Principles of Art: Principles of Organization/Design  Proportion is about creating harmonious

Principles relationships between elements. When done

effectively, it produces a sense of unity and
Principle of Balance order that is aesthetically pleasing to the
 Balance plays a crucial role in creating viewer. Harmonious proportion brings a
feeling of comfort and balance to a design.
visually pleasing and harmonious artworks.
 In context of art, balance refers to the Principle of Pattern
distribution of visual weight in a
composition, ensuring that various elements  Pattern creates interest.
come together in a wat that feels stable and  Pattern is a fundamental element of design
aesthetically pleasing. that involves the repetition of shapes, colors,
lines, or other visual elements in a structured
Principle of Hierarchy and consistent manner.
 Hierarchy serves as a guide.  It plays a crucial role in creating visual
 Hierarchy plays a vital role in guiding the interest, enhancing organization, and
conveying a sense of harmony within a
viewer’s eye and conveying information
design.
effectively. In the context of design,
hierarchy refers to the organization and Principle of Space
arrangement of elements to show their
relative importance or significance within a  Space creates impact.
composition.  Space is one of the fundamental elements of
design, and it plays a critical role in how a
Principle of Emphasis
design is perceived. In design, space doesn't
 Emphasis is a critical principle. merely refer to the physical emptiness; it
 This involves creating a focal point or center encompasses the arrangement and allocation
of elements within a composition.
of attention within a composition. It’s a
technique used to guide the viewer’s eye to Principle of Movement
the most critical or interesting part of a
design.  Movement directs the viewer’s eye
 It’s about creating a visual journey within the
Principle of Rhythm
design, helping viewers navigate and engage
 Rhythm adds movement and flow. with the content. Movement adds energy,
 In design, rhythm involves the repetition or flow, and a sense of progression to the
design.
alteration of elements, often creating a visual
pattern or tempo that guides the viewer’s eye Principle of Variation
through the artwork.
 Variation brings dynamism and complexity.
Principle of Proportion
 Variation focuses on introducing diversity
 Proportion is the art of visual relationships and contrast into a composition. It’s about
 Proportion in design goes beyond mere avoiding monotony and creating visual
interest by incorporating different elements,
comparisons of size and scale; it is the art of
such as color, size, shape, texture, and more.
visual relationships. It involves the careful
consideration of how various elements within Principle of Unity
a design interact with each other and how
they relate to the design's overall purpose.  Unity creates visual harmony.
  Unity is one of the fundamental principles of properties of different shapes, designers can
design, and it revolves around the idea of create more effective and visually appealing
creating harmony, coherence, and a sense of designs.
completeness in a composition. It is the
thread that ties all the elements and principles SHAPES IN ART:
together to form a visually pleasing and well-  Regular Shapes - LINES CAN CREATE
balanced whole. THE OUTLINE OF SHAPES. We often see
 Unity ensures that all the elements in a regular shapes like triangles, rectangles,
design work together in a visually pleasing ovals, and squares.
way. It prevents the design from feeling  Irregular Shapes - SHAPES THAT ARE
chaotic or disjointed. LESS FAMILIAR ARE CALLED
Elements of Art IRREGULAR SHAPES.

Visual Arts Space

Line  Space is the area around, between, and within

objects that compose an artwork. Artists use
 A line is a path or mark on a page. Lines can space to create depth, perspective, and visual
help move our eyes around an artwork. The interest. Space can also be used to create
color, shape, and texture of a line can give us movement and flow within an artwork. The
information about the mood or feeling of the placement of objects and shapes can direct
artwork. Carefully using lines is an important the viewer's eye and create a sense of
aspect of creating a successful and engaging movement and rhythm.
artwork 1. Space is the area in which the artwork is
arranged.
Different types of Lines 2. Space can also make objects appear far away,
close, large or small. Using space in this way
is called "perspective".
a. Perspective is a technique used to
give the impression of depth. Depth
in art shows how far away or close
an object is.
3. Space can also give dimension to an object.
a. Dimension in art refers to the depth
or space in an artwork. It's about
making shapes look three-
dimensional or creating a sense of
depth.
b. This can be seen in transforming 2-
dimensional shapes into 3-
dimensional forms.
Shape
Space can also be described as positive and negative.
 Shape is an important part of visual This doesn't mean good or bad!
perception and design. Shapes can be used in
various ways, such as to create patterns,  Positive Space - Positive space refers to the
convey meaning, or emphasize certain object or subject that is in the artwork
elements in a design. By understanding the
  Negative Space - Negative space refers to
empty or unfilled areas.

Colors

 Colors are one of the most important building

blocks of art. Change an artwork's color
palette, and the mood and impact can become
extremely different. What are your favorite
artworks? Which colors do they use?

Color Theory

 Color theory is about the concepts and rules

behind using color. When you know the
basics, you'll have an easier time choosing
the most appropriate colors for artworks and
products.
 The color wheel was originally developed by
Isaac Newton. Form

Primary, Secondary & Tertiary  Form refers to the three-dimensional version

of a shape. An artwork with the art element
 You can blend the three primary colors (red, of form can be viewed from different angles,
yellow, and blue) to form any of the other and is not flat. Forms have height and width,
colors on the wheel-or any color on the entire but they also have depth. Forms can be hard-
spectrum, even. edged like a cube or more free-flowing.

Geometric forms have specific names associated with

them and are typically man-made.

Organic forms do not have specific names associated

with them and are often associated with naturally
occurring forms.

1. Highlight - the area where light is hitting the

object directly
2. Core Shadow - is the area(s) that is shaded on
the object
3. Midtone - is the middle value of the local
color of the object
4. Reflected Highlight - The indirect light that
bounces off other objects in the same area
5. Cast Shadow - is the area(s) that is shaded on
surrounding objects and surfaces because of
blocked light
Texture Characters - The persons, animals, inanimate objects
who takes part in the action of a story or other literary
 Texture refers to the tactile qualities of a work, thus gives life to the story.
surface (the way it feels to touch and looks as
it may feel if it were touched ) or the visual Characterization
representations of such surface qualities.
1. Protagonist - The character around whom the
 can be ...three-dimensional, which is physical
story revolve
or two-dimensional, which is an illusion.
2. Antagonist - The character who opposed the
Simulated Visual Texture - imitates real life textures protagonist
3. Foil - Contrast to the protagonist but not
Invented Visual Texture - is a 2-D pattern created by necessarily oppose him
the repetition of lines or shapes. 4. Confidant - The character upon whom the
protagonist relies for support
An artwork may be smooth or rough, fine or coarse,
5. Background - The character who provides
glossy or dull, regular or irregular.
reality by mere presence
The texture depends on the material or medium that 6. Unseen/Absent - The character who is
the artist use to convey a particular message. mentioned but does not have any
involvement in the story
Value
Characterization Dimensions
 Value is the relative lightness and darkness
of color. A gradient is a series of values, 1. Dramatized/Described - Direct description of
from lightest to darkest. a character, or can be observed on an event in
 Value deals directly to light. We see things the story
because light reflects off objects and goes 2. Round/Flat - Round characters show varied/
into our eyes. contradictory traits. Flat characters show only
one personality.
Physics - Black is the absence of all colors, while 3. Static/Dynamic - Static characters do not
white is the presence of all colors. change in the story. Dynamic characters
change personality as the story progresses.
Canva - Vise Versa
Point of View - Angle of narration- indicating ‘who
Element of Fiction is the narrator’ and ‘how is the narration done’.
Setting - The time and place in which events of First-person POV.
narrative take place which provide certain feel or
mood to the place, time, and social environment Narrator tells the story from the story from his/her
perspective. Usually the main character is the
 Physical world narrator. Ex. I heard someone knocking the door, and
 Characters revealed by setting I rush to open it, when I saw an old weary woman in
 Settings revealed by characters black with a basket of red delicious apple.
 Plot
 Atmospheric setting Second-person POV.
 Theme revealed by setting Author provides the reader a certain level of
experience to be one of the characters in the story.

Ex. You kiss the bed-ridden beast, and suddenly all

things became bright. The vanes and the rust were
gone, and the castle turned into a well polished stone as they are, and you wonder if it is possible to change
and marble which what it was. Suddenly, the beast on in this life.“ - Bright Lights, Big City, Jay McInerney
front of you disappeared and its place was taken by a
beautiful prince. You are so worried about the beast "It was a dark and stormy night; the rain fell in
as you already developed a feeling towards him, not torrents, except at occasional intervals, when it was
knowing that beast you kissed is actually a prince. checked by a violent gust of the wind which swept up
the streets." - Paul Clifford, Edward George Bulwer-
Third-person Omniscient. Lytton

Narrator is all-knowing and all-seeing observer who Plot - Series of events arranged in a certain sequence
tells everything about characters. Ex. "Hello lady, I to achieve meaningful and organized frame of
never seen you around. Your dress is so beautiful!" thought.
she said amazingly, yet on her mind she thought of
her as opponent for her daughters chance of the hand  Exposition - Introduces the characters and
of the prince. Cinderella smiled nervously at her step setting.
mother, "Thank you' you look beautiful too!" without  Rising Action - Leads to the complication.
looking on eyes as she is too afraid to be recognized.  Climax - Highest point of the story, which
defines the casts/story.
Third-person Limited.  Falling Action - Actions in the climax begin
to show its consequences
The narrator describes the feelings and intentions of
 Resolution - The conclusion of the story
the characters in the story. Ex. My son looks so
happy dancing with the lady in beautiful dress, good- Conflict - The struggle or the motivating driving
humored, and lively. I never saw him so happy! I force between characters or other things in fiction
think he might already saw what this ball is intend
for.  Person vs. Person
 Person vs. Nature
Third-person Objective.
 Person vs. Self
Author relies on external facts of the story and does  Person vs. Society
not reveal the innermost feelings and intentions. Ex.  Person vs. Supernatural Being
The Prince leads Cinderella out into the Palace  Person vs. Technology
Gardens, where they dance and wander. However,
when the clock suddenly strikes midnight, Cinderella Theme - A statement that depicts and unifies the
flees. The Grand Duke attempts to stop her, but she central topic of the story. It is associated but different
flees down the Palace's entry steps, leaving behind a from subject.
glass slipper.
• thematic concept is what readers "think the
“He is just what a young man ougth to be,” she said, work is about"
good-humoured, lively; and I never saw such happy
• thematic statement is "what the work says
manners! – so much ease, with such pefect good
about the subject”
breeding!’ - Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen
• In a fiction, there is a major theme, and
“And I like large parties. They’re so intimate. At
minor theme/s.
small parties, there isn’t any privacy.’ - The Great
Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald Presentation of Themes

Eventually, you ascend the stairs to the street. You  Through the feelings of his main character
think of Plato's pilgrims climbing out of the cave, about the subject he has chosen to write
from the shadow world of appearances toward things about.
  Through the experiences of the main often with a moral or didactic
character/ purpose, using verse form but
 Through thoughts and conversations of focusing on simple, more relatable
different characters. characters and events.
 Through actions and events taking place in a o Ballad - Short narrative poems, often
narrative passed down orally, focusing on a
specific incident or story,
The theme binds all other elements to bring sense characterized by simple language,
into the story. It is a truth manifests universally repetition, and a strong rhythmic
among culture and norms in society. Through theme, structure.
readers can understand the conflicts, experiences,  Lyric poetry - is a poetry that expresses a
discoveries and emotions of the characters. Through speaker’s thoughts and feelings.
time, the writer can tell readers of his insight into the o Ode - A lyrical poem that celebrates
world or how he views human life and experiences. or praises a person, event, object, or
Storytelling is a basic human activity. It is what abstract concept with elevated
connects us to another as human beings and what language and formal structure.
separates us from other life forms. o Elegy - An elegy is a lyric poem,
written in elegiac couplets, that
Elements of Poetry expresses sorrow or lamentation,
usually for one who has died.
Poetry is a form of literary expression that captures o Sonnet - A fourteen-line poem with a
intense experiences or creative perceptions of the specific rhyme scheme and meter,
world in a musical language. often exploring themes of love,
If prose is like talking, poetry is like singing. beauty, or mortality.
o Song - A song is a lyric poem which
is set to music. All songs have a
strong beat created largely through
the 3R's: rhythm, rhyme, and
repetition.
o Simple Lyric - A simple lyric is a
short poem expressing the poet's
thought feeling, or emotion.
STRUCTURE AND FORM - It encompasses the o Free Verse - Poetry characterized by
layout, line length, stanza organization, rhyme its lack of strict rhyme and meter,
scheme, and meter. Different forms, such as sonnets, allowing for greater freedom in form
ballads, or free verse, offer poets diverse ways to and expression, often focusing on
structure their work and convey their messages imagery and emotion.
effectively.  Dramatic poetry - is a poetry in which one or
more characters speak addresses their text to
 Narrative Poetry - is verse that tells a story. other character/listener
o Epic - Long narrative poems that o Monologue - A character speaks
typically recount heroic deeds and directly to the audience or to another
adventures of legendary figures, character that allows exploration of
often embodying the values of a the character's thoughts, emotions,
particular culture or society. and motivations.
o Metrical Tale - Narrative poems that o Dramatic Monologue - Delivered as
depict everyday life and situations, if the speaker is addressing a silent
 listener or listeners. The speaker meaning and sound contribute to the tone and feeling
often reveals more about themselves of the poem. The poet must consider a word's
through their words, and the denotation - its definition according to the dictionary
audience gains insight into the and its connotation - the emotions, thoughts and ideas
character's personality and associated with and evoked by the word.
circumstances.
o Soliloquy - A character speaks aloud FIGURES OF SPEECH - Figures of speech are
to themselves, revealing their literary devices used by poets to convey meaning,
innermost thoughts and feelings. create imagery, and evoke emotions through
Unlike a monologue, a soliloquy is language. They add depth, richness, and complexity
typically not addressed to any other to poetry
character. Simile - A simile is a figure of speech using a word
RHYME & RHYTHM - Rhyme involves the such as like or as to compare seemingly unlike things.
repetition of similar sounds, usually at the end of Ex. "Does it stink like rotten meat?” from “Harlem”
lines or within lines. Rhythm, on the other hand, is by Langston Hughes
the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a Metaphor - A metaphor also compares seemingly
line, contributing to the poem's flow and cadence. unlike things, but does not use like or as. Ex. “the
Together, rhyme and rhythm create the poem's moon is a white sliver” from “I Am Singing Now” by
texture. Luci Tapahonso
 Internal rhyme occurs within a line of poetry. Hyperbole - a figure of speech in which great
 End rhyme occurs at the end of lines. exaggeration is used for emphasis or humorous
 Rhyme scheme is the pattern of end rhymes effect. Ex. “You’ve asked me a million times!”
that may be designated by assigning a
different letter of the alphabet to each new Personification - Personification attributes human
rhyme like characteristics to an animal, object, or idea
 Meter is the rhythmic structure of a poem, Ex. “A Spider sewed at Night” from A Spider sewed
determined by the arrangement of stressed at Night by Emily Dickinson
and unstressed syllables within lines.
Understatement - Presenting something as less
 Foot is a unit of measurement in poetry that
significant or serious than it actually is, often for
consists of one stressed syllable and one or
ironic or comedic effect. Ex. "It's just a flesh
more unstressed syllables:
o -iamb (unstressed-stressed)
o -trochee (stressed-unstressed) wound," said after losing an arm.
o -anapest (unstressed-unstressed
stressed)
Paradox - A statement that seems self-contradictory
o -dactyl (stressed-unstressed-
or absurd but may reveal a deeper truth. Ex. "Less is
unstressed)
more."
TONE - The mood or tone of a poem is the feeling
Irony - A contrast between expectation and reality,
that the poet creates and that the reader senses
often used to highlight absurdity or create tension.
through the poet's choice of words, rhythm, rhyme,
style and structure. Poems may express many moods
-- humorous, sarcastic, joyous, angry or solemn. Ex. "The fire station burned down.”
DICTION - Diction is the poet's choice of words. The
poet chooses each word carefully so that both its
Oxymoron - A combination of contradictory or  MEZZO FORTE - a little loud
incongruous words. Ex. "Bittersweet” and "jumbo  MEZZO PIANO - a little soft
shrimp.”  PIANO - soft
 PIANISSIMO - very soft
SYMBOLISM - Symbolism involves the use of
objects, characters, or elements in a poem to  SFORZANDO - sudden strong force or
represent abstract ideas, themes, or emotions. It adds emphasis
depth and layers of interpretation to the poem,  CRESCENDO - gradually getting louder
inviting readers to explore the hidden meanings  DIMINUENDO - gradually getting softer
within and find meaning behind the words.

IMAGERY - Imagery refers to the use of vivid and MELODY - melody is of pitches in rhythm and is
sensory-rich language that appeals to the reader's usually the most memorable aspect of a song, the one
senses. Through imagery, poets create mental the listener remembers and is able to perform.
pictures, allowing readers to see, hear, taste, smell,
HARMONY – notes that sound simultaneously when
and touch the experiences described in the poem.
individual musical voices group together to form a
Strong imagery makes a poem come alive.
cohesive whole
Element of Auditory Art
TIMBRE - the quality of the tone a musical
RHYTHM - the pulse of the music ;the consistent instruments make. it is also known as tone quality,
pattern of identical or similar sounds in a music tone color, or voice.

-Beats (basic unit of music) TEXTURE – the interaction of melodies and

harmonies within a song
-Tempo (speed measured by beats per second)
 MONOPHONY
-Meter (organizes beats into a recognizable recurrent o Thinnest texture, with only one
pattern). musical part in a song
o No background singers or
Tempo Variations
instruments
 ALEGRO - fast  POLYPHONY
 VIVACE - lively o Two or more independent melodies
 MODERATO - moderate speed are sung or played simultaneously.
 ANDANTE - moderately slow like walking o Pitches and rhythms of each musical
 ADAGIO - slower than andante part are different from one another
 LENTO - slow  HOMOPHONY
 LARGO - very slow o Rhythms of the parts will be the
 ACCELERANDO - gradually speeding up same, but the pitches will differ. In
this way, the parts work together to
 RALLENTADO - gradually slowing down
form harmony through chords.
DYNAMICS - the loudness or softness of music that o Most common textural preference
may drive the emotional content of music through
volume and intensity Elements of Performing Arts

Dynamics Variations LITERATURE

 FORTISSIMO - very loud  The written text of the play, including the
script, and descriptions of setting, characters,
 FORTE - loud
plot, conflict, tone and atmosphere.
  It serves as the foundation for the production. SOUNDS

DIRECTION  Creating and coordinating sound effects,

music, and other auditory elements to
 The process of interpreting the script, enhance the mood, atmosphere, and
developing a vision for the production, and emotional impact of the production.
guiding the actors and crew in bringing that
vision to fruition. VISUALS

CASTING  Production of stage-visuals (that are not

usually captured by the camera) to make the
 Selecting actors to portray the characters in scenes effective, exciting and appealing to
the play based on their suitability for the the viewers
roles and their ability to execute the
characterization effectively. SCREENPLAY - the written script or blueprint for a
film, detailing the dialogue, action, characters, and
SET DESIGN other elements of the story plot translates the it into a
visual and narrative blueprint that serves as a guide
 The physical environment of the play,
for filmmakers, including directors, actors, and crew
including the backdrop, props, and furniture,
members.
to establish the setting and atmosphere.
CINEMATOGRAPHY - the art and technique of
MAKE UP
capturing images on film or digitally, including
 Designing and applying makeup and camera angles, framing, lighting, color, and
hairstyling to actors to create the appearance composition.
of their characters and ensure visibility under
EDITING - the process of selecting, arranging, and
stage lighting.
manipulating footage to create a coherent and
COSTUME seamless narrative, including cuts, transitions, and
visual effects.
 Choosing, designing and creating costumes
that reflect the time period, social status, and SPECIAL EFFECTS - techniques used to create
personalities of the characters, while also visual illusions or enhance realism, including
allowing actors to move comfortably on practical effects, computer-generated imagery (cgi),
stage. and other digital technologies.

PROPS MUSICAL SCORE - the original music composed

specifically for the film, and other songs used that
 Objects and items used by actors during the enhances the mood, emotion, and storytelling through
performance to enhance the realism of the its use of melody, harmony, and rhythm.
setting and support the action of the play.

LIGHTINGS

 Choosing, designing and creating costumes

that reflect the time period, social status, and
personalities of the characters, while also
allowing actors to move comfortably on
stage.