SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
Treaty
of
Paris
1898
Fil-American
War
1899
EMILIO
AGUINALDO
MALOLOS
CONSTITUTION
HENERAL
LUNA
THEODORE
ROOSEVELT
Philippine
Organic Act
1902
Jones Act of
1916
Tydings-
McDuffie Act
1935
Commonwealth
AMERICAN
COLONIZATION
IN THE
PHILIPPINES
1898-1946
3E2 - GROUP 3
AMERICAN
COLONIAL
ARCHITECTURE
TROPICAL HYBRID DESIGN
Familiar local architecture icons
from Hispanized colonial
structures overlaid with a
neoclassical massing.
COLONIAL INFRASTRUCTURES
Buildings were built to
facilitate ventures in
military control, public
health, education, and
commerce.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
Colonial Revival Mission
Use of clay roof tiles, adobe, concrete,
stucco, gabled roof, round arch entrances,
arcades, corridors, and mirador towers.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
Neoclassicism
Revival of using Greek and Roman orders
as decorative motifs.
BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS
▪ The nerve center of colonial
architectural production
▪ Function was confined to the
construction of roads and public buildings
▪ Consultations, repair, design and
supervision of construction
BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS
▪ Consulting architects:
William Parsons, George Fenhagen, and
Ralph Harrington Doane.
CAMP JOHN HAY
Baguio.
CAMP JOHN HAY
Baguio.
■Protected Baguio and the nearby gold mines
and projected the American military presence
in northern Luzon
■ Also served as a rest and recreation camp for
officers and men.
FORT WILLIAM MCKINLEY
Manila.
■ Home of the
Philippine Division
■ The main American
ground unit in the
Philippines.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SANITATION
CUBETA
▪ Also known as “pail system”.
▪ Way of introducing the concept of toilet
among the dwellers of the bahay kubo.
▪ Public toilet sheds were also installed in
congested nipa districts.
▪ A latrine system was also developed for
remote areas.
THE SANITARY BARRIO
■ Neighborhood concept
■ Nipa houses built on highly
regulated blocks of subdivided
lots.
■ Built-in system of surface
drainage, public latrines, public
bath houses and laundry, and
public water hydrants, which
are free of charge.
TSALET
■ “The healthy housing
alternative.”
■ Tropical features of vernacular
buildings combined with hygienic
structural principles and modern
materials that gave premium to
light, ventilation, and drainage
URBAN PLANNING
Proposed ideas of organized
comprehensive urban planning
based on the principles of the City
Beautiful Movement.
FORMULAIC ELEMENTS
▪ A civic core
▪ Wide radial avenues
▪ Landscaped promenades
▪ Visually arresting panorama
Proposed plans for the development of Manila and Baguio, by Daniel Burnham.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION
Importing American Architecture and building technology.
NEW MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS
▪ Use of steel-framed skeleton construction, reinforced concrete
(ferroconcrete), and concrete hollow blocks.
▪ The Kahn Truss System, trussed bars were placed within concrete
moulds for floor slabs and beams.
▪ Production of prefabricated components and precast concrete
ornaments.
▪ Adoption of standardized plans and modularized systems for
building types.
GABALDON SCHOOLHOUSES
■ Set of mass-
produced model
schoolhouses.
Gabaldon School House of 1907 by William Parsons.
GABALDON SCHOOLHOUSES
Gabaldon school buildings refers to
school buildings designed by American
Architect William Parsons and funded
through Act No. 1801, authored by
Assemblyman Isauro Gabaldon.
GABALDON FEATURES
1 COLONNADED FRONT FACADE
2 ELEVATED STRUCTURE
3 QUADRANGULAR LAYOUT
4 CENTRAL COURTYARD
5 TYPICAL CLASSROOM SIZE
6 WROUGHT IRONWORK
7 LATTICEWORK
8 CAPIZ SHELLS ON WINDOWS AND
DOOR TRANSOMS
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11194
GABALDON SCHOOL BUILDINGS
CONSERVATION ACT
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
Pensionado Program
scholarship launched by the
government that allowed Filipino
students to pursue university
education in the United States.
FIRST GENERATION OF FILIPINO
ARCHITECTS
FIRST GENERATION OF FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
▪ Carlos Baretto
▪ Antonio Toledo
▪ Tomas Mapua
▪ Arcadio Arellano
▪ Tomas Arguelles
▪ Juan Arellano
CARLOS BARETTO
▪ First Filipino architect with
an academic degree from
abroad; first pensionado.
▪ Became one of the
pioneering staff of the Division
of Architecture.
ANTONIO TOLEDO
■ Regarded as the master of
the Neoclassic style.
■ Among the first architect
educators.
ANTONIO TOLEDO
Department of Tourism Manila City Hall
TOMAS MAPUA
■ First registered architect in
the Philippines
■ Established the Mapua
Institute of Technology in
1925, the first architectural
school in the Philippines.
TOMAS MAPUA
De La Salle University,
Main Building.
ARCADIO ARELLANO
■ First Filipino to be employed by
the Americans as one of their
architectural advisors.
■ Pioneered in the establishment
of an architectural and surveying
office in the country.
ARCADIO ARELLANO
Gota de Leche
Building, Manila.
TOMAS ARGUELLES
■One of the major department
stores of the period.
■ Advocated the enforcement of
the Building Code of Manila
TOMAS ARGUELLES
Heacock’s Building.
JUAN ARELLANO
■ Promoted the shift to
protomodern (art deco
and streamline modern)
and nativist phase of
Philippine architecture.
JUAN ARELLANO
Metropolitan
Museum, Manila. Art
Deco.
SECOND GENERATION OF FILIPINO
ARCHITECTS
SECOND GENERATION OF FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
▪ Andres Luna de San Pedro
▪ Pablo Antonio
▪ Fernando Ocampo
▪ Juan Nakpil
ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO
■ Introduced new
architectural forms in the
Philippines by incorporating
modern and exotic design
motifs through the grammar
of art deco.
ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO
Regina Building,
Manila.
PABLO ANTONIO
■ National Artist for
Architecture;
■ His buildings were
characterized by clean lines, plain
surfaces, and bold rectangular
masses.
■ He also became president of the
Philippine Institute of Architects.
PABLO ANTONIO
FEU Main Building. Art Deco.
FERNANDO OCAMPO
■ Co-founded the UST
School of Fine Arts and
Architecture in 1930.
FERNANDO OCAMPO
Manila Cathedral. Neo-
Romanesque.
■ Designed with
straightforward
simplicity, synthesizing
traditional designs with
art-deco ornaments.
JUAN NAKPIL
■ National Artist for
Architecture.
■ Worked largely in the
Art Deco style,
combining stylized flora
and angular forms.
JUAN NAKPIL
Gonzalez Hall, UP
Diliman. Main
Library.
THE COMMONWEALTH
■ Transition government;
■ Increasing population in Manila;
■ A new city was being contemplated to cushion the
impending urban sprawl.
BARRIO OBRERO
▪ Homesite project
▪ Aims to provide the workingmen
and permanent employees with homes
at reasonable cost.
▪ Will serve as model residential and
community center.
POST-WAR AND THE REPUBLIC
YEARS
THIRD GENERATION OF FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
▪ Otilio Arellano ▪ Jose Zaragoza
▪ Carlos Arguelles ▪ Francisco Fajardo
▪ Cesar Concio ▪ Augusto Fernando
▪ Cresenciano de Castro ▪ Carlos Banaag
▪ Gabriel Formoso ▪ Gines Rivera
▪ Leandro Locsin ▪ Antonio Heredia
▪ Alfredo Luz ▪ Mañosa Brothers (Jose,
▪ Felipe Mendoza Francisco, and Manuel Jr.)
▪ Angel Nakpil
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Modern architecture provided the
image that represented growth,
progress, advancement, and
decolonization.
FEATURES OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE
▪ Utilization of reinforced concrete,
steel and glass.
▪ The predominance of cubic forms,
geometric shapes, Cartesian grids.
▪ The absence of applied decoration.
CESAR CONCIO
Church of the Risen
Lord, UP Diliman.
ANGEL NAKPIL
National Press Club
Building, Manila
ALFREDO LUZ
Ramon Magsaysay
Center, Manila.
GABRIEL FORMOSO
Pacific Star Building,
Makati City.
CARLOS ARGUELLES
Philamlife Building,
Manila
STATE ARCHITECTURE
Capital cities, institutional buildings, and national
monuments as symbols of national power.
FEDERICO ILUSTRE
■ Head of the Division
of Architecture.
GSIS Building, Manila.
RUPERTO GAITE
Quezon City Assembly
Hall, Quezon City.
JUAN NAKPIL
SSS Building, Quezon
City.
SPACE AGE ARCHITECTURE
Significant events in science fueled faith in technology and
this was transcoded in architecture and design.
MARCOS DE GUZMAN
Residence of Artemio
Reyes
■ Plateriform, saucer-
shape motif.
MAÑOSA BROTHERS
Residence of Ignacio
Arroyo.
THIN SHELL
▪ A three-dimensional curved plate structure of reinforced
concrete;
▪ Thin compared to its dimension and load-carrying.
CESAR CONCIO
Church of the Risen
Lord, UP Diliman.
LEANDRO LOCSIN
Parish of the Holy
Sacrifice, UP Diliman.
FOLDED PLATE
▪ A roof structure in which strength and stiffness is
derived from pleated or folded geometry.
▪ Formed by joining flat, thin slabs along their edges
JUAN NAKPIL
Commercial Bank and
Trust Building and Rizal
Theater
VICTOR TIOTUYCO
UP International
Center, UP
Diliman.
MODERN CHURCHES
Worship spaces adapted the new and straightforward
geometries. Sculptural acrobatics was achieved with the
use of poured concrete (liquid stone).
JOSE MA. ZARAGOZA
Santo Domingo
Church, Quezon
City.
CARLOS ARGUELLES
Cathedral of the
Holy Child, Manila.
CARLOS SANTOS - VIOLA
Iglesia ni Cristo,
Central. Quezon
City.
FELIPE MENDOZA
Manila Mormon
Temple, Quezon
City.
PLANNING DEVELOPMENTS
Addressing the growing dilemma in urban migration.
THE NEW CAPITOL CITY
R.A. No. 333 of July 17, 1948: Quezon
City was inaugurated as the new
capital city and the Capital City
Planning Commission was created.
ARELLANO-FROST PLAN
■ Constitution Hills, new
site of the government
center located on a high
plateau.
SUBURBIA AND THE BUNGALOW
Subdivision development went full blast,
patterned after the American suburbia
(automobile culture).
Generated from planning concepts such as
“Garden City” (Ebenezer Howard) and
“neighbourhood units” (Clarence Perry).
HOUSING AGENCIES
▪ People’s Homesite Corporation (PHC)
First government housing agency;
established model residential communities
for the low income bracket.
▪ National Housing Corporation (NHC)
Constructed Heroes Hill, the residential
units for military
officials.
HOUSING AGENCIES
PHHC
▪ People’s Homesite and Housing Corporation,
merged PHC and NHC.
▪ Designed and developed the mass-fabrication of
lowcost bungalow units (Kamuning Housing
Projects and Projects 1 - 8 and 16).
▪ Single-detached, duplex, and rowhouses
MID- AND HIGH-INCOME SUBDIVISIONS
▪ Philam Life Homes
Developed by the Philippine American Life
Insurance Company for moderate income
families.
▪ Ayala y Compania
Developer of exclusive suburban villages;
aimed to transform Makati into the most
modern community in the country.
REGIONAL TROPICALISM
Tropicalism intertwined with the incorporation of
attributes of the region’s endemic and traditionally built
environment.
ARELLANO-FROST PLAN
Benguet
Corporation
Building, Leandro
Locsin.
FELIPE MENDOZA
Development
Academy of the
Philippines, Pasig
City
PIERCED SCREENS
Masonry that is perforated, pierced, or lattice-like;
functioned mainly as diffusers of light and doubled as
exterior decorative meshes.
CESAR CONCIO
Vinzon’s Hall, UP
Diliman.
CARRIEDO. PABLO ANTONIO.
Captain Luis
Gonzaga Building,
Rizal Avenue
corner
BRISE SOLEIL
Or sun breakers; an architectural baffle device placed
outside windows or projected over the entire surface of a
building’s façade.
JULIO VICTOR ROCHA
Roque Roano Building, UST Manila.
SKYSCRAPERS
Manila Ordinance No. 4131 allowed maximum height of
buildings to be increased from 30 to 45 meters.
ANGEL NAKPIL
Picache Building, Manila.
■ Considered as the first
skyscraper in the
Philippines.
LUIS MA. ARANETA
Araneta-Tuason Building, Manila.
■ First to use vertical
brise soleil as a
decorative feature.
CRESENCIANO DE CASTRO
Asian Development Bank
Building, Manila.
■ Introduced the use of
exposed aggregate
finish.
NEO VERNACULAR
A nostalgic attempt to recreate a style from the past. “Folk
architecture” and the bahay kubo became architectural
archetypes.
JUAN NAKPIL
Cotabato Municipal Hall.
■ Tausug house
silhouette; naga tadjuk
pasung gable finial.
OTILIO ARELLANO
Philippine Pavilion, 1964
New York’s Fair.
LEANDRO LOCSIN
Philippine Pavilion, 1970
Osaka World Exposition.
END.
