, Ruby, and many others. They have a huge
market share in terms of the applications that are being developed in these
languages. If you create a plugin for a Java programming language, it will
allow you to sell your product/service to all the .NET programmers.

An additional advantage is that because of their large market share, there is

a big chance that you will be able to attract more people to use your plugin
than if you create a new one for every other programming language.
But how do you create a Java plugin for .NET?

There are many ways to create a Java plugin for .NET. Let’s explore some
of them:

Create a full-fledged Java application to test the compatibility of your

plugin with the .NET runtime.

Develop an official or proprietary tool.

Build a plugin that imports from or exports to external libraries and

implements interfaces that can be accessed through the Java API.

What are the downsides of Java plugins for .NET?

Java plugins for .NET are ideal for small teams. However, they are not very
easy to build. There is an additional cost involved in the development
process and the programming is an additional challenge. The technical
challenges are many and require a large amount of experience and technical
knowledge to build them. This puts an additional burden on developers’
time and makes the development of a Java plugin for .NET more difficult.

What do you need to get started?

It depends on your requirements. Some examples are:

● You need to import some classes from your Java project.

● You need to integrate your plugin with existing plugins and libraries.
● You are building an official or proprietary product.
● You are integrating your plugin with a hosted .NET solution.
● You want to do a first-time, self-made Java plugin.
To get started with the entire process, you can use one of the .NET IDEs
available to do the job or you can use one of the following Java plugin
frameworks that can help you:

● jWidgets
● JSP
● JDK Native
● Domain-Driven Design (DDD) Plugin

How do I add a plugin to my existing project?

To add a new plugin to your .NET project, you need to build a new project.
You can build a new project by using the tools and libraries provided in
your IDE. However, the most commonly used way is to use an online editor
to create the project.

Then, you can find the .NET plugins. The process is different for both of
them. For example, for Visual Studio, you can add a new project in any of
the project templates that you can find. However, in Eclipse, you need to
add a new project to the configuration page. You can find this page by
clicking on the Start → New → Project dropdown menu. It will show the
following page:

Finally, when you click on the button “New Source”, the project will be
created. Then, you can add a source folder and a new package. I will
discuss this section in detail in the following steps.

How do I add a source folder to my .NET project?

To add a source folder to your .NET project, you need to click on the “Add
Project” option in the project wizard.

It also shows the steps to add a source folder. The following section gives
you the detailed step-by-step guide for adding a source folder to your
project.

In the “Project Configuration” screen, there are two tasks:

● Add a source folder.

● Add a new package.

To add a source folder, click on the Add Source Folder option. To add a
new package, click on the Add a new Package option.

Now, add a source folder and the first package by using the menu.

Then, click on the OK button. It will ask you to confirm your change. Click
on the OK button to see the new source folders and the new package.

How do I add a source folder to my .NET project using Eclipse?

To add a source folder to your .NET project in Eclipse.

To add a source folder, add a new source folder. Right-click on the new
source folder and click on “Create folder”. After creating the new source
folder, click on “OK”.

This time, instead of using the “Add a new project” option, you can just
select Add Package.

After you add a source folder and the first package, click on the OK button.
This means that you can add source folders and packages to your project
with Eclipse as well.

How do I add source folders to my .NET project using Visual Studio?

To add a source folder to your .NET project, click on the Add a New
Project option in the project wizard.

At first, it will ask you to check whether you want to use the project
template that you have created previously.

It will show you the following step. Click on the “Add a source folder”
button.

If you check the “Add a source folder source of type X” checkbox, it will
create a new folder that contains the source folders of type X. Click on the
OK button to add the second source folder.

Click on the OK button to add the second source package.

Chapter 4 Do Java and Javascript the same?

In all likelihood, they will be very similar because if anything they are
going to be a better place for you to get your initial exposure, say back into
the center of the internet. But don’t be surprised if you see some quite
obvious differences.

On a very basic level, the distinction between Javascript and Java is that
when Javascript runs on a computer it accesses a separate portion of the
operating system called the network stack and will then run on top of it. The
Java version will be run on the standard operating system, called the
operating system. There is a difference in the semantics of what your
computer does when Javascript runs than when it runs on Java.

The programming languages will be quite similar, but in the context of

actually understanding a business and the specifics of how it’s run the
languages will differ in terms of their semantics. If you are running a
business you will be doing more high-level tasks and the syntax of the
language will be very different than if you are using the language to run as a
hobbyist in the developer’s world.

What should I learn first?

In the case of Javascript, you are probably interested in programming in it

because of the way that Google does its search. The basic functions in
Javascript are very similar to those of Java in that you’ll be able to create
functions with arguments, get function results and return functions, all of
which are Java-like constructs.

You should also consider that Javascript has these two other tricks that Java
doesn’t have, namely closures and anonymous functions. Closures are a
way of defining a block that cannot be accessed in any way, but that you
can access in another function or a block on the stack, and also anonymous
functions are another thing where the function will return a value, but it will
not be in any way bound to the global scope and so that the next function
can call the function, and so forth so that you can pass around variables in a
very natural way. Those are the basic building blocks of Javascript.

You’ll also be looking at functions of smaller and smaller expressions that

in Java are called lambdas, and in the context of Javascript will be function
functions, that will allow you to do things that are very different from the
Java approach, where you can’t pass the variable through a function as you
can in Javascript.

But a lot of the time, if your only exposure to Javascript is from doing
Google searches and from reading about the language on places like Stack
Overflow, you’re going to see a lot of small and very common JavaScript
patterns that you’re going to start learning quite quickly and then as your
understanding and familiarity grow the real fundamental syntax and
language features will be far more complex and won’t be things that you
will understand if you don’t know the smaller and simpler parts of the
language.

My experience is that at some point, no matter how much you study

Javascript, no matter how much code you write, you’re going to hit a point
where you are going to have to read somebody else’s code and that may
take you a while. But for the most part, if you start to study Javascript now,
I would recommend that you begin by learning some programming
languages that aren’t in Javascript, to help your foundation.

Java

Java, on the other hand, is a language designed with the need of running
very large and very diverse, and very complicated systems in mind.
The truth is that not everybody needs to be designing and implementing
their bespoke systems in Java, that’s certainly true of a lot of businesses, but
for the individual developer that is not all that important. In fact, for the
individual developer that is not all that important, but as a programmer, you
are going to want to be learning Java anyway because Java is just the most
powerful and most mature and most highly-regarded of the languages that
most Java developers learn.

Java isn’t a tool for creating websites. A lot of people, including Google,
have given up on the notion of writing a website in Java, they’re going to
use an HTML engine or maybe they’ll use PHP or something like that. But
you should not write your website in Java. You should not design your
website in Java, you should not write your apps in Java, you should use
Java to allow you to write applications that are larger and more complex
than the smallest personal website.

Java has a very comprehensive API. So all sorts of libraries and APIs that
you may want to use are already included, such as the network stuff,
including the Netbeans development environment. And the most important
part of all of that is the fact that as soon as you download a copy of Java
you can create a new Java virtual machine or a separate process that will
allow you to run your Java code in the same browser window that it was
originally written in if you want.

In the context of web development, you’re going to want to do that. So

you’ll use the JDK which is the Java Development Kit to download your
virtual machine. If you’re familiar with Windows XP, you’re going to have
to create a second CD/DVD, and you’ll install that CD on your computer
with all of the tools that you’ll need. That process is almost identical to
what you’ll need to do to install a Windows virtual machine, except for the
fact that you’ll want to add some drivers for your computer so that it’ll
recognize the virtual machine that you’re installing.

Once you’ve made those two CDs or DVD’s you’re ready to go, and now
you can write Java in the same environment that you would use to develop
for Windows or Mac OS X or Linux. The syntax for things like strings,
numbers, variables, lambda functions, iteration, if statements, and so on are
almost the same as they are on those other platforms.

Java is a language that is designed for production applications and most

importantly, as it turns out, there’s very little difference between a
commercial app and a utility application. Utility apps are very common and
very successful and the need to develop those applications is not going to be
a huge hurdle for you once you get started. Utility applications are sort of
designed to be disposable and that is okay, but those are not apps that are
going to stay with you.

The most important thing about Java that everybody needs to know is that
Java is a generally available and publicly released open-source software
package, and that is a big change from what we’ve experienced with
previous versions of Java, such as J2EE which was quite proprietary. Java is
an important part of Sun Microsystems’ strategic plan to get its open-source
strategy up and running with its Virtual Machine.

It is important to understand that Sun Microsystems released Java under an

open-source license, which means that anyone who uses the Java code can
make changes to it and use it in any way that they see fit without paying
Sun for that use.

You can even modify the code and release it as your version, or you can
modify it to develop what is called a plugin for other programming
languages, such as C++, and they call that a “Java Native Interface”. So
Java can be used by other languages. And if you’re using another language,
such as C, for your plugin, then the object model that you’re using in Java
comes directly from the object model that you’re developing in C. The Java
compiler is simply a front end for the object model.

There’s a very nice presentation that Sun Microsystems put together that
shows how that all works. In the YouTube video they've put together to
promote Java, I’ve embedded it at the bottom of this article.
There’s a huge amount of documentation on the web, but of course, if you
want to learn all of that you’ll have to read it yourself, so here are some
sites that provide some information.

There’s also an excellent book that was written by Jeff Atwood, a Web
Designer, and Jeff Atwood created a complete, step by step, tutorial on how
to set up a Java Development Environment.

Some tips for Java developers

I’ve got a couple of different suggestions for Java developers if you’re a

Java developer. You might want to try a JRE on your laptop, instead of
using the system Java, so that if your internet connection is slow or the
machine is having problems, your Java app isn’t going to be impacted
because of that.

If you’re a Java developer working with a team, or you’re planning to join a

team, one of the most important things you can do is understand all of the
different programming languages that are supported by the JRE. There are
five different Java-compliant programming languages that you can use for
developing JRE apps, which I’ve listed for you at the bottom of this article.
They are:

● C
● Haskell
● Groovy
● JavaScript
● Java Servlet and JSF

If you are working with a team, you’ll want to put those all together in a
project directory, and then you’ll want to add the JRE you just downloaded
to that project directory, and that project is going to be the default
application that’s going to be developed within that team.
You’re going to see that each of those languages has been placed into its
directory within the project.

Six functions are used to implement the build process for a JRE app.
They’re called jar files. The process of creating a Java jar file is called
“compiling”, which means that it’s compiling a JAR file, which is a jar file
that has a JAR extension.

But here’s what you need to know: You can use any language that’s
included with the JRE.

The only requirement is that you’ve got to have a Java compiler installed on
your computer, and to use the JRE you’ll need to have a Java app that
you’re using within the JRE.

In this example, we’ve got a data source in the back end that’s importing
SQL tables. I’m not going to go into any great detail about the specific data
source that I’ve been talking about, because there’s a lot of great
information out there about this.

The diagram also shows a JavaBean, which is just a wrapper around a Java
class, and it has this global “Bean” that’s going to be the class name.

This particular JavaBean class has some methods, which are all clearly
outlined here, but if I were to go through and explain what all those
methods do, I’d probably break it up into three different pages, because they
are three separate Java classes.

I’m going to use some really simple Java code here to demonstrate how this
works. The method called “contains” within the JavaBean class is a simple
member function within the class. This method contains one String in an
array.

If you were to run the sample program, the following information would be
printed out:
 ● http://localhost/jdbc/items?
table=items&stored_entity=com.JMCallback
.com.bqn.my_name.co_item

That’s just about all you need to know about that JavaBean, but if you were
to take a look at this in IntelliJ, here’s what it would look like:

In the above JRE project file, you can see the second part of the JavaBean
class, which is called java.jdbcCache, and is a Java class that is stored in a
static data folder.

When this data is imported into a JavaBean class, it’s inserted into a
separate static data folder, and then this class is known as the JRE Cache
class.

Within this JRE Cache class, which is stored inside of the /resources folder,
we have all of the methods that we’ve seen in the previous JavaBean class.

The first method within the JRE Cache class is called “loadFromCache”.
This method has the following parameter that’s going to be filled in with the
name of the JavaBean class that you want to be able to load into a JRE
Cache.

You can use the “application:directory” feature within IntelliJ to select from
the application folder where you’ve been running this Java app, and you can
choose the file “application/com.jmcallback.jdbcCache”. If you chose this
file, then this will be the name of the JavaBean class that you will use to
reference when you’re creating the JRE Cache file within the JRE Cache
project file.

The second method within the JRE Cache class, which is called
“setContentDirectory”, and has the following parameter that’s going to be
filled in with the name of the directory where you want this JRE Cache file
to be placed.
If you chose the “JRE App” folder, then you would just go ahead and
navigate to the “application” directory within this directory.

If you chose the “java.jdbcCache” directory, then you would be able to

navigate to the “JRE Cache” directory within the “java.jdbcCache”
directory.

So in the above, the “application” directory has a class called “JRE”, and
the “java.jdbcCache” directory has a class called “JRECache”. If you
looked in the folder “application” within the “JRE” directory, you would
have seen a class called “java.jdbc.JdbcCache.” So here, this particular
class has two fields, “name” and “url.” When you call the “name” field,
then you’re going to be able to fill in the name of the JavaBean that you
want to load into this JRE Cache file.

The “url” field, here, will be something that we will modify later on in the
article to put in a path to a website where we will be able to get the JRE
Cache file, and this will be stored in the “application” directory of this
particular JRE Cache file.

The third method within the JRE Cache class is called

“getRequestCacheDir”. This method has the following parameter, and it’s
going to return a directory that you can navigate to for accessing the JRE
Cache file.

If you chose to select the “JRE App” folder, then you will be able to
navigate to the “JRE App” folder, and you would have a directory named
“application/com.jmcallback.jdbcCache”.

If you chose to select the “java.jdbcCache” directory, then you would be

able to navigate to the “jdbcCache” directory, and you would have a
directory named “jdbcCache”. If you chose to select the “java.jdbc.Cache”
directory, then you would have a directory named “jdbcCache.” If you
chose to select the “java.jdbc.HttpConfig” directory, then you would have a
directory named “jdbcCache.”
So for this particular Java app that we’re going to be working with, we want
to try to get this JRE Cache file to be stored in the “jdbcCache” directory
within the “jdbcCache” directory.

However, before we can do that, we are going to need to have some Java
files located within the “application” directory that we’re working with. So
we are going to need to go ahead and click on the second tab in our terminal
window, and then click on the third tab. This will be within the folder called
“assets.” Within this folder, we will be able to find two files that we’re
going to want to drag into the terminal window within our workspace
directory.

What are frameworks for Java?

If you are used to working with frameworks, and this is by definition the
majority of Java developers, then please read this article about frameworks
and what they are not. Frameworks are designed to help you use common
functionality, which can be included in the codebase or extracted for
development.

You might think that if your application is fully composed of frameworks

(almost like a library in JavaScript), you should write your code and not
worry about the framework at all. This is true if you follow the guidelines
of microservices, which is exactly how a modern codebase should look like.
You write the code and the framework just provides you with its static
pieces.

But if you want to, for example, write an embedded server that you can run
in your browser or just a web API to expose a static route for clients to
load/list your RESTful API, then there is absolutely no reason to be
thinking of your code as an implementation of some underlying framework.
You can just write the application in pure Java, and the framework will do
the extra bits of work for you.
It is this flexibility that makes frameworks a headache. You might imagine
that the work a framework adds to the code is done for you. The truth is that
most frameworks are designed in such a way that they require a certain way
of thinking about the code you write. Frameworks change the way you
think about how your application is constructed. You don't want to break
your structure, because that can cause a mess.

A quick example: To use JSF for your Java web applications, you must use
the annotations to specify how a Java object should be rendered.

You need this annotation, and you should always use it. It will hide your
code, and make it clear to a developer who is unfamiliar with JSF that this
class should be called MyPresenter and should have its primary() method
called schedule().

Framework design considerations

Now that we got the semantics out of the way, let's talk about the design
choices that made it possible to write a framework in Java in the first place.
I have listed a few of them here, and then I will try to help you understand
what is in a framework.

Aesthetics and syntax

Frameworks are bad because they look bad. They look like a throwback to a
world where everything used XML files to store data. This may not seem
too bad when you're writing a script that runs as a service, but it makes you
start to hate it when you come to write something like a Spring MVC
framework. You want to move towards the platform on which you want to
build an application, but since you are writing a framework, your MVC
code needs to obey all the syntactic norms of the framework that makes it
look pretty.
I said earlier that frameworks are bad because they look bad, but the bad
part is not the fact that it looks ugly. It's the fact that everything needs to
look nice, which adds to the complexity of the project. How can you keep
the modularity of the system when you start adding more dependencies and
classes to it? You are forced to mix more and more clean, modular parts
together to make up a whole, with a level of vertical separation that is quite
annoying.

The same thing happens when you try to write a pure Java framework. Not
only do you need to wrap your code in a peculiar mixture of Java and Scala
to behave like a true framework, but you also need to provide the libraries
necessary to get the framework to understand it. For example, javax.faces
should be a core library for Spring MVC, but you cannot provide it as a
dependency of your project.

It has the same reason as an XML configuration file: it needs to look and
behave like it is designed to be part of a codebase. You don't want to hide it
somewhere where someone can't find it, even if it would help you to
increase its modularity. So, you end up making a huge class with an abstract
set of API that only a developer who has a working knowledge of the
framework can use.

Java, on the other hand, does not have this issue. A programmer who wants
to use a pure Java library, that is designed to be part of a project, can just
use it, without worrying about the framework. Spring MVC is a Java
library, not a framework. It is a good place to start your Web development,
because all the abstractions it provides are pure Java, without worrying
about annotations and when to use them. The Scala team learned from this
to develop Typesafe Scala, which, just like javax.faces, is a Java library.

Scala and MVC

The biggest advantage of using Scala is that it provides the framework from
the ground up for MVC. It's a purely functional language that provides
primitives and procedural abstractions to give you the framework from the
ground up, without additional dependencies. You can just focus on your
application and do all the refactoring in your local IDE. There are some
tricks you can do to make your code more modular by using advanced
concepts like val and valScala (which we will discuss later). However, the
pure Java implementation still provides all the power of the Framework-of-
a-World, and it does it without a headache.

As for the rest of the MVC framework, Spring and MVC, it is just another
Java library. They have many similarities. Spring MVC is based on the JPA
framework, which has been recently rewritten in Scala and can provide a
more declarative API than Java typesafe types. JPA enables a system to
resolve columns and column sets of a database based on columns that are
declared in the entity objects that are created in the controller classes.

In terms of the functional programming concepts that Scala offers, it can be

seen as a generalization of the Scala language. There are no fundamental
changes to the language, which provides libraries to implement imperative
concepts, like setters, predicates, and the like. However, every layer of the
stack that is added to the application, adds abstractions to the code and adds
functional elements. Thus, a major way to extend your application with
functional concepts is to use Scala code within an existing Java application.

Generally, a more functional language will handle more abstract concepts of

the real world. Java, on the other hand, provides more of the imperative
concepts, and more of the more special-purpose techniques used in object-
oriented programming. You can use functions to iterate over arrays, you can
use a callback, you can use multiple return values, etc. In functional
programming, you don't care about any of these abstractions and instead
focus on working with concrete concepts.

MVC and Spring

Spring MVC is a small library that implements the MVC pattern for the
Spring framework, which is a community-driven Java framework that
allows you to extend the native API of Java applications. You don't need to
get this library from somewhere else, it's built into Spring.

In essence, the MVC pattern is a set of methods that are used by a Spring
application, so that you can bootstrap an application and pass the main
parameters that you want to expose into the components of the MVC
structure. Spring takes the template system that you can find in JSF and a
couple of specific annotations that extend the default behavior of the system
and generates an interface to the design, which you can implement using
any convention you like.

For example, you can define the view as a template, and it's perfectly valid
to pass it as an argument to the constructor or to use a specific piece of code
as a view to define the view and get an instance of the view that can be
manipulated. An entity could be a class that you can implement, but it can
also be a lambda expression.

What you have to remember is that the MVC pattern is still a pattern, but
it's one of the most used patterns in the Java programming language. So,
whenever you see it in your code, it's probably part of a web framework,
which is defined as a set of rules for the development of an MVC structure.

Notably, Spring MVC doesn't contain the MVC concept that I spoke about
at the beginning of this article, which is separating models from views and
controllers. The idea is still the same: the view is just a convenient API for
creating a view, which implements the components in an MVC structure,
whereas the controller is a class that inherits from the Spring MVC
Controller class. The model is the implementation of the ViewModel
interface, and the controller is an implementation of the Controller
interface. The problem with Spring MVC is that it doesn't scale very well.
It's an "it works for small projects" kind of pattern. It's an excellent choice if
you are working on something really small, like a little site or something,
but if you want to deploy that web application into production, then you'll
need to look at other patterns.

That is why I suggested in the beginning that if you work on a big web
application, then use an OOP pattern such as Reactive programming.
Reactive programming is an object-oriented paradigm that involves
elements that model reactive behavior (and consequently, it is often
combined with reactive programming) and that allow you to model the real-
world world, where there are real-time systems with many asynchronous
elements and a lot of data flow. Reactive programming is pretty much a
good way to model real-time systems.

Real-time is an abstract concept, but Reactive Programming does help you

to have the ability to handle reactive elements within an abstract set of
concepts that you can model within an OOP environment. Real-time has
been around for a long time, and Reactive programming can be used with
any OOP environment. One example of it is with a database, so you can
read data in real-time and modify that data in real-time while keeping the
state as static as possible. Another example is that you can use REST and
more generally, event-driven programming. You can model real-time as a
stateless functional programming paradigm. I've seen many projects over
the years that are started with a database and that use a variety of reactive
techniques.

Most of the time, Reactive Programming helps you to cope with real-time
systems and reactive elements in a declarative fashion, which allows you to
model things in a declarative way and then to write code to handle those
reactive elements and to deal with the time-critical elements.

If you think of a typical web application that is being developed today,

that's pretty much what you would do with a Reactive programming web
application. I will describe a simple Reactive programming web application
as a case study that you can study in the next section.

Reactive programming in a web application - A real-world case

Earlier I explained that if you have a reactive software problem, then you
usually need to write code to handle the reactive elements, such as making
an HTTP call, reading from a database, processing a request for request
parameters, making an HTTP call, and so on. Reactive programming
usually also involves a bunch of data structures, both structurally and
dynamically. This whole set of data structures, what we would call a
reactive database or a reactive cache, helps us to model the reactivity of the
system.

I will use an example from the Linux operating system to explain how to
build a reactive database. For me, the Linux kernel is the most interesting
single component in the Linux operating system. Most of the systems in the
Linux kernel are just simple examples of very complex systems that we
build in some of our other projects. That is why the kernel is the classic
example of a reactive system and in particular a Reactive system.

The Linux kernel is all about data flow, but in particular about performance.
Let me just state it very simply: if we have a set of users connected to our
network, then we need to handle the influx of user connections in a very
efficient and responsive way, and one way to do it is by having a micro-
kernel that lets the network stack manage the user connections, as well as
the access to hardware such as network interfaces.

I love the idea of having a micro-kernel that lets the network stack manage
user connections, but my favorite part about the kernel is the networking
stack. Every time I turn on my computer, I connect to the Linux kernel in
the hardware layer, and I am connected to all the services that the kernel
provides.

For the user sessions, I connect to the main kernel thread (CPU) in a very
specific way, because I also need to be able to share my device with other
users and to share some of my CPU. The CPU access is managed by the
kernel in the hardware layer. For example, if I have a graphic driver, then I
can use the graphics device directly from the CPU. If I don't use a graphic
driver, then I also connect to the CPU through an IPC service.

However, for a session to connect to the networking stack and to read data
from the network, I have to connect to the kernel. That means that I must
bind to a specific CPU. I can do that either via socket programming or via a
lock that I register with the kernel. You can see that the Kernel is a Reactive
system that allows me to create the session directly from the kernel and also
has this very interesting ability to read from the kernel. This is why I prefer
the networking stack as the core of the Reactive system.

How to Build a Reactive system

A Reactive system in a web application is similar to how a micro-kernel

connects to the kernel in a Linux kernel. This means that for a client to
connect to a Reactive system, we need to create a web application and
connect to the database, as shown in the following diagram:

I want to show how we can combine reactive technologies. We can show

how we can connect to databases and how we can handle queries with a
reactive database using a few different techniques. We will cover a few
techniques to connect to databases in particular here, but we will also show
how we can build a reactive database in general.

In addition to the example application, we will also see the main framework
for implementing reactive technologies in Scala, as well as the most popular
reactive libraries.

Connecting to a reactive database in Scala

As a starting point, let's first create a service that serves as a container for
the database services. The main component that we will need for the app is
a basic dispatcher, which is an interface for the different database services.
This component is responsible for calling the different database services
when the dispatcher receives an action. Here is a sample of this component
in a high-level form:

● import org.scalatest.transducers.Console import

org.scalatest.transducers.Reactive import scala.concurrent.TimeUnit
import org.scalatest.tools.reactive.Network import
scalatest.implicits.UsingRuntimeImplicits var dispatcher:
RuntimeImplicit def getPermissions(handler: Handler): Reactive = {
val options = Handler(handler)(options) return (handler)(options) }
val runningReactor = Server("testdb")(reactive dispatcher) val
operatingReactor = Server(Reactive.class) val queryReactor =
Reactive.class val sessionReactor = Reactive.class Reactive.start()
val databaseConnector =
DatabaseConnector(databaseConnector("testdb")) val
connectionConnector =
DatabaseConnector(connectionConnector("testdb")) val
connectionReactor =
ConnectionReactor(connectionReactor("testdb")) val
databaseConnector: DatabaseConnector =
connectionConnector("testdb") val databaseConnectorFailedReactor
= ConnectionReactor(connectionConnectorFailedReactor)(active
dispatcher) }

To be able to connect to a database, we first need to create a connection and

register it with the database connector. The connectionConnector is a
dispatcher of our data source and holds the connection details for the
database. The database connector contains the database details, for
example, the database name and the table names. To connect to the
database, the dispatcher will create a reactor. In this example, the reactor
will be a basic service that starts an instance of the database connector. The
Reactive framework will automatically register the reactors, so we don't
need to register them manually.
The Reactive framework makes it easy to connect to a database by
extending Reactive.class. Here is the complete constructor that extends
Reactive.class:

● import org.scalatest.transducers.Console import

org.scalatest.transducers.Console.routes import
org.scalatest.tools.reactive.Network import
org.scalatest.implicits.UsingRuntimeImplicits val router =
Router(routes) var reactor: Reactive = new DefaultLoader
reactor.register( new DefaultExecutionListener { override fun
onTransactionSuccess(executor: ExecutionContext, result:
ExecutionResult) { transaction.finishExecution(result) } override fun
onTransactionFailure(executor: ExecutionContext, result:
ExecutionResult) { transaction.failure(result) } override fun onStop()
{ dispatcher.stop() } override fun onStart() { reactor.start() } override
fun onFinish() { reactor.stop() } val currentConnectionFailedReactor
=
connectionConnectorFailedReactor(connectionConnectorFailedReact
or) reactor.connect()

In the constructor, we register the initial state of the Reactive class and all
the necessary endpoints that we can use to interact with the database. The
Reactive class also contains a new DefaultExecutionListener that is
responsible for handling the transaction process.

We call the execute() method that starts the transaction and handles the
result. In case of success, the transaction is completed. In case of a failure,
we catch the exception and call the stop() method, which signals the
termination of the transaction.

To be able to handle the database connection details, we register a new

default execution listener. When the connection is active, we call them on
the transaction success method to perform the transaction. In case of a
failure, we catch the exception and call the stop() method, which signals the
termination of the transaction.

After we handle the database connection details, we have the reference to

the database connection. We can inject it into the reactor using the connect()
method.

● class DatabaseConnector extends Reactive.class { def connection:

Connection = new DefaultConnection("testdb") def reactor: Reactive
= new DefaultLoader reactor.register( new DefaultExecutionListener
{ override fun onTransactionSuccess(executor: ExecutionContext,
result: ExecutionResult) { transaction.finishExecution(result) }
override fun onTransactionFailure(executor: ExecutionContext,
result: ExecutionResult) { transaction.failure(result) } override fun
onStop() { dispatcher.stop() } override fun onStart() { reactor.start() }
override fun onFinish() { reactor.stop() } def onSuccess(transaction:
Transaction): ExecutionResult =
transaction.transactionCompleted(result) def onSuccess(transaction:
Transaction): ExecutionResult = transaction.transactionStarted(result)
} // The constructor needs to add the connection to the network so
that we can // register other reactor after it def
connectionConnector(db: DatabaseConnection) =
DatabaseConnector(db)

We define a new connection listener that registers a connection, which is

used to connect to the database and attaches it to the Reactive class. The
reactor class becomes the receiver of all the calls to the database.

At this point, our thread can run the queries and events. But it’s still
synchronous and can’t do anything else. The next step is to remove the
Synchronous dependency from our run method.

All you have to do is create a new JobBuilder with a timer that runs in the
background and kill the main thread when the timer expires.
 ● val job = JobBuilder() val reactor = reactor() reactor.run(job) 1 2 3 4
5 val job = JobBuilder ( ) val reactor = reactor ( ) reactor . run ( job )

And we get rid of the need for an external thread. All the heavy lifting is
done inside the reactor class.

Run is the default ExecutionListener that is bound to the onStart() method.

In our run method, we call the onUpgrade() method that replaces the
existing receiver with the new one.

While running the actual business logic, the reactor class simply calls our
state transformer onUpdate(). This method is called when we perform the
database transaction, and we can do whatever we want with the data.
Chapter 5 What are tools for Java language?

Imagine that there are several language constructs and facilities available to
you. Some of them, such as inlining or only-functional constructs, will give
you better performance, but might not work for all situations. Some features
improve Java’s safety, readability, or developer productivity, but not
necessarily in a way that they would be advantageous in every situation.
Furthermore, several idioms make it difficult to do certain tasks.

These issues have led some developers to use Java’s tools in many different
ways. For some people, tooling is not very important, but for others, it is
very important. As an example, some people use Eclipse, and other people
use IntelliJ, and the question is whether Eclipse or IntelliJ is better in some
respects. The same goes for the JVM itself. Some people use it in a strictly
single-threaded fashion. Others prefer to use JVM-level optimizations or
JITs. As with so many things, there is no “best” approach, but rather a
spectrum of approaches that will result in different tools for the same
problem. It’s important that you understand the differences between tools
for any given problem, and that you understand the tradeoffs involved, to
make the best decision for your case.

In other words, find a suitable tool for the problem, suggest it to the
developer, and also provide the required configuration to be used. If we
break it down, tooling is something that “picks out” and shows you what to
use, and “suggests” the appropriate tool for the problem. Tools that are too
hard to use will simply not get the developer’s attention (and thus, will not
be used). On the other hand, tools that are too easy to use will likely not be
used at all. If we break it down further, some tasks (e.g., printing ) are
“hard” and require a lot of configuration. Other tasks (e.g., querying ) are
“easy”, and require no configuration. And other tasks (e.g., querying ) are
“not a tool, but rather a method”. And as you can see, there is considerable
variation in this area.
Most developers that we talk to fall into the “too easy” camp, where a
handful of tooling “just works” without any configuration (or at least, much
less than is necessary). Some developers fall into the “not easy” camp,
where they must configure things to be useful (e.g., printing, querying, and
many other things). And some fall into the “not useful” camp, where the
tooling is not used at all because the task is not well suited to any of the
available tooling.

Does the tooling work well?

The following problem statement will be used to assess tooling

effectiveness:

“The purpose of the standard JVM is to allow us to run our Java code in a
single-threaded, low-latency manner. Therefore, in general, we will want
the JVM to operate in a single-threaded, low-latency manner. However, we
have some projects which are probably better suited to multithreaded, high-
latency operations, such as web applications that download images from the
web. These projects would benefit from the use of threads, and the JVM
will likely want to give us the ability to run them in a multi-threaded, high-
latency manner.”

Of course, there are many sub-parts to the statement above, each with a
different level of abstraction. In general, I tend to start with low-level
abstractions and then work my way up, taking into account the concerns of
real developers as I go. In other words, this is a very rough approximation
of what real developers think and not a hard set of requirements.

Does the tool provide the necessary configuration?

For a tool to be useful, it must provide enough configuration to be used.

This is the one that probably seems to trip up most developers, as there are
many ways to configure the tooling.

One way is by making assumptions about how a developer uses the tool
(e.g., “all developers are the same, so let’s configure the tool to run in the
same way across all developers”). That is, if your goal is to provide a
“configurability map” for your tool, you’re probably going to fail.

Another approach is to take the typical way that developers use the tool
(e.g., userland, configuration via the command line, etc.), and then work
backward to design a tool that can function the way users are using the tool
today. That is, make sure that the tool runs on the JVM, and not on some
other processor (which is not the case with Java Web Start).

This leads to another concept that I call “pattern matching”, as it involves

matching the project/app to a specific configuration (which could be a
particular JDK version or even a particular JVM configuration). This can be
done using proxy config files that correspond to the project or application,
and that is parsed to determine which configuration file(s) are appropriate.
(This post gives a good introduction to pattern matching.)

Another approach is to ensure that the tool includes a configuration file for
each supported configuration. This is, however, a somewhat tedious
approach, and is only practical for many smaller projects that have only a
single configuration. There are also several concerns about mixing the
configuration files: what happens if you need to switch between the same
JDK version, but you have two different configurations? The configuration
files are also different, so you can’t reuse configuration files between
projects.

So, the question is: how do you provide a configuration in the right format
for a given configuration?
Is the configuration properly organized?

Sometimes, you have to focus on the details. You need a file where you can
store the configuration, and you need to make sure that the file contains the
proper options. At the same time, you want the configuration to be easy to
read.

Is the configuration customizable?

Of course, if the configuration is not easily modified, the tooling is of

limited use. What about the configuration? Do you want it to be editable?
(You can’t do that for Java Web Start.)

Finally, the configuration is a little different with Web Start. In a similar

vein to the level of abstraction, there are many ways to configure the tool to
work on the JVM. Web Start, however, provides some flexibility on how
that configuration is created: there is a native configuration parser that it
supports, and can modify the program to work on different JVM’s (e.g.,
among the JVMs that Oracle supports).

As such, Web Start offers developers much greater flexibility in how the
configuration is created.

The Future

There are many ways to define the configuration schema for a tool. Some
take a “configuration map” approach, whereas others use configuration file
patterns. One thing is for certain, though: any tool that provides the ability
to create a configuration in the tooling will need to provide the proper
format for a particular configuration, and the proper format varies based on
the tools and configurations. (I have not investigated how to provide config
support for just the one tool that allows you to create a single configuration,
but it is certainly possible.)

As part of the ongoing development of PostgreSQL Console, we’ve created

a prototype solution that provides support for configuration files for
PostgreSQL, JRockit, and Percona XtraDB. (We’re calling it the Percona
XtraDB Console.)

Rather than having to develop a similar solution for PostgreSQL Console,

for our next major release, we’ll focus on extending the capability for user-
written types to be used with the existing provider.

The first suggestion was to add the type parameter to the pathname attribute
of the client created by the configuration. This type name would then have
to be prefixed by the type name of the schema file so that if you wanted to
create a new type that had a configuration that was different from that in the
type, you would need to specify the file that contained the configuration
type.

This, however, would require developers to be even more explicit about the
types they wanted to use: they would need to specify a value for the
configuration type, and they would need to use an explicit type name.

Another option is to extend the System.IO.Configuration interface (which

was designed for .NET 4.6.) This interface provides a means to create new
types, as long as they conform to the System.IO.Configuration.Types
interface (since System.IO.Configuration.Types is not part of the
System.IO. Type System, it would need to be built-in). As such, we could
provide a module in the API that would accept a TypeBuilder, which
provides a declaration language for creating new types. The type builder
would then return a TypeBuilderValue type, which is a simple wrapper for a
type that could be used to access its configuration property.

A future goal is to add the configuration type to the Provider‘s namespace

so that it becomes something that could be built into the tooling.
Another option is to try a similar solution for config files, that would allow
developers to create a file in the tool’s “config” directory, and import it into
the tool using a single line, rather than requiring multiple lines as the
existing configuration.

As such, we are investigating the possibility of providing something like the

following:

● # create a new type in files "settings" . "{"ConfigFileType" . "

{"configFilePath" . "}" # import this type in the type builder defined
in the tooling object provider "TypeBuilder" . new "ConfigFileType"
. configFilePath "{"configFileType" . "{"configFilePath" . "}"

But, as I mentioned at the outset, this raises a concern about what to name
these different types. This idea is consistent with the idea of providing a
common set of classes for types that come in the tooling so that it can offer
the ability to create different kinds of types that adhere to the same API. For
example, there could be one class that conforms to the Base class, one that
conforms to the ConfigAttribute class, one that conforms to the
ConfigAttributeConstraint class, etc.

Of course, we can’t use this idea for the TypeBuilder interface that is part of
the System.IO.Type System. As such, we have a choice: either we can
expand the System.IO.Type System classes (in a similar fashion that it was
expanded with the change from Connection to ConnectionBuilder ) to
support more types, or we can add a specific design that would require
developers to explicitly specify what kinds of the type they are using.

Structural improvements

The other big topic that came up during the discussions was the ability to
make structural changes to the TypeBuilder interface. Currently, these
changes are only supported on the WFT and TypeProvider interfaces, but
we would like to expand this support to many of the other types, such as the
WCF-type providers.

Right now, if the user chooses to replace the built-in type, they are forced to
remove it from the TypeBuilder interface. To use a type that has not been
defined on the interface, they would need to provide an extra constructor
argument.

This is a nice feature when you’re working with the WCF providers, but it
becomes more complicated when you have a type that already exists in the
tooling. For example, we may have a type called CustomType, which is
implemented in the TypeBuilder interface, but the type is already defined on
the WCF providers. This can be considered a separate “type” and should be
treated as such. If the user were to change the TypeBuilder interface, they
would need to modify the types that they are using, since their constructor
argument would need to be different.

So what are some possible solutions for this? One of the ideas is to change
the TypeBuilder interface so that instead of providing a constructor for the
types that do not currently exist on the interface, you provide a constructor
for the type in question, which has a method signature that allows for
different types.

Another idea is to implement the constructor for the type so that it provides
the constructors for all of the interfaces that it can be used with, and then
the user should be able to do the right thing.
Chapter 6 How to learn Java programming
language?

For those who want to learn the Java programming language, here are a few
step-by-step guidelines that should help you:

Don't get confused by the Java programming language syntax. There are
some major languages like C++, C#, and some minor languages. The syntax
of Java is like all the other syntaxes.

If you have zero experience with Java programming, try getting an intro
course. If you already know Java, then this tutorial can help you.

If you are ready to get started with learning Java programming

language, follow these steps:

Step 1: Setup a java environment

First of all, you need to have a java environment. You can either use
Windows or Mac OSX. I strongly recommend Mac OSX for this tutorial
because of the cross-platform features. If you are using windows then you
can try the VMWare Fusion, which allows you to run different operating
systems simultaneously.

Step 2: Download the official Oracle Java 8

The official Oracle Java 8 is recommended for you to use for learning the
Java programming language. You can also use Oracle Java 8-and-1 edition.

Step 3: Download Scala 2.11 or Joda Time

The official Scala and Joda Time are also recommended.

Step 4: Download and install the Gradle Builder

You will need the Gradle Builder to work with Scala and Java 9.

Step 5: Install the JAVA 9 (or Java 8) JDK and JDK 9 (or Java 8) JDK

If you have installed Oracle JDK, then you have to install the JDK 9 or Java
8 JDK and the JDK 9. Don't forget that JDK is not an acronym. It stands for
Java Development Kit. If you want to learn Java programming language,
then don't use the old JDK because the Java version now stands at 9.

Step 6: Download and install the Kotlin Project

Kotlin is a language developed by JetBrains, a popular programming

language company. You can learn Kotlin by following the instructions here.

Step 7: Run the Kotlin Developer Studio

After you have downloaded the JAVA 9 JDK and the Kotlin JDK, then you
need to use the Kotlin Developer Studio. To run the Kotlin Developer
Studio, you need to install the Kotlin IDE.

Step 8: Switch to the Kotlin Developer Studio and create a project

To build Kotlin language and have it run in a Java program, you need to use
the Kotlin IDE.

Step 9: Create a Kotlin project by entering the same file name as the Java
project

The next step is to create a Kotlin project in Java. In the next step, you need
to use the same file name as the Java project.

Step 10: Create a Project file by entering the same name as the Java project
Now, you need to create a project file in Kotlin language and have it called
with the same name as the Java project.

Step 11: Add a class to your Kotlin file

In the next step, you need to add a class to your Kotlin file.

Step 12: Add the Property Field

After adding the property field, then you need to compile and run the Java
program by using the Java Compiler.

Step 13: Adding a lambda expression

You have to add a lambda expression in the next step.

Step 14: Extract one of the lines to produce an object

The next step is to extract a single line of the Java program to create an
object. In this step, you need to extract one of the lines of the Java program.

Step 15: Extract a Parameter from Java code

After extracting a parameter from the Java program, then you have to run
the Java program with the value of this parameter.

Step 16: Create a lambda expression from a Java class

In the next step, you have to create a lambda expression from a Java class.

Step 17: Extract the Parameter

After the lambda expression, then you need to extract the parameter.

Step 18: Extract the Private field

After extracting the private parameter, then you have to compile and run the
Java program with this parameter.

Step 19: Extract a method from Java code

You have to extract a method from the Java code.

Step 20: Extract the Arguments field

After extracting the parameters, then you have to compile and run the Java
program with this parameter.

Step 21: Extract the Value from Java code

After extracting the value from the Java code, then you have to compile and
run the Java program with this value.

Step 22: Extract a Static Field

After extracting a static field, then you have to compile and run the Java
program with this field.

Step 23: Extract a Type

After extracting a type, then you have to compile and run the Java program
with this type.

Step 24: Extract another method from Java code

After extracting a static method from the Java code, then you have to
compile and run the Java program with this method.

Step 25: Extract another parameter from Java code

After extracting a parameter from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this parameter.
Step 26: Extract a local variable from Java code

After extracting a local variable from the Java code, then you have to
compile and run the Java program with this variable.

Step 27: Extract a String from Java code

After extracting a String from the Java code, then you have to compile and
run the Java program with this string.

Step 28: Extract a Boolean from Java code

After extracting a Boolean from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this Boolean.

Step 29: Extract a Number from Java code

After extracting a Number from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this number.

Step 30: Extract an Object from Java code

After extracting an Object from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this Object.

Step 31: Extract a Parameter from Java code

After extracting a parameter from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this parameter.

Step 32: Extract the Parameter Parameter from Java code

After extracting a parameter from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this parameter.
Step 33: Extract a Parameter Parameter from Java code

After extracting a parameter from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this parameter.

Step 34: Extract a Method from Java code

After extracting a method from the Java code, then you have to compile and
run the Java program with this method.

Step 35: Extract another method from Java code

After extracting another method from the Java code, then you have to
compile and run the Java program with this method.

Step 36: Extract an Object from Java code

After extracting an Object from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this object.

Step 37: Extract an Object from Java code

After extracting an Object from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this object.

Step 38: Extract another Parameter from Java code

After extracting a parameter from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this parameter.

Step 39: Extract another Method from Java code

After extracting another method from the Java code, then you have to
compile and run the Java program with this method.

Step 40: Extract another Parameter from Java code

After extracting a parameter from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this parameter.

Step 41: Extract a Resource from Java code

After extracting a Resource from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this resource.

Step 42: Extract another Resource from Java code

After extracting another Resource from the Java code, then you have to
compile and run the Java program with this resource.

Step 43: Extract another parameter from Java code

After extracting another parameter from the Java code, then you have to
compile and run the Java program with this parameter.

Step 44: Extract a Parameter Parameter from Java code

After extracting a Parameter from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this parameter.

Step 45: Extract another Method from Java code

After extracting another Method from the Java code, then you have to
compile and run the Java program with this method.

Step 46: Extract another Parameter from Java code

After extracting another Parameter from the Java code, then you have to
compile and run the Java program with this parameter.

Step 47: Extract another Method from Java code

After extracting another Method from the Java code, then you have to
compile and run the Java program with this method.

Step 48: Extract a Parameter from Java code

After extracting a Parameter from the Java code, then you have to compile
and run the Java program with this parameter.

Step 49: Extract another Parameter from Java code

After extracting another Parameter from the Java code, then you have to
compile and run the Java program with this parameter.

Step 50: Extract another Method from Java code

After extracting another Method from the Java code, then you have to
compile and run the Java program with this method.

How to learn Java programming?

My biggest problem as a Java developer is that I lack confidence in

programming in the programming language. It took me several years to get
a knack for programming in Java. Don't ask me about my C# skills. I have
no idea. I am lucky to have a wife that is a professional IT recruiter for
some of the biggest and the best organizations in the country. She is also an
experienced Java developer and supports me and teaches me. The fact that I
am married to her to this day has done wonders for my Java skills. I have
the highest regard for fellow Java developers who've had to do a lot of Java
to Java conversions on their own. The Java language, especially if it is a
Java 2, has a lot of manual bookkeeping. For some reason, I keep on
reading books and learning things about memory safety and other aspects of
Java, which I had to do. I think the reason is my impatience.

In the book "Risking My Career by Writing My Own Java Module" by

Steve Freeman, he tells a story about hiring a new Java developer who was
new to programming. At his first training session, the developer asked what
the difference was between a Constant and a ConstantField in Java.

Freeman explained what a constant was and how he constructs his class in
Java. The developer said he'd never seen anything like that before and
wondered how it was possible to create a constant field in Java. "The hard
part is to design your program to be correct in every detail, but especially to
design your program so that things don't crash when they shouldn't and to
do so in such a way that it's impossible to guess how the program will
behave in a given situation," Freeman said.

This reminded me of my initial Java programming experience. How much

more incredible is that story than the trivial anecdote about the Java
developer who never heard of and couldn't construct a constant field in the
first place?

Here are a few questions you should consider when learning Java
programming:

What is a constant?

A constant is an integer or floating-point value. It does not have a single

possible value. If you have a floating-point number, you should expect that
it will have a single possible value. For example, in Java, a floating-point
number is represented as a 32-bit integer, and the two possible values are
2.71828182845e-18 and 2.71828182845e-15. An integer is represented as a
32-bit floating-point number, and the two possible values are 0.5 and 1.0.

When you start learning Java programming, remember the hard fact that a
number is always a number.

You should expect to write at least one line of code that will get you a
definite answer in terms of the number that you got from reading a page of
a book. For example, if you want to know what the largest prime number in
the range of 2 to the number you just read is, you can get a reliable answer
from a book.

What's the largest prime number?

It's 253.
In other words, the largest prime number is 253.

You should also know that you can use an Integer field with many different
non-constant default values. They are present in every class and should not
be used.

You should also know that there are many different ways of designing your
object. If you change your mind later, you can change the default value of a
field. For example, you can change the default value of a field in Int from
0.5 to 1, or you can change it from 0.5 to 2.71828182845e-15.

What is a constant(T) in Java?

A constant is a variable used as a constant, and the variable has the same
name as the constant.

Example:

● class ParameterizedInteger<T> { static Integer constant1 = T; static

Integer constant2 = T; static Integer constant3 = T; static int final
constant = 0; public static int defaultValue = constant; public static T
value = constant; private int maxValue; private int minValue; private
int stepSize; public static void setDefaultValue(T value) { if(value <=
0) { value = value.toString(); } else if(value > maxValue) { value =
value.toString(); } else if(value < minValue) { value =
value.toString(); } else { value = 0; } } public static void
 setMaxValue(T value) { maxValue = value.toString(); } public static
void setMinValue(T value) { minValue = value.toString(); } public
static int getValue() { return value; } public static T getValues() {
return values; } public static void setValues(T values) {
values.Clear(); values.Add(new ParameterizedInteger<T>(values)); }
public static T getValues() { return values; } }

Note: If you have a question about Java, remember the saying, "Always use
tools that can show you the same thing twice." Use a variety of tools in your
programming work, such as a sheet calculator, a DDE view, and a compiler.

How do you define the type of a parameter?

You can define a parameter of a class by declaring a default value or by

declaring the type of the parameter. For example, the default parameter in
the Integer class is also Integer. In this case, a default parameter is a
parameter with the type Integer. You can also define the type as being
ConstInt or Comparable.

Create a new package and add the following code:

● public class ParameterizedInteger<T> { public T value; public

ConstInt value; public Comparable<T> valueComparator; public T
getValue() { return value; } public static T getValues() { return
values; } }

Now, create another new class, named Integer and in it, add the following
code:

● public class Integer implements ParameterizedInteger<T> { public

Integer value; public T getValue() { return value; } public static T
getValues() { return values; } }

You can change the parameter declaration in the class like this:
 ● public class ParameterizedInteger<T> { public T value; public
ConstInt value; public Comparable<T> valueComparator; public T
getValue() { return value; } public static T getValues() { return
values; } }

It's important to know that when you create the parameter declaration in the
parameterized class, you should have different versions of the parameter.

In the first version, you should have T for the type of the parameter.

In the second version, you should have ConstInt for the type of the
parameter.

Here is an example:

● public class ExampleParameterizedInteger<T> { public T value;

public ConstInt valueComparator; public T getValue() { return
valueComparator.compare(value.getValue()); } public static T
getValues() { return values; } }

How do you return the value of a parameter in a method?

You can return the parameter value like this:

● public class ParameterizedInteger<T> { public T value; public

ConstInt valueComparator; public T getValue() { return
valueComparator.compare(value.getValue()); } public static T
getValues() { return values; } }

Here is the implementation of the parameterized class:

 ● public class ParameterizedInteger<T> { public T value; public
ConstInt valueComparator; public T getValue() { return
valueComparator.compare(value.getValue()); } public static T
getValues() { return values; } }

The parameterized class definition with the parameter definition with the
equals sign is part of the parameterized classes in the parameterization
package. You can also add other parameter types to the parameterized
classes.

What are the methods of the parameterized classes?

In a parameterized class, you have to declare one or more methods. In this

class, there are two method declarations:

● public void compare(T value, T comparator) { if (value ==

comparator) { return; } } public void returnValue(T value) { return
value; }

The compare() method compares the parameter value with the value of the
parameter in the comparator.

The return value() method returns the value of the parameter. You can call
the returnValue() method with the parameter reference as the first
parameter.

Do you have to create a class and implement methods with the

parameters of the parameterized classes?

No. There is a class named ParameterizedMethod and in it, there is one

class named ParameterizedMethodBuilder that you can use for
parameterizing your method definitions.

How to add a ParameterizedMethodBuilder to a parameterized class?

The ParameterizedMethodBuilder class is implemented as a

ServiceProvider and you can register the ParameterizedMethodBuilder into
a parameterized class. Here is an example:

● public class ExampleParameterizedMethodBuilder { public

ParameterizedMethodBuilder(ServiceProviderParameterizedMethod
BuilderBuilderProvider) { this.ParameterizedMethodBuilderProvider
= ParameterizedMethodBuilderProvider.create(); } public
ParameterizedMethodBuilderBuilder create() {
this.ParameterizedMethodBuilderProvider.register(new
ParameterizedMethodBuilder(NewParameterizedParameterizerProvid
er.class)); return this; } }

The ParameterizedMethodBuilder is an instance of the ServiceProvider. In a

parameterized class, there is no instance of the ServiceProvider, so
ParameterizedMethodBuilder uses the service provider for the
parameterized class.

Do you have to create a custom implementation of a custom class in

order to call the methods of the parameterized classes?

No. You can call the methods of the parameterized classes like this:

● public class ParameterizedType<T> { public T value; public bool

equals; public T getValue() { return value.getValue(); } public void
 setValue(T value) { this.value = value; } public static T getValues() {
return values; } }

The ParameterizedType<T> is an instance of the CustomType class. You

can also create a new parameterized type with the initializer:

● public class CustomType<T> { public CustomType(T t) { t = t; }

public CustomType(T value) { t = value; } public void setValue(T
value) { this.value = value; } public void setNumber(int number) {
this.number = number; } public void setNoEqual(bool isEqual) {
this.noEqual = isEqual; } public int getNoEqual() { return noEqual; }
}

You can create another parameterized type as an interface and call the
methods with the parameter as an argument.

This is the same as this code:

● public interface CustomType<T> { public T value; } public class

CustomType<T> implements CustomType<T> { public T value;
public CustomType(T value) { this.value = value; } public
CustomType(T value) { this.value = value; } public void setValue(T
value) { this.value = value; } public void setNoEqual(bool isEqual) {
this.noEqual = isEqual; } public int getNoEqual() { return noEqual; }
}

Here is a code example for creating an instance of the CustomType<T>

interface:

● public class CustomType<T> implements CustomType<T> { public

T value; public T value; public CustomType(T value) { this.value =
value; } public CustomType(T value) { this.value = value; } public
CustomType(T value) { this.value = value; } public int getNoEqual()
{ return noEqual; } }
How to use a parameterized class as a parameterized class?

There is a ParameterizedType<T> that represents an instance of a

parameterized class, so you can call the methods of a parameterized class
like this:

● ParameterizedType<T> myComponent; void

doSomethingMethod(InputInputMyComponentInput, MyComponent
myComponent) { myComponent.value.setValue(1);
myComponent.value.setNumber(9); }

Do parameterized classes have to be subclassed?

No. The parameterized classes just use the static methods of the
parameterized classes.

Can I call the methods of the parameterized classes like this:

● public class ParameterizedType<T> { public T value; public bool

equals; public T getValue() { return value.getValue(); } public void
setValue(T value) { this.value = value; } public void setEqual(bool
isEqual) { this.noEqual = isEqual; } public int getNoEqual() { return
noEqual; } public int getNoEqual() { return noEqual; } }

I want to add my own custom parameters to the CustomType class and have
them available through parameterized methods. For instance, I can put a
number and a string as parameters and call these parameters by passing a
parameter as a tuple:

● public class CustomType<T> implements CustomType<T> { public

CustomType(T value) { this.value = value; } public CustomType(T
value, string name) { this.value = value, name; } public
CustomType(T value, int number) { this.value = number, name; }
public CustomType(T value, bool equals) { this.noEqual = equals; }
public CustomType(T value, int noEqual) { this.noEqual = noEqual;
} public T getValue() { return value.getValue(); } public
CustomType(T value) { this.value = value; } public CustomType(T
value, int noNumber) { this.noNumber = noNumber; } public int
getNoNumber() { return noNumber; } public int getNoNumber() {
return noNumber; } }

What is the difference between a weak parameterized class and a

strong one?

The difference is that the parameterized class is “inherited” from the base
parameterized class, but not “entitlement”. If you use a weak parameterized
class, the parameter can be changed by its child classes.

For instance, in the CustomType class, you could have changed the value of
the parameter so that it has no effect. If the parameter parameterized class is
a WeakParameterizedType<T>, it would still be inherit from the base class,
so you would still have to call the method as in the following example:

● public class CustomType<T> { public WeakParameterizedType<T>

(T value) { this.value = value; } public WeakParameterizedType<T>
(T value, string name) { this.value = name; } public
WeakParameterizedType<T>(T value, int number) { this.value =
number; } public WeakParameterizedType<T>(T value, bool equals)
 { this.noEqual = equals; } public WeakParameterizedType<T>(T
value, int noNumber) { this.noNumber = noNumber; } public T
getValue() { return value.getValue(); } public
WeakParameterizedType<T>(T value, string name) { this.value =
name; } public WeakParameterizedType<T>(T value, int noNumber)
{ this.noNumber = noNumber; } public void setValue(T value) {
this.value = value; } public void setNoEqual(bool isEqual) {
this.noEqual = isEqual; } public int getNoEqual() { return noEqual; }
public int getNoEqual() { return noEqual; } }

You could change the parameter so that the value is changed to null , and
you’d still be calling the same methods that you’d be calling with a strong
parameterized class:

● public class CustomType<T> { public CustomType(T value) {

this.value = value; } public CustomType(T value, string name) {
this.value = name; } public CustomType(T value, int number) {
this.value = number; } public CustomType(T value, bool equals) {
this.noEqual = equals; } public CustomType(T value, int noNumber)
{ this.noNumber = noNumber; } public T getValue() { return
value.getValue(); } public void setValue(T value) { this.value =
value; } public void setNoEqual(bool isEqual) { this.noEqual =
isEqual; } public int getNoEqual() { return noEqual; } public int
getNoEqual() { return noEqual; } }
Chapter 7 How to use Java programming
libraries?

Before we get started, it’s important to note that Java programming libraries
(sometimes called Java libraries) are just a part of the Java language. We
should understand them and how they can help us, but in no way should we
think of them as an alternative to writing our code. With that out of the way,
here are the most important things you need to know about writing Java
programs using libraries and with libraries.

The Best of both worlds: Libraries for Java programming.

When you’re developing programs, Java libraries offer you an excellent

option for solving a wide range of problems. It’s so convenient! It’s a relief,
especially if you have to solve a lot of similar problems over and over
again. They simplify the job of writing programs. And it’s all because they
take care of most of the details for you: you just need to write your program
and they take care of the rest.

They can save you from writing a lot of tedious tasks, like security checks,
for example, or code that requires tedious type-checks to perform correctly.

Some of the many uses for Java libraries.

However, before you start using a Java library, make sure you’re familiar
with it. There are many Java libraries. Some, such as those that handle SQL,
XML, and JSON strings, are quite specific to a certain programming
language. Others, such as those provided by the Java compiler itself, tend to
come with a large codebase and provide a lot of utility for the average Java
programmer.
The beauty of libraries is that they let you write as much code as you need
for your project. You don’t have to worry about managing and maintaining
your code in the same way you’d have to do if you were doing it by
yourself. You can add new functionality to a library with just a few lines of
code. The last thing you want to worry about is finding out which function
you’re using is new to the library, or whether it has been updated recently.
Libraries take care of that for you!

In addition, you can easily use a library without having to write anything
from scratch. With a good library, you don’t need to write a single line of
code to make it work. This is also a very useful feature.

Not so easy to use: Libraries require some effort

The other characteristic of libraries is that they are not easily accessible.
They often require you to create and register a full-fledged project in order
to use it. Sometimes they have different registration schemes. But then, it
might require you to write different, customized code for every single
library you use. The tasks needed to use some libraries, especially complex
libraries, might seem daunting.

Another difficult aspect of using libraries is that they can have different
interfaces. You have to study how they work, how to use them, and what
you can do with them, in order to fully grasp the utility they provide and the
final implementation of your program.

Finally, some libraries contain substantial code. If you use them, you’ll
have to spend time understanding all their pieces in order to use them. Even
worse, sometimes there are incompatibilities between libraries. This usually
means that you can’t reuse or integrate libraries without making changes.
This can be even more annoying because you have to fix the resulting
program, which you may have already created, in a different way.
What are some of the problems you face when using Java libraries?

I’ll discuss the problems you can encounter when using libraries in Java. As
you will see, sometimes it can be hard to see the forest for the trees, which
is something that libraries are especially good at.

Let’s start with some general problems, then we’ll get into a few libraries’
specific problems.

Scalability

Scalability is one of the big problems of using libraries in Java. With lots of
developers writing lots of programs in Java, sometimes the systems get
overwhelmed. As a result, a lot of your code is being run by the same
server.

In particular, a very large number of users using a single site (or worse,
trying to use the same code to deal with a large number of users) can lead to
it “quaking” under the weight of too many concurrent users. This is called
jitter.

It’s easy to find out how jitter works and prevent it in your applications.
One way to prevent jitter is to keep the load on the server low enough that
you’re not crashing and have to restart the whole application for jitter to go
away.

Another way is to use a CDN and keep your application outside the
application’s main server. In this case, the load is distributed across several
servers. But, keep in mind that when applications run on the same server
they tend to get more and more similar in terms of functionality.

One common solution to the jitter problem is to use a service like Level3
CDN. You give Level3 the URL of your application and the CDN takes
care of moving your code from the main server to the CDN server and on to
your users, so you don’t have to worry about any jitter. This has the
potential to decrease your Java application’s response time, even on a large
scale.

Instance-based Data Structures

There are two types of data structures in Java: Object and array-based.

Array-based data structures allow you to store a group of objects in a single

list, but they don’t let you assign or change any of the objects in the list. If
you wanted to, you could replicate a particular item in the list by doing
something like:

● int [] anItem = new int [list.length -1] ;

Object-based data structures provide similar functionality, but they also

provide a way to modify an item at a given point in the list.

If you were to create an array of objects, you could have an item in the
array with the same name as an item that is already in the array. If you then
modified the original item, you would have to change the reference in your
array.

The problem with this is that once you modify an item, then the entire array
is changed. Therefore, object-based data structures are less scalable than
array-based data structures.

In addition, the amount of space required to store a large object is usually a

limiting factor with many large data structures. If you want to store a ton of
large objects, you can use a big data structure such as a graph, hash table, or
matrix.
The best comparison that I can make is the following:

Array-based

Array-based objects can be very large in terms of RAM and disk space and
have a lot of efficiency problems. One of the ways to solve these problems
is to use a cache, which should keep all the data in memory. You can put the
cache in a variable and then assign an object from the cache when you need
the data.

Struct-based

Struct-based data structures allow you to define a structure and make some
of its member variables private. Then, whenever you need a member
variable you make it available via its interface so that you only have to
apply it to the data structure and it doesn’t have to be passed around to all
the members. It should be noted that this is sometimes a better fit for the
structure and should not be used if you want to keep the structure private
and allow each member to be updated independently of the whole structure.

In other words, you can have a Struct as follows:

● struct Patient { String name ; Integer age ; String address ; } ;

In this case, you don’t have to worry about the members being passed from
one class to the next, but they are still available via their interfaces.

Another advantage of struct-based structures is that they allow you to add

an optional member to the data structure, which the object exposes via its
interface. Therefore, you can have more than one component of a structured
data structure, which means that they can be smaller than arrays.

Array-based data structures offer very good performance, especially when

you have very large objects that don’t need to be updated often, such as big
databases or maps.

Java has a very interesting data structure called the hash table, which is
used for large-scale object-oriented databases. But, in Java, you need to
implement it as an object-oriented data structure, which means that you
need to make sure that each property of a data structure is separate from
every other property. Also, you can’t make changes to a hash table class if a
value that belongs to that property is also changed, which makes it very
expensive.

In short, there are pros and cons for every data structure, but I like arrays
better than hash tables and they are faster.

Create new trees as needed

Before we start designing our data structure, we should ask ourselves:

Which of the trees we have created so far should we keep around?

The first type of trees that I want to talk about are “empty” trees. An empty
tree does not have any data in it, but that can be made into a tree by adding
some objects.

So, here we have a tree with no objects.

This tree can also be made into a tree by adding some objects. But, what if
we wanted to make a tree that had only one object in it? We would have to
make a new tree with one object:

And we would have to make this tree in a slightly different way because we
want to give each child some internal structure. When the tree is added to
the DOM, each child will have to point to its parent. We also need to make
sure that the DOM node that we put inside the tree is also pointing to its
parent. So, it’s not an empty tree. But it still is quite a small one.
Now, let’s try to make a tree that has exactly two children. The problem
here is that we need to ensure that one of the children also has the internal
structure because if we don’t, the tree might be made into a very big and
unreadable mess:

Now, the Tree class that we have created is quite general, so we could try to
make other types of empty trees as well. For example, it would be possible
to make an “empty” tree with only two children:

But what if we wanted to make an “empty” tree with three children? It’s
possible, but we would have to make two empty trees with the same
internal structure:

But how could we create a tree that has four children?

Well, the Tree class doesn’t handle objects that have a size smaller than one.
So, it would be possible to add two children to an empty tree like the one
below:

But how could we create a tree with eight children?

The Tree class does not handle objects that have a size smaller than one,
which is what makes our previous tree look like it has eight children.

To add the last child, we would have to make a new empty tree, with eight
internal nodes:
Now, what if we wanted to create a tree with ten children?

Okay, so what we are doing is saying that our new tree should be a little
bigger and that we should make it up with two other trees with the same
internal structure. The first one would be a triple-tree with eight children.

The second one would be a quadruple tree with four children.

Now, we would have to make one more tree with the same internal structure
and size, and call it the triple-tree.

This would create a triple-tree with ten internal nodes.

So, we have created three new trees, each with the internal structure that we
wanted.

But, our new triple-tree only has five nodes in it. But what if we wanted
a double-tree with 10 nodes in it?

As you can see, it would be quite easy to make another tree, with the same
structure, but with eight internal nodes:

The triple-tree that we created with two nodes in it, will still exist inside the
new double-tree, which will have ten internal nodes. So, now we have five
trees with the same internal structure. We could also have three trees with
the same structure and size. So, we would have three new trees with a
single internal node inside them.

When we create a new tree, we also need to create a DOM node pointing to
it.

The point that we are making here is that it doesn’t matter what internal
structure we have inside our tree, as long as we have three or more internal
nodes.

So, what is the most common size of the internal structure of a Tree?

This depends on the kind of tree that we are making. If we are making a tree
that is very similar to a linked list, then we usually don’t have a single
internal node inside it. Instead, the internal structure is just a single parent
and many child nodes:

So, we could add three internal nodes to our triple-tree. That would make it
a double-tree with ten internal nodes.

And this would create a triple-tree with twelve internal nodes.

We could add three internal nodes, but we would still have a single internal
node, which would make our tree a quadruple-tree with twelve internal
nodes:

The two examples that we created before this one are also similar. The only
difference is that the first one has eight internal nodes, and the second one
has nine.

We could add one more tree with just five internal nodes, and call it a cat-
tree. That would create a cat tree with five internal nodes.

What about when we don’t have to create new trees, but just combine
existing trees?

To make our tree with two internal nodes, we first need to make sure that
each of the other two trees that we are combining already has the same
internal structure. We need to do that by creating the extra tree, which
would be the same as the first tree that we are combining. So, to combine
two trees, we first make the first tree with a single internal node.

When we create a new tree, we also need to make sure that the tree that we
are combining already has the same internal structure, so that we can then
create another tree with the same structure.

In this case, we make the first tree with two internal nodes. Then, we make
the second tree with three internal nodes. We then add the second tree to the
third tree, and we create the fourth tree with four internal nodes. We do the
same thing with the fifth tree. We make the first tree with five internal
nodes, then we make the second tree with six internal nodes. When we add
the third tree to the first tree, we also add the fourth tree to the first tree, and
we make the fifth tree with seven internal nodes.

When we make a new tree with two internal nodes, then each of the other
two trees that we are combining also has a single internal node inside them.
So, we don’t have to make another tree with internal nodes, but we still
need to create another tree. But, instead of making a new tree, we just
combine the two trees that we have.

The point that we are making here is that the two examples that we created
before, which have three and four internal nodes, respectively, were
equivalent. So, we only really need to create two trees, and not three or
four.
We also have to make sure that when we combine the two trees, that the
first tree will also have the same internal structure. If the first tree doesn’t
have the same internal structure, then we create a new tree that has the same
internal structure as the first tree.
Chapter 8 How to find work as a Java
programmer?

Nowadays, developers who are familiar with Java are often hired for new
software projects. If you're a well-trained Java developer, then your skills
should be invaluable and you can easily find a job in your city.

However, if you are looking for a change of scenery, maybe a job that
doesn’t require you to use your Java skills, then the job opportunities may
be a little bit harder to find. If you’re thinking about switching your current
job to a new position, you should try to increase your knowledge of the
programming language you’re already familiar with, if not Java, then
maybe another widely-used programming language.

Besides, you can always seek professional assistance from a recruiter, if

you’re not quite sure where you should start your search. A recruiter can
find positions for your skills and help you navigate the application process.

There are plenty of web sources that you can use to locate different
opportunities.

There are plenty of job boards that can offer opportunities for developers
based on the type of skills and interests you’re looking for. These websites
feature postings for developer positions that can be related to the
developer’s training, education, experience, and other relevant things.

If you’re seeking a programming job that requires a project manager or a

manager, then you can explore DeveloperCareerSites or DevCareers. These
websites offer both technical as well as non-technical jobs, depending on
what you’re looking for.

There are so many software jobs out there, but there are plenty of
opportunities for Java programmers too. If you have the right set of skills,
it’s almost guaranteed that you will be able to find a job if you keep looking
for one. If you’re ready to start looking for jobs, then here are some of the
best websites that offer both technical as well as non-technical developer
jobs.

Numerous developers turn to Codeable, an online project management, and

outsourcing platform, for finding freelancing projects and non-technical
developer jobs.

Codeable has a wide range of roles in software development. The

company’s search features allow users to filter based on required skills and
skill level. They also feature a library of services such as project
management, application testing, user interface design, and many more.
Codeable matches developers with potential client projects, provides project
management, and handles payment processing.

Tata Open Innovation, the R&D arm of Tata group, offers coding and
project management consulting as well as Software Development and
Testing support. The company says that it is also working with some of the
leading global companies in the manufacturing and financial sector. You
can reach the company through their website.

A full-time position in the Development and Test team is available for two
years. Developers are responsible for testing and ensuring the quality of the
product.

One of the companies with a history of almost three decades is Cognizant, a

software services company. They offer a wide range of services, including
Java skills and language training. They also offer a wide range of roles. You
can visit their careers page to learn more about them.

Global Relay, a firm that provides services to the banking industry, allows
you to find an open position related to languages such as Java and .NET, as
well as databases such as MySQL and Azure.

RoboCode is a San Francisco, California-based tech company that develops

natural language and artificial intelligence platforms. The company has a
wide range of developers who provide developers with technical solutions
and translate them into code. You can find a full-time position related to
security, front-end development, and testing here.

Wipro is an information technology company that offers outsourcing

services and IT solutions to other organizations. They also offer software
developers and security professionals. They have various developer
positions listed on their careers page, including Java, Java EE, and web
application developers.

Resonate Solution is a start-up that provides engineering services for

mission-critical IT. You can find a full-time role that involves development
and operations support, as well as security and risk assessment.

Remedius Technologies Inc. is a venture that focuses on internet security,

hacking, and cyber-security. They also offer several certifications, including
CISSP, SQL/NT, and CMS certifications. You can find more information on
their website.

Codeable is a free online marketplace that connects developers with project

opportunities. They have listings for Java, .NET, PHP, JavaScript, and
Ruby.

Platform.com provides a lot of different career opportunities. You can find a

full-time position in Java development, as well as positions for web
development, UI/UX, Android, and iOS.

According to this posting on LinkedIn, Sprint offers a range of technical

positions in software development, as well as opportunities for professional
and scientific studies and exchange programs. You can also find job
postings related to information technology, as well as positions for data
scientists.

The SecDevOps Job Board connects programmers, engineers, developers,

and data scientists with security and risk management jobs. The site also
features a page that lists some jobs currently open.
Zoho Corp. specializes in a wide range of web development and cloud-
based services. If you are interested in building a career as a full-stack
developer, you can find opportunities for .NET, Android, and HTML5
developers on their career page.

LinkedIn is an online social networking site that connects people with

potential employers. If you are looking for software development or web
development jobs, you can visit the LinkedIn Jobs page. You can also reach
out to employers directly, and learn more about their open positions.

Applied Spark is a San Francisco-based data science company. They

specialize in data visualization and offer positions in both pure and applied
research.

How to build a career as a Java developer? 4 top development tips

Java is still a much-used language for building modern apps and services.
Here are some tips on how to get started in the development world.

What is a Java developer?

As far as the digital world is concerned, developers spend a lot of time at

the nexus of all the components required to produce a satisfying user
experience:

With the advent of mobile devices and connected devices, the importance of
a developer cannot be stressed enough in the project.

For this reason, the best developers are the ones that understand all of these
areas. If you are passionate about any of these areas, you might consider a
career in the tech industry.
What is the Java language?

Java is one of the most important programming languages used to create

mobile and connected devices, web-based apps, and custom-built devices.
Some consider Java to be the most popular programming language in the
world. It has been around since 1995 and is written in the Java
programming language.

Java has many different editions that can be mixed and matched in many
different ways to create a solution. If you are interested in getting a career
in the tech industry, you might consider Java.

Other key components for a successful career as a Java developer include

understanding how to design, build, test, and deploy the best software
solutions for your clients and businesses.

Learn Java quickly

Java is a very popular programming language. It's been around since 1995
and can be mixed and matched in many different ways.

As the demand for Java developers grows, it is extremely important to learn

Java quickly. Many Java developers struggle to gain competency in other
areas of the development stack.
Get over the fear of implementation

One thing that makes Java a popular language is that there are multiple
ways to implement a feature. Instead of having a small set of solutions that
work well together, you have a lot of alternatives to choose from. This
means there is a huge choice of tools that can be used in the process of
implementing an application.

If you're not comfortable with the idea of implementation, it might be best

to steer clear of the Java language. However, if you are passionate about the
concept of transformation over configuration and want to spend less time on
the back end and more time in front of your computer, you might want to
consider a career in the development world.

Start small and learn from mistakes

The fear of starting a new project is often enough to stop people from
applying to a job as a Java developer. However, it is also the most valuable
asset you can bring to a developer. If you have a good attitude and a great
work ethic, you can create great things over time.

Develop your ability to solve problems

Java developers are able to solve problems quickly.

Java has become the most popular language in the world and its focus on
portability and the ability to abstract features allows developers to build
applications that run across a variety of different devices and operating
systems. This is very important in the tech industry.
With a strong knowledge of how to design solutions, identify common
problems, and generate a solution, Java developers can create a large
number of solutions in a short amount of time.

Create value through partnerships and use cases

One of the most valuable skills for a developer is to be able to create and
deliver value to a project. In today's world, developers need to be able to
use agile tools and processes to create solutions that are aligned with the
requirements of a client. A successful development career requires
developers to communicate, solve problems, and create solutions that have
value.

If you focus on creating value for clients, you will have a much easier time
getting a job in the developer career path.

Develop strong persistence skills

Some developers view persistence as a negative skill, but it can help you
become a better Java developer.

This skill, if mastered, can help you to approach an application from many
different perspectives. Not only does this help you to write clean code, but
it also lets you make changes to a project without spending days on a bug
fix or making frequent attempts to resolve things.

If you get into the habit of working on a project until it is complete, you
will develop an incredible ability to build products that are more aligned to
the needs of your clients and more reliable and secure.

Learn Java using tools

Another way to develop better skills for Java is to learn it using a collection
of programming and programming tools.

Most programming tools are open source, so you can have a lot of fun
building applications with the tools you choose. Pick an IDE and build an
application that you can use at the office.

Create and present software prototypes

It is possible to prototype an app in a short period using open-source

programming tools.

Although prototyping an application can seem like it might be a hassle, it is

very easy. Using a simple text editor like Vim or Emacs and creating some
PHP code in a "static" program is usually all it takes to make a prototype
app.

There is a lot of valuable information out there on how to create prototypes

for software projects. Check out Microsoft's tutorial or read the wonderful
article by Make.com to learn more about creating prototypes.

Follow new technology

The newer the technology is, the more difficult it is to master. Java 7 is now
the latest version of the Java platform, and it requires developers to jump
into a new environment with no previous knowledge of the language.

Java 7 is still supported, so there is no need to worry about upgrading to the

latest version. The point of writing this article is to help you become better
at learning the latest and greatest technology for your career.
Use cloud-based development

Cloud-based development tools can be a boon for developers trying to solve

complicated problems in the Java development world.

When you create an application using cloud-based tools, you gain many
advantages. With tools like Drools, you can create Java applications without
a developer. Because a large number of people can collaborate and work
together on the same application, the scope of the project is much broader.

If your project involves many small components that each require a small
amount of attention, you can focus on only a few aspects and allow more
time for interacting with the larger project. Using Drools to develop projects
can be done from a laptop and on the go.

Get familiar with distributed programming

Distributed programming is a type of programming that allows many

developers to work on a project from different locations.

Developers using this programming style have to get used to

communicating through long-running distributed processes. As you can
imagine, communicating with the internet can be a bit difficult, but as you
become more skilled in developing projects, this aspect of the discipline
will become less of a challenge.

Watch the code

Once you become comfortable with writing code, watch it as much as you
can to understand how the language and other tools function. Learning how
to observe code can be difficult, but it can be very rewarding when you start
to understand the process of building applications.

Looking at your code will help you understand the essence of a program
and how other developers are working on your application.

Stop saying "it will be done"

"It will be done" is a common way to answer questions about developing an

application. Developers use this statement to create the illusion that a
project is being completed.

"It will be done" is often used to hide the fact that no one knows how to
accomplish a task or whether the product is even complete. If you stop
using this phrase, it will make it easier to discover problems and to fix them
as they arise.

Create documents

Forms, checklists, and other organizational elements are becoming

increasingly important for creating code. The function of these documents
is to help separate what you are working on from other projects and other
parts of the organization. A tool like Drools can simplify the process of
organizing the form.

When you keep a set of documents, you reduce the number of notes you are
writing.

Use pair programming

Pair programming is a development practice in which two developers work
on the same application. By working together, they can find issues faster
and avoid misunderstandings.

Partnering up to complete a project is a great way to help developers learn

best practices and test each other's work.

Find a mentor

If you haven't already, you should try to find a mentor who has experience
in your area of expertise.

Getting a mentor is great for several reasons. You'll learn how other
developers interact with Java and build your skills in the process. Plus, you
will receive constructive criticism to help you grow as a developer.

Your mentor is a great way to understand the tools that are available, so it is
highly recommended that you work with someone who understands these
issues.

Use revision control

Revision control allows developers to track the progress of a project

through many points. Before deciding on a project, the developer should
establish a design document that lists all of the various components and
functions they want to implement.

The developer can then go through the project and create an iterative set of
tests to check the functionality of the software and make changes as needed.
The design document can provide clarity on what the program needs to
accomplish, and by creating a set of test cases, the developer will know
when they are close to creating a functional product.

Start learning

Once you have reached a level of proficiency, you should start learning new
languages or even learning an entirely new one. New language syntax often
provides greater versatility and functionality in terms of the features that are
supported in the application.

To continue learning, you should set up a time each day where you practice
and review the material you have studied. Use the extra time to learn as
much as you can about the language or application you are using.

Keep documentation

Documentation is a great way to keep the developer and user as happy as

possible. Having documentation helps people find what they need and
understand how to use the application.

This document serves as a reference for the developers to make any

necessary changes.

Replace the use of save points with "hot reload"

What we call save points are hot reload points. That is, we can see the
changes we are making when we save the application. A hot reload feature,
however, will allow the developer to make a change right before it is saved.
Hot reload is a great way to test out your code without having to recompile
it. When it saves, the changes are committed, and the developer can use the
application immediately.

Don't repeat yourself

It is a developer's responsibility to avoid repeating himself.

We tend to gravitate to what is familiar. What we are doing is normal and

therefore normal will work.

Instead of following the norm, try to provide developers with opportunities

to stretch themselves and learn about new technology.

Use extreme coding

Extreme coding is a method of developing applications that require

extensive code for design or functionality. This is also known as
craftsmanship or "night-school" programming.

As a developer, you should try to avoid following the traditional coding

patterns that are taught to us in school.

By applying extreme coding, you are working in a set of patterns that

provides a solid structure and structure for your application. These patterns
often encourage creativity and make the developer more productive.

Avoid the large code base

Code that is too large is difficult to debug, and harder to maintain. Code that
is too small is difficult to test and generally leads to a bloated application.

The size of your code should be proportional to the size of the application.

Use the linter

Writing code that looks correct to other developers is important. Making

sure that your code does not have typos is good practice.

However, it can be tedious to test all of your code each time you make a
change. A linter, however, ensures that your code always reflects your
intentions.

Use classes rather than Object Oriented Programming

By coding in an object-oriented manner, your project becomes more

complicated.

Using classes helps simplify your project because it follows a single class
throughout your application. This means that every class and every method
is clearly described.

Avoid virtual spaces

Virtual spaces are just that: spaces where you can interact with each other
over the internet. These are virtual worlds that are created through game
developers and people who have spent a lot of money building them.
Virtually, you can be wherever you want to be with anyone you want to be
with.

Simplify code

When you follow the KISS principle, you make code easier to understand.

The code should always make sense. Simplify the program by removing
unnecessary actions, like the code that moves a field from one variable to
another.

These actions are redundant and difficult to understand.

Avoid the keyword 'a'

'A' is a generic keyword that refers to all types of values that a developer
can use.

For E.g.' a' is the integer value of 4 . You should generally avoid the use of
'a' for generic types, as this leads to typos in your code.

"Begs the question"

"Begs the question" is a writing style that focuses on asking the same
question that a reader is thinking.

A common example is:

I asked a question about sum types, and you asked a question about
bounded types. These are valid questions that were asked, but they are
being addressed two different ways. This is a common way to use the
question.

This is something that should be addressed within your code:

This type is Bounded , but what is Int ? Can you give me an example of
what the default is? I haven't written much code, but I have read some code.
What is my value of Int ? This is Int , what is 'Int' ? What is the limit of ?
Which definition of?

Describe, don't ask

Describing the code is a way to specify the intentions and structure of your
code. It is better than just asking.

Write down the purpose of each part of your code, including its name,
responsibility, and purpose.

Recursive

Recursive is a programming style that allows you to construct functions that

are larger than necessary, but that is also still well structured and concise.

This means that you don't have to write so many intermediate code
functions (The size of your code shouldn't increase too much if you want to
add new functions).

Promises
A promise is an object that specifies the status of future action.

By using promises you allow the user to complete an action when the
promise gets fulfilled.

The most common use of promises is a promise to complete an action when

an error has been raised, but you can use them to produce data as well.

In this example, we create an 'A' that represents an action to perform when

an 'A' is made. The success of the operation is represented by 'A' and the
error is represented by 'Not A'.

Because we use promises, this will automatically terminate our code. The
idea is that the code should only exit when the promise is fulfilled.

A few things to remember:

● Promises are a powerful concept, but they're also very easy to

misunderstand.
● Don't make promises that are not needed.
● Avoid casting or arbitrary functions.
● Avoid the use of function literals.
● Don't rely on jQuery.
● Don't use template literals.
● Avoid the use of return 'b' values.
● Never return something that the browser can understand.
● Avoid function curly braces.
● Avoid the use of anonymous functions.
● Never use 'in' on objects.
● Avoid the use of this, const, or Object.
● Avoid returning the value of undefined when the function finishes.
● Avoid using Boolean, true, or false.
● Don't use null to mark a variable as an empty variable.
● Avoid having more than one return statement.
● Avoid conditionals.
 ● Avoid exceptions and try to use JavaScript API functions instead.
● Avoid void, var, Object, strings, and globals.
● Avoid variables or protection.
● Avoid throwing when something goes wrong.
● Avoid producing invalid or undefined values.
● Avoid passing undefined variables to functions that return functions.

Use let

let is a programming construct that allows you to declare that variables can't
be changed. The let keyword tells the compiler that you are going to change
the value of the variable in the future, but you don't know exactly when.
The variable is never marked as read-only in your code.

Using let means that you won't have to worry about your variables
changing.

Here are some useful uses of let

A. In the previous example, we wrote the variable 'A' and made it

unreadable because we don't know when it's going to be read again. Let's
add the variable 'S' to make it readable.

This is an alternative to:

● 'A' = 'S' .
● 'A' = 'S' , // not readable
 ● 'S' = 'S' , // readable

Here we declared the variable to be read-only in the future, but it's still
readable. We are still allowed to access the variable 'S' from anywhere in
the code.

B. A basic example of a var declaration is:

● var 'A' = 'S'

Because of the 's' in var, it is also read-only.

This is an example of a var statement with no assignment statement.

Let's change the variable 'A' to this:

● 'A' = 'S'

The variables 'S' and 'A' will always be the same because they are variables
that are declared as var.

● var A = 'S'
Chapter 9 What is Multithreading for the Java
language?

Multithreading, or parallelism, is when multiple programs or threads in a

program run at the same time in different threads.

According to the JCP’s Reference Implementation Guide, Java allows:

(a) Dynamic-scale parallelism (DSP). DSP enables computation to be

divided into independent sequential operations that run concurrently on the
machine in a network of independent execution threads. (b) Pause-and-
resume parallelism. Pause-and-resume parallelism provides an alternative to
DSP and allows the caller to interrupt computation and resume execution
after a pause.

Here is an example from the Java Development Kit to show the basic
function:

● InvokeInterceptor ThreadedIf ( G, C, D, E, F ); // Create an

InterceptorThreadedIf is executed in one of the threads G . Parallel ();
C . Parallel (); E . Parallel (); F . Parallel ();

With the Parallel interface in Java, if a method is called on one thread and
then a method is called on another thread the results are shown differently:

● public static void main ( String [] args ) { runOnThread ( new

Runnable () { public void run () { // invoke the method on the other
thread } }); }
Why is the Return Operation of a Function in Java Different from the
Return Operation in other Programming Languages?

A function in Java can return multiple values in different directions, only

one of which is being executed by the current thread. In other words, if a
function in Java returns a value in one direction then it returns a different
value in the other direction.

A function in Java can return multiple values in different directions, only

one of which is being executed by the current thread. In other words, if a
function in Java returns a value in one direction then it returns a different
value in the other direction. What are immutable types in Java?

In a functional programming language, types must be immutable, which

means that once a value is assigned to the type it cannot be changed,
modified, or even removed from the program. In Java, objects are instances
of classes that are mutable. Methods can be used to assign a value to an
object, but this is different from the meaning of a value in a functional
programming language.

In a functional programming language, types must be immutable, which

means that once a value is assigned to the type it cannot be changed,
modified, or even removed from the program. In Java, objects are instances
of classes that are mutable. Methods can be used to assign a value to an
object, but this is different from the meaning of a value in a functional
programming language. Why is String The Default String Type in Java?

Java types are the same as in C++, but in Java, the default String type is
String, which is not immutable. A String can be manipulated by the
compiler, using is or equals methods, but the value cannot be modified once
the value has been assigned.

How is the for-loop in Java different from in other languages?

The for-loop in Java is called a for-each loop, which means that each
element in the array a or a[i]=i functions as a loop variable, and a must be
bound to the array array[i]=a[i]. The basic syntax is:

● for ( int i = 0 ; i < a. length ; ++ i ) { a[i]=i }

The for-each loop in Java is an improvement over the for-each loop in C++
and other languages. First, an iterator in a for-each loop must be defined.
The standard C++ standard iterator is the double-recursive iterator, which is
created by the programmer to begin iterating.

In a for-each loop, the for-each loop's iteration variable (for-each loop in

Java) must be referenced by a sequential index into the array, which is the
argument to the function to be called on the loop. The iterative equivalent of
the for-each loop is the for-each loop in C++.

The for-each loop syntax in Java has several differences from the C++ for-
each loop syntax.

The beginning of the for-each loop in Java contains an absolute line. The
beginning of the for-each loop in C++ contains an explicit line terminating
the for-each loop.

The function to be called on the loop is not executed in the loop, and the
loop variable (array in Java) is not changed, so it is necessary to call the
function once when the loop starts, and then execute the function a second
time during the loop's execution. This can create some code duplication.

What is the difference between a for-loop and a for loop?

A for-loop is a programming strategy to write a single program in which the
individual parts are independent functions, i.e., functions that do not require
any shared data between the parts of the program. The common example of
a for-loop is to compute the square root. The program looks like this:

● for ( int i = 0 ; i < a. length ; ++ i ) { a[i]=a[i-1] * a[i] }

Note that no shared variables are defined.

A for-loop is a programming strategy to write a single program in which the

individual parts are independent functions, i.e., functions that do not require
any shared data between the parts of the program. The common example of
a for-loop is to compute the square root. The program looks like this: A for-
loop is a programming strategy to write a single program in which the
individual parts are independent functions, i.e., functions that do not require
any shared data between the parts of the program. The common example of
a for-loop is to compute the square root. The program looks like this:

The difference between a for loop and a for loop is whether the for loop is
an infinite loop or not. In an infinite for-loop, the loop is to be performed
infinitely.

A for loop in Java has a single exception. However, the case of an infinite
loop is handled differently: the loop is to be terminated when a given
condition has been met. (If an infinite for-loop is terminated by a non-
existent condition, then no condition is to be satisfied, so an infinite loop is
impossible.)

C and other languages use a different syntax for for-loops than do Java and
C++:

● /* * Common for loop */ for ( int i = 0 ; i < A. length ; i ++) { A[i]=i

} /* * More readable for-loop */ for ( int i = 0 ; i < A. length ; ++ i ) {
A[i]=i }
Java has two special types of for-loops. The for-each loop is the default
form of for loop. The for-all loop is a function that generates a single
iterator to an array with a given size. The for-all loop is the common form
of a for-a loop.

● Every For Loop in Java Code

● Every For-All Loop in Java Code

You could think of an array of Integer objects as a stack with the head on
the left and the tail on the right. An Integer object is a linked list of Integer
objects. An Integer object is a linked list of Integer objects. In the following
code:

● Null can be a NullPointerException .

● can be a . nullable will be a TypeError if it can't be nullified.
● will be a if it can't be nullified. The Optional type will be an Iterator
for empty values and an Iterator for any value of type Optional.
● the type will be for empty values and any value of type. the Array
will be a TypeError if the element does not exist or does not have a
method to find it.
● The for-all loop can be used to write a single example of a for-a
loop.

The following code creates a small program with a for-all loop and an
Optional constructor:

● Array[Char] *[] possibleLocations = new Array[String] { "Duval",

"Mellersberg" }; Optional[String] toIsTodo = new Optional[String] {
"succeed", "nopriv", "fail", null }; for ( int i = 0 ; i <
possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] = toIsTodo;
}

The Java Optional class provides a Nullable constructor for optional values.
The Optional constructor, when used with a for loop, is used to produce a
single object containing a value of the given type and other optional non-
constrained properties. For example:
 ● optional val x = new Optional(true); for ( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++){
x.add(null); }

A type is annotated with nullable (or non-nullable) using the annotation

Optional[T]. The following example is equivalent to the for-all loop shown
earlier:

● String[] possibleLocations = new String[10]; Optional[String]

toIsTodo = new Optional(true); for ( int i = 0 ; i < possibleLocations.
length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] = toIsTodo; }

The expression toIsTodo could be viewed as the current nullable value or as

the result of the for-all loop. If the expression toIsTodo is the nullable value,
the Optional.isNull() method will return true . Otherwise, the
Optional.isNull() method will return false .

The following example does not allow Optional values:

● String[] possibleLocations = new String[10]; Optional[String]

toIsTodo = new Optional(true); for ( int i = 0 ; i < possibleLocations.
length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] = toIsTodo; }

A String value, when given an Optional constructor, is equivalent to an if-

statement.

The example below is equivalent to the for-all loop shown earlier:

● for ( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++){ possibleLocations[i] = toIsTodo; }

The following example can be seen as a for-all loop:

● for ( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++){ possibleLocations[i] = toIsTodo; }

An Iterator for the nullable List[] is used to modify the same value in a
queue of elements.
 ● List[] possibleLocations = new ArrayList < String >(); for ( int i = 0
; i < possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] =
toIsTodo; }

The Optional.isEmpty() method returns true when the given type is null and
false when the given type is not null. The following example returns true
when the type of an array is an ArrayList and false if it is an Array :

● List[String] possibleLocations = new ArrayList < String >();

possibleLocations. add ( null ); for ( int i = 0 ; i < possibleLocations.
length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] = toIsTodo; }

Each possible value of an optional collection is presented in a fixed-size

array.

If an Optional[T] is passed to a method, the method must first ensure that

the given value is a possible value of that type before attempting to convert
it to a different type. If a method does not convert a given value to a
different type, the method returns null. A method may also return null if it is
not trying to convert a given value to a different type.

The following example assigns to an Optional[String] an item of type

Object :

● Optional[String] possibleLocations = Optional. isEmpty() ? new

ArrayList < String >() : Optional. ofNullable(true); for ( int i = 0 ; i <
possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] = Optional.
ofNullable(null); }

If the method is attempting to convert a String to a non-object type, the

assignment should use an object.

The following is equivalent to the previous code:

 ● Optional[String] possibleLocations = Optional. isEmpty() ? new
ArrayList < String >() : Optional. ofNullable(false); for ( int i = 0 ; i
< possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] =
Optional. ofNullable(null); }

The following example can be seen as a for-all loop:

● for ( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++){ possibleLocations[i] = toIsTodo; }

The below example is equivalent to the previous code:

● for ( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++){ possibleLocations[i] = toIsTodo; }

The following example shows that the Optional.isEmpty() method returns

false if the given value is a Nullable[T] :

● Optional[String] possibleLocations = Optional. isEmpty() ? new

ArrayList < Nullable[T] >() : Optional. ofNullable(false); for ( int i =
0 ; i < possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] =
Nullable. ofNullable(false); }

A defined combination of an Iterator and Optional.isEmpty() method is also

equivalent to the previous code:

● Optional[String] possibleLocations = Optional. ofNullable(0); for (

int i = 0 ; i < possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i]
= toIsTodo; }

Finally, the method toIsTodo returns true if the given element has an
associated label, such as an ExpectedLine, and if there is an associated text
field, such as a Text field. As a consequence, the following example
converts the String to a possible label for an item of type List :

● List[String] possibleLocations = new ArrayList < String >();

possibleLocations. add ( "Field1" ); List[String] possibleLocations =
Optional. ofNullable(true); for ( int i = 0 ; i < possibleLocations.
 length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] = List. ofNullable(new
ArrayList < String >()); }

The following code is equivalent to the previous code:

● List[String] possibleLocations = Optional. ofNullable(false); for ( int

i = 0 ; i < possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] =
List. ofNullable(new ArrayList < String >()); }

Not all Optional instances are capable of converting a value to a Label or an

ExpectedLine. For example, the following example cannot convert an
Optional[String] to a Label :

● Optional[String] possibleLocations = Optional. ofEmpty() ? new

ArrayList < String >() : Optional. ofNullable(true); for ( int i = 0 ; i <
possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] = Optional.
ofEmpty(); }

Similarly, the following example cannot convert an Optional[String] to a

Label:

● Optional[String] possibleLocations = Optional. ofEmpty() ? new

ArrayList < String >() : Optional. ofNullable(false); for ( int i = 0 ; i
< possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] =
Optional. ofEmpty(); }

The following examples show the instances that do perform such

conversions:

● List possibleLocations = new ArrayList < String >();

possibleLocations[0] = Optional. ofEmpty(); for ( int i = 0 ; i <
possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] = List.
ofNullable(new ArrayList < String >()); } List possibleLocations =
Optional. ofEmpty(); possibleLocations[0] = Optional. ofEmpty();
for ( int i = 0 ; i < possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) {
 possibleLocations[i] = Optional. ofNullable(new ArrayList < String >
()); }

The Optional class is a complete replacement for Option[T], the analog of

Option[T] in C#. Like Option[T] , Optional.isEmpty() returns false if the
given value is a Nullable[T] and true if the given value is a Label . Note that
the problem of implicit null references is no longer an issue with Optional.

As a consequence, a method that could return false in Option[T] , e.g.

List.empty() , also returns false in Optional[T] :

● List possibleLocations = new ArrayList < String >();

possibleLocations[0] = Optional. ofEmpty(); for ( int i = 0 ; i <
possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] = List.
ofNullable(new ArrayList < String >()); }

An instance of Optional[T], like an instance of Option[T], may be requested

to contain a value by using Optional.withValue(), like this:

● List possibleLocations = Optional. withValue("Field1"); for ( int i =

0 ; i < possibleLocations. length ; ++ i ) { possibleLocations[i] =
Optional. withValue(new String("Field1")) ; }

To construct a derived Optional instance, first, the field type is constructed

with Optional.ofType(Optional. ofType(String)).

● Optional.withValue(m -> m.getType() ==

Optional.ofType(Unknown)) converts the value m to an Optional[m]
instance. Optional.withValue(d -> d.getType() ==
Optional.ofType(Unknown)) converts the value d to an Optional[d]
instance.

● Optional.withValue(m -> m.getType() ==

Optional.ofType(Unknown)) converts the value m to a Nullable[m]
instance.
 ● Optional.withValue(d -> d.getType() ==
Optional.ofType(Unknown)) converts the value d to an Optional[d]
instance.

● Optional.withValue(null -> d.getType() ==

Nullable.ofType(Unknown)) converts the value d to an Nullable[null]
instance.

● Optional.withValue(null -> d.getType() == null) converts the value d

to an Optional[null] instance.

● Optional.withValue(d -> d.getType() == Nullable.ofType(Unknown))

converts the value d to a Label[d] instance.

● Optional.withValue(null -> d.getType() == None) converts the value

d to a Label[None] instance.

● Optional.withValue(null -> d.getType() ==

Maybe.ofType(Unknown)) converts the value d to a
Label[Maybe.ofType(Unknown)] instance.

● Optional.withValue(d -> d.getType() == Maybe.ofType(Unknown))

converts the value d to a Label[Maybe.ofType(Unknown)] instance.

And so on.

Optional instances represent an arbitrary type parameterized by a set of

optional type parameters. For example, a Tuple[A, B] instance, a class with
a C# standard set of optional type parameters, could be constructed like
this:

● Optional<A, B> Tuple<A, B>(A a, B b)

Another example is a String<A>, or a class with Optional type parameters

that are not referenced by the standard set of optional type parameters, but
that is supported by Mono:
 ● Optional<Class, int> S(int a, int b)

These types are strictly typed. If a type parameter of a constructor is

inferred to be an optional type parameter, a constructor with optional type
parameters and an implicit method reference will construct an Optional
instance with the value of the optional type parameter (in this case, the
actual type parameter, and not of type Optional).

For the actual constructor, the type parameter is inferred (from the
declaration of the constructor, or the type definition of optional ) to be a
type parameter of type Optional. The value of the optional type parameter is
used as the default value.

In the case of functions, the value of the optional type parameter is also
used as the default value (as shown above). This works like a static method
or static field from Java, or a static member from C++.

When a class must specify an optional type parameter for a constructor, an

implicit type parameter to specify the constructor type parameter is also
inferred.

Constructors without optional type parameters are not required to construct

an Optional instance. If the Optional type parameter is required, no
constructor without a non-optional type parameter is allowed. This is
known as an explicit constructor.

Note that the members of a class that are not referenced by an optional type
parameter are, by default, required. If one of the required members is not an
optional type parameter, its default value must be an Optional instance.
(This will change, though, in the first point in the series.)

Optional types are not just for constructing types; they implement other
operations as well.
The constructor with an explicit type parameter is called the implicit
constructor. When a constructor is implicit, its default value is the type of
the argument that is not an optional type parameter. For example, for a class
C with int and char types, a constructor is implicitly instantiated as follows:

● int C(int a)

● A Constructor.withType(Tuple<C, Tuple<int>, string>) construct the

Tuple<Tuple<Tuple<int>, string>> tuple, and returns the type tuple.

An implicit method is called the implicit method. It is called as soon as the

program invokes the constructor, or, if the constructor was not initialized,
when the constructor is called for the first time. An implicit method is
called on the type of the optional type parameter:

● Tuple<Tuple<int, string>> a.a = 42;

In the first case, the instance is inferred to be the type parameter Tuple.
When the Tuple is the result type of the implicit method, its default value is
42.

This is how the implicit constructor is constructed for a class C with int,
char, or string arguments:

● int C(int a, char c)

With int and char types, an implicit method is called on the default type
parameter Tuple.

Constructors are not instantiated directly. Instead, a default constructor is

called first, before a constructor is called for the first time. For instance,

● public override void Init() { ... } // a.a = 42; // a.a = 42; // C init(int a,
char c)
When a constructor is called for the first time, it will construct a default
constructor object (DefaultObject) using the default constructor constructor
constructor (default constructor) of the Optional type. Note that the default
constructor is implicit in this example.

A default constructor is used to construct default constructor objects of

various types. However, a default constructor is not used to construct class
C.

The default constructor is a plain C constructor, as expected for a class of

the class type.

By default, the constructor will use all parameters of the optional type (not
only the default argument) if the optional type is not provided.

Note that the default constructor is still implicitly defined, even though it
uses some of the default arguments. Note also that if an optional type
parameter is a default constructor, the default constructor is not implicitly
defined.

The default constructor is not implicitly defined if the optional type

argument is a constructor (or a method) constructor, as in the following
cases:

● Default constructor (Method(Struct.class) )

● ) Default constructor (CharConstructor(AnyType<CharConstructor>)
)
● ) Default constructor ( int constructor )

The default constructor is explicitly defined, with no default arguments,

when the optional type parameter is a constructor (or a method) constructor,
as in the following cases:

● Method (AnyType<AnyType>, AnyType<CharConstructor>)

The constructor with an explicit type parameter is called the implicit
constructor. When an implicit constructor is implicit, its default value is the
type of argument that is not an optional type parameter. For example,

● Int intBuilder(int a)
● Constructs an object of type Int and returns the type of the builder.
● Constructor.withType(Tuple<int, Tuple<int>, string>) construct the
tuple.
● Constructor.withType(Tuple<Tuple<int>, string>, AnyType)
construct the tuple and returns the type of the tuple.
● Constructor.withType(Tuple<Tuple<int>, string, AnyType)
constructs the tuple and returns the type of the tuple.

Note that we can use the keyword with type to specify a type that contains
all the values that we want to convert to Tuple instances:

● Tuple<String, int> t = t.withType(Int);

● Constructor.withType(Tuple<Tuple<int, String>, AnyType)

constructs a tuple of int and string values.

The with-type() keyword, like the with-type() and with-type-implicit-

methods keywords, can be used only in constructors. For instance, the
following constructors are not implicitly defined:

● public static void constructor() { ... }

● myConstructor()
● withType(Tuple<Tuple<int, int>, string>, AnyType)
● withType(Tuple<Tuple<int, string, string>, AnyType)

With the withType() keyword, a parameter type is used to describe what

type of constructor to call and the default value for the default constructor.
It has the following syntax:

● withType(Tuple<Tuple<Tuple<int, int>, Tuple<Tuple<int, string>,

string>, AnyType>, AnyType)
 ● withType(Tuple<Tuple<int, int, int>, Tuple<Tuple<int, string,
string>, AnyType>, AnyType>)

The keyword withType() is sometimes used as the default argument type

parameter (with implicit type argument) for a new constructor (with explicit
type parameter) in which the default type argument is a generic type (no
type parameter), such as:

● public Tuple<Tuple<int, string, int>, Tuple<Tuple<int, string,

string>, AnyType> tupleWithType(string value)

We will refer to the withType() keyword in this paragraph as an optional

type parameter to emphasize that it can be used only for optional type
parameters and is used as such.

When the keyword optional type parameter is used as the default argument
type parameter for a new constructor, then it refers to the optional type
parameter in the constructor argument list. In a block, the keyword optional
type parameter is used in the following way:

● The argument list of the new constructor:

● type Parameter of new constructor;
● withType() and with-type-implicit-methods() introduced an optional
parameter type in a function expression, which is usually used in the
argument list for the return type:
● variable typeParam1 arg1;
● Optional value parameter in a function expression:
● variable typeParam2 arg2;

This optional value parameter is not a formal parameter of a function

expression. It cannot be passed to the function expression or called from it.

A parameter with a type parameter may be either a literal parameter or a

local variable whose value has to be assigned to a variable, which is
referred to as a binding. The documentation of the variable parameter can
be seen in a form like this:
 ● LocalVariable parameter1; localVariable parameter2

Example:

● variable typeParam1 arg1; variable typeParam2 arg2; foo(variable

typeParam1 arg1); foo(localVariable typeParam2 arg2)

Notice that the variable typeParam1 is not a formal parameter of a function

expression. The result of the above two expressions is:

● typeParam1: int;
● typeParam2: string;

Therefore, the variable typeParam1 is not binding. However, the expression

foo(localVariable typeParam2 arg2) is not binding because the type
parameter is not binding. The result of foo(typeParam1 arg1) is:

● typeParam1: int;
● typeParam2: string;

Neither type parameter has been used in a function expression. If a function

expression was evaluated, the result would be:

● typeParam1: int;
● typeParam2: string;

Therefore, the variable typeParam2 has to be assigned to a local variable

(i.e., an unbound local variable), which can be referred to as a binding.

A local variable can be identified using the variable-name-of-the-variable

syntax. The type parameter of the parameter-name-of-the-variable syntax is
a formal parameter, in contrast to the variable type parameter.
Chapter 10 What is Java string handling?

Without a doubt one of the biggest factors to why Java has some issues
scaling to several GPUs/customization of the most basic things like string
handling.

I will give a rundown of what I feel is Java’s weakness in using a low-level,

generic function. This is one of the points where the main use of generics
shines, as you can use them when it makes sense and when it doesn’t.

Java strings are a rather tricky beast since there are several different string
handling options:

java.util.String Java 7 String Types Java 8 String Operations Java 9 Regular

Expressions String Modes

Each of the above is different and will work in slightly different ways.
However, the first two will often dominate the heap.

Java 7 String Types

Java 7 also introduced the java.lang.String types, which are also part of Java
8. The main purpose of these types is to handle strings from any library
(through the java.util.Allocation class) and ensure that they conform to
Java’s type system (IntelliSense and the compiler are also set up to tell you
which is which).

What this means is that, should the library change the format of the string,
the java.util.String types will get the same format, and they are
automatically converted to the new format when you call
java.util.String.toString() .
This means that it’s very easy to work with strings via a library or another
program, but if you need to change the format of the string yourself, then all
you need to do is call the old and new version of toString(), and they will
both work with the original format.

Note, if the string you’re trying to access doesn’t actually conform to the
java.util.String type, then the string will probably get an error (e.g.
java.lang.String.format("a", "b", "c")).

To look at the most basic examples of the different Java 7 string types and
to see how the compiler parses them:

Below is a very basic example of using the java.util.String object.

Notice how it has been wrapped in a java.util.String object so it’s obviously

of the java.util.String type.

The code below uses the toString() method to show how to access the
string.

Just to give you an idea, the String object below has a startIndex, endIndex,
readUntilEnd, and readToEnd methods:

It’s also important to note that Java 7 strings also have a writeBeforeEnd
and writeAfterEnd method, just like java.io.Buffers. Writing and reading
without these methods in the same object would not work.

The endIndex method takes an argument of type ByteBuffer. This means

that it will work in a memory array of Buffers. For now, this is not possible
in Java 8 due to a limitation in the Java VM. However, this is something we
can change with a little bit of code:

● var oldString = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; var newString =

"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; var buffer = new
ByteBuffer(newString.startIndex); oldString.writeToBuffer(buffer);
newString.writeBeforeEnd(); newString.writeAfterEnd();
This code changes the contents of the oldString object so it uses the buffer
that has been created. If we then run the code above and pass in the old
string and the new one, we should be able to see the contents of the strings:

If you need to edit the contents of a String object, you can do this via the
writeToBuffer and writeBeforeEnd methods. However, since Java 9 the
writeBeforeEnd method will only return a method you can call, not a copy
of the original.

Java 8 String Operations

Just like java.util.String types, Java 8 introduced two new types that work
well with Java’s type system and have had a huge impact on the way we
work with strings: the java.util.UObject and the java.util.Long object.

The UObject type provides a lot of functionality that you might not be
familiar with, and it’s worth diving into in more detail.

However, UObject types have an entirely different syntax to the

java.util.String types, and the documentation has a good example on what’s
actually a UObject and what isn’t:

The java.util.UObject type can be created via the java.util.UObject.create()

method. To create a UObject, we pass in a string, and the resulting UObject
will also contain a compileTime bean.

From the example, you can see that we pass in a string, which is actually a
compileTime. As soon as you create a UObject type, you’ll need to compile
it. You do this via the java.util.CompileSwing method.

Next, we need to tell the compiler what type of compileTime this is. We do
this via the type annotation:
Finally, we can set the compile time of the compiler via the type annotation:

If you just need a quick overview on how to create and use UObjects, the
good thing is that this example has a good rundown of all of the UObject
type’s features on the documentation page.

Java 7 to Java 8 Transitive Data Types

If you’re already familiar with Java 7, you’ll recognise that this snippet of
code doesn’t actually do anything different to what we would’ve done in
Java 7. The line numbers in the code have been changed to make it more
readable.

Java 7 to Java 8 Transitive Data Types

The type annotation is the only difference. As you can see, we’re using the
static getPackage() method, which is the exact same method that was
available in Java 6.

What’s New in Java 9?

Java 9 is going to introduce a lot of new transitive data types:

First of all, let’s take a look at the java.util.Date type, which will provide
you with the ability to create, sort, and analyse dates:

java.util.Date type java.util.Date.getFormatting('MM/dd/yyyy'); String

formattedDate = new java.util.Date(new
java.util.Calendar().getTimesUnit());
As you can see, the formatting methods are removed in the latest version of
Java 9, but we’ve still got to import Calendar to use the date class. This is
now going to be the new default, but it’s not a mandatory requirement for
Java 9.

One thing that will be different, however, is that when we created the date
class in Java 7, we used the static getFormatting() method, which doesn’t
exist anymore.

So, if we want to use the date class from Java 9, we’ll need to create a class
that contains the DateFormatting class and add the static
getDateFormatting() method to it.

● DateFormatter formattedDate = new java.util.DateFormatter();

String formattedDate = new java.util.Date(new
java.util.Calendar().getTimesUnit());
formattedDate.setFormatting(new java.util.DateFormatting());

That’s the only additional file we’ll need to create, and the only additional
class we’ll need to create.

Java 9 Transitive Data Types

A new type has been introduced in Java 9, and this one is similar to Date.
It’s called Time, and is a Transitive Data Type that lets you create and
manage dates:

● Time new = new java.util.Date(new

java.util.Calendar().getTimesUnit()); Time setCurrentDate(Time
new); Time yesterday = new java.util.Date(new
java.util.Calendar().getTimesUnit()); time = new java.util.Date(new
java.util.Calendar().getTimesUnit());
Like Date, Time also has a static getDateFormatting() method, but we’re
using the static getCurrentDate() method to get the current time.

If we want to store something in a Time , we can use the static

getCurrentDate() method and set its format to whatever we want:

● setCurrentDate(Time new); Time yesterday = new

java.util.Date(new java.util.Calendar().getTimesUnit());

The main difference between Time and Date is that Time uses a different
format to get the current time. Time uses the java.util.DateTime format. If
we want to create a Time that stores the current date and time, we’d need to
use the static getCurrentDate() method:

● current = Time.now(); System.out.println("Created at " +

current.getCurrentDate());

The above code creates a new Time object that stores the current date and
time, and shows it by writing it to the console. You can get a better idea of
how to do this in the following code snippet:

● System.out.println(current.getCurrentDate());
System.out.println("Time is " + current.getTime());

If we don’t specify an absolute reference to the Time, it stores the time as

the year -4,000:

● current = Time.now(); System.out.println("Created at " +

current.getCurrentDate()); System.out.println("Time is " +
current.getTime()); System.out.println("An additional time has not
been created yet");

Java 9 also introduces a new interface called LinearDisplayTime that

implements the LinearDisplayFormat interface and allows you to specify
your format and date format:
 ● LinearDisplayFormat spec = new LinearDisplayFormat("Format")
.setDailyWidth(2) .setDailyHeight(2) .setMonth(1) .setYear(12);
System.out.println("Calculation performed by " +
(System.currentTimeMillis() - (null).getTime()));

Notice that we have created a second LinearDisplayFormat object and that

the getDateFormatting() method has been changed to use the new
LinearDisplayFormat interface, which lets us specify our format:

● static class FormatCalculator { private int dateFormat; private Date[]

dayOfYear; private int month; private int day; private int hour;
private int minute; private int second; private int millisecond; private
int hourSecond; private int minuteSecond; private int
millisecondSecond; private int hourSecondSecond; private int
minuteSecondSecond; private int secondSecondSecond; private int
millisecondSecond; } static LinearDisplayFormat spec = new
LinearDisplayFormat("Format", new
LinearDisplayFormatOptions(new
DefaultLinearDisplayFormatOptions())); Date date =
spec.getDateFormatting(); System.out.println("Start date in " +
(date.getMonth()).getYear()); System.out.println("Start date in " +
(date.getDate()).getMonth()); System.out.println("End date in " +
(date.getDate().getMonth().getYear())); System.out.println("End date
in " + (date.getDate().getDate().getMonth().getYear()));

We can now use the corresponding System.out.println method and set the
“day”, “month”, “day”, and “hour” fields to the appropriate format:

● Integer startDate = date.getMonth(); int day = date.getDate(); int

month = date.getDate().getMonth(); int day = date.getDay(); int hour
= date.getHour(); int minute = date.getHour().getMinute(); int second
= date.getHour().getSecond(); int millisecond =
date.getMinute().getMilliseconds(); System.out.println(days[hour]);
System.out.println(days[minute]); System.out.println(days[second]);
System.out.println(days[secondSecond]);
Chapter 11 What is Java Database Connectivity?

JBDC is an extension of Java Community Process that is being developed

to simplify the integration of JDBC with Microsoft SQL Server. It provides
a set of APIs that makes it easier for application developers to use JPA. It
also allows Java application developers to connect to databases that are not
explicitly supported by JPA.

The Java DB2 connector is not supported in Java EE 6 and 7. JDBC is not a
standard. The JBDC specification is actually a set of implementations, one
for each of the different database drivers and access patterns that are
supported by Oracle.

Why Is It Important?

JBA is a database standard and thus most database adapters are agnostic as
to which JPA driver to use. However, in a database architecture that requires
JPA application developers to manage the state with the database, it can be
beneficial to have a consistent standard interface and implementation that
integrates with different database drivers. For example, many databases
require a specific table to be defined for a given user. JBDC provides the
interface for such tables and provides functionality to manage and query
them.

The API documentation of JBDC has been fully updated to provide a

consistent interface across all the different database drivers that support it.
An example of one of the JBDC implementations that supports the different
database drivers is JDBC Connector.
A Little About JPA

JDBC is a database access mechanism that is closely tied to the JPA

specification. The basic implementation of JPA is the UseWhen( dependent
parameters: ...) method. The actual API of JPA is a series of APIs that
manage the state of the database and introduce mapping between user
objects and the entity in the database. The two main database drivers are
Oracle and SQL Server.

Why Is It Important?

It's important for applications that use the JPA specification to be able to
use database adapters that are not specifically tied to a specific database. It
can be useful for a customer to buy database drivers that support JPA, but
also be able to use Oracle, SQL Server, or another database without having
to add additional drivers or database adapters.

What Is JPA 3.0

The name of JPA 3.0 is "Entity Framework 1.0", although it's not an overly
serious effort to port Entity Framework 1.0 to JPA. It was probably the
biggest long-term effort to solve the problems that Entity Framework is
known for, and how to best make the mapping between entities and
database back-ends that are being developed with JPA.

From the above description, it's obvious that there are many difficulties in
doing a true port of Entity Framework to JPA. From my perspective, Entity
Framework is one of the best available options for database integration. So
the effort is not to develop a very expensive port of Entity Framework to
JPA. The goal is to develop a library that can be easily implemented and
extended with JPA extensions that have a low barrier to entry.
Entity Framework uses an HTTP protocol to expose its functionality. The
problem is that the JPA spec does not provide a standard way to interface
HTTP clients with JPA. The standard way to provide JPA clients with
HTTP clients is through the use of a web server. Several very popular web
servers are available, but they also each have their drawbacks.

The JavaScript-based, minified version of Hibernate is the canonical

implementation of JPA client API. It provides client functionality for any
database. The original version of Hibernate is based on the functionality of
an earlier, obsolete version of Hibernate. The other major JPA
implementations are JBoss EAP and Grails-JPA. They provide client
functionality for each database.

There have been some efforts to standardize HTTP clients to JPA, but they
are currently not sufficiently widespread to make a real difference in the
JPA landscape. It's probably going to take another generation of JPA
implementations to become widespread enough that the "standard" client
libraries are widely available.

The API changes in JPA 3.0 are the result of the efforts to bring better
interoperability and reliability to the inter-op between Hibernate and JPA
clients.

All entities and their relations are created as a resource by the database. The
entity resource can be placed into the class resources table. The user then
provides a context to the resource. The database then resolves the user's
context property and maps it to the specified relations. Each application
object is created as a resource with a context created by the database. It has
one single interface, which is called the Projective Model (PM) interface.
The PM interface has a single method that provides a mapping between the
user's project and the database's entity resource. The PM interface has a
"select statement" for sending a user to the entity resource. The query is
queried against the entity resource with various tables and relationship
types, and each entity has one or more fields. The application can populate
the various fields. It can retrieve the current properties and/or get the
associated properties. It can query the associated relations. It can get all
entities and/or all the relations. It can access association resources. It can
filter results. It can select relations or access relations. The application can
query the database to find entities, relations, properties, or any combination
of those.

These basic design principles have helped a lot with making the above
example code more readable. However, I see several design issues and
practical issues that are currently hindering the adoption of JPA.

Caveat #1

This section is more of a warning, rather than a real complaint. I am not

claiming that every member of the JPA committee is a bad person or that
every member of the JPA committee is evil. There are certainly more good
people than bad people in the JPA community.

One JPA expert said that the biggest flaw in the JPA specification is that it
is "too full of complexity." The question that I asked him is what he means
by "complicated." Does complexity come from covering all possible
variations in each of the implementation details or does it come from
covering all possible variations in each of the client codes? He said that JPA
is far too complex. However, I am not convinced that there are many
implementations, or at least nearly all implementations, of JPA in use that
are this complex.

Caveat #2

There is some disagreement on the definition of a "real" database. One

person said that an Oracle database is a real database, while another said
that a DB2 database is a real database. That is unfortunate because both
DB2 and Oracle support JPA. There are a large number of JPA
implementations that use JDBC. The problem is that they typically are not
provided as standalone or integrated support, and are usually just used to
work around the Java community's lack of a well-supported JPA
implementation. For example, one JPA implementation, JSR 341, provides
an application toolkit, which gives each registered application a set of
mechanisms to do JPA. There are two problems with this approach: first, it
may be too complex for most users to understand. Second, even if the user
has been able to find a way to use the JPA tools, it may require a lot of work
for the user to be able to work with other third-party tools that support non-
JPA interfaces. This does not mean that there are no third-party tools that
support non-JPA interfaces, but they are few and far between.

Many people are claiming that Oracle will only support JPA when other
vendors support it. I think that is a bit of nonsense. What we need are JPA
implementations that use the standard JDBC interface, as many third-party
tools support the standard JDBC interface. Of course, several factors make
this even more difficult. The JPA toolkit implements an interface for each
database, not just Oracle or DB2. The toolkit is itself proprietary, so it is
proprietary to each vendor that chooses to implement it. Finally, the toolkit
usually contains a large number of features, such as the ability to talk to a
very large number of objects. It is often very difficult to reconcile these
various requirements.

Many developers believe that an Object Relational Mapper (ORM) is a

good way to solve the data access problem. The problem is that there are
two major drawbacks to the ORM solution:

First, it is too complicated. Even though an ORM may be used to allow a

developer to do business things like reading and writing simple objects and
relationships, the complexity of the ORM and the configuration of the
various features often require a lot of expertise, which many developers do
not have. Second, it does not work well when it is possible to change the
data model or implement a different way to do the business calculations. A
large number of table views and combinations of those views have been
very troublesome for a large number of people.
With so many people complaining about the JPA API and other issues, I
hope that we will be able to see a standard and well-supported JPA API
soon. However, it has been well over a year since JSR 343 (a.k.a. JPA 2.1)
was submitted and we are still in the beginning phases of development.
Since most of the tools that I work with do not offer JPA support, I suspect
that there is no replacement for the JPA toolkit in most development
environments.
Chapter 12 What is Java framework spring?

One of the most versatile Java frameworks, which offers not only the best
programming language practices but also several Java services which
facilitate your projects efficiently. Spring is a flexible and fast framework,
which helps you to efficiently deal with large and medium scale projects.

What are the different types of spring frameworks?

There are 2 major types of spring frameworks:

● Spring Boot, Spring MVC

● Spring Cloud, Spring Cloud Helper, and Spring Batch

What is Spring Framework vs Spring 4?

For the Spring Framework, you should know that it has a new name and it
is called Spring Framework 5, which offers several great benefits to the
developers.

Spring Framework vs Spring 4.1

For developers who want to use this new version of spring frameworks, but
are using Spring 4.1 versions, then you can read about this type of
difference in the article.

What is Spring 5?
Spring 5 is the most recent version of the spring framework, which offers
new features to the developers.

Can you use spring-boot to solve your project issues?

Yes, you can use spring-boot to solve your project issues. If you want to
check this, then you can try the following examples:

● Let's say that you have to deploy your project on different servers.
● To do this, first, you have to set up a web server.
● Then, you have to configure the server to run this specific
application.
● The final step is to upload your application to the web server and
then start it.

How to integrate Spring Framework?

To integrate Spring Framework into your existing application, then you

have to make one more procedure. The final step is to run this application
with the help of different Spring Boot libraries.

How to integrate spring-web

The first approach is to integrate spring-web. In this case, your application

will be a web application, but also it will be hosted on a different server.

To use this application, you will need to create a new project.

Now, you need to create a new repository from where you can download
this application.

We are going to use Spring Data JPA because we have to handle only a JPA
connection and no database yet.

Let’s see a detailed example of Spring Data JPA

First of all, you will need to create a new project in a folder that contains a
spring-data-JPA-example.

Now, you need to configure your project with a migration database name.
In this tutorial, we are going to use the postgres database name. In our
project, it will be psql-postgres.

After you finish the migration, you can go to the command prompt of your
favorite operating system, and then run the following command.

● curl-I http://localhost:9200/spring-data-jpa-example/spring-data-jpa-
example-migrations/migrations/create_app.py

This command will create a new file named create_app.py in the

./data/lib/jpa directory of the project.

If you want to see how it’s used, then you can run the following command.

● python manage.py makemigrations

This command will create a file named create_app.py in the
./data/lib/jpa/jpa_project directory of the project.

Now, you need to run the following command to start the web server in
your environment.

● java -Xmx1024m -jar create_app.py

This command will start the database in your environment, and then, you
need to go to the http://localhost:9200/. You can start the Spring web server
with the help of the command below.

● java -Xmx1024m spring-boot:run

You can see how it’s used in the following example.

● public class HttpApplication extends Runnable { private static final

String VERSION = "0.0.1"; private static final String
ENVIRONMENT = "test"; public static void main(String[] args) {
HttpApplication app = new HttpApplication();
app.setVersion(VERSION); app.setEnvironment(ENVIRONMENT);
app.start(); } private static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(HttpApplication.class, args); } }

Now, your Spring application is running, and you can check it by running
the following command.

● java -Xmx1024m -jar create_app.py

● Go to http://localhost:9200/, and then you can see the result of the
Spring application.

How to integrate spring-mvc

If you are ready to use Spring Framework for your web application, then
you can use spring-mvc as an integration point.

For this, you need to create a new project.

Now, you need to configure your project with a migration database name.
In this tutorial, we are going to use the postgres database name.
After you finish the migration, you can go to the command prompt of your
favorite operating system, and then run the following command.

● curl-i http://localhost:9200/spring-mvc/spring-mvc-
migrations/migrations/db_migrations.py
● This command will create a new file named db_migrations.py in the
./data/lib/migrations/ directory of the project.

Now, you need to run the following command to start the web server in
your environment.

● java -Xmx1024m spring-boot:run

You can see how it’s used in the following example.

● public class HttpApplication extends Runnable { private static final

String VERSION = "0.0.1"; private static final String
ENVIRONMENT = "test"; public static void main(String[] args) {
HttpApplication app = new HttpApplication();
app.setVersion(VERSION); app.setEnvironment(ENVIRONMENT);
app.start(); } private static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(HttpApplication.class, args); } }

This command will start the database in your environment, and then, you
need to go to the http://localhost:9200/. You can check the result of the
Spring application by going to the http://localhost:9200/spring-mvc/spring-
mvc page.

What else can Spring Framework do?

We have already seen the basic features of Spring Framework. You can read
more about the Spring Framework by visiting its official website.
Now, we have to discuss how you can use Spring Framework to improve
the performance of your Spring-based web application. In this section, we
are going to talk about Spring MVC.

What is Spring MVC?

Spring MVC is a part of Spring framework. This project implements a

common programming interface for multiple web applications. There are
several features implemented in this project that can be used for increasing
the performance of a Spring-based web application.

The Spring MVC provides several features like:

● Enterprise-grade support
● Simple user interface
● Easy unit testing
● The fast loading web application
● Highly configurable
● Consistent MVC

PHPStorm: Spring MVC

We are going to build a real-time website in PHP. The website will be used
to display live football results.

We will use three technologies:

● Spring Boot
● Spring Data Rest
● Lazy Loading
Lazy Loading is a feature provided by Spring Framework that allows us to
load the data only when it’s needed. It’s a good technique for improving the
overall performance of a Spring-based web application.

The following code snippet shows a simple view of the football scoreboard.
It’s a very simple HTML file that just contains a line that says “Click me to
watch the game”.

● <body> <div> <h1>Welcome</h1> <p>Live football results: </p>

</div> </body>

We will create the template for the football scoreboard view, and we will
use Lazy Load for lazy loading the data from the database.

Creating the View

Open the PHP file.

● <?php // Lazy Loading LazyLoading fdModule = new

LazyLoadingModule(); fdModule->addLazyLoad(new LazyLoad());
fdModule->addLazyLoad(new LazyLoad(memoryLoader)); // Index
view <%= fdModule->createView("football scoreboard",
__DIR__).param("href", "football scoreboard"); %>

Lazy Loading is the technique to load the data only when needed and does
not create a lot of HTTP requests. This feature is extremely useful in small
Spring-based web applications where the content loaded from a database is
only an addition to the existing data.

Creating the View Method

Now, we will create the view method for displaying the football scoreboard.
 ● <?php // Lazy Loading LazyLoading view("football scoreboard",
function() { $builder = new SoccerConfigBuilder(); $builder-
>addLazyLoad(new LazyLoad(memoryLoader)); $builder-
>addLazyLoad(new LazyLoad(console)); $builder-
>addLazyLoad(new LazyLoad(connectTimeout)); $builder-
>addLazyLoad(new LazyLoad(memoryLoader)); $builder-
>addLazyLoad(new LazyLoad(memoryLoader)); // start load model
$builder->startLoadingModel(); return view("football scoreboard",
$builder->getModel()); });

This view method is straightforward. It just provides a simple HTML file

with the click and the load method.

Load Model

Now, let’s create a class that loads the soccer data.

● <?php // SoccerModel SoccerModel = new SoccerModel(); class

SoccerModel extends SoccerModel { public function load() {
$builder = new SoccerConfigBuilder(); $builder->addLazyLoad(new
LazyLoad(console)); $builder->addLazyLoad(new
LazyLoad(memoryLoader)); $builder->addLazyLoad(new
LazyLoad(connectTimeout)); $builder->addLazyLoad(new
LazyLoad(memoryLoader)); $builder->addLazyLoad(new
LazyLoad(memoryLoader)); $builder->addLazyLoad(new
LazyLoad(console)); // show live score $builder->showScore(); } }

This class loads the data and displays the live score. This class uses the
constructor of Lazy Loading to load the model.

Show-Score Method
Now, we will create a simple view that shows the score.

● <?php // Lazy Loading LazyLoading view("football scoreboard",

function() { $builder = new SoccerConfigBuilder(); $builder-
>addLazyLoad(new LazyLoad(console)); $builder-
>addLazyLoad(new LazyLoad(memoryLoader)); $builder-
>addLazyLoad(new LazyLoad(connectTimeout)); $builder-
>addLazyLoad(new LazyLoad(memoryLoader)); // start load model
$builder->startLoadingModel(); $builder->showScore(); return
view("football scoreboard", $builder->getModel()); });

This is just an HTML file that returns the football scoreboard.

Chapter 13 What are Design patterns for Java?

To help answer this question let's do a brief definition. A "design pattern" is

a general paradigm or set of design principles that a developer uses when
solving design problems. By doing this, it helps solve many design
problems faster and easier. There are numerous well-known design patterns,
such as the model-view-controller (MVC) pattern, the architectural pattern,
the data model pattern, the dependency injection pattern, etc. The picture
above shows a random assortment of the most well-known design patterns.
I am not saying that every design pattern in the picture is used in the real
world. Some design patterns can be combined or used alone. These
characteristics make up the approach that a designer uses when designing a
pattern.

The design pattern library for Java can be found here: Java Patterns

Each "design pattern" is illustrated in the "model view controller" way. The
Model View Controller (MVC) pattern is illustrated here:

Notice that most of the code in this example is a partial implementation of

the MVC pattern. Since you're writing this code in Java, you can choose to
break down the code into smaller and more reusable pieces. All you need to
do to see the value in this is to try doing the same things with classes
written in Java. With Java classes, it is much easier to keep all of your
application logic within one class that you can then expose to a web
browser.

What is JSR-318?
JSR-318 is the JCP process that led to the creation of the Java Design
Patterns project. According to the JCP, this is "a comprehensive reference
on design patterns." At the time that the JSR was being created, the
members of the JSR were discussing some of the biggest questions about
Java, including the role of the runtime. We want the runtimes to be a tool,
but at the same time, we also want them to be highly extensible. They
should be able to be used with as little effort as possible to solve design
problems. What is the role of the runtime then?

Unfortunately, one thing that I've come to realize as a Java architect is that
most of the time you have to use some parts of the runtime. For instance, it
is common practice to write a simple class and use the reflection APIs to
examine the internals of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). One problem that
has developed over the years is that with more and more problems that
developers find, the more likely it is that they'll try to trace a problem back
to the JVM itself. In many cases, the first step is to start at the JVM and try
to figure out which piece of code is causing the problem. In other cases, the
developers will begin to search for solutions in the Java code itself. A better
alternative would be to simply write the initial code in a different language,
and then go back and build out the solution with the help of the runtime and
the JVM.

What the Java Design Patterns project tried to address in this way was a
long-standing problem. Most developers, even developers that are supposed
to know what they are doing, take for granted that the Java Virtual Machine
is a great abstraction that can solve any design problem and that the runtime
is the simplest part of the runtime that can be understood. I'm glad to say
that JSR-318 addressed this issue and started to make the runtime much
more extensible in a way that isn't possible with many other frameworks.

How do I take advantage of this?

The reason I wrote this article was that this was the first time that I've been
able to use the techniques of design patterns to solve the problem of
problem-solving. I have always wanted to take advantage of a large number
of high-quality resources in the Java community, and it was only when I
decided to do something about it that I was able to make use of the
resources that were already available. The fact that I couldn't use the
resources made available to me because of my skill set, gave me the
motivation to try to remedy the situation.

Where do I go from here?

The answer to that is a question that is answered in many ways. One thing
to do is to read more and more of the Design Patterns books. I recommend
that you start with The Pragmatic Programmers: Design Patterns, Patterns
& Design by Peter T. Leeson and The Pragmatic Programmers: Design
Patterns in Practice by James Gosling. These are both of very high quality.

A second option is to take the opportunity to learn more about the Java
language and the other parts of the Java Platform. You can read these books
and look at the source code, and get inspired by people who have been
working with the Java platform for a long time. There are many people out
there that have come up with their solutions to design problems and have
written their books on the topic.

A third option is to look at the user community and get inspired by the
individuals and the projects that are working on making the JVM
extensible. Looking at other projects, like the Atom Framework, the Brics
Framework, and the Reflection Explorer (a Java-based reflection debugger),
provides a glimpse of the future of the runtime.

A fourth option is to look at the tutorials on the forums on the SpringSource

Developers blog. It is already quite hard to find some of the best solutions,
and then you are inspired to write your own. I know of several projects that
would take a weekend to write themselves, and that a weekend of serious
effort would make them easy to write.
It is also possible to work with someone else to write an implementation of
a design pattern that you like. If there are significant problems, or if you can
get significant benefits by sharing them, then you should consider making
the effort to create your implementation and share it with the community.

Finally, if you have the time and resources, you could go ahead and write an
implementation of a design pattern that has a significant benefit to the Java
platform and write it yourself. I would not suggest that, because it could
have a substantial impact on your career if you end up doing that.
Chapter 14 What are the web services for Java?

A JSR 307™ web services specification for Java is known as the

WebSocket Specification. The official specification was published by the
W3C Web Applications Working Group on 20 June 2010. This page
explains more about the W3C WebSocket specification.

What are libraries and tools for Java web services?

Most libraries for building applications on top of Java web services are
commercial. Developers must often choose between some of the leading
commercial services such as Stormpath and many others. However, there
are also many open source projects out there, including several Java EE
communities with an active support community.

● Open source projects

● Java EE Web Services
● SWARM
● OWASP WEB-API-Security
● Docker for Java

What about Java EE 7?

If you are a Java EE 7 developer, there are several new features added in
Java EE 7 and its specification. This page includes the list of changes.
What is the difference between Java EE 6 and Java EE 7?

Java EE 7 is not a new version of Java EE 6. Java EE 6 is not intended to be

a superset of Java EE 7. If you want to know the details of the differences
between these two versions, we have written about this topic many times,
including a detailed blog post by Rich Landa.

Java EE specifications

The official Java EE specifications for Java EE 7 are derived from the
following specifications:

● HTTP Basic Authentication

● JavaServer Pages, JavaServer Faces, JavaServer Display Faces (JSF)
● CloudFoundry
● PolicyKit
● JavaSE API for RESTful Web Services
● Cloud-Build
● Container IPC
● Lifecycle Methods (LINQ)
● API Gateway
● Hosting
● JAX-RS
● JAX-WS
● CDI

With a few modifications, most of these specifications also provide the

concepts required for implementing Java web services. However, Java EE 7
comes with many additional features which were implemented in different
modules or provided by open-source projects:

● Java API for RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS)

● Cloud Foundry
 ● JavaServer Faces
● JavaServer Display Faces (JSF)
● JAX-WS
● Java EE Web Services (JSR 307)

What about the status of the Java EE 7 and its specifications?

The implementation of Java EE 7 as a part of Cloud Foundry, based on the

Cloud Foundry Integration Pack, is available for download. There are
several implementations of the Java EE 7 specification in various projects.
For example, Codeplex, Apache OpenJPA, and Apache TomEE are all
available for download. These projects are available as open-source or for
free.

In the following sections, we summarize the status of the Java EE 7

specification and its modules. The status of a project can be found in its
GitHub repository.

Java EE 7 Released as an Eclipse MicroProfile: As of July 2015, Eclipse

has included Java EE 7 and its modular implementation, as an Eclipse
MicroProfile (EM) module. The ECMA-376 Java EE 7 specification is
mature. Eclipse MicroProfile is an Eclipse component that is built on top of
the Java EE 7 modular implementation.

Java EE 7 and JavaEE 6 compatibility: Java EE 7 is an entirely new

specification and therefore is incompatible with Java EE 6. To ensure
interoperability, Eclipse's Java EE 7 capabilities may be used with existing
Java EE 6 technologies as well as all previous Java EE versions.

Java EE 7 and the Java SE API for RESTful Web Services: Most APIs in
Java SE for RESTful Web Services (REST) are based on the JSR 307
specification, but Java EE 7 is also compatible with this specification. If
your next project needs to use JSR 307 APIs, you should consider using
Java EE 7 or another implementation of Java SE APIs for RESTful Web
Services.

Java EE 7 and Cloud Foundry: As of July 2015, Eclipse has included the
Java EE 7 specification as an Eclipse MicroProfile. Cloud Foundry supports
Java EE 7 and its modules. Although Cloud Foundry itself does not run on a
server, you can build web applications using Cloud Foundry to be deployed
as standalone containers or as running servers on a Cloud Foundry server.
The Eclipse EE 7 capabilities may be used with existing Cloud Foundry
functionality or with any other implementation of Java SE APIs for
RESTful Web Services.

Java EE 7 and PolicyKit: As of July 2015, Eclipse has included the Java EE
7 specification as an Eclipse MicroProfile. PolicyKit, a Java API for
RESTful Web Services, is an Eclipse MicroProfile project. The Java EE 7
capabilities may be used with existing Java EE 6 features or with any other
implementation of Java SE APIs for RESTful Web Services.

Java EE 7 and Entity Framework (EF): Although EF is not a supported

dependency in the Java EE 7 implementation, Java EE 7 supports the
following modules:

● javax.model
● javax.relation
● javax.Security
● javax.spout
● javax.sapi
● javax.tls

The implementation of Java EE 7 is compatible with all previous Java EE

versions, so you can reuse the capabilities for the earlier versions.

How do I know which Java EE 7 specifications are available in my

IDE?
Java EE 7 Complemented Eclipse MicroProfile Support Supported Eclipse
EE 6 Support Supported Eclipse EE 5 Support

Java EE 7 Java EE 7 Module Signature Compatibility 5 None: Partial Java

EE 6 Compatibility: Partial Java EE 7 Compatibility: Complete
javax.weboid module javax.tls module

The Eclipse MicroProfile implementation of Java EE 7 consists of a Java

EE 7 implementation of the JSR 307 standard module, a JAX-RS 2.1
implementation, and an EJB 3.1 implementation. In contrast, the JSR 285 m
odular implementation implemented for Java EE 6 is a standalone JSR-292
implementation.

Eclipse Enterprise for Java 6

The Eclipse Enterprise for Java 6 (EE6) provides the complete Java EE 6
functionality. The EE6 implementation includes all of the Java EE 6
services as well as all of the previous Java EE specifications for JAX-RS,
JSF, and JAX-WS. The EE6 implementation includes the Java EE 7 JSRs
and is interoperable with Java EE 7.

Eclipse Enterprise for Java 7

The Eclipse Enterprise for Java 7 (EE7) implementation provides the

complete Java EE 7 functionality. The EE7 implementation includes all of
the Java EE 7 services as well as all of the Java EE 6 specifications for
JAX-RS, JSF, and JAX-WS. The EE7 implementation is interoperable with
Java EE 6 and will be the default Java EE 7 implementation in Eclipse EE
7, with new Java EE 7 JSRs to be added to EE7.
Eclipse EE 7 and Cloud Foundry

The Eclipse EE 7 and Cloud Foundry implementation of Java EE 7 can use

the Cloud Foundry APIs for RESTful Web Services, including those from
Cloud Foundry Enterprise 2.0, for client and server authentication, session
management, and HTTP and XML API authentication. The Eclipse EE 7
integration with Cloud Foundry is enabled with the use of the Cloud
Foundry Assert API, which provides the capability for the Cloud Foundry
API provider to issue a Cloud Foundry Assert for either a client or server,
based on a Cloud Foundry Cloud Explorer. This ensures that Java EE 7
implementations do not interfere with the Cloud Foundry APIs for RESTful
Web Services.

The Eclipse EE 7 and Cloud Foundry integration can be used together, or

separately, to meet the needs of multi-tier applications. A Cloud Foundry
add-on provides an API for the use of the Eclipse EE 7 and Cloud Foundry
integration. The Eclipse EE 7 support also provides the Eclipse UI and Java
EE 7 Web Toolkit (JWT) and other Eclipse Components for Java EE 7.

Eclipse EE 7 and Tomcat

The Eclipse EE 7 implementation is compatible with the Java 7 JDK. The

Java 7 implementation is interoperable with Tomcat 8.3 and above.

Eclipse EE 7 and JBoss

The Eclipse EE 7 implementation of JAX-RS, JSF, JAX-WS, JAX-WS
Multi Resource Pattern, and JAX-RS WebSocket provides interoperability
with JBoss AS 7.3 and above. The implementation also is compatible with
the JBoss application server technologies, including JSF and JAX-WS.

Eclipse EE 7 and NetBeans

The Eclipse EE 7 implementation of JAX-WS provides interoperability

with the NetBeans IDE 8.0 EAP and with the Java EE Web Profile 3.1.

Eclipse EE 7 and Maven

The Eclipse EE 7 implementation of JAX-RS, JSF, and JAX-WS is

compatible with the Maven Central Repository 1.7.3 and requires no Maven
Dependency Injection packages. The implementation also is compatible
with the JAX-WS Middleware Service Provider. The NetBeans integration
is compatible with Java SE 6.

Eclipse EE 7 and JBoss

The Eclipse EE 7 implementation of JAX-WS provides interoperability

with the JBoss implementation of the JAX-WS middleware service
provider. The Java EE implementation is interoperable with the Eclipse EE
7 JAX-WS support in the NetBeans Web Project.

Eclipse can be used with existing Java EE applications in Eclipse to provide

extended development and deployment support for the Java EE platform.
You can start by writing Eclipse Java EE applications, and then later add
Eclipse EE support to provide application performance, increased
management options, and other benefits.
The Java EE 7 and Cloud Foundry implementations of Java EE 7 provide a
great way for you to move your existing Java EE 7 implementations into a
production environment that can be extended as you see fit. It's important to
realize, however, that Eclipse 7 does not replace Java EE Development
Edition. It can add to your existing investment, but it's not a complete
replacement. It can only be used in conjunction with Java EE Development
Edition, as an enhancement to Java EE.

The Eclipse EE 7 and Cloud Foundry implementations are available in the

Eclipse Marketplace. You can learn more about the Eclipse EE 7 Cloud
Foundry integration at the Cloud Foundry site.
Chapter 15 What is Java for phones?

Java for phones is open source, free, and developed by Sun. Sun has made it
clear that a separate company, which it has named Maturity in
Telecommunications (MT), will be working on this project.

For the Java community, the strategy is to get a single runtime and
application platform across all the major platforms and feature sizes. The
aim is to create a uniform user experience across all the diverse forms of
handheld and netbook/smartphone products.

How Java for phones will work

According to the official documentation, Java for phones is based on Java

EE 5. So the classic J2EE application server is also supported. No other
traditional server development libraries are supported; the memory
consumption and complexity of any platform will be significantly reduced.

Java for phones is written in Java, which means the code will be portable to
any Java 1.5 language variant, including Java 6.

Distributed applications are written in the generic Java application

frameworks. This means that existing Java app servers can be used. It is
expected that applications will run in a single thread, with separate threads
for high-performance processing.

Flexible domain objects

There are several object-oriented approaches to developing a mobile

application based on Java, but the basic premise is to build individual native
or distributed applications that use the same type of system, can access the
underlying structure, and utilize the language/library APIs as appropriate.

A common language/API is not assumed. So a feature like intents and event

methods for the different types of alerts is used. This is not yet supported
for Java for phones.

Supported platforms for Java for phones

Java for phones is targeted at three different device form factors:

smartphones, netbooks, and smartcards. With some tweaks, it should also
be able to run on other form factors like personal digital assistants (PDA)
and handheld game consoles.

Phone targets

For a native user interface, the system is built around Java and the native
interfaces from the phone manufacturer are the starting point for the native
layout and design. This means that any pre-existing Java APIs should also
work, as long as they are written to respect the intended target device.

Java developers will need to develop native code for Java for phones to
access the phone features.

"Since the functionality to render the native app UI and to read/write/edit

user data cannot be abstracted off from the rest of the runtime, the JDK
itself needs to be built in such a way that the Android team does not need to
add any special functionality or changes for native code to access those
capabilities," says Oracle's Elliot Schulman.

For applications that use the native OS APIs, standard Android APIs are
used. This means that the Java front-end will be able to take advantage of
the native Java stack to provide the platform integrations as well as the user
interface code itself.

Phone API targets

Java for phones is built around a unified API. Since the platform is focused
on supporting the native code, APIs will not be available in the traditional
Java programming language.

"The existing Java platform APIs are supported in the Java for phones
framework, to their full extent. So it is possible to use this platform API and
leverage existing libraries to provide the rich functionality of an
application." says the Java for phones FAQ.

Testing the Java for phones platform

Integration tests are the method to test the Java for phones platform.
Oracle's Schulman points out that it will be relatively easy to build
applications that use the Java for phones API and test how the application
will behave, what the API interfaces look like and what the Java for phones
test framework supports.

Since test frameworks need to be able to automatically register themselves

with the JSR, new test frameworks should be written with Java for phones
in mind.

Network integration testing is also going to be important.

"When the app is made available to all of the end-users, there will also be
opportunities to detect problems and provide feedback on the API," says
Schulman. "So testing the API function should be performed at every stage
of development. "
That also means that integrating with native code is important. "The natural
choice is to use the same Java libraries as in the Java for phones
framework."

Again, there is an opportunity for new test frameworks to be written to take

advantage of the Java for phones framework.

"Since JSR is aimed at end-users and not development teams, it is expected

that all of the APIs will not be implemented," says Schulman. "Therefore,
when it comes to testing, more focus will need to be placed on using testing
frameworks to detect performance problems, logic bugs, and other
problems."

Java for phones - what it could mean for Java fans

According to Schulman, there is a chance that the API might be ported to

other mobile platforms. "This could be a great opportunity to rewrite
applications that target multiple mobile devices without porting the JVM to
the target platform."

He also notes that end-to-end testing with Java for phones can be done
relatively easily by implementing additional API wrappers.

However, he doesn't think that this will be a significant user base.

"Currently, there are a lot of people in the Android community that are
working on bringing Android to other devices, especially mobile phones.
So the Android for phones framework will primarily be a platform for
developers that want to bring their apps to other mobile devices, not end-
users."

"There are other features in Java for phones that developers will be
interested in. The iOS community has an API with more features than the
JSR currently provides, so a lot of developers will be interested in Java for
phones."

So should Java developers be interested in Java for phones?

Schulman believes that the more language features that developers can use,
the better. "The major goal of Java for phones is to make it easy to create
applications for different platforms. Adding a new language feature will not
be a significant effort if Java for phones targets all the major platforms, so
this should be a good opportunity to make the language more expressive."

He also points out that since Java has strong support for regular
expressions, JSR 310 offers developers a chance to write programs that
don't require coding, such as a database or remote control applications.

"Java is a large language that covers a large number of domains and one of
the domains that it doesn't cover very well is to write applications for
different devices. Java for phones will change this. The language, which is
focused on mobile devices, will also cover different needs that are typically
associated with different devices, such as web applications."

Finally, Schulman points out that JSR 310 is under active development. "So
developers can expect the language features added to Java for phones to
become available soon. Developers should continue to participate in the
JSR 310 development. The specification is being rewritten and some of the
recently proposed features may not be in the final specification, but it
doesn't mean they will be removed."

What is Java development?

Java is a software language that has been around for many years. It’s
written in Java and has been developed by Sun Microsystems, Ltd. Since it
is a language designed to be used to develop applications for the PC, Mac,
and most recently the Android and iOS mobile operating systems, it’s pretty
flexible.

Java apps run on a variety of operating systems, including Android, iOS,

Mac, and Linux. It’s often used to develop enterprise or server apps, as it
offers the widest range of platform capabilities.

What are its strengths?

Java is a versatile language that can be used to build a wide variety of

applications, including web-based apps, desktop applications, games, server
apps, and more. Because of its widespread use, it has been adopted by some
pretty powerful corporate and enterprise organizations.

Developers love Java because it’s a powerful language. Since it’s a Java-
based language, developers can use C, C++, C#, Clojure, ClojureScript,
Java 8, Kotlin, Go, Groovy, JRuby, Python, Ruby, and Scala. It’s also Java-
compatible, so it’s very easy to port your Java code to another language.

Java is also very secure and offers easy integration of the Java Runtime
Environment (JRE). In this way, a developer can continue to write code
using a standard syntax, and your Java code will continue to work as though
it had been written in Java.

What are its weaknesses?

Developers have had some issues with Java over the years. It’s easy to get
lost as to how to even use some of the language features. There have also
been issues with Java affecting non-Java applications and code, and more
recently, Java 8 didn’t help either.
Because of this, Java developers are seeking other options and looking to
get involved with other languages that are gaining in popularity.

In addition, Java 9, which was released in April, is also not quite ready yet.
Java developers had been waiting for years for this release to happen, and it
still wasn’t complete at launch. Now there’s a long wait before Java 9 is
made fully usable and usable across all supported versions of Java.

What can I use with Java?

Many languages can be used to develop Java applications. Some are native
languages, and others are interpreted. There are also different options for
servers and back-end applications, and desktop apps.

To get started, you can start with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which runs
a virtual copy of Java in a Windows, Mac, or Linux machine. From there,
you can run a C or C++ runtime, such as Java 7, Java 8, or Java 9, on a
virtual machine to develop desktop apps.

For server apps, you can use Apache Maven, which is an open-source Java
application framework for building, managing, and packaging Java
applications. It includes a wide range of tools for developing Java
applications, such as build tools, dependency management, and so on.

For iOS and Android development, you can use Apple’s Swift or Google’s
Go, which are both interpreted languages for developing server and desktop
applications.

If you need to build for the Web, you can use Node.js, which is an open-
source server-side JavaScript platform.
What are its alternatives?

At the moment, Java continues to dominate the server and desktop

development market. However, it’s important to keep an eye out for
alternative languages and frameworks that are popular at the moment.
Below, we’ll take a look at some of the most popular alternatives.

Swift

When you think of programming languages for iOS and the desktop, you’re
likely to consider Objective-C, and probably Python or Ruby as well.
However, these languages are interpreted, and if you’re interested in
developing desktop and server apps in the most modern development
technologies, you need a static language.

One such language is Swift. This language was developed by Apple, and it
includes some interesting features such as optional typing, a standard
library that includes functions like `check` and `assert`, a first-class function
syntax, and so on. It’s popular, with more than 900 million downloads, and
it’s become very popular in the server, desktop, and mobile development
fields.

Swift is still young, with versions 1.0 and 1.2 having been released. The
latest release is 1.3. The 1.4.1 beta is available now.

Flock

Flock is a statically typed programming language, but it’s very different

from Java in a few key ways. One of them is its syntax, which is much
simpler. It also has object-oriented programming features such as closures
and bi-directional data flow.
The key difference between Flock and Swift is that Flock is open source,
and unlike Swift, it can be used both for server and desktop development.

Flock is based on Java, but it differs from the Java language in several key
ways. One of these is the use of the green bug_class naming convention.
Another is the use of a static type system for explicit type checking. It also
has optional static typing, and it offers support for parallel programming.

Flock is developed by Facebook, and many other companies have adopted

it as well, including Amazon, Amazon Web Services, GitHub, Netflix,
Pinterest, Tencent, PayPal, and Yahoo.

Go

Another alternative language to consider is Go. As its name indicates, Go is

a compiled programming language based on the Go programming language
by Google. It has no garbage collection, and it offers a more simple syntax.

Go is quite popular, with hundreds of production applications written in it.

Like Flock, Go is open source, and many companies use it, including Uber,
Pinterest, IBM, Netflix, Nvidia, Facebook, Google, Dropbox, The New
York Times, Instagram, and Walmart.

Also like Flock, Go is still relatively young. Its version 1.1.1 was released
in July 2017, and it’s available under a license that is more permissive than
the Apache 2 license of Swift, which means that it’s available for free.

Frameworks

Developing apps with these types of languages requires a different set of

tools. So, while this post is mostly aimed at learning more about building
desktop and server apps with Java and Go, there’s a wealth of information
on other languages, frameworks, and tooling that can be helpful as well.
Below, we’ll list some of the most popular libraries and tools that you’ll
want to look into.

Swift Starter

SwiftStarter is a solid introduction to programming in Swift. This site

provides several courses that show you how to write useful Swift
applications, including handling errors and data structures, using the
standard library, and creating iOS and Mac OS X apps.

CodeProject

The CodeProject site is a great place to learn the basics of different

programming languages. You’ll find useful articles and tutorials that show
you how to get started with topics like compiler debugging, Jekyll
documentation, Xcode, React and Redux frontend development, and Ruby
on Rails apps.

Frugal

Frugal is one of the most popular testing frameworks available for iOS and
macOS. It’s a good example of the type of self-hosted, open-source
development tools you’ll see in these posts.

Elixir
Elixir is an event-driven programming language that offers functional
programming features and some object-oriented programming features. It’s
an active open source project, and you’ll find many articles and tutorials for
learning it.

AWS Lambda

AWS Lambda is an end-to-end serverless computing service from Amazon

that makes it easy to create functions that execute code in response to
events.

ActiveMQ

ActiveMQ is an open-source message broker. The project is still being

actively developed, so it provides a solid alternative to the RESTful
Message Queues and Streaming (AKA Apache Kafka) systems that you’ll
find in these frameworks.

Node.js

Node.js is a server-side JavaScript programming language that makes it

easy to build server-side web applications. It’s an alternative to PHP.

Github
Github is a great place to host your own projects, but it’s not strictly limited
to open source software projects. You can also create private GitHub
repositories.

Distributed.org

Distributed.org is an organization that curates code for the open-source

projects that you find on GitHub.

Learn Java

There are several great blogs, books, courses, and other resources available
on learning the Java programming language.

The list above highlights the most popular and widely-used programming
languages, frameworks, and tools in the open-source world. You can pick
and choose, but for the most part, you’ll be going in with a wide-open set of
choices. The collection on the right is by no means comprehensive, but it
gives you a good place to start.

If you’re looking to learn more about these languages and frameworks, or if

you’d like to brush up on your skills in the languages and frameworks that
are most popular among developers, you’ll want to take a look at these
open-source courses. You’ll find well-written course topics that go into
much greater detail than a typical blog post, and we’ll even create you an
actual GitHub organization so you can hold your studies there.
Chapter 16 How to use Java?

It's a bit like dealing with the Dolly Parton of the computing world. It has
incredible strengths (and a few weaknesses, too) but at the same time, it's
very hard to understand and a little too complex. Your first task is learning
to use Java and to ignore the complexity. This article is about what you can
do with the basics. To use Java, you must start with Java; you cannot use it
without it. When I speak of a language, I mean a small collection of
essential building blocks and a language library. Java is a collection of those
basic building blocks, a library of libraries, an IDE (and a whole lot more),
and a set of technologies that has taken over the computing world (well, at
least some of it). You must start with Java because everything else flows
from it. It has come a long way, baby. Consider that Java was not always
here, in your computer, waiting to be used. It was developed by Sun
Microsystems and then acquired by Oracle, who now sells it and supports it
for the rest of us. There is one thing to know: Java is C++ on steroids. No
one is arguing about that fact. Some people might argue that Java's
community is bigger, the ecosystem is deeper and better, but there is
nothing to argue about in that regard. Let's take a closer look at what Java
can do for you. Java as it is

Java is a programming language and is a reflection of how the programmer

wants to use it: direct, declarative, object-oriented, and sometimes even
functional. It follows the same logic as your design principles in
programming: choose only those components that help you build a system,
like containers, and use those components exclusively. There is no reason to
create a container (which in Java, is just a container of immutable data) to
house arrays, instead of a pointer to an array or the latter in a slice. All you
have to do is write a function and stick it in the same class as the container
(and a few lines of code later, the container is instantiated, with all those
names in it). How to use Java? In Java, the element of fun is expressed in
the language itself. There is no need to compile it or call an external library
to access it (although it is extremely useful for lightweight projects). Where
the expressions are meant to be analyzed and created, the program is going
to provide that analysis. Java is the largest, most mature language out there
(by a wide margin). Its community is a large, well-established one (see the
documentation to find out how to join), and the ecosystem is the largest and
best in the computing world. Java is an all-or-nothing language. The
language is always there, always available. It comes with a rich set of
libraries that allows you to do almost anything you want. In the past years, a
whole new set of the library has been available for those who like to use
Scala, a type of functional programming language. Java offers an easy
learning curve (compared to other languages) and an equally comfortable
reading experience. The examples and examples make you feel like a
genius even if you are not. When it comes to the language, this means that
all the examples are in Java and all the comments in the code are written in
Java. This should not scare anyone. The separation of concerns is apparent,
and the use of readable code makes it easier to follow the story of the code.
If you ever wonder why Java is the most widely used programming
language in the world (together with C#, Perl, Python, Ruby, and a host of
others) consider all those facts. All you have to do is switch off the lazy eye
and read. Java can solve most problems you are going to encounter. It's
mature and stable. Java can also solve most problems you do not want to
solve (unless you are in a game like driving in a car, then you may want to
go with C++). Java is perfect for embedded and portable systems (hence the
popularity of Android, Embedded Java, and mobile devices like Java
tablets). If you have a problem, Java can solve it. Java has a small
development time, both for development and for testing. This is the main
reason for its success.

Java as an industry-wide movement

Today, Java is everywhere. Companies don't have to come together to

innovate. Instead, they develop software with well-defined teams of experts
and then just release the software to the world. It's done! Although Java is
available as a free download, you will need an installation on your machine.
In practice, Java is just a new way to develop the same programs that were
developed in the old days (Unix/Linux, Visual Basic, Visual C++, ...) with a
few changes and optimizations. There is no need to reinvent the wheel.
With all the advantages of the new paradigm, this new development
approach is increasing productivity and allowing companies to streamline
their resources and approach problems more efficiently.

Java FAQ for Scala newcomers

Java has been the gold standard of server and enterprise software
development for more than 15 years, with more than 1 billion users in more
than 180 countries. It is the most popular language in the world for mobile,
consumer, and embedded devices. Java is the first programming language
and is used for all of the server/enterprise, mobile, embedded, scientific,
and animation applications. Java is very popular in the Automotive industry
(Tesla), is the default technology in the mobile industry (Google Nexus
One, Android), and is embedded in all kinds of smart devices (Internet of
Things). Java is powerful and has an easy-to-use syntax.

Why are so many people switching to Scala, and what is the reason?

Since I am a Scala developer and this is not a question about Scala itself, let
me try to answer it as a Java developer.

Scala is an object-oriented language for the JVM and in this post, I want to
write about the Scala language.

Java language is too big for its good

There are 2 reasons for this phenomenon.

First, the Java language is huge. It has a high abstraction level, with lots of
type-safe features. Each language feature that can be coded in Java is coded
in Java and then the syntax is translated to a JVM-specific syntax. Since
Java is not yet an interpreted language, a developer needs to compile the
Java code into bytecode, which is executed by the JVM. Scala, on the other
hand, is not an interpreted language, and in general, it has many fewer
language constructs.

Also, the features in the Java language are not the only features of the Java
language. Most Java developers are not aware of the bigger Java picture,
and even if they are aware of the bigger Java picture, they can't keep track
of the entire set of Java language features. For example, the following Java
code is not safe:

● public class Person { public static int id { get ; set ; } public static
String name { get ; set ; } public static int age { get ; set ; } }

It might work, but it could also result in a NullPointerException, and

because the language offers few types, it could even result in a runtime
error (such as an undefined variable).

Note that this language error can be detected via checking for null-safety,
which is an aspect of the language which is very similar to function safety,
but there are other aspects to functionality that the Java developer is not
aware of and does not have time to learn. Functionality such as stack safety
and perhaps memory safety is often easier to implement than functionality
such as null-safety.

The second reason why Java is bloated and not easily understandable is that
the Java language specification is very large. The Java Language
Specification is 1,835 pages long, and this includes everything the Java
language offers. So the Java language is so large that it can be hard to read
the specification. The fact that this specification is also difficult to work
with makes it even more likely that people will overlook the issue.

Exposure to more complex languages

According to the Code Trends Study, most developers only work with Scala
and Python, but I am not aware of any survey to find out what languages
developers are using if they work with other languages. From my
experience, Scala and Python are not popular among Java developers.
However, among these developers, many are exposed to more complex
languages.

For example, when working with other languages, the Java developers can
learn things such as:

● GCC or MinGW/PowerPC compiler

● javac and gradle (inherited from the Java developer)
● compilers GCC or MinGW/PowerPC compiler javac and gradle
(inherited from the Java developer) Language tools such as the
Reflection API (or methods like reflection or function introspection)
● Netbeans IDE (or Eclipse) and other Java IDE
● Portable libraries (e.g., the ones included in the JDK, such as
javax.outs or java.util)
● Different capabilities of the JVM (such as high-performance threads
and fine-grain concurrency control)

There is little downside to these additional capabilities, since the new

capabilities typically offer only a slight speedup for existing code. Also, if
Java programmers know how to use them and can implement them, they
can make their existing Java code faster.

Some of the Java language features are used by other languages. This is a
natural outcome of having an evolution-friendly language (as opposed to a
reactive language). Many Java language features are useful, but not widely
used, because of the different capabilities of the Java virtual machine. Also,
some Java language features are useful but not widely used, because the
developer community has not done a good job promoting or sharing them
with other developers.
Additionally, I don't think most Java developers are exposed to additional
capabilities offered by the JVM. Many other developer features have a
significant impact on the efficiency of the JVM. The most important
example is dynamic code generation. These techniques have a significant
impact on the performance of the JVM. However, because most developers
don't use dynamic code generation, they are not exposed to its benefits.

Programmers interested in learning more about the capabilities of the JVM,

and how to implement them, can check out the excellent documentation for
the Oracle JDK, such as JVM internals, JVM tips, and so on. This
documentation has sections that explain how to implement various
capabilities of the JVM, such as compile-time metaprogramming and
dynamic code generation. However, many of these capabilities are difficult
to understand.

So, I proposed six reasons why java.util.concurrent.Flow is not a good way

to use for error-handling in an application. In the next article, I will discuss
why it is a bad way to use for error-handling. This article describes how a
thread synchronized access to an object. The next article discusses why, in
my opinion, using a thread to synchronize access to an object should be
discouraged. Finally, I will explain why I consider synchronization
primitives as a programming technique to be deprecated.
Conclusion

Java’s worldwide standard availability and free community involvement are

by far the biggest advantages for any developer coming to Java. An
implementation that supports it is not an excuse to ignore Java’s strengths.
The biggest benefit for Java is its testing tools because they work on
virtually all programming languages and also offer integration with IDEs.

Some of the language level issues in Java:

● jdbc adapter is not implemented (there are way too many exceptions
to be documented here)
● Classloader is extremely complex (but the good thing is that you
don’t need to fix it from scratch)
● Naming issues
● Interfaces as abstract classes

Java’s syntax allows developers to improve the readability and reduce

readability issues. It doesn’t mean that other languages couldn’t do it, but
that’s not a general rule.

JVM has a complex GC. But it’s very consistent and knows how to behave.

Java developers can build massively scalable, low latency systems.

There are a lot of tools in the Java world to improve debugging and
analysis. Some important ones are:

● JUnit
● JDebugger
● JUnit profiles

Why has Java been around so long?

It took Java years to build up as a viable language. There is a significant
barrier to entry for people coming from other languages because of the huge
complexity of the language and the compiler. Java didn’t become popular
until Borland built the Apache JVM which had the guts to take all the best
parts of the C/C++ compiler and compile them to the JVM.

JVM has been around for 10 years. That’s a long time, in this short time,
there’s a lot of innovation in the field. Especially in the Java 8 version, there
was so much innovation.

We (Apple) care about Java and spend a lot of time working on it. That’s
the right way to be doing it. That’s what other companies should do. If Java
was a new technology, then they would make the best of it, but that’s not
the case. It’s an old technology, and people need to understand that we’re
not going to drop dead because you started using Java.

How can someone easily switch from Java to other languages?

Different languages solve different problems. Java solved the problem of

running a computer, programming a computer, for a programmer, and
sometime in the future, an industrialist. If you can solve a problem, that’s a
high bar, and if someone can solve it, then why not give it to them?

A lot of users who become developers can’t solve the problems of systems
programming or system programming. That’s where dynamic languages
like Clojure and F# step in. Even languages like Rust and Go can step in.
It’s easy to switch from one language to another language that solves a
particular problem.

I don’t see any language that can be used to write a large, complex, data-
driven system. Because there are just too many things happening. If you ask
a Java developer “what’s the difference between Java, C++, and .Net?”
Most people say Java is a bad language, but the other thing they say is that
it’s powerful.

What do you think are the most important things to learn when coming
from another language to Java?

First, it’s about the mindset. You have to understand that writing programs
in Java is really easy. You don’t need to worry about memory management,
how do I know I’m not going to do something stupid with this thing and it
could cause a memory leak. You have a bunch of arguments, and you just
say “this is the way to do it.” That’s how Java has the power to do what it
can do.

But it’s not just about Java, it’s about your mindset, and how you approach
problems. It’s not enough to know how to write Java code. You have to
understand how to do the hard parts of it. For example, why don’t I care
about cache safety? What do I care about? If I have ten objects on a table,
how do I want to handle that? It could be that I’m going to write a complex
algorithm that handles caching and perhaps I don’t care about memory
leaks.

You can create Java-like VB, but that’s not the right way to do it. When you
go back to C#, or C++, or Visual Basic, you can see that a lot of these
people spent 10 years learning how to do it. When they were first starting
they probably had some experiences with other languages, they just didn’t
realize it.

I’ve spent about 25 years and I spent that time learning. Some people spend
1, 3 years learning, some people spend 5 years, and some people spend a
long time learning. I would say you have to have some experience to know
how to do this. Then you can go out and learn how to do this stuff. I’m sure
some people have spent 20 years before they understand it.
Most people are surprised that my question about the difference between
object-oriented languages and functional languages came up.

People didn’t understand it because they didn't know how to program.

It’s just a language for telling people how to program, how to describe the
problem. If you look at some functional programming languages like Scala
or Clojure, you’ll see it looks more like mathematics. There are functions,
functions that have more than one parameter, pure functions, lazy functions,
functions that have a return value and you don’t see them a lot. But they’re
easy to implement, they’re easy to implement in functional languages.

Some people like Scala are used to having imperative languages, where you
have to iterate over arrays, and update methods, update state. Functional
languages are a little bit more functional. They don’t have that as much, but
they have that kind of thinking in there, and it makes it easier. But you still
have to have good programming skills.

Some people think that the other way is bad because they don’t have to
think about memory. One person I interviewed said, “people who use
object-oriented languages think they have to worry about memory,” but
they don’t, it’s almost an illusion.

Some people who are used to functionally doing things will say that
functional languages are harder to learn because they have to think in
functional ways. Functional languages might be easier to learn, but they
also might be harder to use. There’s some of that in Java.

Yeah, I’m sure that they are, but the good thing about functional
programming is that the reason you have to think that way is that functional
languages are more restrictive. Java doesn’t care about that. The same as
Java doesn’t care about concurrency, in Java, you can’t have lazy
operations, you can’t have pure functions. They’re all part of the Java
language.
You have to know some functional programming. I would recommend
when you read some of the books, I would recommend learning some
functional programming languages like Clojure. If you want to learn
Clojure, I would suggest the book “Clojure for the Joke,” or some other
book that teaches about Clojure.

Clojure is another example, one of the reasons people have trouble with
Clojure is because they’re used to imperative languages.

Java is more general-purpose, Java is a general-purpose language, it can do

anything, but people see it’s a functional language and they’re all excited.
But you can’t do anything with it.

Then you look at a Java library, and you realize that they’re not functional.
If they’re like jQuery, which is a library for JavaScript, and there are a lot of
functional libraries for JavaScript, people like those too. If you look at the
Erlang project, there are lots of them. When you’re doing Erlang, which is a
functional programming language, you have a lot of these functional
libraries for Erlang, but they’re not really in Erlang.

There’s a big community of functional programmers, but you don’t see a lot
of them as developers. They’re more like innovators.

We have a lot of people like that in Erlang, and they come up with new
ideas. They come up with new features and implement them, and maybe
others will use them later. Maybe they’ll have a smaller company, and their
clients will want a new feature, and they’ll go and implement that and
maybe sell a smaller company.

All those ideas are there, that’s the nature of it, it’s the nature of most
programming languages.

It’s the same with functional programming. It doesn’t mean that it’s more
important than imperative programming. You can write programs in
functional languages just as well as in imperative languages. It just means
that your programming skills will improve if you learn a functional
programming language.

It depends on the thing you want to do, but if it’s something that’s driven by
functional programming, you’re probably going to be better off. You’ll
learn about functional programming. It’ll increase your communication
skills. It will make you able to build those things more efficiently because
you’ll be less dependent on conventional programming practices.

Oh, and I think that people who’ve had kids will appreciate the importance
of functional programming. That’s kind of a given, when you have a kid,
you’ll want to have a program, and you’ll want to spend some time with it.

I remember having a kid when I was at the University of Toronto in the late
’70s, and there were no such things as microcomputers at that point. We
used those little weird computers in the student union, and we would
program programs with them. The programs that we would write back then
weren’t written for the microcomputer, we just wrote them in assembly
language.

But now, you have those programs with C++ or Java or C#, and you have to
run the thing. It’s a machine-language program. You have to change it into
machine language. And all those errors that you have in the assembly
program you wrote are going to mess the thing up in the machine language.

You go back to functional programming, and you have the code on a stack.
You have a stack, and you have a couple of functions you want to run on the
stack. What you say is, “I want to put these functions on the stack.” It
doesn’t matter that they’re in the wrong order. What matters is, “What order
are they in? How do I interpret them?” You don’t know that until you
interpret them.

And that forces you to write unambiguous code, it forces you to do it

differently. And you can do it more efficiently, you can do it more
effectively.
When you do that, and when you learn the advantages of functional
programming, you’ll discover something more important than that, the
people who’ve had kids will find that to be an advantage as well.

Introduction to Functional Programming

In this session, I’ll show a little bit of the Erlang programming language.
Then I’ll show the BufHandle and a few functions, then I’ll show a few
functional-style functions.

But that’s not enough, so let’s start with an introduction to functional

programming. I will introduce the following terminology, and I will try to
make it clear why we use this terminology.

First off, I’ll say that we use the term “Functional Programming” to mean
“Unary Operations.” Unary Operations are the functions that are called on a
single input and that return a single result. And you say that as one word,
and then you explain it. But you can also use the term “Functional
Programming” as a blanket term for programming in general.

Some people say, “I want to program in functional programming.” You

could program in Erlang using some purely functional language, or you
could program in Erlang, and then use Haskell, or Scala, or whatever the
hell you want.

But I think it’s more productive to program in a purely functional language

if you want to do it. But if you don’t want to do it, then, by all means, do it
in an imperative language. But I think it’s more productive to program in a
purely functional language.

One of the other things to say, the other term is “unary operators.” So we
usually think of an expression as being either an AND or an OR. You can
put the AND on the right, or the OR on the left, and they’re both on the
right.
But these are not correct; you have to use not OR, but AND OR. So you
have an expression and then you have two sides. One side would be an
AND, and the other side would be an OR.

And so when you put an AND on the right, and an OR on the left, you get a
new expression on the right. So you can say that these are NOT in order.
They’re not actually in the proper order. The correct order is like this: AND
OR, OR OR. But you get the idea.

So the other terms are also not correct. You can put an AND on the left, and
you can put an OR on the right. It’s not the same expression; it’s different.

In Erlang, you do not need these terms. There is a feature of Erlang called
partial application, which allows you to put the function on one side of the
function, and put the side on the other side, and then the body will be
applied to that function. So if you put an AND on the left, then you will get
a different function. If you put an OR on the left, you will get the function.
It’s kind of magic, the way it works.

You see this on every call to the standard library. You’ve probably got
something on your screen right now, like for example, the standard library
will give you the list function. It’s not in the standard library. But if you do
not specify a list argument, then it will give you a list of all the lists. If you
do specify a list argument, it will give you a list of the pairs. So you can
have one pair of two lists, and you can have another pair of a pair of lists,
and then you can have another pair of a pair of lists. You can have every
permutation. It’s just a permutation in the permutation language.

Now the version of Erlang that I’m working on will probably have an API
that will support list functions and other forms of partially applied
functions. So you can probably see why you should use imperative
programming in Erlang instead of functional programming. Functional
programming is much easier to understand than imperative programming,
but when you’re dealing with critical systems, where you are using the
standard library, it can be very hard to think about all of the available
options, and how to apply them to your problem. And if you’re dealing with
critical systems, you probably don’t want to think about it at all.

Another good reason to use imperative programming, in my opinion, is that

it allows you to do this thing called typesetting. You write your programs in
a way that it gets compiled, it is converted, into a way that it can be read.
There are different levels of typesetting in Erlang, for example, the
compiler can automatically convert your program into a functional
language. And then the different parts of your program, like methods, you
can write them in a functional language.

The same is true of Java, C++, or any other language you might want to
use. The compiler will recognize that it is a language and that parts of the
program are going to be executed in the imperative language, and the rest of
the program is going to be executed in the functional language. And this is
the dynamic type of programming.

You write your programs in a way that they can be dynamically translated.
That is if you write a program in a functional language, and you want to put
some data in there, like a function or two, then those data are going to be
automatically converted into the form of an imperative statement, or an
imperative data structure, so you can insert them in the middle of your
program, and see what’s going to happen. And then when you run the
program, you can get the effect of those data that you were putting in there.

So if you’re not afraid of dynamic typesetting, then you should probably

consider using Erlang, and your programming style will probably change a
bit. But you can’t see it because you’re just staring at your screen.

One of the last examples I’m going to give is about distributed computing,
where you have multiple nodes interacting with each other. This is pretty
much the same paradigm that is used in distributed computing with cellular
automata, in that in Erlang, every process has to be able to communicate
with every other process that they have access to. And it’s cool.
It’s kind of a global, distributed, parallel computing model, where the
communication between processes can be at several different levels. Each
process has access to all of the processes that they have access to, and at
each level of communication, there’s something called a message, and that
message is what is sending and receiving data.

For example, you might have a process on the same machine that you’re
running Erlang in that has two different mailing lists, or maybe one email
list. And they can both send mail or reply to each other. There are a lot of
things that you can do. You can set up distributed processing, which is neat.

One of the things that you do have access to, but that many other languages
don’t have access to, is the communication between processes. To write
programs in a distributed way, you have to learn how to write programs in a
distributed way. So in the previous example, you had to learn how to write
distributed Erlang.

One of the other things that you do have access to is a distributed type
system. The type system in Erlang is not just static type checking; it’s not
just static type checking for scalars. It’s also dynamically typed.

In other words, if I write a program and I give it to the compiler, the

compiler automatically recognizes that the code that I am giving the
compiler has to be able to handle the fact that this program is running in an
interconnected cluster of nodes, and the nodes are communicating with each
other. And the compiler has to know how to recognize when these nodes
receive the messages sent by the nodes that are a part of the cluster. So there
are also distributed type systems.

One of the cool things that are possible with a distributed type system is
dynamic type checking for Erlang nodes. So if I have a type system that I’m
familiar with in my language, and I want to have a distributed type system,
the cool thing is that I don’t have to do anything special. Because if I have a
type system, and I can communicate with the distributed type system, I can
send messages to the distributed type system. And it will type check the
code that I give to it. So it’s very cool.
And one of the other cool things about having a distributed type system is
that if there’s a type that a distributed type system can’t handle, or doesn’t
know how to handle, then it will provide you with some help. So if a
message comes in that is not something that a distributed type system has
yet to deal with, then that message will provide you with a hint that tells
you how to deal with that message, and it will do so without you having to
read the code for that message.

So that’s another thing that’s cool about Erlang. And when it comes to these
distributed type systems, it’s not just distributed type systems; it’s also
distributed type checking. So if you write code that has the correct type
signature, and you send that code to a distributed type system, then the type
checker that the distributed type system provides will validate the code, but
it won’t automatically type check the code. It will just tell you what the
types are and where they come from. And when you read the code, you’ll
know what the types are.

And the nice thing is that these distributed-type systems exist. They’re
something that you can go and talk to if you’re not familiar with them. They
are being built. So I have an IRC channel that has people that work on
them, and I have a mailing list that people that work on them use to talk
about them. So the future is full of distributed-type systems that work with
Erlang.

This is all interesting. But there’s a problem with this. I’m building a
distributed type system, and Erlang is a distributed language. So how do I
communicate with my distributed type system?

There is one protocol that Erlang does have. It’s called SIGTERM. And it’s
really simple. It says, “Go away for a bit because you’re going to be
blocked in here for some time.” But it also has other more elaborate
protocols. One of those is called SIGQUIT, which is something that when
you call the system method on any type in Erlang, it will eject the type, and
then it will tell you that the type has ejected itself. And that’s it.
So SIGTERM and SIGQUIT are used for two very different purposes. So
when you call SIGTERM, you’re telling the language runtime that
something is going to block in your program, and you don’t want to see it
for some time. And when you call SIGQUIT, you’re telling the language
runtime that you don’t want to see the type again, for any reason, ever.

But there are a couple of problems with this. So if I want to share data with
my distributed type system, then I have to use two different ways of
communicating with it. I have to use SIGTERM, and I have to use
SIGQUIT. If I want to see what type a message is in, I have to know the
type of message that it’s emitting. And if I want to communicate with that
type of message, then I have to know the type of that message.

So if I want to let my type system know that I’ve finished using it, I’ve got
to use the system method, which tells it, “Okay, I’m done using the message
type. I don’t want to see it anymore.” And then I have to use SIGQUIT to
tell the type checker that I don’t want to see that type anymore.

So this has some serious problems. So the first problem is that if you have
too many parameters in your system call, then when the type checker is
getting to the message, it has to look for the parameters. So it has to check
all of the parameters that are in the system call to see if it can find them.
And then it has to look for the parameters in the message and find out if it
can find them. So if you have a long system call, it’ll just be completely
jammed. It won’t know where to look, because it has to check the whole
system call before it can find the parameters. And it won’t look for the
parameters in the message, because it can’t find them, and it can’t emit the
message until it finds them.

And the second problem is that it will emit the message even if you call
SIGQUIT and use SIGTERM on it. So if you have a long system call,
you’ll get another message back that says, “The type checker is trying to
emit a message. It can’t find it, but please let it emit it.” And this means that
for really long system calls, you have to run the entire system call again.
You’ll get two messages. One saying “No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no,”
and one saying, “Let it emit it.” So it’s not a good idea to do this.
So these problems, we found, are hard to solve. And the way that we solved
them was by changing the system call that handles the type checker. So the
code that handles the type checker, the block system call, was rewritten to
use a different system call, which just has a different set of parameters. It
has a little simpler set of parameters. So it’s saying, “I’m not going to find
the parameters, and I’m not going to try to emit the message.” But the
reason that you’re not allowed to do that is that it will cause a memory leak.
The storage that the type checker is using just cannot fit into your process’s
memory. So if you want to use the type checker, then you’ll have to be sure
that you’re only sending it data that is in a structure that will fit in the space
that the type checker is using. So that’s why you can’t do that.

Then when you get a new type, that is a really big type, then you just have
to say, “Look, I’m done. I’m going to need to unpack the structure to see
what the type is.” And then you can emit it. It’s still a memory leak, but at
least it’s not a huge memory leak.

So that was the other major improvement that we made for making that new
type of system a lot better.

So you have a lot of responsibilities, including some of the problems with

the type checker. So you have, of course, the normal responsibilities that all
the people on a type system have. So you have to keep the type system
secure. You have to keep it from all kinds of attacks, from any kind of
impostors or impersonators. And there’s a lot of things that you need to do
to make that secure. So one of the things that you have to do is to have
somebody put in some work to be able to call your type system.

But there’s another part of your responsibility, which is that you’re also
responsible for trying to protect people from themselves, trying to help
them to write better programs. So this is going to get even harder than the
problem of giving up your code because people will often be trying to write
better programs than they can. So a lot of times, you can’t do a lot of the
things that you’d like to do. So this is a bit of a tradeoff.
I’ve already talked about the existence of the type checker. So there’s no
point in having a type checker if you don’t want to use it. So we made the
type checker available as a library so that people can write their code in a
language that they understand, and then they can just call the type checker
from the outside of their code, which means that you don’t have to run it.

But even without using the type checker, if you’re just writing your code
with the assumption that you will be using the type checker, then you have
to also have a way to make sure that your type definitions are all valid. And
a lot of the way that type checking works is to try to figure out what you
mean by the type, and then you have to check your code against it, and it’s
quite expensive.

So the other thing that we did was that we made it more economical for the
type checker to do the checks for you. So if you write a check that doesn’t
match, you don’t have to worry about that check. The type checker will just
make sure that it doesn’t do that. So if you get a check and you don’t match,
you don’t have to worry about that check. The type checker will just forget
about that check. So you have a program that is free from the worry of
having to match, or having to check, all of your type definitions. And if the
type checker did some kind of analysis of the type that you’re writing, then
it would recognize that the language didn’t have a problem with it. So if
you get some type of checker that’s much more powerful than ours, then
they will be able to solve the problem for you, even though you’re not
running it.

And so there are two ways to solve this problem. You can write a checker.
It’s not a particularly good idea to do that, because then all of your code is
so brittle that you have a checker that it would break, and your code will
still break. So that’s not a good thing to do. But then you can write some
macros, which is much more robust. So this is a way to solve this problem
by doing macros, which I think is probably a better way to solve the
problem. So the problem is much harder if you do try to solve it by writing
a checker because then all of your code is going to be so brittle that you
don’t want to run the checker because it’s going to make your code too
brittle. So actually, writing some macros is a much better solution. And of
course, you can write the macro at the end of the program and if it gets into
a failure, then you can make sure that the type system has caught it.

Okay, now I’m going to talk about one more thing, which is that because of
all of these limitations, I’m sometimes forced to rewrite things, which I
don’t think is necessarily always a good thing. I mentioned this last time,
but I was forced to rewrite part of the library to fix a bug. And I did rewrite
the library to fix this bug. And the reason I chose to do this was that I think
the idea that you could write a perfectly type-safe program and if I ever saw
a type error I could go and fix, it’s just not true. It’s not true, because the
type checker is going to still be there, and it’s still going to check that
there’s no type error. So when we do find a type error in the types that we
were trying to check, it’s going to break that check. So you should not use
type checking to catch type errors.

And the reason is that you’re effectively trying to catch type errors all the
time, and if there is a type error, your program will always fail. The other
thing that you can do is fail early, you can print something to the user, and if
it’s a type error, that will never happen. The user isn’t going to be able to
see the message. But also, if you’re not giving the user the ability to print,
then it’s not showing that type of error. So the main idea is, I think, that you
should only use type checking as an exception detector. And this is because
I think it’s not practical to do type checking everywhere. You can’t, as I
said, write a whole program, a whole runtime system, if you want to check
that everything is correct. So what we need to do instead is focus on what’s
necessary for the runtime system and what’s necessary for the UI to be run
correctly. So this kind of balances it out.

Using pattern-matching to match on more data structures

So you know how pattern matching works. And the thing is, sometimes,
you have to make a huge, giant type check and you need to start annotating
everything, and so you have to make it more brittle. If you use pattern
matching, instead of having to annotate everything, you only have to
annotate some things. So when you say matches on tuples, we can just say
this part matches on tuples and that part doesn’t. So now we can have one
type of checker that says, “This is a case where this part is a case where”.
That makes it much easier to do type checking.

So for example, I sometimes want to put objects into an array that’s going
to be kept in memory in a distributed fashion. So I want to be able to put
any type into a hash, which is how I’m going to manage this, into this array.
And so that’s exactly the problem that I was trying to solve before. So I can
now use this pattern matching to do that, and this way, I can annotate only
these cases and only the relevant cases. So you don’t have to have this huge
huge type of checker everywhere. You can just have this little pattern
checker. But the other thing is, that with type checking, you have the whole
library, and then you have a single class that you use for pattern matching.
You can’t do that with pattern matching. You can’t say, “Oh, okay. So I
have this method that matches on this pattern, and it can only match on this
part of the system.” If you use pattern matching, you can only match on this
part of the system, and that’s the only case that you need to check.

So also it’s useful, because when you have these large type checks when
you have these type checks that are going to come down the wire, I also
find it useful, this matching. So that’s kind of a separate question. And I’m
not even going to tell you how to do pattern matching, but this is also
another approach. I think it also fits the model that I’m talking about, where
we do a lot of object hierarchies, and it’s very easy to forget about one level
or the other and to fall back to type checking.

Using the WSDL for validation.

So before you write a library, it’s a good idea to have a signature, a

validator, in the system. So we’ve got these WSDLs, and they tell you what
the documentation of your library is going to be like, and that makes it very
easy to keep it straight, what documentation you’re going to have, what
requirements you’re going to have from the users. So I think that’s a good
thing. And then the way I use that signature is by building a grammar for a
single pattern, and then you can define what an implementation is, and then
if you want to validate your library concretely, you can do that using a lexer
or a parser.

Faces vs. Extensible Markup Language.

So I think this has a lot of applications. So for example, maybe you have a
huge codebase, and you want to get rid of the language and just want to use
HTML markup. You can do that, and that’s what we do in the blog package.
But the big problem is, you have to make sure that you have syntax
highlighting for every code that you’re using. And when you’re doing that,
you have to make sure that the people who are going to use this library are
used to seeing HTML. But you can do that, you can have syntax
highlighting, but if you’re using that kind of markup for your actual code,
then it’s very confusing. So to use this markup for your code, then, yeah,
it’s also a good idea.

So I’ve done that. And then I’ve used this idea that I change the regular
expression each time you use it. So I’m going to mark it up and then change
it all the time. And that’s kind of a good idea. So you do not have to be
stuck with the regular expressions that you have when you are writing your
code. And that also has a lot of different applications. I don’t want to go
into that now, because we’ve got the talk, but I think this is a very good
approach.

So actually, just taking a look at that type of signature, you may have
noticed that in the library, there is no special type for reading from a file.
But in reality, people do read from a file, so you have to include some kind
of package for that. Or you might be using sockets, and you’re using
sockets a lot, so you have to include a socket package. So I think it’s also a
good idea to have these packages that have extra support for that kind of
stuff.
Tools for the Real World.

This is another case where I’m thinking about a lot of type signatures.
There are some kinds of functionality that I use very often, and the kind of
signatures that I use is to find a number, and then I know what the answer
is, because I get the number and I get the specification of what I need, or I
get the number and I know exactly what I’m supposed to do. And when you
work on a large codebase, that kind of signature often works pretty well,
and people usually use them. So you can have a special type for that, that is
a pattern for a function. So say, you have a file that you want to open, you
can put something like a file open. That’s the package that should contain
the signature for the function, and then when someone’s going to read that
file, they know what the answer is. They can run it against a file that has a
similar signature. You have a file that has a different signature, so you can
use that, and you just get the kind of the signature, and you use it in your
code.

But the real world is not like that. In the real world, you have to make sure
that people use that code, and then you have to also make sure that you test
that code, and test that code with real people, and test that code with real
bodies of code. So you have to be more flexible, and you have to be more
kind of, maybe more careful about the types because you don’t want to
break the types that people are using. So it’s also a good idea to have a more
flexible type system in the real world.

A more flexible type system also means that you can make more cases
where you use different types of functions, and it might be easier for them
to know what to expect. But, at the same time, you can also make the real
function that someone’s going to use more complex, so they can be more
sure that what they’re going to get is what they’re supposed to get. So you
can do that with a type system, and also you can do it with other ways of
limiting the access that people have to a certain piece of functionality. I’m
not going to talk about that in this talk.