Multimedia Telecommunications

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Intelligent Electrical & Informatics Technology

International Undergraduate Program

EE-18-4302
Intro. to Telecomm. Systems & Networks
(Multiplexing)

Team Teaching of Multimedia Telecomm.

Dept. of Electrical Engineering – ELECTICS – ITS
 Course Program
Week Schedule Discussion Note
-Introduction
1 12-Mar-2021 - Basic Concept of Telecommunication
Systems
2 19-Mar-2021 Information Signals

3 26-Mar-2021 Signal Representation

4 9-Apr-2021 Modulation Techniques National Holiday

5 23-Apr-2021 Transmission Medium

6 7-Mei-2021 Transmission Impairments

7 21-Mei-2021 Telecommunication Networks

8 28-Mei-2021 Multiplexing

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 Learning Subjects
• Definition of Multiplexing
• Classification of Multiplexing
– Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
– Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Statistical TDM
– Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
– Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

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 Learning Outcome Indicators
• Able to explain the definition of multiplexing and
its classification
• Able to describe the mechanism of FDM.
• Able to describe the mechanism of TDM.
• Able to describe the mechanism of CDM.
• Able to explain the different and implementation
consideration of each type of multiplexing.

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 Model of Telecommunication Systems
(How the information are transmitted)

Input Message Message signal Transmitted Received Message

Output Message
(Analog/Digital) (Analog/Digital) Signal Signal Signal

Communication
System
Input Communication Output
Transmitter Receiver
Transducer Channel Transducer

Additional Noise,
Carrier wave Interferrences and other
Process: impairments.
Multiplexing* Process:
Modulation Demultiplexing*
Demodulation

* Multiplexing happens when there is a data aggregation from two or more terminals in one signal

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 Why do we need network...?

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 Background
• The channel capacity in the telecommunications network is
greater than the needs of one user.
– Capacity is shared among all users
• Benefits of Multiplexing
– High data-rate, so the cost of transmission media is low
– Capacity efficiency
• Widely used in long-haul communication (back-bone)
– Optical Fiber
– Coaxial
– Microwave Link

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 Definition
• The process of combining a number of analog signals or
digital data streams in a single signal on a transmission
medium is called multiplexing
• The device that performs multiplexing is called a
multiplexer

Single communication
channel
Multiplexer Demultiplexer

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 The ever-growing internet .......

http://research.lumeta.com/ches/map
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 Principle Work of Multiplexing

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 FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING

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 Frequency Division Multiplexing
(Analog Multiplexing)
• Motivation: The available bandwidth sometimes exceeds the
bandwidth required to transmit information
– data or signal transmission is done by dividing the channel based on
the frequency
• Procedure
– Each signal is modulated with a different carrier frequency
• Commonly referred to as channels.
– There is a distance between carrier frequencies so that there is no
overlap
• Known as the Guard Band
– Channels are allocated even if no power is delivered
• Example: Cable TV

frequency

time
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 Frequency Division Multiplexing
(Analog Multiplexing)
• Advantages
– The overall system is simpler
– Easy in operational
– Cheaper and more reliable equipment
• Weakness
– Low flexibility (modification in TX and RX)
– Channel capacity per user decreases as the number
of users increases
– Need equal distribution of power in each channel

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 Problem in FDM

• Cross-talk occurs if the

spectrum of each channel
overlaps significantly
• Intermodulation noise
– As the effect of the non-linear
condition of the amplifier on
long-distance transmission.

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 Analog Carrier Systems
• The FDM hierarchy was first developed by AT&T
(USA)
• A similar system was later implemented
internationally by the ITU-T
• FDM Hierarchy System
– Group
• 12 Voice Channels (@ 4kHz) = 48kHz
• Frequency range : 60kHz to 108kHz
– Supergroup
• 60 Voice Channels (@4kHz)
• FDM with 5 signal Groups (@48kHz) using carriers between
420kHz and 612 kHz
– Mastergroup
• 10 supergroups (@240kHz)
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 Hierarchy in FDM analog system

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 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

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 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• A mechanism for sending data or signals by dividing
channels based on time slots.
• TDM is used in large capacity transmission systems
• By using TDM, several users can access the network on the
same frequency but at different times (take turns)
– Channel is also called timeslot
– In addition to the channel for the user, synchronization
information is also needed so that the receiver (demux) can
determine the start of channel 1
• Example of a TDM system: PCM frame

frequency

time
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 TDM Transmission Systems
• TDM transmission is done in the form of "frames"
– Consists of a bunch of timeslots
– Each user is allocated to one or more timeslots
– The time slot allocated to the user is fixed for each frame
 Channel
– Time slot insertion is done asynchronously/synchronously
– The start and stop bits of a data are discarded first
– More added by receiver
• Synchronous TDM is defined that timeslots are
allocated early and are fixed
– Timeslots are allocated even if there is no data

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 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Advantage
– At any time there is only one carrier
• No intermodulation so the power gain can be maximum
• No capture effect
• No need for equalization of power on each carrier
– High throughput despite large number of access
– Easy to modify because Tx and Rx work at the same
frequency
– Ease in digital signal processing
• Weakness
– The needs of synchronizer
– Terminals are designed for high throughput
– Equipment is complicated and expensive.

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 Statistical TDM
• In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted
– Timeslot is allocated to the user from the start, when there is no data then
the timeslot is empty
• Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically based on needs
• Statistical TDM has multiple I/O channels on one side and
multiplexed channels on the other
– In the case of Statistical TDM, there are n I/O channels with k time slots
provided (𝑘 < 𝑛)
• Each I/O channel has a buffer to be utilized in timeslot allocation
• At the input, the multiplexer goes through each input buffer,
collects data until the frame is filled and sends.
• At the output, the demultiplexer receives the data and distributes
it on the appropriate channel.

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 Comparison of TDM

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 Performance
• The output data rate is less than the input aggregate data
rate
• More overhead in statistical TDM than synchronous TDM
• Each time slot has an address header
• Mechanism of reducing overhead
– Using the HDLC protocol
• Only one source in one frame
• Multiple sources in one frame
• There is a possibility that the aggregate input data rate
exceeds the multiplexing capacity
– Input buffers
– Keep buffer size to a minimum to reduce delay

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 Carrier Digital Systems (1)
• Long-distance transmission system developed in USA,
through
– Optical fiber
– Coaxial Cable
– Microwave System
• For the purposes of this transmission, AT&T developed a
TDM hierarchy.
– USA/Canada/Japan use the same system
– ITU-T uses a similar (but different) system
• The basis of TDM hierarchy is DS-1 Format
– Multiplex 24 channels
– Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one framing bit
– Number of bits/frame = (24x8)+1= 193 bits per frame

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 Carrier Digital Systems (2)
• For Voice Data
– Each channel contains one codeword of digitized data (PCM, 8000 samples
per second)
– Data rate 8000x193 = 1.544Mbps
– 5 out of 6 frames have 8 bit PCM sample bits
– In the 6th frame, each channel contains 7-bit PCM plus signaling bits
– Signaling bits form a sequence for each channel containing control and
routing information
• Digital Data, have the same format
– To match voice data, Data rate = 1.544Mbps
– 23 channels available channels
– The 24th channel is SYNC
– In each channel, 7 bits per frame contain data, plus one indicator bit for
user or control system data.

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 Mixed Data
• Is a mixture of voice and data channels
• Using the DS-1 format
• Has 24 channels
• No SYNC bytes
• Able to interleave DS-1 channel
– DS-2 is 4 times DS-1 that can deliver 6.312Mbps

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 PCM Frame Structure
• There are two kinds
– European Standard
• Consists of 32 timeslots, but only 30 timeslots are used for
voice (hence also called PCM-30)
• Frame rate: 2.048 Mbps
– North American/Japan/Canada Standard
• Consists of 24 timeslots for voice
• Frame rate: 1.544 Mbps

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 PCM-30 (Recommendation ITU-T G.704)

• Frame rate = 8000 samples/second * 8 bits * 32 = 2,048 Mbps

– Some call this with rate of 2 Mbps only
• Timeslot 0 for synchronization
• Timeslot 16 for signaling

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 E1 signal hierarchy in PCM – 30 System

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 PCM -24 ( 1.544-Mbps )
• Each frame consists of 24 timeslot
• Each timeslot contains 8 data bits
• To each frame is added 1 bit called the framing bit/synchronization bit
(S-bit)
• Thus the 1 frame rate (frame rate) is:
– (24 timeslot*8 bit + 1 bit)*8000 = 1.544 Mbps
• There is no special timeslot for signaling
• Signaling is done in the following way:
– LSB (least significant bit) of each timeslot in the 6th frame is used for
signaling ('stolen' (robbed) for signaling purposes)
– Consequently, only 7 bits in each 6th frame timeslot carry the voice signal
• Basic data rate per channel to 56 Kbps

125 ms

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 DS-1 Transmission Format

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 The hierarchy of Digital Signal (DS) in PCM 24 System

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 Comparison of T1 and E1
Parameter T1 ITU-T G.733 E1/J1 ITU-T G.732
Sampling Frequency 8 kHz 8 kHz
Channel bit rate DS0 – 64 kbps DS0 – 64 kbps
Time Slot per Frame 24 32
Channels per Frame 24 30
Bits per Frame 24 x 8 + 1 = 193 32 x 8 = 256
Framing D4/Super Frame (12) E1: Multiframe (16)
Extended Super Frame (24)
Framing Indicator 193rd Bit of Frame 2.048 kbps Word of
7 Bits in the 0 Channel
of Odd Frames
System Bit Rate 8,000 x 193 = 1.544 Mbps 8,000 x 256 = 2.048 Mbps
Signaling “Robbed Bit” Channel E1: CCS in TS 16
Associated Signaling CAS in TS 16—2 Ch

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 TDM Hierarchical System

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 SONET/SDH
• Synchronous Optical Network
– It was proposed by Bellcore
– It was standardized by ANSI
• Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU-T)
– Compatible version
– It was published by ITU-T in ITU recommendation G.707

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 Hierarchy SONET/SDH (1/2)
• SONET aims to provide specifications for the
transmission capability of optical fiber in the
form of a signaling hierarchy
• Signal Hierarchy
– The lowest hierarchy is Synchronous Transport Signal
level 1 (STS-1) or Optical Carrier level 1 (OC-1)
• Capacity of 51.84Mbps
• Carries DS-3 or group signals at lower speeds plus ITU-T
speeds (example: 2.048Mbps)
• Multiple STS-1 can be combined into STS-n signal
• ITU-T's lowest rate is 155.52Mbps (STM-1)
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 Hierarchy SONET/SDH (2/2)

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 WAVELENGTH DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING

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 Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• Variants of FDM used in fiber optics
• Using multiple beams of light for different frequencies
• Each carrier light color (wavelength) separates the data channel
• First discovered by Bell Labs. In 1997
– 100 rays
– Each with a capacity of 10 Gbps
– Generates 1 terabit per second (Tbps)
• Commercial system with 160 channels with 10 Gbps capacity is
available
• On a lab scale (Alcatel)
– 256 channels @39.8 Gbps
– 10.1 Tbps
– Over 100km

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 Operational of WDM
• In general the architecture is the same as FDM
• Multiple sources generate laser beams at different
frequencies (different 𝜆)
• Multiplexer combines sources for transmission on
the main fiber
• Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths
• Usually tens of km apart
• Demux separates the channels on the destination
• WDM usually operates at = 1550nm
• Initially 200GHz allocated on each channel
• Then based on ITU-T G.682, each channel is separated by
50GHz.

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 WDM based on ITU

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 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
(CDMA)

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 CDM/CDMA
• A data or signal transmission mechanism based
on different information codes

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 Features of CDMA
• Using coding
– One room with multiple partners
– Air as a medium
– Language is system coding
– Other languages are considered noise
– Other couples can join together to a certain noise
– If the whispers are more and more pairs that can be
accommodated

The CDMA Cocktail Party

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 Principles of CDMA
• Is a number of users using the same RF band
resource but each user is distinguished by using
orthogonal codes.
• IS-95 standard, the data rate at the end of spreading
is 1.2288Mcps and this requires a bandwidth of
approximately 1.25 MHz.
• The performance of the CDMA system is limited by
interference, meaning that the capacity and quality
are limited by the interference power that occurs in
the RF band used.
• Capacity is defined as the number of simultaneous
users that the system can support.
• Quality is the required BER in serving users
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 Characteristic of CDMA
• Advantage
– Resistant to interference, multipath and jamming
– Operation is quite simple
• Weakness
– Low throughput

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 ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY
DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDM)

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 OFDM/OFDMA
• A mechanism for sending data or signals by
dividing channels based on orthogonal
frequencies

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 Background of OFDM
• Transmission with a large data rate is limited by the
characteristics of the communication channel.
– This is understandable because the communication
channel has a limited bandwidth which will also limit the
data rate of the transmitted signal.
• The multipath effect that occurs during wave
propagation limits the data rate of the transmitted
information signal.
– Increased delay spreads.
• From the observations, it is known that signals with
narrow bandwidths are more resistant to Inter
Symbol Interference (ISI) and frequency-selective
fading than broadband signals.

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 Procedure of OFDM/OFDMA
• The input data stream is divided into several
parallel data streams with a data rate lower by
1/N than the previous data rate (symbol duration
increases)
• Each parallel data stream is modulated and
transmitted through separate orthogonal sub-
carriers.

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 Summary
• Definition of Multiplexing
• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
– Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
– Statistical TDM
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)

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