A-아/어 보이다 or A-게 보이다 grammar ; look like, seem like ;guess based on outward
appearance
A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다 grammar ; it seems, I guess ;refer or guess a situation after
observation
A/V-(으)ㄹ텐데 grammar; would, suppose…(so/but) ;express an expected future situation
A/V-(으)ㄹ 테니까 grammar ; suppose,will...(because) ;give reason for suggestion or
advice
A/V-(으)ㄹ걸요 grammar ; probably, I think ;express assumption based on backup
knowledge
A/V-(으)ㄴ/는/ㄹ 줄 몰랐다 and -(으)ㄴ/는/ㄹ 줄 알았다 grammar ; I didn't know / I thought
that
A/V-(으)ㄹ지도 모르다 grammar ; might, may ;express a guess that something might
happen
A/V-기는 하지만, -기는 -지만 grammar ; but (I think) ;express contrast with emphasis in
different view or belief
A/V-(으)ㄴ/-는 반면에 grammar ; but, while ;express opposite things
A-(으)ㄴ데도, V-는데도 grammar ; although, despite that ;express a contrast
A/V-건만 grammar ; despite, but ;express that the actual result is different from
the expectation
A/V-더니 grammar ; (1) and now, (2) and then, (3) but now
V-느라고 grammar ; because, due to ;give a reason for a negative consequence
V-는 바람에 grammar ; because, as a result ;give an unexpected reason for a negative
consequence
A/V-고 해서 grammar ; so, because (among all) ;give the main reason among reasons
for doing action
A-(으)ㄴ 탓에/ V-는 탓에 grammar ; due to, because ;give reason for a negative
consequence
A/V-(으)ㄹ까 봐 grammar ; be worried/afraid that ;express concern about something
V-는 통에 grammar ; due to, because ;express the cause of a complex and distressing
situation
A/V-기에 grammar ; 1) because ;express reason or cause; 2)(good, bad...) for,
to ;express opinion about doing something
A/V-길래 grammar ; because, since ;express the reason or cause for the following
action
아/어/여서 그런지 ; Perhaps because
N-(으)로 인해(서) grammar ; due to, because of ;express the cause or reason of a
situation or event
하도 A/V+아/어서 ; very (much), too (much)
V-(으)ㄹ까 하다 grammar ; be thinking of ;express a vague intention or uncertain plan
V-고자 (하다) grammar ; did A to do B/ plan to ;express intention to do an action
V-(으)려던 참이다 grammar ; be just about to ;the speaker is about to do something
V-(으)ㄹ 겸 (해서)/N 겸 grammar ; and also ;express an action has two or more purposes
V-아/어야지(요) grammar ; will do, must do ;express strong intention or decision to
do something
는다는 것이; I meant to V but
V-던 grammar ; be used to ;recollect a past habit or repeated behavior
A/V-더라고요 grammar ; I saw/experienced that ;express speaker's recollection about
past event with witness
V-던데요 grammar ; I saw/felt/surprised that ;express contradiction to one’s
speaking or surprise to something
V-아/어야 grammar ; (have to) do A, so B can ;express a condition to realize
something
A/N/V-거든 grammar ; if (something is true), then ;express condition in casual
conversation
;기만 하면 ; if you only do..
V-는 한 grammar ; as long as, if ;express the condition for the content in the
following situation
V-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 grammar ; not only A, but also B ;express additional information
V-ㄴ/는 데다가 grammar ; and also, moreover ;express additional information about the
same subject
N-조차 grammar ; (not) even …; “not only the others but also the primary one”
N-만 해도 grammar ; just, even just N ;provide examples to explain a previous
statement
V-는 길에 grammar ; on the way, while going ;doing something while going somewhere
V-다가 grammar ; and/but then ;express interruption of one action to do another
A/V-(으)ㄹ 정도로 grammar ; (to the extent) that ;express degree or extent of an
action or state
N-만 하다 grammar ; as big as, about the size of ;compare the size or degree of
something to another
A(으)ㄴ 만큼, N 만큼, V 는 만큼 grammar ; as much as, like ;indicate something equivalent
to another
아무 +(이)나/ 아무 +도 grammar ; anyone, anything... /nobody, nothing...
N(이)나 grammar (3) ; N or something ;express an acceptable option without specific
preference
N(이)라도 grammar ; even N ;choose 2nd choice if the best isn't available
A/N/V-든지 든지 grammar ; whether… or... ;expressing any choices are fine
A-ㄴ/은 대신에, V-는 대신에 grammar ; instead of V-ing ;action can be replaced by
another
V-느니 (차라리) grammar ; I would rather do that than this ;express the latter action
is better
다기보다는 grammar ; Rather than A, B is more suitable ;express the latter action is
more appropriate than the former one
V-(으)ㄹ 게 아니라 ; instead of
N 만에 grammar ; (a time period) after doing ;a duration has passed after an event
started
V-아/어 가지고 grammar ; and (then) ;express time order of 2 actions
V-아/어다가 grammar ; and then ;action is done based on the previous one or activity
that occurs in 2 places
V-고서 grammar ; and then ; express time order of 2 actions
V-고 보니 grammar ; after finishing something, I realized/ found out
V-다 보니 grammar ; while/after doing sth repeatedly, I realize/come to
V-다 보면 grammar ; if you keep doing, then (something will likely occur)
A/V-더니 grammar ; (1) and now, (2) and then, (3) but now
V-았/었더니 grammar ; (1) 'so...now', (2) 'and I found that', (3) connecting quote
with action, (4) recall a behavior
A/V-다가는 grammar ; if (the action is continued, a negative outcome will occur)
A/N/V-(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다 grammar ; I could say, it's practically (more or less similar
to another)
V-아/어 놓다 grammar ; keep V-ing/ do sth beforehand (for future use)
V-아/어 두다 grammar ; keep V-ing/ do sth in advance (for future use)
V-(으)ㄴ 채로 grammar ; while ;action occurs while maintaining the state of a
situation
N-대로, V-ㄴ/는 대로 grammar ; based on, just as expected, as soon as
얼마나 A-(으)ㄴ지 모르다, 얼마나 V-는지 모르다 grammar ; didn't know that something really
A/V ;emphasize the degree of action or state
A/V-(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다 grammar ; have no choice but to do V, be expected to be A
A/N/V-(으)ㄹ 뿐이다 grammar ; only, just ;indicate only one available course of
action/state
N-(이)야말로 grammar ; indeed, exactly, the very ;emphasize the preceding noun
V-았/었다가 grammar ; but then ;after the completion of an event, the opposite event
happens
A/N/V-았/었던 grammar ; (reminiscence) ;recall a past event that has not continued
to present.
V-아/어 버리다 grammar ; Express speaker’s feeling to the completed event/action
V-고 말다 grammar ; end up V-ing ;showing an unplanned action completed undesirably
;아/어 내다 ; managed to ;accomplish a task after difficulty
V-(으)나 마나 grammar ; 'be no use doing/ even without doing' ;the result is same
whether or not you do
A/V-아/어 봤자 grammar ; even if doing/ being...it's no use/ won't be that much
N(이)라면, A/V-ㄴ/는다면 grammar ; If this/that happens, one will/ would...
A/V/N-았/었더라면 grammar ; If I had ;assume a past situation opposite to what
happened
V-(으)ㄹ 뻔하다 grammar ; almost, nearly ;indicate something almost happened but did
not
V-곤 하다 grammar ; (1) often, (2) used to ;indicate a habit of present or past
A/V/N-기는요 grammar ; 'not really', 'no need to' ;Politely disagree with one’s
statement or compliment
A-(으)ㄴ 척하다, N 인 척하다, V 는 척하다 grammar ; pretend to, act like
V-기 일쑤이다 ; always be doing (something unpleasant)
V-어/아/여 대다 ; keeps ;It is attached to the stem of an action verb when one
repeats or does a behavior too severely.
