Christian Living

The Lord’s Day

- Jesus rose from the dead “on the first day of the week.” Because it is the
“first day,” the day of the Resurrection recalls the first creation. Because it is
the “eight day” following the sabbath, it symbolizes the new creation ushered in by
Christ’s Resurrection. For Christians it has become the first of all days, the
first of all feasts, the Lord’s Day – Sunday.

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Sunday is a Special Day because...

1. Sunday is the day of Jesus’ Resurrection. The story from the Gospel of Mark
narrates how the women, very early “on the first day of the week” went to the tomb
of Jesus only to be surprised by the presence of a young man who told them that
Jesus is no longer in His tomb, He is risen. All that the prophets have foretold
and even Jesus’ own prediction about His resurrection came true on that eventful
Sunday. Most important of all is that Jesus’ ultimate victory over sin and death,
brought about by His Resurrection took place on that day.

- The significance of Sunday as the day of Jesus’ Resurrection is affirmed by the

teaching from the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The first day of the week,
according to CCC recalls the first creation, the time when God decided to create
the world and everything on it, including humans while it also symbolizes the new
creation brought about by the Resurrection of Jesus. For Christians therefore,
according to CCC, Sunday is the Lord’s Day!

- Sunday being the Lord’s day, is the special day for liturgical assembly, for the
celebration of the Eucharist. It is the day when the faithful gather together in
the church to listen to the Word of God, to take an active part in the Eucharist
and to partake of the body of Christ as one community unity united in faith, hope,
and love.

- Sunday should be considered the holy day of obligation. Therefore, no other

liturgical celebration at any day of the week can take the place of the Sunday
Celebration of the Eucharist. Besides, as stated in one precepts of the Church:
“On Sundays and holy day of obligation the faithful are bound to participate in the
Holy Mass.”

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2. It is a day of Rest appointed by God. Besides, the celebration of the Eucharist,
Christians observe Sunday as the day of rest. This is based on the account of
Creation that narrates that God rested on the seventh day.

- Sunday is a time for reflection, silence, cultivation of the mind, and meditation
which furthers the growth of the Christian interior life.

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3. It is a time to bond with the family and significant others. We are social
being. We are most comfortable when we are connected, sharing strong emotions and
stories. Sunday is the best day to engage in our favorite recreational activities
especially with our family and friends.

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4. It is a day committed to good works and humble service. During Jesus’ earthly
life, He showed care for the poor, and the least of the society. Our worship of
God on Sunday’s Holy Mass should lead us to contemplate how blessed we are and help
us realize that these blessings are meant to share with others. Sunday is the best
time to serve the poor, the sick and those who are lonely.

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* Most of the time, our passion to serve others are fruits of our deep relationship
with God. St. Isidore story is one. His strong devotion to the Eucharist moved
him to love the poor. He showed kindness to them by supplying them food

* Feast day: May 15, 1130

* Patron saint of farmers, labors and Madrid

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Lent

- is the time before Easter during which the faithful abstain and fast in
remembrance of the ultimate sacrifice Jesus made on Calvary. It is a 40-day time of
preparation before Easter, the memorial of the death and resurrection of Jesus. The
Liturgical Color is Purple or Violet.

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Some Religious Practices that are observed during Lent:

Pabasa

- is the singing of the narrative story of the paschal mystery of Christ.

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Cenaculo

- is the dramatization of the paschal mystery of Christ.

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Penitensya

– is the flagellation or inflicting pain on oneself as an act of penance for the

sins committed.

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Fasting and Abstinence

Fasting

- It means taking one full meal a day, as well as two smaller meals, sufficient to
maintain strength.

Who will fast? Those persons ages 18 to 59 years old.

Days of Fasting

– Ash Wednesday and Good Friday.

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Abstinence

– is the act of “doing without” or avoiding something. For example, someone may
abstain from eating meat or chocolate by not consuming them.

Who will Abstain?

- All Catholics over the age of 14 are expected to abstain from the eating of meat.

Days of Abstinence

– The days of abstinence are the two fasting days and all Fridays throughout the
Lenten Season.

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Reflecting on the Seven Last Words of Jesus

Station of the Cross

– It is taking and reflecting the fourteen station of the sorrowful path of Jesus.

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Visita Iglesia

– visits the different Churches and offer prayers usually before the Blessed
Sacrament.

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Main focus in the Season of Lent… Conversion

Conversion

- is an invitation from God. It is an invitation we need to positively respond to

with eagerness. This is the message of the Bible passage Acts 3:19-21 (Please
Read). The process of conversion involves a change of heart, a turning away from
sin, making up for what we have done, and promising to keep away from sin. This
process is described in the excerpt from the Acts of the Apostles. Those who were
listening to Peter’s proclamation about Jesus were moved, thus they asked Him what
they are supposed to do. He Told them that they have to turn away from sin in
order to enjoy the presence of Christ.

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* Christ’s call to conversion continues to resound in the lives of Christians.
This second conversion is an uninterrupted task for the whole Church who, “clasping
sinners to her bosom, (is) at once holy and always in need of purification, (and)
follows constantly the path of penance and renewal.” This endeavor of conversion
is not just a human work. It is the movement of a “contrite heart,” drawn and
moved by grace to respond to the merciful love of God who loved us first.”

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The Season of Lent starts on Ash Wednesday.

- It is putting of ashes on the forehead symbolizing repentance. The ritual of

imposition of ash has its roots in the Old Testament ritual of pouring ashes all
over the body and wearing sackcloth as expressions of sorrow for sins against God
and neighbors. This acts also reminds us of our mortality. The season of Lent
culminates in the observance of Holy Week. It is the week before Easter in which
the passion, death and resurrection of Christ (Paschal Mystery) is commemorated.

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Palm Sunday

– It is the final Sunday of Lent, the beginning of Holy Week, and commemorates the
triumphant arrival of Christ in Jerusalem, days before He was crucified.

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 Holy Thursday

- It is the commemoration of the Last Supper of Jesus Christ, when He established

the sacrament of Holy Communion prior to His arrest and crucifixion. It also
commemorates His institution of the priesthood. The holy day falls on the Thursday
before Easter and is part of Holy Week. Jesus celebrated the dinner as a Passover
feast. Christ would fulfill His role as the Christian victim of the Passover for
all to be saved by His final sacrifice.
This day is special because it recalls Jesus’ last supper with His disciples – an
event that saw the institution of the Holy Eucharist and Holy Orders.

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Good Friday

– It is a celebration recalling the passion and death of Jesus. No mass on this

day but there is the so called the Veneration of the Cross. The Cross is venerated
because it is a sign that Jesus has conquered sin and death.

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Three Pillars of Lent

[Link]/Piety

- is extremely important. Prayer bonds us to God. When we pray, we let God know we
believe in Him. When we pray, we learn to feel God’s love in our hearts.

2. Self-Denial Through Fasting and Abstinence

– This may be an important reminder of what it means to suffer. This small

suffering should not be met with misery but with great joy as we better understand
the incredible sacrifice that Jesus Christ made for humanity.

3. Almsgiving/Charity

- Whoever possesses the goods of this world, and sees his brother to be in need,
and yet closes his heart to him: in what way does the love of God abide in him? (1
John 3:17). As Christians, we are to see Jesus in everyone. We are encouraged to
do charitable acts every day and to pay attention to the needs of others.

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Good choices in relation to the Resurrection of Jesus.

- Good option may initially experience difficulties but eventually find joy…a
lasting joy. Whereas, if you choose bad option, you may initially find life
pleasurable but will eventually end up miserable… a lasting miserable life. Jesus
chose to obey His Father. He suffered and died on the Cross. It was a difficult
choice but His sufferings in this life are not the end of life because He
resurrected and showed His power over sin and death. Jesus was victorious and now
seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again to judge the world at
the end of time.

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Church Teachings on the Resurrection of Jesus:

1. The Resurrection of Jesus is indeed Good News.

- It is the crowning truth of our faith in Christ, a faith believed and lived as
the central truth by the first Christian community; handed on as fundamental by
Tradition; established by the documents of the New Testament; and preached as an
essential part of the Paschal mystery along with the cross:

Christ is risen from the dead!

Dying, He conquered death;
To the dead, He has given life. cf. CCC#638

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2. The Resurrection of Jesus is a historical event.

- The mystery of Christ’s resurrection is a real event, with manifestations that

were historically verified and clearly written in the New Testament. The early
Christian community bears witness and passed on to us the living tradition of the
Resurrection of Jesus.

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* Some Bible Passages on the Resurrection of Jesus
John 20:1-18 The Empty Tomb and the Appearance of Jesus to Mary Magdalene
John 20:24-29 The Appearance of the Risen Christ to His Disciples
Romans 6: 1-10 Freedom from Sin; Life in God (Please read p. 210, textbook)

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“…. We were indeed buried with Him through baptism into death, so that, just as
Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might live in
newness of life.”

- Romans 6:4

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3. Jesus’ Resurrection shows God’s power over sin and death.

- By His Resurrection, He shows us that if we obey the will of God, we too shall be
victorious over sin and death. This is what St. Paul in his letter to the Romans
means when he said that by our baptism we have been crucified with Christ, and just
like Him, we shall also rise from sin and experience new life.

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4. The Resurrection of Jesus is the fulfillment of God’s promise in the Old
Testament and Jesus’ teachings in the New Testament.

- If Jesus did not resurrect, all that He preached about, even His sacrifice on the
Cross, would be meaningless. Moreover, His Resurrection is the undeniable proof of
His divine authority. Christ’s Resurrection then is closely linked to the
Incarnation of God’s Son, and is its fulfillment in accordance with God’s eternal
plan (cf. CCC#653). It is the Resurrection of Jesus that death is not the end of
life, rather, it is the beginning of a new one. Because of it, our own death also
becomes a new life for us. This is part of the race that the resurrection has
gained for us. Sin has no binding effect on us because of the Resurrection of
Jesus.

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5. The Easter season begins with Easter Sunday, the day of Jesus’ Resurrection and
ends on Pentecost.

- We celebrate this special day by our active participation in the Holy Eucharist.
We renew our baptismal vows during the Holy Mass. The period from Easter Sunday to
Divine Mercy Sunday (called Octave) is a truly joyous time and each day of the week
is preceded with the word Easter, thus Monday is called Easter Monday, Tuesday is
Easter Tuesday, etc.
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6. The Easter Season lasts for fifty (50) days, and includes the following feasts:
the Ascension of our Lord, Pentecost Sunday, and Trinity Sunday, which is the
Sunday after Pentecost.

- The fact that the Easter Season is celebrated for 50 days (it is longer than the
other seasons) show that is most important season of all. If it is then, how
should we celebrate it? In the message of Pope Francis in his Easter address he
invited everyone to “Come and See” taking after the Gospel of John (1:4-6). “Come
and see the vastness of God’s love and mercy. Come and see the power of
unconditional love and come and see the goodness of God’s heart.” He invites us to
take stock of the many graces that God gives through Jesus our Lord and Savior. In
effect, he tells us that our celebration of Easter should be marked by our
commitment to love others unconditionally and to show goodness to others in the
measure that Jesus loves and blesses us.

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Liturgical Color: White
Pentecost Sunday: Red
Featured Saint: St. Marie Eugenie Milleret

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* The Resurrection of Jesus showed us an important truth: Jesus is indeed come from
God the Father and His resurrection signals His return to the Father. In His
resurrection, He expressed His divine authority. If we become faithful to Him, our
body, will be resurrected too at the end of time and share His divine glory with
life everlasting. As followers of Christ, we are called to respect this truth and
our life shall be guided by this truth.

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Computer

CREATING 2D FLOOR PLAN

Floor Plan

- is a type of drawing that shows you the layout of a home or property from above

- is typically illustrate the location of walls, windows, doors, and stairs, as

well as fixed installations such as bathroom fixtures, kitchen cabinetry, and
appliances.

- are usually drawn to scale and will indicate room types, room sizes, and wall
lengths. They may also show furniture layouts and include outdoor areas.

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TYPES OF FLOOR PLAN

2D Floor Plans

- A 2D floor plan is a type of diagram that shows the layout of a space from above
including the walls and rooms. 2D means that the floor plan is a "flat" drawing,
without perspective or depth. A 2D floor plan can be a sketch, a blue print or
computer drawing.

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3D Floor Plans

- A 3D floor plan is a type of diagram that shows the layout of a home or property
in 3D. 3D means that the floor plan shows both perspective and height. Unlike a 2D
Floor Plan, a 3D Floor Plan has more detail and makes it easier to understand the
space.

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Live 3D Floor Plan

- Bring your floor plans and home designs to life with Live 3D! Tour the property
in a virtual 3D walkthrough.

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WHY ARE FLOOR PLANS IMPORTANT?

- Floor pans are important to show the relationship between rooms and spaces, and
to communicate how one can move through a property. Floor plans are an essential
part of real estate marketing and home design, home building, interior design and
architecture projects. Creating a floor plan is the best way to start a home design
project of any sort

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7 EAST STEPS HOW TO CREATE A 2D FLOOR PLAN IN SKETCHUP

1. Start in a "2D Template"

2. Draw Your floor
3. Draw Your Exterior Walls
4. Draw Your Interior Walls
5. Add Your Windows & Doors
6. Import Furniture & Fixtures
7. Style Your Plan for Presentation

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Advantages of Converting a 2D Floor Plan into a 3D Floor Plan

- A 2D floor plan is a type of diagram showing the design of an asset or space from
above. The 3D floor plan or layout, meanwhile, is a virtual model of a structure
floor plan, depicted from a view of 10,000 feet. It is used in the construction
industry to better describe design plans in three dimensions.

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1. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE 2D and 3D Floor Plan?

Technical: 2D Floor house plans are those in which the designer can take a shot at
the x - axis and y - axis. Configuration can be controlled in right, left, and all
over headings. These can be utilized to show front, top and right half of an
object. Meanwhile, 3D floor plans can be made by taking a shot at three axis x, y,
and z. It feels as if you're really shaping an article. The article will appear to
be identical from all sides. Line by line, wireframes and strong models can be made
with the assistance of 3D innovation.

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Cost: 2D plans are less expensive than 3D floor plans. With the types of valuable
images distributed in 3D floor plans, it is worth putting resources into it.

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Quality: When it comes to an overall and ongoing of the structure, the 3D floor
plans are more equitable than the 2D. With the help of 3D innovation, designers can
ad furniture to increase their overall appearance to bring realistic images of
another dimension to show what it will resemble. Full view, 360 - degree virtual
visits, and incredible walkthroughs can be made in 3D.
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Intuitiveness: 3D floor plans can be stacked with loads of animated alternatives to
better customer experience while 2D plans offer limited choices for viewers. In 3D
designs, the control can be coordinated with the viewer to rotate the view and draw
attention to a structure from different perspectives. The unique catch to issue and
deactivate the interior view inside a property may also be given.

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2. ADVANTAGES OF CHANGING FROM 2D TO 3D FLOOR PLAN:

Accuracy: The greatest advantage of 3D rendering compared to conventional 2D

conversion is accuracy. Because the 3D view encourages experts to test all areas of
development before real progress, therefore creating fault - free structures is a
lot simpler.

View project details: In case you are ready to refurbish, 3D rendering can help you
take a closer look at your proposal before starting development.

Latest technology: The latest 3D display device supports quick change without
wasting assets compared to time and cash.

Effective sales promotions: For individuals who are maintaining the real estate
business, 3D floor plans can bring new ideas to effective sales promotions. It can
assit them to attract customers with helpful and intuitive websites. In addition,
3D rendering can also assist them in conducting creative marketing campaigns.

Design advantages over 2D: 2D plans can provide advanced details with surfaces,
designs, and other style theme ideas. However, with 3D rendering, the complete
style theme can be displayed on the screen to visualize its viability.

Realistic feeling: It can assist buyers to get a real vibe for their property to
make an investment. Therefore, they can resolve the appropriate decision.

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5 Key Steps for Turning Your 2D Floor Plan into a 3D SketchUp Model

1. Import & Scale Your 2D Plan

2. Draw the Walls
3. Add the Door Openings
4. Add the Window Openings
5. Group & Tag

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SketchUp LayOut

- It is a SketchUp’s tool designed for the creation of Architectural documents from

your SketchUp models.

- Drawings creating in Layout are living, breathing documents that update as you
update your models in SketchUp – the days of exporting static model images are
over!

- LayOut’s most distinctive, time-saving, awesome feature is its ability to display

SketchUp model files and synchronize your SketchUp file and your LayOut file almost
automagically.

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Features of LayOut
Automatic Updating – All pages in Layout are live linked to your SketchUp model, so
if you make a change, your documents update as well!

Vector Drawing Tools – Need to add notes, details, or markups? Add them using
Layout’s Vector Drawing Tools

Print and Export high resolution documents

Annotate and Explain – Layout allows you to add annotations, callouts, lineweights,
and more to your models!

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1. Menu bar

- You find most of LayOut's available commands on the menu bar.

- As you add elements your LayOut document, the Arrange menu enables you to move
elements to the front or back and center, flip, and align elements.

- The Pages menu enables you to add, duplicate, and navigate through pages in your
LayOut document.

- The other menus are File, Edit, View, Tools, Window, and Help. On Mac OS X, you
also see a LayOut menu on the far left.

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2. Default toolbar

- The default toolbar contains the tools beginners use most often.

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3. Document area

- The document area is where you insert SketchUp models or images and then add
shapes, text, dimensions, and other details to create your document or
presentation.

- When you create a new LayOut document, the template you choose determines the
document area's size and orientation

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4. Tray and panels

- On the right side of the screen, all the panels appear stacked one on top of the
other. These panels enable you access shape line and fill options, color options,
text and dimension styles, and much more.

- In Microsoft Windows, all the panels appear in a tray.

- On Mac OS X, the panels are stacked together, but you can drag a panel to the
left so it breaks out of the stack and floats on its own.

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To open a panel:

Click its title bar.

Click the title bar again to hide the panel.
To close a panel:

Click its Close button.

On Microsoft Windows, that's the X on the right of the panel's title bar.
On Mac OS X, that's the red close icon on the left of the panel's title bar.

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To create more space in the document area, you have a few options:

On Microsoft Windows:

Click the Auto Hide icon in the upper right.

Next to the tray name, and the tray disappears behind a tab.
To see the tray, hover over the tab, and you see the panels in a slimmed-down
format.

To close the tray completely:

Click the X next to the tray name or select Window

Hide Tray.

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To see the tray and its panels again:

Select Window
Show Tray.

On Mac OS X:

You don't have the tray, but you can close all the panels so they take up less
space or click the Close button on every panel so they're totally out of your way.

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5. Status bar

- The status bar is the gray box at the bottom of the LayOut window.

- On the left, the status bar displays helpful tips for the currently selected
tool.

- The status bar also lets you know when LayOut autosaves your document.

- On the right side of the status bar, you find the Measurements box and a Zoom
menu.

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6. Measurements box

- The Measurements box has a couple of jobs: displaying coordinates and modifying
entities.

- The Measurements box displays coordinates when you need to click to begin drawing
an element.

- You can enter values in the Measurements box to modify entities if your current
tool enables you to do so.

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7. Zoom menu
- The Zoom menu enables you to zoom to a specific value, such as 50%, 75%, 100%,
150%, and so on.

- The menu also has a handy Scale to Fit (Microsoft Windows) or Zoom to Fit (Mac OS
X) option, which sizes the document area to the maximum size the window will allow.

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Creating and Saving a LayOut Document

1. Choosing a template in the Getting Started dialog box

- If you're creating a new LayOut document, either by launching LayOut or selecting

File > New, you need to choose a template in the Getting Started dialog box, shown
in the following figure.

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2. Modifying paper and unit settings

- After you create a new document in LayOut, you may want to check and adjust your
Paper or Unit settings in the Document Setup dialog box.

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2. Modifying paper and unit settings: Paper settings

- The Paper settings enable you to configure the document area’s size, orientation,
margins, color, and rendering quality.

- If you plan to print your LayOut document, you can simplify the printing process
by creating your LayOut document using the same size paper on which you plan to
print.

- To see your Paper settings, select File > Document Setup and select Paper in the
sidebar on the left, as shown in the following figure.
When you’re working on a document with a large paper size, you can leave to Medium
or High so the quality of the final print/export looks great.

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2. Modifying paper and unit settings: Units settings

To change the document units, follow these steps:

From the Format drop-down list, select Fractional or Decimal.

If you’re working in metric units, you want to select Decimal.
Select a unit of measurement, such as inches, feet, or meters, from the second
Format drop-down list.
From the Precision drop-down list, select how precise you want the units to be.
Fractional unit precision can be set from 1“ to 1/64”. Decimal unit precision can
be set in numbers of decimal places beyond zero.

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Before you put too much work into a LayOut document, save it with a unique name and
location. Saving a LayOut document is much like saving any other document, as you
see in the following steps (which reflect your current operating system):

Saving a LayOut document

1. If this is the first time saving your document,

Select File > Save or File > Save As.
Either way, you see a Save LayOut Document dialog box, as shown in the following
figure.

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If you’ve already saved your document once,
Selecting File > Save As enables you to save a copy of your LayOut document under a
new name, and
Selecting File > Save simply saves your document without opening a dialog box.

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2. Navigate to the location on your hard drive where you want to save the document.

3. In the File Name box, type a name for your document.

4. From the Save As Type drop-down list, leave LayOut Files (*.layout) selected to
save in the most current .layout file format. If you need the file to be compatible
with an earlier version of LayOut, select that version from the drop-down list.

5. Click Save and your LayOut file is saved in the location you selected.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Social Studies

Pakikilahok na Pansibiko

- Ito ay tumutukoy sa mga kolektibong gawain tungo sa paglutas ng mga isyung

pampubliko.

- Ang salitang sibiko ay mula sa salitang Latin ng ang ibig sabihin ay mamamayan.

- Noon unang panahon sa lipunang Pranses, tinatawag na civique ang isang mamamayang
nakapagbuwis ng buhay para sa kaniyang kapuwa.

- Naipagpapalit ito sa salitang civil o 'sibilyan' na isang indibidwal na wala sa

serbisyo ng pamahalaan o hindi nanunungkulan bilang sundalo subalit nakatutulong
nang malaki sa kaniyang bayan.

- Sa kasalukuyan, ginagamit ang salitang sibiko upang pormal na tukuyin ang mga
mamamayang bumubuo ng lipunan. Kadalasan nang ikinakabit sa salitang ito ang mga
katagang "kagalingan" o welfare.

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Mga Katangian na Dapat Taglayin ng Isang Aktibong Mamamayan

1. Makabayan

A. Tapat sa Republika ng Pilipinas

- Bilang mga Pilipino, kailangang may ganap tayong tiwala sa Republika ng

Pilipinas. Handa tayong magmalasakit at maglingkod sa bansa laban sa mga sinumang
ibig magpabagsak dito.

- Artikulo XVI, Seksyon 1. Ang bandila ng Pilipinas ay dapat na pula, puti at

bughaw, na may isang araw at tatlong bituin, na dinadakila at iginagalang ng
sambayanan at kinikilala ng batas.

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B. Handang Ipagtanggol ang Estado
– Maraming paraan ang maaaring gawin ng mamamayan upang maipagtanggol ang bansa
tulad ng mga ginawang pagtatanggol ng ating mga ninuno at bayani.

Artikulo II, Seksyon 4.

- Ang pangunahing tungkulin ng pamahalaan ay paglingkuran at pangalagaan ang

sambayanan. Maaaring tawagan ng pamahalaan ang sambayanan upang ipagtanggol ang
Estado, at sa ikatutupad niyon, ang lahat ng mga mamamayan ay maaaring atasang
maghandog ng personal na serbisyo militar o sibil, sa ilalim ng kondisyong
itinatakda ng batas.

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C. Sinusunod ang Saligang Batas at Iba mga Batas ng Pilipinas

– Kailangang sundin ng bawat mamamayan ang Saligang Batas at iba pang batas upang
manatiling maayos at matiwasay ang bansa. Maitataguyod ang kaunlaran at interes ng
bansa sa pamamagitan nito.

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D. Nakikipagtulungan sa mga May Kapangyarihan

– Kailangang makipagtulunganang mga mamamayan sa mga may kapangyarihan upang

mapanatili ang kaayusan at mapangalagaan ang katarungan sa ating lipunan.

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2. Makatao

– Bawat tao ay may mga karapatan na dapat igalang, isaalang-alang, at matugunan o

protektahan. Bilang mamamayan, dapat nating itaguyod ang karapatan ng bawat isa.

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3. Produktibo

– Ang pagiging masipag at matiyaga ay ugali na nating mga Pilipino noon pa man. Ito
ay ipinakita ng ating mga ninuno sa paggawa ng Hagdan-hagdang Palayan sa Banaue.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4. Matatag, May Lakas ng Loob at Tiwala sa Sarili

– Ang pagiging matatag at may lakas ng loob ay ipinakita na ng ating mga ninuno sa
kanilang paglaban upang lumaya ang ating bansa sa pananakop ng mga Espanyol,
Amerikano, at Hapon.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5. Matulungin sa Kapwa

– Ang aktibong mamamayan au tumutulong sa kapwa upang makapamuhay nang marangal,

payapa, at masagana.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
6. Makasandaigdigan

– Ang aktibong mamamayan ay mamamayan ng kaniyang bansa gayundin ng mundo.

Isinasaalang-alang niya ang kagalingan ng kaniyang sariling bansa pati na sa mundo.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Kahalagahan ng Gawaing Pansibiko

- Ito ay isang paraan ng pagtiyak na ang mga mamamayan sa isang lipunan ay tunay na
malaya, nagsasarili, at kontento sa kanilang pamunuan.

- Malaya nilang naipapahayag ang sarili at nagagawa ang gusto nang di lumalabis sa
itinakda ng batas. Nagsasarili sila at kayang sustentuhan ang sarili at pamilya.
Kontento sila sa pamamalakd ng pamahalaan at sinusuportahan nila ito

- Ipinakikita ng gawaing pansibiko ang pinakamataas na lebel ng pakikipagkapuwa.

Dahil dito, kakikitaan ang mga tao ng pagmamalsakit sa isa't isa. Nagkukusang -
loob silang mapagling - kuran lalo na ang mahihirap at nakabababa.

- Kumikilos sila at tumutugon sa pangangailangan ng iba kahit hindi pagsabihan o

walang kumpas ng pamahalaan. May sarili silang motibo at ito ay ang masidhing
pagnanasang makapaglingkod sa kapuwa kahit walang posisyon at kabayaran.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mga Pansibikong Organisasyon na naglilingkod para sa pagkakawanggawa, relihiyon,
kapatiran, at komunidad

1. ABS-CBN Foundation
2. Alpha Phi Omega
3. Ayala Foundation
4. CATW- Asia Pacific
5. Council for Health and Development
6. Gawad Kalinga
7. GMA Foundation
8. Habitat for Humanity Philippines
9. Hakbang Kalikasan Mountaineering Society
10. Ibon Foundation Inc.
11. Institute for Developmental Education and Services, Inc.
12. Magna Kultura Foundation
13. Peace and Equity Foundation
14. Philippine National Red Cross
15. Program for Culture Cooperation
16. PVI Foundation, Inc. – Pagkakaisa Vounteers, Inc.
17. Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation
18. Reachout Foundation International
19. Restored Heritage Foundation, Inc.
20. Rotary Club of Manila

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MGA PARAAN UPANG MAKALAHOK SA MGA GAWAING PANSIBIKO

1. Pagtatag o pakikilahok sa mga pagkilos at organisasyong nagsusulong ng

kagalingan at pag - unlad ng komunidad at bansa

- Ayon sa pag - aaral maraming mga Pilipino ang aktibong kasapi ng hindi bababa sa
isang organisasyon na may kaugnayan sa mga panlipunang gawain.

- Ilan sa mga organisasyong nilalahukan ng mga Pilipino ay ang mga relihiyosong

organisasyon, sports o recreational organizations, sining o pang - edukasyong
organisasyon, at mga kooperatiba

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
KATEGORYA

1. Programang Pangkalusugan

Halimbawa:
- Feeding Program
- Serbisyong medikal sa health center
- Libreng assistance sa mga opisyal at namumuno.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Programang Pangkapaligiran

Halimbawa:

- Clean & Green Campaign

- Reforestation Program
- Hakbang Kalikasan Mountaineering Society
- Kontra Kalat sa Dagat

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Programang Pang - edukasyon

Halimbawa:

- Peer Tutoring
- Kariton Classroom

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4. Programang Pangkabuhayan

Halimbawa:

- Livelihood Program
- SPES
- Job Fair

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5. Programang Panlipunan / Pangkalahatang Kagalingan

Halimbawa:

- Habitat for Humanity

- GMA Foundation
- ABS - CBN Foundation
- Ayala Foundation
- Philippine National Red Cross

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
6. Programang Pang - simbahan at Panrelihiyon

Halimbawa:

- Lay minister
- Altar server
- Church choir
- Volunteer Cathechist
- Missionarist

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Pagpaparating sa kinauukulan ng kinakailangang gawin

- Mahalaga para sa isang kabataang katulad mo ang makialam, magmatyag, at magmasid

sa mga pangyayaring nagaganap sa inyong komunidad.
- Maaari ring iparating sa mga organisasyong naglalayong makatulong sa mga taong
nangangailangan o sa media.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Pag - angat sa kalagayan ng ating kapwa

- Ang boluntaryong pagtulong o pagkakawannggawa ng mga Pilipino ay isang pantay na

katayuan sa pagitan ng mga nagbibigay ng tulong o provider at ang tumatanggap nito
o recipient

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4. Pakikipagpalitan at pagbibigay ng mahahalagang impormasyon

- Kapag ang mga impormasyon at kaalaman ay naipamamahagi sa lipunan, mas madaling

makalahok ang mga sangay ng pamahalaan at mga mamamayan sa paglikha ng mga polisiya
at paglutas ng mga isyu at suliranin.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5. Pangangalaga ng ating mga minanang yaman at mga pampublikong pasilidad

- Maraming kayamanan ang ating bansa. Karamihan dito ay minana pa natin sa ating
mga ninuno. Ang iba naman ay mga impraestruktura at pampublikong lugar na ipinagawa
ng ating pamahalaan para sa mga mamamayan nito.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
6. Pangangalaga ng ating kapaligiran at paglinang ng mga likas na yaman

- Nakukuha natin ang lahat ng ating pangangailangan sa ating kapaligiran. Kailangan

nating linanging mabuti ang mga likas na yaman upang may madatnan pa ang mga
susunod na henerasyon.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
7. Pagpapaunlad at pagsuporta sa mga produkto ng bansa

- Sinisikap ng ilang organisasyon pati na ng pamahalaan na mapaunlad ang maliliit

at katamtamang laking industriya dahil nakapagbibigay ang mga ito ng trabaho sa
maraming tao sa bansa.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
8. Pagtangkilik at pag - angkat ng produktong Pilipino

- Kailangan nating tangkilikin ang ating sariling produkto upang makatulong sa pag
- unlad at pagsulong ng ating bansa.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mga Epekto ng Pakikilahok ng Mamamayan sa mga Gawaing Pansibiko

SA KABUHAYAN

- Madaling maisasagawa ang mga gawain at proyekto kung lahat ng mga mamamayan ay
nakikilahok sa mga gawaing pansibiko at nagtutulungan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SA LIPUNAN

- Sa maayos na pamayanan, ang mga mamamayan ay may disiplina. Bawat mamamayan ay

sumusunod sa mga batas.

- Napagbubuklod - buklod ng ating pakikilahok ang lahat ng mga pagsusumikap upang

tugunan ang mga tiyak na suliranin at pangangailangan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SA POLITIKA

- Kung ang katiwalian sa pamahalaan ay masusugpo, magiging mabilis ang pag - unlad
sa bansa.

- Umuunlad ang komunidad kung ang mga namumuno dito at mga mamamayan ay magkasamang
kumikilos at nagtutulungan upang lutasin ang mga suliranin at pangangailangan ng
bawat isa.

- Binibigyan ng pagkakataon ng mga pinuno o lider ang mga mamamayan na makilahok sa

mga aktibidad at gawaing pangkomunidad para sa agarang solusyon ng mga suliranin.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PAKIKILAHOK NA PAMPOLITIKA

- Tumutukoy sa aktibong pakikilahok ng mga mamamayan sa mga gawaing magpapabuti sa

pamamalakad ng pamahalaan at ng kapakanan ng buong bayan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2 URI NG PAKIKILAHOK SA GAWAING POLITIKAL

1. Tuwirang Pakikilahok

- Ang kagustuhan ng mga mamamayan ay ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng pagpupulong ng

bayan (primary assembly). Ang kanilang kagustuhan ay direkta nilang naipararating
sa mga kinauukulan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Di-tuwirang Pakikilahok

- Ang kagustuhan ng mga mamamayan ay ipinararating sa kanilang piniling kinatawan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MGA PARAAN NG PAKIKILAHOK SA MGA GAWAING PAMPOLITIKA

1. Malayang Pamamahayag

- Ang ating Kalayaan sa pamamahayag ay nakatala sa ating Saligang Batas 1987,

Artikulo III, Katipunan ng mga Karapatan.

Seksyon 4. Hindi dapat magpatibay ng batas na nagbabawas sa kalayaan sa pananalita,

pagpapahayag o ng pamamahayagan, o sa karapatan ng mga taong-bayan na mapayagang
magkatipon at magpetisyon sa pamahalaan upang ilahad ang kanilang mga karaingan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Tungkulin ng Media sa Pampublikong pamamahala:

1. Civic forum – pagbibigay ng tinig o pagkakataong magsalita ang lahat ng mga

kasapi ng lipunan, lalo na ang mahihirap.

2. Mobilizing agent – pagpapalakas ng pakikilahok na pansibiko o civic engagement

at pangangasiwa ng mga pampublikong pakikilahok sa mga isyu ng panpublikong
kahalagahan.

3. Watch dog – pagbabantay sa mga gawain ng pang-aabuso at pagpapahusay ng

pananagutan at transparency sa mga pampublikong pamamahala.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Pagboto

- Isa sa pinakamahalagang tungkulin ng mga karaniwang mamamayan ang makilahok sa

paghalal ng mga pinuno ng pamahalaan.

- Ang prosesong ito ay itinakda sa ating Saligang Batas, Artikulo V, Seksyon 1.

BATAYAN NG MGA PILIPINO SA PAGBOTO

1. Benepisyo sa Botante
2. Educational Background
3. Pamamaraan ng Partido
4. Popularidad
5. Pag-endorso

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MGA PROBISYON NA ITINATANONG SA MGA BOTANTE BILANG KAMALAYAN SA PANAHON NG
ELEKSYON:

1. Probisyon 1 – Pagbabawal sa paglalagay o pagdidikit ng mga campaign poster sa

mga lugar na hindi itinalaga ng COMELEC.

2. Probisyon 2 – Pagbabawal na bumoto ng higit sa isang beses.

3. Probisyon 3 – Pagbabawal na bumoto para sa ibang tao

4. Probisyon 4 – Pagbabawal na tumanggap ng kabayaran kapalit ng boto

5. Probisyon 5 – Pagbabawal na gumamit ng terorismo, karahasan, at iba pang mga

gawain upang makuha ang mga boto.

6. Probisyon 6 – Pagbabawal na magsuhol at pilitin ang opisyal ng halalan.

7. Probisyon 7 – Pagbabawal sa mga militar at pulis na pumasok at manatili sa loob

ng presinto at mga sentro ng botohan, maliban sa pagboto.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Commission on Elections

- Ang Commission on Elections (COMELEC) ang punong ahensya ng pamahalaan na

responsable sa pagsasagawa ng regular at espesyal na halalan sa bansa. Tulad ng
ibang lupong pansaligang batas, isang independiyente at nagsasariling ahensya ang
COMELEC. Malayo ito sa impluwensya o pangingialam ng tatlong sangay, na
nagbibigay-daan sa pagsasagawa ng malaya, patas, at tapat na halalan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Pagsali at Pagsuporta sa mga Organisasyong Pampolitika

A. Partido Politikal

- Ang pagtatag ng partido politikal ay mahalagang bahagi ng pagkakaroon ng halalan

sa bansa. Ito ay ayon sa Omnibus Election Code, Artikulo VIII, Seksyon 60-62.

- Ang Partido Politikal ay tumutukoy sa organisadong grupo ng mga tao na nagkakaisa

ng ideolohiya, pampolitikang ideya, o mga plataporma ng pamahalaa.

Mga Halimbawa ng Partido Politikal:

1) Liberal Party
2) Nacionalista Party
3) Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats
4) Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
5) Puwersa ng Masang Pilipino
6) National Unity Party
7) United Nationalist Alliance
8) Nationalist People’s Coalition

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
B. Pansektor na mga Kinatawan (Party List)

- Ang Party List ay listahan ng mga rehistradong mga partido o organisasyong

pambansa, panrehiyon, o pansektor.

- Sila ay representasyon ng iba’t-ibang sektor ng lipunan na binibigyan ng

pagkakataon na marinig ang kanilang tinig sa Kongreso.

- Ang karapatan sa pagtatag ng Party List System sa Pilipinas ay ayon sa Republic

Act 7941 pinagtibay ng Kongreso noong Pebrero 28, 1995.

Mga Halimbawa ng Pansektor na Kinatawan o Party List:

- Akbayan - Kabataan
- Ako Bicol - 1-Care
- Abono - Cibac
- Anakpawis - Gabriela
- Bayan Muna - ACT Teachers
- Ang Ladlad - Pasang Masda

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
C. Mga Organisasyong Di-pampamahalaan (Non-government Organization)

- Ang Non-government Organization ay anumang non-profit na grupong lokal na

boluntaryong mamamayan, pambansa o pandaigdig.

- Ang mga NGO ay nagbibigay ng iba’t-ibang libreng serbisyo at tulong sa mga tao
upang maiparating sa pamahalaan ang kanilang mga hinaing.

- Ito ay samahang pumapagitan sa mga tao at estado. Sila ay nagsasalita o kumikilos

para sa mahihirap at nangangailangan.

- Ang Kalayaan sa pagtatag ng mga Organisasyong Di-pampamahalaan ay nakasaad sa

Artikulo II, Seksyon 23 ng 1987 Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas.

Mga Halimbawa ng Organisasyong Di-pampamahalaan (NGO):

- Ayala Foundation - Caritas Manila

- GMA Foundation - ABS-CBN Foundation
- Philippine Red Cross - Rotary Club of Manila

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4. Pagbabayad ng Buwis

- Ito ang pinakamalaking tulong ng mamamayan sa pamahalaan. Ito rin ang

pinaggagalingan ng pinakamahalagang bahagi ng pondo na ipinaggagastos ng pamahalaan
sa iba’t-ibang gawain at sebisyong ibinibigay ng mga tao.

Mga Iba’t-ibang Uri ng Buwis:

- Buwis pampamayanan o sedula (Community tax)

- Buwis na galing sa kita (Income Tax)
- Buwis ng di-natitinag na pag-aari (Real Estate Tax)
- Buwis Buwis mula sa donasyon at ari-arian (Inheritance Tax)
- Buwis sa iba pang ari-arian
- Buwis sa mga negosyo at iba pang kalakal
- Value-added Tax (VAT)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
BIR - Bureau of Internal Revenue (Kawanihan ng Rentas Internas)

- Ay isang ahensiya ng pamahalaan ng Republika ng Pilipinas sa ilalim ng Kagawaran

ng pananalapi na naglilikom ng mga iba't ibang uri ng buwis sa bansa. Ito ay
naglilikom ng mahigit sa kalahati ng kabuuang kita ng pamahalaan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MGA ISYUNG PAMPOLITIKA AT PAMPAMAYANAN

GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

GRAFT

- Ang pagkuha ng pera o posisyon sa paraang taliwas sa batas, madaya, at

kuwestiyonable.

- Pagtanggap ng kabayaran para sa isang pampublikong serbisyong hindi naman

naibigay o kaya’y paggamit sa isang kontrata o lehislasyon bilang pagkakakitaan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CORRUPTION

- Ay intensiyonal na pagtatakwil sa tungkulin at obligasyon ng isang opisyal ng

pamahalaan o pagkilos na magbubunga ng kanyang kawalan ng integridad o prinsipyo.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

- Ang karaniwang paratang sa mga opisyal o nanunungkulan sa pamahalaan na

ginagamit ang pampublikong pondo para sa kanilang pansariling interes.

- Ito ay nagagawa sapagkat kasama ng kanilang posisyon , may malawak silang

impluwensiya at kapangyarihan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MGA URI NG GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

Pork Barrel Scam

- Ang pork barrel, sa literal nitong kahulugan ay ang "bariles ng karneng baboy”.
Ito ay isang salita na tumutukoy sa pagtatalaga ng pamahalaan sa paggasta na
pangunahing kinukuha mula sa kabang-yaman ng bansa upang magamit sa distrito ng
isang mambabatas para sa mga lokal na proyekto nito.

- Ang Pork Barrel ay pondo na inilalaan ng National Government para sa mga

mambabatas ng Pilipinas tulad ng Kongreso at Senado. Sa Kasalukuyan, Ito ang
tinatawag na PDAP O PRIORITY DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FUND.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Bribery
- Ang suhol o panunuhol (Ingles: bribery), na tinatawag ding lagay o paglalagay, na
isang ng korupsiyon ang gawain ng pagbibigay ng salapi o regalo na nagbabago sa
pag-aasal ng tumatanggap nito.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Nepotismo

- Ay isang anyo ng paboritismong ibinibigay sa mga kamag-anak o mga kaibigan, na

hindi tinitingnan o sinusukat ang kanilang pagiging karapat-dapat. Ito ang gawain
ng isang nanunungkulan o may kapangyarihang tao na pagpabor o paglalaan ng biyaya o
posisyon sa malalapít na mga kamag-anak at mga kaibigan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Plunder

- Ang pandarambong (Ingles: plunder) ay isang krimen ng pagnanakaw. Sinumang opiser

na publiko na humahakot, nagtitipon o nagkakamit ng kinuha sa masamang kayamanan
(ill-gotten wealth) sa pamamagitan ng pinagsama o tinipong halaga. Sa pamamagitan
ng paglustay, paglipat, maling paggamit, maling pag-aasal ng mga pondong pampubliko
o mga pagsalakay sa kabangyaman ng bayan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Extortion

- Extortion o Pangingikil – Isang illegal na paggamit ng kapangyarihan. Ito ay

tumutukoy sa paghuthot, panghihingi, o sapilitang pagkuha ng salapi.

- Karaniwang ginagamit ang blackmailing o pangunguwalta sa pamamagitan ng

pananakot.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Embezzlement o Paglustay

- Ito ay pagnanakaw ng pera ng isang taong pinagkatiwalaan nito. Karaniwang ito ay

ginagawa sa pamamagitan ng paglustay o maling paggamit ( misappropriation ) ng
pondo ng pamahalaan.

- Ang pangkaraniwang ipinapataw na parusa sa ganito ay panghabambuhay na

pagkakakulong.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fraud o Pamemeke

- Ito ay tumutukoy sa pandaraya o panlilinlang sa layuning makalamang o makakuha ng

salapi o iba pang benepisyo.

- Ang halimbawa nito ay ang paggamit ng mga palsipikadong dokumento o paglikha ng

scam.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Epekto ng Graft and Corruption

- Tumitinding Kahirapan

- Nawawala ang pagtitiwala at nawawalan ng gana ang mga mamamayan na makilahok sa

pagdedesisyon o sa mga polisiya ng pamahalaan.

- Ang bunga ng pagkasira ng tiwala at pagbaba ng partisipasyon ng mga mamamayan sa

pamahalaan ay tutungo sa hindi magandang resulta ng mga programa at tuluyang
pagkagalit ng sambayanan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Batas sa Graft and Corruption

- Ang Republic Act No. 3019 na kilala rin bilang Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices
Act of 1960 ay batas na nagbabawal sa sinumang nanunungkulan sa pamahalaan na
masangkot sa katiwalian at nagbibigay ng mga kaukulang parusa ng pagkabilanggo (sa
pagitan ng 6 hanggang 15 taon), diskwalipikasyon mula sa pagtakbo sa opisinang
pampubliko, at pagsamsam ng hindi maipaliwanag na kayamanan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PAGLUTAS SA GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

MGA PARAAN UPANG MASOLUSYONAN ANG SULIRANIN NG GRAFT AND CORRUPTION SA BANSA:

- Magbigay ng mas mataas na sahod at mas magagandang benepisyo para sa mga ahensiya
ng pamahalaan

- Dagdagan ang mga kawani sa mga sector ng pamahalaan.

- Magpasa ng batas na magtatanggal sa serbisyo sa mga napatunayang tiwaling

opisyal.

- Subukang gawing online ang lahat ng mga transaksiyon.

- Magbigay ng resibo para sa bawat transaksiyon sa pamahalaan.

- Maglagay ng CCTV camera sa lahat ng mga ahensiya ng pamahalaan.

- Pabilisin ang pagtatrabaho sa mga ahensiya ng pamahalaan.

- Pabilisin ang paglilitis ng mga kaso sa mga hukuman.

- Ganyakin ang media na maging responsable at patas sa pag-uulat at magpasa ng

batas na magsisiguro nito.

- Isaayos at gawing transparent ang Sistema ng pagtatalaga sa mga posisyon sa

pamahalaan.

- Panatilihing mababa nag presyo ng mga bilihin.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Tax Evasion

- Ay ang ilegal at sadyang pag-iwas sa pagbabayad ng buwis sa pamamagitan ng

paggawa ng maling ulat tungkol sa tunay na halaga ng sahod o kabuuang kita ng isang
tao para hindi ka patawan ng malaking buwis.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Pandaraya sa Halalan

- Ilegal na gawain sa panahon ng eleksyon. Ilan sa halimbawa nito ay ang vote

buying at pandaraya sa pagbilang ng mga boto.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mga Karahasan

- Pagpatay sa mga kandidato tuwing sasapit ang eleksyon.

- Pananakot sa mga botante.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Paglabag sa mga Patakaran

- Nalalabag ng ilang mga kandidato ang mga patakarang itinakda ng COMELEC. Sa

panahon din ng halalan dumudumi ang ating kapaligiran.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mga Maling gawain kung may eleksyon

Pagbili ng boto
Pagboto gamit ang ibang pangalan (flying voters)
Pananakot sa mga botante
Panunuhol sa mga lokal na tauhan ng COMELEC
Ballot-snatching
Pandaraya sa pagbibilang ng boto o balota
Pamimilit at terorismo sa panahon ng proseso ng pagboto
Pagpatay na may kaugnayan sa halalan o pampolitikang hangarin

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TLE

PRESENTING COOKED MEAT

- The acceptability of a cooked meat dish depends partly on how it is presented in

an orderly, neat, and aesthetic manner. The dish should be arranged in such a way
that it will stimulate the appetite of the customers thus motivating them to
partake the dish.

An orderly, neat, and beautiful presentation is achieved by ensuring the following

are strictly observed:

1. The meat has been prepared and cooked in the standard way, presenting its color,
texture, shape or form, and consistency expected of the dish.

[Link] of suitable container for presentation and serving. Bowl, platters, trays,
and other serving wares made of ceramic,porcelain, stainless steel, indigenous
wood, earthenware, and sterling silver. The choice of the serving container
depends on the type of dish to be served. The goal is to create a natural, simple
yet elegant blending of the food and its serving plate, platter or tray.

3. Use of garnishes or decorations to enhance the appearance of the food or dish.

* Garnishing is the art of arranging the meat in a prepared dish in a creative and
artistic manner using the foods inherent decorative qualities at the same time
supplementing or complementing these with other garnishes that will enhance its
sumptuous looking appearance.

* Remember to not over decorate when garnishing food to create simple elegance.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In choosing your garnishes, keep in mind the following:

A. They should be edible;

B. They should be natural;
C. They should be appropriate to the dish being decorated; and
D. They should serve as accent and part of the dish as its color, texture, and
shape.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Some common garnishes are:

Vegetables:
Bell pepper
Cabbage
Lettuce
Celery
Cucumber
Onions
Onion leaves
Parsley
Potatoes
Tomatoes
Olives
Pickles
Asparagus

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fruits:
Lemon
Oranges
Pineapples
Grapes
Melons
Raisins
Dates
Coconut
Apples
Kiwi

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Seafood and Dairy
Anchovies
Shrimps
Lobsters claws
Eggs
Cheese
Butter
Nuts
Breads ( croutons )
Whipped Cream

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4. Serve food/dish at the proper temperature. The rule is to serve hot food, hot
and cold food, and cold food.

* Timing is very important. Use holding equipment to keep food warm (e.e.,
microwave ovens, food warmers, toasters, infrared lamp heaters) or cold (e.g.,
chillers, and hot and cold bain maries.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Bain - Marie

- A type of heated bath, is a piece of equipment used in science, industry, and

cooking to heat materials gently or to keep materials warm over a period of time. A
bain-marie is also used to melt ingredients for cooking.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PREPARING MEAT

Meat Dishes and Entrees

- In the classical menu, the term entrée refers to the courses after the Grosse
piece. Basically, entrees are divided into cold entrees and hot entrees. Today,
however, the entrees are usually served as the main dish with suitable vegetable
and salad garnishes. Both hot and cold entrees are frequently described as simple
dishes on the menu, where they appear in various categories, such as hot snacks
garnishes for main dishes and specialties of the day. The main difference between
main grosses piece is that the entries are cut up before being cooked. They do not
require the same methods of preparation as the grosses pieces which are prepared in
single large pieces. It is, therefore, not possible to group the two types of
dishes in the same category.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Four Kinds of doneness in meat

1. Rare – when pressed with a finger, the meat is very soft with jelly like
texture.

2. Medium Rare – when pressed with a finger, meat feels springy and resistant

3. Medium – when pressed with a finger, meat feels firm and there is a definite
resistance.

4. Well Done – when pressed with a finger the meat feels hard and rough.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Market forms of meat

A. Live –these are usually bought direct to the farm, although in some open market
you can see occasionally piglets for sale.

B. Fresh meat – meat that is recently slaughtered, has not been preserved, frozen.

C. Chilled meat- meat that has been cooled to temperature just above freezing (1-3)
within 24 hours after slaughter. Meat that is placed in chiller or slightly cold

D. Frozen meat- meat cuts frozen to an eternal temperature.

E. Cured/preserved meat- meat products that have been treated with a curing agent
solution like salt, sodium nitrate (salitre), sugar, and spices. Preserved by
salting, smoking and aging.

F. Canned meat- cooked meat products and only requires to be reheated.

G. Dried meat- dehydrated meats.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Different Meat cuts

Meat cuts that are available in open markets and supermarkets are the wholesale
cuts and retail cuts. Wholesale and retail cuts of beef and pork can best
understand in the chart below.

Beef:
Round- whole, bright red color, fine texture
Sirloin- whole, sliced to required thickness
Tenderloin- well trimmed, whole, clean
Beef shank-whole, clean, with or without bones
Pata- clean, smooth skin, toes well trimmed
Oxtail- intact, free of hair
Ox brain- whole, firm, clean
Tongue- trimmed, clean, whole
Intestine- inverted, thoroughly clean
Heart- whole, clean
Spleen- whole, clean
Blood- no water, properly gelled

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Pork:

Pigue- whole, well trimmed, boneless, thin skin, trimmed fat

Kasim- thin skin, boneless, more lean meat, and trimmed fat
Liempo- well marbled, thin skin, soft, smooth fat
Pork chop- with or without skin
Pata- whole,toes are trimmed and clean
Ulo- clean, whole
Lomo- clean, whole, well trimmed
Spareribs- with substantial meat attached to bones
Tongue- whole
Heart- whole
Kidneys- whole
Liver- very fine texture, whole
Intestines- inverted, thoroughly clean
Blood- firmly gelled, no water
Panyo-panyo- whole, clean

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Primal cuts- refers to wholesale cuts

a. Sub primal or secondary cuts-subdivided into secondary cuts (ham or pigue)

separated from the hind leg (or pata)

b. Portioned cuts-specific parts of the animal cut further into smaller portions
(pork chops, liempo)

c. Fancy cuts- special cuts, which command higher prices (spareribs, belly,
tenderloin-most tender part.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Selection of Meat

A. Carabeef is less tender than beef and beef is less tender than pork.

B. Inspected and approved by Bureau of Animal Industry.

C. Fresh, Chilled, Frozen meat have their own advantages and disadvantages.

D. Select the meat appropriate to the intended recipe.

E. Consider the cost in relation to the edible portion, the ratio of lean meat to
the bones.
F. Select meat that is already pre-prepared.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
G. Be meticulous in distinguishing the finish meat.

Finish

- refers to the thickness and distribution of fat inside and outside of the lean
meat.

*An ideal finish in beef shows smooth, well distributed fat outside, and good
marbling inside.
*grain-fed cows have white fat
*grass-fed cows have yellowish fat.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
H. Learn to distinguish the characteristics of muscles.
*Young animals have fine-grained muscles
*Old animals have coarse muscles, less tender and darker in color.

I. Meat of healthy animals is generally odorless

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Marinades

Good marinade will add flavor to your favorite meat and make it more tender and
juicy. Making a marinade is very simple. All you need are;

Three basic components

- The first, is an acid, such as lemon juice, vinegar, yogurt, or wine. The acid is
important as it breaks down the meat and tenderizes it.

- The second, is oil. This protects and preserves the food while marinated and also
when it‘s being cooked.

- The third, is any herb and/or spice. This is what gives a marinade its unique
flavor and zest. Feel free to experiment by grouping one or more ingredients from
each component.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Here are some general guidelines for marinating:

- Meat and poultry are generally marinated for 2 hours up to 2 days.

- Seafood and fish should be marinated for no longer than one hour.

- Use a non-reactive container - steer clear of aluminum, copper, or cast iron.

- Wait for your marinade to cool down before pouring over the meat of your choice.

- Always refrigerate your meat while it's marinating.

- Never reuse marinades!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Types of Marinades

1. Pineapple Marinade
- This sweet, fruity marinade works great on any cut of pork or chicken. What you
get with this marinade is a great Hawaiian Teriyaki flavor. Try this marinade when
you are simply placing cut strips of pork or chicken over rice. You can make extra
marinade to use as a sauce as long as you keep it separate from the meat

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Pork Chop Marinade

- This is a great Asian style marinade that works well on all cuts of pork,
particularly pork chops, reminiscent of a Teriyaki marinade with a hint of heat
from the chili sauce. You can, if you like, heat this up with some extra chili
sauce or perhaps a pinch of cayenne.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Pork Rib Marinade

- BBQ Guru posted this marinade recipe to the forum. It uses a pork rub for the
seasoning with vinegar and water to turn it into a marinade.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4. Teriyaki Marinade

- Want to get that great Teriyaki flavor into your favorite dish? This marinade
will surely add flavor to whatever you're grilling. This marinade works
particularly well with pork and poultry.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5. Mustard-Vinegar Marinade

- This is a simple mustard marinade that tenderizes and adds flavor. It works
well on pork or poultry.

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English

Discourse

- a text - spoken or written - that is functioning for some purpose within some
context

- a discourse (text) usually consists of a number of sentences.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Cohesion

- the linguistic “cement” we use to connect clauses and sentences in order to make
our text cohesive.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Cohesive Devices

referring expressions, e.g. pronouns

substitution - replacing words with substitutes - one, do, so, not

conjunctions

outellipsis - leaving words

lexis - using words that are related - synonyms, antonyms, co-hyponyms etc

adjacency pairs

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Categories of Referring Expressions

Personal Pronouns - e.g. he, she, it, they, them etc;

Demonstrative Pronouns - this, that, these, those;
Definite Article - the
Temporal Expressions - now, then
Locative adverbs - here, there
Comparatives - same, another, similar, different etc.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Referring Expressions

- whereabouts is the meaning to which a referring expression refers? It could be:

Anaphoric Reference

- earlier in the text, e.g.

The doctor crossed the road. He was in a hurry.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Cataphoric reference

- The meaning to which a referring expression refers could be later in the text,
e.g.

This is what I would like: a bowl of soup

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Exophoric Reference

- The meaning referred to could be outside the text, e.g.

I think I’m getting sunburnt. The sun is very hot today

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Substitution

- There are a small number of words which we can use as substitutes for other
words, phrases or even clauses. We use them to avoid repeating a word.

Ex: so, do, one, not.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ellipsis

- This cohesive device is like substitution, but what is substituted is Ø.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Related words

- In any text, there are words that are related in some way
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Cohesive Conjunctions

- used to link sentences; can occur anywhere in a sentence – beginning, middle or

end

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Conjunctive Meanings

- conjunctions express different kinds of meaning, e.g.

time - after, before, previously etc;

cause - so, consequently, therefore, as a result etc
addition – moreover, and, etc
contrast – but, however, etc
sequence – first, then, next etc

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Adjacency Pairs

question – answer;
invitation – response;
inform – acknowledge;
greeting - response
etc

* these provide cohesion in spoken language; a serious break in cohesion occurs if

the second part of the pair is not given, e.g. if an answer to a question is not
provided.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Coherence

- patterns of text organisation

general – particular
chronological
simple – complex
external – internal
problem – solution
question – answer
cause – effect
claim – counter claim

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Persuasive Language Techniques

1. Analogy

- Comparing your proposition with something concrete will make it easier for the
audience to grasp what you are trying to say. If audience can understand
immediately your cause, they tend to side with you.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Anecdotes

- The use of short amusing narrative relevant to your topic is an effective way to
drive your point by providing the audience examples that support your
claim.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Bandwagon

- This language technique in persuasion puts in the mind of the listener that if he
does not believe the speaker’s contention, he will be left behind because everybody
else is already into using, doing, or believing what the speaker
is claiming.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4. Charisma

- Sometimes, the effectiveness of the speech does not rely on words butthe unspoken
language of the speaker. A charismatic speaker who appears firm in his conviction,
strong in his belief, and confident of winning the audience will surely have a
multitude of followers and believers.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5. Cliche

- A cliché is a word or expression that has been used many times in writing and
speaking. Some of them are proverbs or maxims that may have lost their flavor
because they have been used over and over in speaking
or in writing. Some writers avoid the use of cliches because they are jaded
expressions. Yet, when used in persuasive speech, cliches sometimes spell magic
because of the tendency of people to recognize it at once. When properly connected
to the intention of the claim, it can win people’s hearts.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
6. Exclusive pronouns

- The use of plural pronouns, such as “them”, “they”, "we”, “us”, or “our” make
people feel like they are already part of a certain team in which others are
excluded. Being included as member of a group, an organization, or a club makes
anybody feel important and strong because no one can contest the strength in
solidarity.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
7. Expert's Opinion

- As the use of citations is imperative in reports and researches, no one can

discount the effectiveness of mentioning names of specialists to back up what you
are saying.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
8. Explicitly Stated Fact

- A statement is “explicit” when it is directly stated. This persuasive technique

is very effective because the audience always have the notion that anything stated
explicitly is a fact; thus, even if they have reservations against the concept,
they will eventually be swayed to believe it because it stated as if it was the
truth.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
9. Extrapolation

- To extrapolate is to infer beyond what is expected. Sometimes, generalizing using

a few facts from a short observation time works wonders. Listeners tend to believe
grandiose ideas with lesser sources than a simple concept with a lot of complex
examples and confusing pieces of evidence.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
10. Flattery

- Everyone likes to be praised. If a speaker punctuates his talk with statements

like: “You have been working hard on this project, you deserve something that will
make the next work easier for you,” he shows concern
and appreciation of the audience’s hard work. This kind of statement endears the
speaker to his audience, making whatever he says following the statement of
flattery readily convincing.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
11. Generalities

- Positive abstract nouns like democracy, liberty, freedom, happiness, equality,

progress, growth, and development when properly injected in speech will trigger the
feeling of hope among the audience. If the
audience become hopeful for a better future, they will support the stand of the
speaker.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
12. Humor

- An idea that makes people laugh will make them feel good. A statement that makes
them feel good helps in convincing people. Who among us anyway would not want smile
even for a short period of time?

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
13. LOGICAL REASONING

- It is only logical that when one explains, he should start from point A to point
B to point C. To be clear in speaking is to be organized.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
14. NOSTALGIA

- Ideas that make people go back to the time when everything is better and simpler
also bring a warm and cozy feeling among people. People cannot escape the idea that
things were better then.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
15. NOVELTY

- Anything new is attractive to people. An idea may be old but once applied to a
new situation, it will sound fresh and inviting to the audience.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
16. RHETORICAL QUESTIONS

- If the speaker asks a question that does not require an answer and that which the
answer is implied to favor the audience, then he easily persuades his audience into
believing his claim.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
17. REPETITION

- When words and ideas are repeated, the audience will think that they are
important. Once the listeners feel that the concept is significant and practical,
they will be convinced in believing it.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
18. SCAPEGOAT

- Finding another person to blame of inconsistencies in a certain issue will turn

you into an instant hero. This is very effective in political and advocacy speeches
because of the fact that people always side with the underdog.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
19. SENSATIONALISM

- Eliciting fear, anger, excitement, and thrill among the audience is a technique
used by the media to capture the audience’s interest on a certain trivial topic. To
draw your audience to your side, you may also employ sensationalism to make an
insignificant idea appear big time.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
20. SENTIMENTALITY

- Words and images that arouse the feeling of love and warmth, kindness, sympathy,
and gentleness inspire audience to do as the speaker says. Doesn’t everybody want
to feel delightfully nice inside?

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Drawing Conclusions

- You can use clues found when reading words and looking at pictures. You use these
clues with what you already know in real life to help you figure out something that
is not written in a story.

When you draw a conclusion you use 2 things:

What you know in your head.

What you’ve read in the story.

- A conclusion is the decision you come to when you put these two together.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Science

Disasters

Lesson 1: Volcano

- According to the now generally accepted "plate tectonics" theory, scientists

believe that the Earth's surface is broken into several shifting slabs or plates.
These plates move relative to one another above a hotter, deeper, more mobile zone
at average rates as great as a few inches per year. Most of the
world's active volcanoes are located along or near the boundaries between shifting
plates. The peripheral areas of the Pacific Ocean Basin, containing the boundaries
of several plates, are dotted by many active volcanoes that form the so-called
"Ring of Fire." The "Ring" provides excellent examples of
"plate boundary" volcanoes, including Mount St. Helens

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Volcanism

- refers to the processes and phenomena associated with the superficial discharge
of molten rock mostly involving volcanoes. A volcano is a mountain that opens
downward to a reservoir of molten rock called magma below the surface of Earth.
They differ from most mountains
because they have vents where molten rock escapes to Earth’s surface during
volcanic eruptions. Volcanic landforms are controlled by the geological processes
that formed them and acted on them even after being created.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Most volcanoes can be found only on designated narrow bands suitable for the
completion of the three stages of the volcano’s life cycle. These three stages are
invasion of magma, building pressure, and eruption. These processes involve
convection.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Convection

- It occurs when matter, such as magma, circulates within the Earth. Temperature
change, density, and the pull of gravity are the reasons for convection.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Active volcanism occurs in four principal settings:

1. Along divergent plate boundaries.

2. In areas of continental extension that may become divergent plate boundaries in
the future.
3. Along converging plate boundaries where subduction occurs. Approximately 75% of
the world’s
active volcanoes can be found along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
4. In areas called hotspots (meaning: location on Earth’s surface that has
experienced active volcanic
activities for a long time) that are usually located in the interior of plates,
away from the plate margins.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Volcanic Hazard

- A volcanic hazard is any potentially dangerous volcanic phenomenon or process

that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage,
social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation. Volcanic hazards
occur before, during, and after volcanic eruptions.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
List of Volcanic Hazards
1. Pyroclastic Flows
2. Lahar
3. Lava
4. Tephra fall
5. Volcanic gas
6. Tsunamis
[Link] lightning
8. Volcanic earthquakes

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lesson 2: Earthquake and Tsunami

A. Earthquake

- An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden
release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere. These create seismic waves.
- An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one
another. The surface where they slip is called the fault plane.

- Sometimes, an earthquake has foreshocks. These are smaller earthquakes that

happen in the same place as the larger earthquake that follows. Scientists can’t
tell that an earthquake is a foreshock until the larger earthquake happens. The
largest, main earthquake is called the mainshock. Mainshocks always have
aftershocks that follow.

- These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterward in the same place as the
mainshock. Depending on the size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for
weeks, months, and even years after the mainshock!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
How are Earthquakes recorded?

- Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs. The recording they

make is called a seismogram. The seismograph has a base that sets firmly in the
ground, and a heavyweight that hangs free. When an
earthquake causes the ground to shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but
the hanging weight does not. Instead, the spring or string that it is hanging from
the top absorbs all the movement. The difference in position between the shaking
part of the seismograph and the motionless part is what is recorded.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Word Bank:

Seismic waves

- are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and are a
result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and
large man-made explosions that give out lowfrequency acoustic energy.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fault plane

- is the flat surface along which there is slip during an earthquake.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Foreshock

- a mild tremor prior the violent shaking movement of an earthquake

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mainshock

- The largest earthquake in a sequence.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Aftershock

- is a smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fault

– is a fracture along the rocks that form when rock layers break and move along the
surface resulting in rock displacement.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Earthquakes

- are generated along faults due to the breaking or movement of rock layers. During
earthquakes, rocks move from a few centimeters up to about two meters. Thus, a
single earthquake creates only a small change in the topography of a place. But
since earthquakes have been occurring for
a long time, they have caused a lot of changes on the Earth’s surface.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Types of Earthquakes

Tectonic earthquake

- occurs when the earth's crust breaks due to geological forces on rocks and
adjoining plates that cause physical and chemical changes.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Volcanic earthquake

- is an earthquake that results from tectonic forces which occur in conjunction

with volcanic activity.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Collapse earthquake

- is a small earthquake in underground caverns and mines that are caused by

seismic waves produced from the explosion of rock on the surface.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Explosion earthquake

- is an earthquake that is the result of the detonation of a nuclear and/or

chemical device.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Earthquake Hazards

- The type of hazard depends on the strength of seismic activity, along with such
factors as local topographic and built features, subsurface geology, and
groundwater. A large earthquake will always be followed by a sequence of
aftershocks.

1. Ground Shaking
2. Tsunami
3. Landslides and Rockfalls
4. Liquefaction

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
B. Tsunamis

- Tsunami is a Japanese word for tidal waves or big waves in the port. The term was
coined by the fishermen who returned to their ports after their villages had been
devastated by a giant wave while the fishermen had not seen any waves in the open
sea

- A tsunami can kill or injure people and damage or destroy buildings and
infrastructure as waves come in and go out. A tsunami is a series of enormous ocean
waves caused by earthquakes, underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions, or
asteroids

Tsunamis can:

- Travel 20-30 miles per hour with waves 10-100 feet high.
- Cause flooding and disrupt transportation, power, communications, and the water
supply

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Not all earthquakes can produce tsunamis. Below are the three things that will
allow a seaquake to generate tsunamis.

1. A minimum of at least magnitude 7 on the Richter scale must be recorded.

2. The seabed must be lifted or lowered by the quake.
3. The epicenter of the earthquake must be near to Earth’s surface.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Seiche

- Seiche refers to a large wave that moves up and down instead of

forward. It oscillates in a closed space such as a lake, reservoir, or swimming
pool. Like tsunamis, seiches are caused by disturbances at the crustal
plates. They can cause overtopping of dams and destruction of structures
surrounding the bodies of water and floods

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Word Bank:

Magnitude

- measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake (fault displacement)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Intensity

- measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location

(damage produced)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Richter scale

- a numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake based on

seismograph oscillations.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Modified Mercalli scales

- measures how people feel and react to the shaking of an earthquake.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Epicenter

– the point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PLATE TECTONICS

Lesson 1: Internal Structure of Earth

- To understand the details of plate tectonics, one must first understand the
layers of the Earth. The structure of the Earth can be divided into mechanical and
chemical. Rheology is the study of the flow of matter primarily in the
liquid state under conditions at which they respond with plastic flow rather than
deforming elastically in response to an applied force.

- Mechanically, the Earth can be divided into five layers: lithosphere,

asthenosphere, mesospheric mantle, inner core and outer core. Chemically, the
layers of the Earth are as follow: crust, mantle, and core. The Earth has three
main divisions based on its chemical composition. Indeed, there are countless
variations in composition throughout the Earth, but only two significant changes
occur, leading to three distinct chemical layers

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Chemical Layers

1. Crust

- The crust is the outermost chemical layer, and the layer humans currently reside
on. In the lower part of the crust, rocks start to be more ductile and less brittle
because of added heat. Earthquakes, therefore, generally occur in the upper crust.

- The average composition of the crust has been identified from scientific analyses
of rocks and minerals taken from the surface or underground. Thos most common
elements are oxygen (46.6%), silicon (27.7%), aluminum (8.1%, iron (5%), calcium
(3.6%), sodium (2.8%), potassium (2.6%), and magnesium (2.1%).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Types of Crust

Continental crust

- is relatively low density and has a composition similar to granite

Oceanic crust

- is relatively high density (especially when it is cold and old) and has a
composition similar to basalt.

Mohorovičić Discontinuity

– is commonly called the “Moho” is recognized as the boundary zone between Earth's
crust and the mantle. This boundary was discovered by Andrija Mohorovičić, a
Croatian meteorologist-turned seismologist, after an earthquake in Croatia in 1909.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Mantle

- is the layer below the crust and above the core. It is the most substantial layer
by volume, extending from the base of the crust to a depth of about 2900 km.

- Earth’s mantle is composed of iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, silicon, and

oxygen. About 80% of the planet’s mass is concentrated on mantle and most of the
internal heat of the Earth located in this layer including the magma chamber that
drives volcanic processes.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Core
- is the last and innermost layer which is separated into liquid outer core and the
solid inner core. The Earth’s core is the planet’s source of internal heat because
it contains radioactive materials which release heat as they break down into more
stable substance. It is mainly composed of an iron-nickel alloy.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mechanical Layers of Earth

- The Earth can also be broken down into five distinct physical layers based on how
each layer responds to stress. These are the lithosphere, asthenosphere,
mesospheric mantle, inner core and outer core.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1. Lithosphere

- The lithosphere, with ‘litho’ meaning rock, is the outermost physical layer of
the Earth. Including the crust, it has both oceanic and continental components.
Oceanic lithosphere, ranging from a thickness of zero (at the
forming of new plates on the mid-ocean ridge) to 140 km, is thin and rigid. The
continental lithosphere is more plastic (especially with depth) and thicker, from
40 to 280 km thick. Most importantly, the lithosphere is not continuous. Instead,
it is broken into several segments that geologists call plates. A plate boundary is
where two plates meet and move relative to each other. It is at and near plate
boundaries where plate tectonics are seen, including mountain building,
earthquakes, and volcanism.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Asthenosphere

- With ‘astheno’ meaning weak, the asthenosphere is the layer below the
lithosphere. The most distinctive property of the asthenosphere is movement. While
still solid, over geologic time scales, it will flow and move because it is
mechanically weak. In this layer, partly driven by convection of intense interior
heat, movement allows the lithospheric plates to move. Since certain types of
seismic waves pass through the asthenosphere, we know that it is solid, at least at
the short time scales of the passage of seismic waves. The depth and
occurrence of the asthenosphere are dependent on heat and can be very shallow at
mid-ocean ridges and very deep in plate interiors and beneath mountains.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Mesosphere

- is also known as lower mantle. Mesosphere is more rigid and immobile than the
asthenosphere, though still hot. This can be attributed to increased pressure with
depth. Between approximately 410 and 660 km depth, the mantle is in a state of
transition, as minerals with the same composition are changed to various forms,
dictated by increasing pressure conditions.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4. Outer Core

- is the only liquid layer found within Earth. It starts at 2,890 km depth and
extends to 5,150 km. Inge Lehmann, a Danish geophysicist, in 1936, was the first to
prove that there was an inner core that was solid within the liquid outer core
based on analyzing seismic data.

- As the liquid iron and nickel in the outer core moves and convects, it becomes
the most likely source for Earth’s magnetic field. This is critically important to
maintaining the atmosphere and conditions on Earth that make it favorable to life.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5. Inner core

- is the deepest region of the planet. It is characterized by an extremely high

temperature of about 5,000– 6,000-degree Celsius or even higher than the
temperature at the sun’s surface. The inner core is very important region as the
intense heat reflected from it mobilizes the materials of the outer core and the
mantle.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Structure of Earth’s Crust

- The fundamental unifying principle of geology and the rock cycle is the theory of
Plate Tectonics. Plate tectonics describes how the layers of the Earth move
relative to each other. Specifically, the outer layer is divided into tectonic or
lithospheric plates. As the tectonic plates float on a mobile layer beneath called
the asthenosphere, they collide, slide past each other, and split apart. As a
result, significant landforms are created at these plate boundaries, and rocks
making up the tectonic plates move through the rock cycle.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lesson 2: Location of Plate Tectonics

History of Plate Tectonics

Raisin Theory, 20th Century

- According to this theory, Earth is like a grape that contracted into a raisin.
This is due to the cooling process that occurred on Earth after the Big Bang about
13.77 billion years ago.

- They thought that the cooling caused the contraction and pressure that allowed
some crust parts to move upward to produce mountains while other parts of the crust
buckled downward, creating ocean basins and other depressions.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Theory of Isostasy, 1889

- Clarence Edward Dutton proposed the term “isostasy,” which means Earth's
topographic mass is balanced. Isostasy came from the Greek words “isos,” which
means equal, and “stasis” means standstill.

- This theory states that wherever equilibrium exists on Earth’s surface, equal
mass must underlie equal surface areas, meaning, a great continental mass must be
formed of lighter materials than that supposed to constitute the ocean floor.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Continental Drift Theory,1915

- Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, hypothesized that the continents were moving.
According to his continental drift theory, the Earth was once made of one large
continent. This supercontinent called Pangaea broke into smaller pieces that slowly
drifted away from one another and moved to their present positions. Although the
evidence cited by Wegener was impressive, no one believed his theory because he
could not explain the breaking of Pangaea.

- Alfred Wegener published the book, The Origin of Continents and Oceans in 1915.
In his book, he expanded his theory and presented pieces of evidence that Pangaea
(meaning “All Earth”) had existed during the Permian Period. 1,100 million years
ago, Alfred Wegener explained a supercontinent named Rodinia, which pre-dated
Pangaea. During Triassic Period, Pangaea began to break up into two smaller
supercontinents: the northern Laurasia and southern Gondwanaland.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Word Bank:

Topography - is the study of the shape and features of land surfaces.

Bathymetry - is the study of underwater depth of ocean floors or lake floors.

Arid - Very dry, especially having less precipitation than is needed to support
most trees or woody plants. Deserts have arid climates.

Erosion - is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that
removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust,
and then transports it to another location.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Panthalassa

- is the ocean that surrounded the Pangaea and it was formed at approximately 356
million years ago while the two continents were separated by the Tethys Sea 251 to
65.5 million years ago. This was during the Jurassic period and the end of the
Cretaceous period. Finally, the plate movements continued into the continents we
know today.

- Earth is generally composed of 58 crustal plates. Scientists have identified 15

major tectonic plates, seven are primary plates and eight are secondary plates, and
the others are smaller plates.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Seafloor Spreading Theory, 1920

- Harry Hess, an American geologist, proposed that hot, less dense material from
the mantle rises to the surface along the mid-ocean ridges. This material flows
sideways pushing the seafloor away from the ridge in both directions.

- As the seafloor spreads, more magma is forced upward and thickens the oceanic
crust. The magma that was exposed to the surface is called lava. Lava solidifies as
it cools and forms new seafloor.

- As the seafloor moves away from the mid-ocean ridges, it cools, contracts, and
becomes denser. This denser, cooler seafloor sinks and helps in the formation of
the ridge. Because magma continuously flows to the surface of
the oceanic crust, it becomes part of the crust and the ocean floor widens.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Plate Tectonic Theory, 1570

- Abraham Ortelius developed and published the first world atlas, “Theatrum Orbis
Terrarum” which led to the development of the Plate Tectonic Theory.

- Abraham Ortelius suggested that America was initially connected to Europe and
Africa and that the projecting parts of the two continents would fit the breaks of
America. He also noted the similarity between the coastlines of
Africa, Europe, and America and adopted Plato’s story of the demise of Atlantis.
- Tectonic came from the Greek word “tekton,” which means “carpenter of the
builder”. Scientists describe the tectonic plates as the movement of the
lithosphere. However, this term is now widely used for describing the physical
plates rather than their movement.

- This theory unified the continental drift and seafloor spreading ideas. It
describes the movement of the lithosphere in simple and clear terms. Earth’s
lithosphere is divided into seven major plates and some minor ones.
Seven major plates are the African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Indo-Australian, North
American, Pacific, and South American plates.

The plate tectonics theory may be used to explain the following:

1. The Earth’s surface continues to change through time

2. Earthquakes occur in some places
3. Certain regions experience volcanic activities
4. Mountain ranges are located where they are due to geologic activities.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lesson 3: Mechanism of Plate of Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics

- The theory is that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide
over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard
and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the
lithosphere, which is 100 km (60 miles) thick.

- The lithosphere includes the crust and outer part of the mantle. Below the
lithosphere is the asthenosphere, which is malleable or partially malleable,
allowing the lithosphere to move around. How it moves around is an evolving idea.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
How does plate tectonics work?

- The driving force behind plate tectonics is convection in the mantle. Hot
material near the Earth's core rises, and colder mantle rock sinks. The convection
drives plates tectonics through a combination of pushing and spreading apart at
mid-ocean ridges and pulling and sinking downward at subduction zones, researchers
think. Scientists continue to study and debate the mechanisms that move the plates.

- Mid-ocean ridges are gaps between tectonic plates that mantle the Earth-like
seams on a baseball. Hot magma wells up at the ridges, forming new ocean crust and
shoving the plates apart. At subduction zones, two tectonic plates meet and one
slides beneath the other back into the mantle, the layer underneath the crust. The
cold, sinking plate pulls the crust behind it downward.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mantle Convection Theory

Convection

- is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of heated matter. It is the

most efficient type of heat transport mechanism, commonly observed in may natural
setting.

- The convection cells are created in the mantle, which eventually produces the
horizontal motion of the mantle material close to the surface of Earth.
- The current results can be thousands of kilometers across, but the flow rate is
relatively small (only a few centimeters per year approximately). Many scientists
hypothesized that convection currents are probably set in motion by subducting
plates to move.

- This theory was proposed by Arthur Holmes in 1929.

- According to Holmes, the pressure of heated magma broke the continents apart,
forcing the pieces to drift in opposite directions. He further speculated that when
the material sank, continents will be brought back together again. Tectonic Plates
are moved passively by convection currents in Earth’s mantle.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Slab Pull Theory

- Slab pull is the portion of a tectonic plate that can be accounted for by
its subduction.

- As lithospheric plates move away from the ridge, they cool and become
denser.

- After subduction, the cool, dense lithosphere sinks into the mantle under its
weight. This helps pull the rest of the plate down with it.

- This theory states that the gravity and plates themselves are the ones
responsible for the plate tectonics through the subduction process.

- The old rocks or slabs also subduct or sink into the mantle below it, due to
gravitation forces. A very dense slab will sink faster than a less dense slab
because of the gravitation pull and it will exert a greater force on the plate
attached to it.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lesson 4: Evidence of Plate Movement

- According to the theory of plate tectonics, the continents are moving because the
plates the continents sit on are moving slowly over the molten mantle of the Earth.
And yes, this same theory of plate tectonics also explains
why earthquakes typically happen along plate boundaries. As the plates move across
the molten mantle, the plates rub against each other and cause earthquakes.
Scientists didn't just come up with this theory out of the blue. They came up with
the scientific theory of plate tectonics after considering the pieces of evidence
we'll explore in this lesson.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Paleontological Evidence

- These evidences are the distribution of animals and plants fossil inland from the
Triassic Period, Pennsylvanian Period (314-280 MA), and Late Paleozoic Period.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Triassic Period

- The fossils of three reptiles, the Lystrosaurus, Mesosaurus, and Cynognathus,

recovered the bones at some fossil beds and in rocks of similar age.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
▪ Mesosaurus
- is known to have been a type of reptile, similar to the modern crocodile, which
propelled itself through the water with its long hind legs and limber tail and its
remains are found solely in South Africa and Eastern South America.

▪ Lystrosaurus

- which explains to “shovel reptile,” is thought to have been an herbivore with a

stout build like a pig. Lystrosaurus fossils are only found in Antarctica, India,
and South Africa.

▪ Cynognathus

- was as large as a modern wolf. Its fossils are found only in South Africa and
South America. Cynognathus is a land dominant species.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Pennsylvanian Period (314-280 MA)

- Antonio Pellegrini found an identical fossil plant in coal beds of Europe and the
US.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Late Paleozoic Period

Edward Suess

- described the similarities of plants found in different coal beds of India,

Australia, South Africa, and South America.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Glossopteris

- the seed fern fossils dispersed across the ocean by the winds. Glossopteris is
named after the Greek description for tongue due to its tongue-shaped leaves and is
the largest genus of the extinct descendant of seed ferns. The Glossopteris fossil
is found in Australia, Antarctica, India, South Africa, and South America.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Evidence from Glaciation

Glacial till - is a deposit in the Southern hemisphere.

Fauna and Flora - is the great coal deposits in Antarctica

Glacial striations - are the scratches on the bedrock made by blocks of rock
embedded in the ice as the glaciermoves. Glacial striations are found in
Antarctica, Africa, South America, India, and Australia.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Evidence from Structure and Rock Type

- The world map in the early 20th century, geographers noticed the coastlines of
several of the present-day continents would perfectly fit together, particularly
Africa and South America.

- Folded mountains of South Africa, which appear to be a continuation of the range

north of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- The Rift Valleys of Africa are also good evidence for the breakup of Pangaea.

- Saudi Arabia, located in Arabian Plate, has rifted from the African Plate,
forming a valley that has been flooded by the Red Sea.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Evidence from Paleoclimates

- Paleoclimate research uses geologic and biologic evidence (climate proxies)

preserved in sediments, rocks, tree rings, corals, ice sheets, and other climate
archives to reconstruct past climate in terrestrial and aquatic environments around
the world.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Paleoclimatology

– is the study of Earth's climate during the entire history of the Earth.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A. Wegener

- reconstructed the old climatic zones. He used the distribution of specific rock
types to determine the distribution of climates in ancient times.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Glacial till and striations - indicate polar climates near the north and south
poles.

Sand dunes and coral reefs - represent desert and tropical climates.

Fauna and Flora - are the great coal deposits in Antarctica that prove the
abundance of fauna and flora in the iced part of the planet.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Paleomagnetism

– is the study of ancient magnetic fields using a sensitive instrument called a

magnetometer

- The magnetic mineral in the rock layers proves that Earth’s magnetic poles have
reversed multiple times over geologic periods of time.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Plate Boundaries

Lesson 1: Plate Boundaries

- Seafloor spreading and continental drift theories are inseparable concepts in

geology. Hess claimed that seafloor spreading is caused by the two plates moving
apart while Wegener postulated that it is caused by plate tectonics.
When the plate moves, they carry continents with them, and thus, the continents
spread and drift away from one another.

- Plate boundaries are the edges where two plates meet and interact. Most geologic
activities, including volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building, take place at
plate boundaries. The movement of the plates creates three
types of tectonic boundaries: convergent, where plates move into one another;
divergent, where plates move apart; and transform, where plates move sideways to
each other.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Types of Plate Boundaries

Divergent Plate Boundary

- is a feature that exists when two tectonic plates move away from each
other.

- Also known as constructive boundary.

- This plate boundary is characterized by tensional stresses that normally

produce long rift zones, normal faults, and basaltic volcanism.

- Most of the divergent boundaries are found on the seafloor where they
form ocean ridges. It is in the central rift where seafloor spreading
begins.

- The process of seafloor spreading along a divergent boundary may

cause an ocean basin to grow wider, which takes over millions of years.
Some divergent boundaries can form on continents other than the
seafloor.

- A long and narrow depression is called a rift valley, is formed when

the continental crust begins to stretch and separate. This rifting may
eventually lead to the formation of the new ocean basin.

- Example: The Great Rift Valley in Africa, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of
Aden all formed as a result of divergent plate motion.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
BIG IDEA:

- Plates cover the entire Earth, and their boundaries play a key role in geologic
events. The movement of theses plates on top of a thick, fluid “mantle” is known as
plate tectonics. The movement of the plates is the source of volcanoes and
earthquakes.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Convergent Plate Boundary

- It occurs where two plates are pushing toward each other.

- Also known as a destructive plate boundary

- When a moving plate of dense oceanic lithosphere collides with a plate moving

in the opposite direction, one of the plates subducts beneath the other.
- The younger of the two plates will ride over the edge of the older plate
because the former is less dense. The heavier plate eventually bends and
plunges steeply through the asthenosphere and descends into Earth creating a
trench.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Word Bank:

Subduction

- is a geological process that takes place at convergent boundaries of

tectonic plates where one plate moves under another and is forced to sink due to
high gravitational potential energy into the mantle.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Boundary

– is a border between two tectonic plates.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Plate Boundary

- is a fracture that separates one plate from another.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Basalt

- a dark, fine-grained volcanic rock that sometimes displays a columnar structure.

It is typically composed largely of plagioclase with pyroxene and olivine.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Types of Convergent Plate Boundary

1. Oceanic-oceanic convergence

- When two oceanic plates collide, the denser plate sinks below the lighter plate
and eventually forms dark, heavy, basaltic volcanic islands.

- When oceanic plates are subducted, they often bend, resulting in the formation of
oceanic trenches.

- These often run parallel to volcanic arcs and extend deep beneath the
surrounding terrain. The deepest oceanic trench, the Mariana Trench, is more
than 35,000 feet below sea level. It is the result of the Pacific Plate moving
beneath the Mariana Plate.

- Example: Building arcs of volcanic islands such as the Japanese islands, the
Aleutian Islands, the Caribbean, and Philippine islands; Mariana Trench

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Oceanic-continental convergence

- Occurs when an oceanic plate pushes into and moves underneath a continental
plate.

- The continental plate that overrides the oceanic plate lifts up to create
mountain ranges. As the oceanic plate sinks, it glides into the newly formed trench
and smaller pieces break off.

- Example: Andes Mountains and the Cascade Range

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Continental-continental convergence

- Continental-continental convergent boundaries pit large slabs of crust against

each other.

- This results in very little subduction, as most of the rock is too light to be
carried very far down into the dense mantle. Instead, the continental crust at
these convergent boundaries gets folded, faulted, and thickened, forming great
mountain chains of uplifted rock.
- Magma cannot penetrate this thick crust; instead, it cools intrusively and forms
granite. Highly metamorphosed rock, like gneiss, is also common.

- Example: The Himalayas and the Tibetan

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Transform Plate Boundary

- Transform Plate Boundaries are locations where two plates slide past one another.
Transform boundaries are generally vertical and parallel to the direction of the
movement.

- Transform boundary neither creates nor destroys a crust, hence, it is also called
conservative boundary.

- The fracture zone that forms a transform plate boundary is known as a

transform fault. Most transform faults are found in the ocean basin and the
connection offsets in the mid-ocean ridges.

- Transform faults can be distinguished from the typical strike-slip faults because
the sense of movement is in the opposite direction.

- Example: San Andreas Fault Zone of western North America and Alpine Fault of New
Zealand.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lesson 2: Processes and Landforms along Plate Boundaries

Geomorphology

- comes from the Greek word “geo’ meaning earth, “morphe” meaning
form, and “logos” meaning study. Geomorphology is the scientific study of the
origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical,
chemical, or biological processes operating at or near the Earth's surface.

- Landforms are categorized by characteristic physical attributes such as

elevation, slope, orientation, rock exposure, and soil type. As an element of
topography, a landform is defined by its shape, location, and how it was formed.
Landforms are natural physical features of the Earth's surface created because of
various forces of nature such as wind, water, ice, and movement of tectonic plates.

- Many different types of landforms make up Earth’s topography. Several major

categories of landform define that smaller portion of the planet not covered by
water, including mountains, plains, plateaus, and valleys. These can be formed by a
variety of natural forces, including erosion from water and wind, plate movement,
folding and faulting, and volcanic activity.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Aeolian Landforms

- Aeolian Landforms are formed by the chemical and mechanical action of the wind.
The term comes from the name of the Greek god of winds, Aeolus. Aeolian Processes
are processes of relief formation resulting from the action of wind that can shape
the surface of the Earth. Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials and are
effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation, a lack of soil moisture, and a
large supply of unconsolidated sediments.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Example of Aeolian landforms

Dunes

- Sand dunes are hills of sand that are made by winds as they blow across deserts.
As they roll and bounce on the ground, these particles create small, wave-shaped
ripples of sand. These ripples can build up into larger structures, called dunes.
Sand dunes can be of various shapes, such as crescents, stars, linear, and domes.

- A worldwide inventory of deserts has been developed using images from the Landsat
satellites and from space and aerial photography. It defines five basic types of
dunes: crescentic, linear, star, dome, and parabolic.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Loess

- Loess can be defined simply as terrestrial clastic sediment, composed

predominantly of silt-sized particles, which is formed essentially by the
accumulation of wind-blown dust. Loess is a geologically recent deposit of
silty or loamy material that is usually buff or yellowish-brown in color and is
chiefly deposited by the wind. It is a sedimentary deposit composed largely of
silt-size grains that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate.

- A blanket of loess is widespread across the hills of southern Indiana and is an

important component of many soils. The term is of German origin and in America is
pronounced in many ways, the most common of which is "lus."

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mushroom Rock

- Mushroom rocks are made up of cemented calcium carbonate, beach sand, sandstone,
and sedimentary rock that are held together by natural cement.

- Mushroom rocks are formed due to the wind blowing materials and eroding the rocks
to form a mushroom rock, it can also be formed by glacial erosion, this can happen
when a glacier retreats and leaves behind rocks, those rocks stack on other rocks,
causing the rock on the bottom to erode faster, leaving
behind a mushroom rock.

- One day, erosion will weaken the base of these rocks and the top part will come
tumbling down. Mushroom rock is also called rock pedestal, or a pedestal rock and
it is a naturally occurring rock whose shape, as its name implies, resembles a
mushroom

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Erosional Landforms

- Erosional Landforms are created from exclusively erosional and weathering

activities. Weathering describes the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and
minerals on the surface of the Earth. Water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals,
and temperature changes are all agents of weathering.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Examples of Erosional Landforms:

Mesas

- Is a flat-topped mountain or hill. It is a wide, flat, elevated landform with

steep sides.
- Derived from a Spanish word that means “table.”

- Mesas are formed by erosion when water washes smaller and softer types of rocks
away from the top of a hill. The strong, durable rock that remains on top of a mesa
is called caprock. A mesa is usually wider than it is tall.

- Mesas are usually found in dry regions where rock layers are horizontal. The
Grand Mesa in the U.S. state of Colorado considered the largest mesa in the world.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Buttes

- are tall, flat-topped, steep-sided towers of rock. Buttes were created through
the process of erosion, the gradual wearing away of the earth by water, wind, and
ice.

- Derived from a French word meaning “small hill."

- A related geological feature is a mesa, which is distinguished from the butte by

its much larger size. Buttes, for example, usually have a surface area of less
than 10,000 square feet. Mesas, on the other hand, can have as much as four square
miles of surface area.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Canyons

- A canyon is a deep, narrow valley with steep sides.

- “Canyon” comes from the Spanish word cañon, which means “tube” or “pipe.” The
term “gorge” is often used to mean “canyon,” but a gorge is almost always steeper
and narrower than a canyon.

- The movement of rivers, the processes of weathering and erosion, and tectonic
activity create canyons.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mountainous Landforms

- A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited
area, usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally considered to be
steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism.
These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth.

- Mountain is a landform that rises prominently above its surroundings, generally

exhibiting steep slopes, a relatively confined summit area, and considerable local
relief.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Example of Mountainous Landforms:

Volcanoes

- These are landforms that are controlled by a geological process that forms them
and continually act on them after their formation.

- A volcanic mountain can be identified from its opening at the top called a vent.

- The volcano’s cone-shaped structure or edifice is carved out by the more or less
symmetrical accumulation of lava and other pyroclastic materials around its central
vent system.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Hills

- A piece of land that rises higher than everything surrounding it. It looks like a
little bump in the Earth. Since they are higher than everything around them, hills
are good places to get a nice view.

- Hills are easier to climb than mountains.

- Natural hills are formed all the time, by different types of geologic activity.
One of these activities is faulting, which happens because the rocks underneath the
Earth's surface are constantly moving and changing the landscape.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Valley

- Valleys are depressed areas of land–scoured and washed out by the conspiring
forces of gravity, water, and ice.

- A valley is a low area between hills or mountains typically with a river running
through it. In geology, a valley or dale is a depression that is longer than it is
wide.

- The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to

characterize the form of valleys

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Glacial Landforms

- Glaciers are large masses of moving ice Glacial Landforms can be found in
locations that currently have no active glaciers or glaciation processes. Glaciers
are formed by the accumulation and compaction of recrystallized melted snow. Main
type of glaciers is alpine and continental. Alpine glaciers are formed in high
mountains, while continental glaciers are formed in cold Polar Regions.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Coastal Landforms

- Any of the relief features present along any coast are the result of a
combination of processes, sediments, and the geology of the coast itself. The
coastal environment of the world is made up of a wide variety of landforms
manifested in a spectrum of sizes and shapes ranging from gently sloping beaches to
high cliffs, yet coastal landforms are best considered in two broad categories:
erosional and depositional.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fluvial Landforms

- The term fluvial derives from the Latin word “fluvius” which means river. Fluvial
landforms are those generated by running water, mainly rivers. Fluvial processes
include the motion of sediment and erosion or deposition on the river bed. When the
stream or rivers are associated with glaciers, ice sheets, or ice caps, the term
glaciofluvial or fluvioglacial is used.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Example of Fluvial Landforms:
Delta

- A delta is sediment and silt deposited landform formed by rivers in their lower
course right at the point where they enter the sea.

- A delta is NOT an estuary. An estuary is a body of water found at places where

rivers meet the sea, whiles a delta is a landmass.

- A delta forms when water loses its velocity and ability to carry its load
(sediments) and deposits them at the bottom of the river. With time, the sediments
build up forming new land.

Some great examples of Deltas include:

1. The Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta in India and Bangladesh.

2. The Mississippi River Delta in the USA.
3. The Nile River Delta, Egypt.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Peninsula

- A landform surrounded by water on the majority of its border while being

connected to a mainland from which it extends.

- Derived from a Latin word paeninsula from paene "almost” and insula "island".

- Peninsula is also called byland or biland.

- It was formed by lithospheric movement, water elevation, and erosion.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Meander

- A bend in a sinuous watercourse or river is also known as an oxbow loop.

- Meander is formed when the moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and
widens its valley and the inner part of the river has less energy and
deposits what it is carrying.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Plateaus

- Also known as table lands or flat-topped mountains.

- This is an elevated land with a flat top and steep slope on at least one side.
The elevation is usually between 90 to 900m.

- A plateau can be formed by tectonic activity. Converging forces in the earth's

crust can cause plates to be pushed slowly upwards. A plateau formed in this way is
called a Tectonic plateau.

- Waethering of land areas also produces this type of landforms.

- There are two kinds of plateaus: dissected plateau and volcanic plateau.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sea cliffs
- A cliff is a mass of rock that rises very high and is almost vertical or straight
up and down.

- Cliffs are very common landscape features and usually formed because of processes
called erosion and weathering. Weathering happens when natural events, like wind or
rain, break up pieces of rock.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Word Bank:

Mountain belt

- is a group of mountain systems that is composed of mountain ranges.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Circum-Pacific Belt

– is also known as Pacific ring of Fire. It’s shaped like a horseshoe and lies
along the rim of the Pacific Ocean. It is the most active seismic belt

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Alpide Belt

– is also known as Mid-Continental Belt. It passes through the Mediterranean region

eastward through Asia and joins the Circum-Pacific belt in Indonesia.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lesson 3: Mountain Ranges

- The Earth’s crust is not all of one piece. According to plate tectonics, the
lithosphere is broken into huge plates that slide under, over, and past each other
resulting in mountain building, volcanism, earthquakes, and other phenomena.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Orogeny

- refers to the forces and events that lead to the large deformation of Earth’s
lithosphere. Orogeny came from the Greek word “oros” (means mountain) and “genesis”
(means creation). Orogeny is a product of the movements of tectonic plates.

- A mountain range is made up of mountains that are close together and

extend for hundreds or thousands of kilometers. Most mountains are found
in the Circum-Pacific Belt and the Alpide Belt.

Stages of Mountain Building:

Stage one – Accumulation of Sediments

Stage two – Orogenic Period of Rock Deformation and Crustal Uplift
Stage three – Period of crustal uplift caused by an isostatic rebound and
blockfaulting

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Major Mountain Ranges

Himalayas Mountain Range

- The highest and the youngest mountain range in the world.

- The name “Himalaya” comes from the Sanskrit language and

means “The House of Snow” or “The Snowy Range”.

- It is home to the world’s highest peaks including Mount Everest.

- Mount Everest was named by Sir Andrew Waugh in 1865 in honor

of his predecessor Sir George Everest who was the Surveyor General of India from
1830 to 1843. However, the locals have their names for the giant mountain. The
Tibetans and Sherpas call it Chomolungma, which means “Mother Goddess of the
Earth.”

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Andes Mountains

- The longest mountain range in the world.

- The Andes Mountains stretched extend along the entire west coast of South America
from Cape Horn to Panama, a distance of 4,500 miles.

This mountain is divided into three sections:

1. The Central Andes have the Chilean and Peruvian mountain

systems and the parts of Bolivia.
2. The Southern Andes in Argentina and Chile.
3. The Northern Andes in Columbia, Ecuador, and Venezuela

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Appalachian Mountains

- The oldest Mountain range in North America.

- This mountain range derives its name from the Apalachee – an Indian tribe
inhabiting this region.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Alps

- The largest mountain system in Europe.

- The highest mountain in the Alps is Mont Blanc.

- The Alps were part of the orogenesis caused by the collision between the Eurasian
and African plates that dates back to the late Cretaceous Period.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Rocky Mountains

- The major mountain range in western North America

- Commonly known as the Rockies

- The Rocky Mountains are a group of jagged, snow-capped peaks which run through
the western part of Northern America

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Great Dividing Range

- It is known as a mountain range that forms a watershed.

- It is also called the Eastern Highlands.

- The name Great Dividing Range was given because the mountain range forms a
watershed.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Physical Education

Festival Dance History and Nature

FESTIVAL DANCES

- Festival dances are cultural dances performed to the beats of instruments,

usually percussion, by a community sharing the same culture.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Festival Dance in the Philippines: LUZON

Pahiyas ( May 15 )

- The word "pahiyas" means "to decorate" which is exactly what the festival is all
about: Lucbanins decorate their houses with fruits, vegetables, flowers, local
handicrafts and kiping, a leaf-shaped and multi-colored rice paste wafer, to
express their gratitude for a bountiful year.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Pinyasan ( June 15 - 24 )

- The town of Daet, Camarines Norte celebrates the Pineapple Festival every year in
honor of the town's foundation day and of the feast day of St. John the Baptist.
Then inspired by the Lazones Festival of Camiguin in Mindanao, Camarines Norte
mayor Tito Sarte Sarion decided that the town should celebrate its own products
instead.

- So Sarion institutionalized the Pineapple Festival to showcase the Queen Formosa

Pineapple, said to be the country's sweetest pineapple. As Mayor Sarion put it,
"Daet will make you lose your diet."

- Some of the highlights of the festival are the parade of costumes that are made
from pineapples or resemble a pineapple and the cooking contest that must make
pineapples the star of the meal. In June 2009, the town was also awarded the
Guinness Book of World Records for the longest pineapple chain.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Flores de Mayo ( May 1 - 31 )

- The Flowers of May is celebrated nationwide in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
Helena of Constantinople and Constantine the Great. Girls usually represent
Biblical characters.

- The title of Marian is given to a girl during the parade and she is escorted
under a hand-carried arc decorated with native flowers.

- The last girl at the procession represents Reyna Elena (Queen Helena of
Constantinople) who carries a cross and is usually the winner of the beauty
pageant.

- The escort of Reyna Elena is a boy representing Emperor Constantine.

- Flores de Mayo is celebrated nationwide, the date differs from each region or
city. In Manila, for example, it is held on May 29 in the Walled City of
Intramuros.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Festival Dance in the Philippines: VISAYAS

Pahoy - Pahoy ( May 16 - 25 )

- Harvest festival celebrated in the Philippines is the Scarecrow Festival in

Calbiga, Samar

- During the festival, the people make their own scarecrows and place them on the
porch of their houses or hang them on fences. The parade also features different
giant scarecrows made from hay and straw, accompanied by music from bamboo, stones
and cans.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Pintados ( June 29 )

- One of these celebrations is the Pintados Festival honoring the Santo Nino or
Holy Child.

- The festival also recalls the native Leyteños' warriors, the "pintados." The
pintados were heavily tattooed men and women who honored their victories through a
festival. Back then, the tattoos were a mark of bravery, rank and strength. Those
who won numerous fights had the greatest number of tattoos on their bodies. When
the Spaniards came to the Visayas, however, they considered this practice evil.

- The Spanish missionaries introduced the natives to Christianity and brought the
image of the Child Jesus in 1888. The image, known as "El Capitan," influenced the
locals and they became believers in Christ.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MassKara ( October 19 )

- These masks really get a lot of attention from all over the world because they
are unlike any other. The festival is celebrated by a parade of dancers wearing
different kinds of masks.

- The first MassKara Festival was held in the early 1980s when the price of sugar,
the primary agricultural crop of Bacolod, plummeted. To pull the people out of
their gloomy state, the local government decided to hold a festival of happy faces,
thus Bacolod has been called the City of Smiles.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sinulog Festival

- Sinulog Festival or Santo Nino Festival is an annual religious and cultural

festival in Cebu. #Sinulog is held in celebration of one of the country’s most
famous historic relics: the Santo Niño de Cebú. This was the statue of the baby
Jesus that was handed to the Rajah Humabon of Cebu by the Portuguese explorer
Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Festival Dance in the Philippines: MINDANAO

Kaliguan ( June 21 - 25 )

- Also celebrating the feast day of St. John the Baptist are the people of Cagwait,
Surigao del Sur through the Kaliguan Festival. The native word "kaliguan" means "to
take or have a refreshing bath" after tedious work and it is held as a form of
gratitude for the blessings the people received for the year.

- Most of the activities are held at the beach, particularly at the Cagwait White
Beach where the beach dance competition is held and the Search for the Pelas ng
Kaliguan (Pearl of Kaliguan) pageant.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Kadayawan ( 3rd week of August )

- "Kadayawan" is from the pre-historic word "madayaw," a warm and friendly greeting
used to explain a thing that is valuable. #It is also a celebration of life,
thanksgiving of gifts of nature and wealth of culture and the multi-colored mix of
Davao and Mindanao's indigenous communities.

- The first festival was celebrated a long time ago when Davao's ethnic tribes were
still residing at the foot of Mount Apo. The feast served as their thanksgiving to
the Supreme Being "Manama." It was then called "Apo Duwaling" after the famous
icons of Davao: Mt. Apo, the country's highest peak; Durian, the king of fruits;
and Waling-waling, the queen of orchids.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Muscular Endurance

- It refers to the ability of a given muscle to exert force, consistently and

repetitively, over a period. It is the ability to continue contracting a muscle, or
group of muscles, against resistance, such as weights or body weight, over a
period.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Benefits to Endurance Training:

A. Increased metabolism as physical tasks can be completed for longer

B. Reduced fatigue when exercising
C. Good posture
D. Fewer injuries
E. Less chance of back problems due to build endurance of trunk muscles
F. Better sporting performance
G. Refined training techniques for many exercises

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
How to INCREASE muscular endurance

Weight Training

- aim to complete a movement for at least 12 repetitions. If your muscles are

exhausting sooner, then the weight is too heavy and you are building strength not
endurance. You can use either machines or free-weights to improve your muscular
endurance.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Exercise slowly and controlled

- avoid jerky movements and throwing the weights about. Lower the resistance slowly
when training through the complete range of motion.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Regular Exercise
- if you want to improve endurance you need to train on a regular basis. Ideally on
a daily basis. Work on completing the minimum 12 reps, taking a short rest and then
repeating for at least 3 sets on each major muscle group.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Challenge the Body

- you need to ensure it doesn’t become too easy. When comfortable performing
repetitions of an exercise, do one of the following: increase weight used, number
of reps, number of sets or reduce the length of the rest period.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Move Better

- the more efficiently you are moving the easier it will be to increase your
endurance. For beginners it is key to start with simple movements when performing
resistance training and building this up. Start on machines and progressing to
free-weights is a great way to do this. If you think of your running technique, the
more fluid this is the longer you will be able to perform as you will be working
far more efficiently.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fitness and Technology

- Fitness technology offers other solutions to measure your physical exertion

throughout the day to provide users with a more detailed picture of how their
exercise habits affect their bodies

- A wrist-worn device that can detect some combination of walking steps, running
distance, heart rate, sleep patterns and swimming laps. Fitness bands interact via
Bluetooth with an app in a mobile device that configures the device and downloads
the wearer's activity data. Most smartwatches support some number of physical
actions via a health app; however, dedicated trackers tend to monitor more
functions

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Health Education

PERSONAL HEALTH CARE

Health Care

- is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis,

treatment, recovery, or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and
mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered by health professionals and
allied health fields. Medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, midwifery, nursing, optometry,
audiology, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy, athletic training,
and other health professions are all part of health care.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PERSONAL HEALTH

- is define as the ability to take charge of your health by making conscious

decisions to be healthy.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PERSONAL HEALTH SERVICES
- are the services that an individual receives from others to address health
problems or for health promotion and disease prevention

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Personal Care Assistants

Family Caregivers: sons, daughters and spouses are often able to manage and provide
services on their own, depending on the level of care needed.

Private Care Providers: these are personal care assistants or home health aides who
are not associated with an agency.

Personal Care Agencies: agencies, such as Family Choice Healthcare, employ number
of personal care assistants who are all fully licensed, trained and vetted.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) or Instrumental Activities of Daily Life (IADLs)

- these services will frequently be enough to allow a person to remain in their own
home, rather than transfer to assisted living or a nursing home.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mobility – being able to get in and out of bed, and to move around the house
independently.

Using the Restroom – this includes the ability to get on and off of a toilet, as
well as cleaning oneself.

Bathing – this would also include other daily personal hygiene tasks, such as oral
care.

Dressing – both getting dressed and choosing appropriate clothing.

Eating – the act of consuming food and using cutlery, but not actually preparing
meals.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Personal Hygiene

- Good personal hygiene involves keeping all parts of the external body clean and
healthy. It is important for maintaining both physical and mental health. In people
with poor personal hygiene, the body provides an ideal environment for germs to
grow, leaving it vulnerable to infection. On a social level, people may avoid a
person with poor personal hygiene, which may result in isolation and loneliness.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TYPES OF PERSONAL HYGIENE

NAILS

- Fingernails may harbor dirt and germs, contributing to the spread of bacteria. It
is easier for dirt and germs to collect under longer nails, so keeping them short
can help reduce the risk of spreading infections.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
HAND WASHING

- Regular hand washing is one of the best ways to avoid spreading communicable
diseases.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DENTAL

- Dental hygiene involves more than just having white teeth. A good dental hygiene
routine can help prevent issues such as gum disease and cavities. It can also
prevent bad breath.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
BODY

- Several million sweat glands cover the human body. When bacteria break down
sweat, the process creates a smell or body order

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Maternal and Childcare Health Services

What is Maternal Care?

- Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and
the postnatal period.

- Each stage should be a positive experience, ensuring women and their babies reach
their full potential for health and well-being.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Stages of pregnancy are known as:

Antenatal

- This is the care you receive before giving birth to your baby. It includes
pregnancy exams, tests, and other pregnancy-related healthcare.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Intrapartum

- Intrapartum is the portion of pregnancy that occurs during labor. It begins as

labor begins and ends following the third stage of labor.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Postpartum

- Postpartum occurs after the birth of the baby. This stage of pregnancy is just as
important as the others, despite the heavy ordeal of giving birth being completed.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TYPES of Delivery

Normal Delivery - Babies are naturally born head first.

Caesarean Section
Breech delivery

* In some cases where a baby will not be born head first, baby may be born breech,
which means the feet or bottom are delivered first.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
What is the role of Your OB/GYN during postpartum pregnancy?
- Following a natural vagina birth or a cesarean delivery, your doctor should
monitor you for postpartum complications. This includes any abnormal bleeding,
infection, pain, and psychological issues.

- Your physician may prescribe medicine for pain and swelling and hospitalize you
for a day or more to ensure you are well enough to care for your child. If you have
undergone surgery, your hospital stay will be longer, and your follow-up care
stricter.

- Your baby should also be monitored for breathing, heart rate, passing waste,
eating, and drinking. Your baby will also require cleaning, weighing, and a series
of vaccinations and bloodwork. If breastfeeding, a lactation specialist may visit,
and a nurse may check-in to ensure you can feed your baby as needed, whether on
schedule or by demand.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Benefits of Maternal Health Care

It ensures a healthy pregnancy and good health care.

It aids in the delivery of a healthy baby by providing immunization services,
guaranteeing a balanced diet, and maintaining sanitation
It safeguards reproductive rights and promotes a happy life
It ensures the health of both mother and child
It helps to reduce the preventable deaths among women and children

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Family Planning ( FP )

- A health intervention program and an important tool for the improvement of the
health and welfare of mothers, children and other members of the family. It also
provides information and services for the couples of reproductive age to plan their
family according to their beliefs and circumstances through legally and medically
acceptable family planning methods.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Music & Arts

PHILIPPINE THEATER GROUPS and LOCAL PERFORMING GROUPS

WHAT ARE THE PHILIPPINE THEATER GROUP?

- Hearing, seeing, and enjoying outstanding performing talents – from drama and
musical to dance – can give anyone the thrill of a lifetime. That exciting moment
after houselights are dimmed and just before the curtain rises as you wait to catch
your first glimpse of the world behind the footlights is unlike any other
experience.

- Theater productions are usually done by professionals who are inspired and
enthusiastic about their work and who make their living on the stage.

- They cover all phases of theater – acting, staging, production, methods, and
directing – to bring on the legitimate stage that the best actors play for each
season.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* In the Philippines, the formation of several theater groups is a fortunate
development for people interested in theater arts. Funded through a mix or public
(government) and private (individual) money, some of these theater groups are the
following:
PHILIPPINE EDUCATION THEATER ASSOCIATION (PETA)

- In contrast with other theater groups PETA is more than a theater company; it is
an innovative theater group cultivating a modern perspective on Philippine Art and
society. It moves toward issue – based theater and helps bring about social and
political awareness and change through its programs, performance, and workshops.

- The Philippine Educational Theater Association (PETA) was founded in 1967 by

Cecile Guidote-Alvarez with the vision of a Philippine Theater engaged in the
development of people and society. Through the years, it has maintained its belief
that theater is a powerful tool for social change and
development.

- PETA’s first home was the Dulaang Rajah Soliman located in the ruins of Fort
Santiago in Intramuros. It was in this beautiful performance space that PETA’s
dream began to flourish. PETA began to nurture and cradle the hundreds of artists
who will later share their talents and expertise in theater, television,
radio, in print and education.

- Since then, PETA has been in the forefront of Philippine culture, coming out with
over 300 plays written, translated, adapted, published, and performed that have
shaped the company’s and, indeed, the country’s theater history, enriching it
through theater forms and techniques that express local, national, and universal
themes.

- In 2005, PETA moved to its new home – the PETA Theater Center. It is a home for
Filipino artists and audiences, a space for experiential learning and a landmark in
Philippine Arts and Culture where PETA continues to pursue its vision for our
people and society: that their lives may be enriched and empowered with each
gesture, word, image, sound, expression, and creative learning experience.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TANGALANG PILIPINO (TP)

- is the resident drama company of the Cultural Center of the Philippines.

Since it was established in 1987, it has successfully presented 114 productions
within 15 seasons while generating one of the best attendance records among the
CCP’s resident companies.

- Tanghalang Pilipino challenges each Filipino to remain committed to his moral

convictions, to uphold what is right and just, and therefore fulfill a social
responsibility shared by all.

- Tanghalang Pilipino envisions raising Philippine theatre to heights of

professional and artistic excellence, dedicated to developing and training actors,
playwrights, and designers with special emphasis in the production of original
Filipino plays. By staging plays from the repertoire of Philippine past and plays
in translation from other countries, Tanghalang Pilipino hopes to bring to the
experience of both artists and audience the best of Philippine and global theater
tradition. It looks forward to educating and awakening
the cultural consciousness of the Filipino audiences through its regular
performances and other related activities like workshops, symposia, and
interactions.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Walang Sugat

- is an 1898 Tagalog-language zarzuela written by Filipino playwright Severino

Reyes. The music for the original version of the play was written by Filipino
composer Fulgencio Tolentino

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Zsazsa Zaturnnah Ze Muzikal

- will be the production to stream on CCP's YouTube channel. The musical was
restaged by Tanghalang Pilipino multiple times from 2006-2011 at the CCP. It
follows the misadventures of Ada, a gay beauty salon proprietor who transforms into
the voluptuous superhero(ine) ZsaZsa Zaturnnah.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
"Ibalong"

- tells the story of a league of warriors, led by Handyong, who arrive in Bicol
(formerly Ibalon), where these men face vicious attacks from beasts and monsters --
a cyclops, winged sharks, wild carabaos, and snakes.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
REPERTORY PHILIPPINES

- Repertory Philippines Foundation, Inc. began in 1967 when two women, ZENAIDA
AMADOR and BABY BARREDO, dreamed of giving Filipinos a chance to watch a world –
class play, MISS JULIE, in their own country

- BABY BARREDO and ZENAIDA AMADOR, founders and artistic directors of Repertory
Philippines, are undoubtedly the two great pillars of Philippine theater. Together,
they built Repertory Philippines with undying passion, dedication, and persistence
in the face of seemingly insurmountable challenges and difficulties.

- They have contributed immeasurably to the world – class quality of Repertory

Philippines’ Productions over its more than 45 years of existence in their capacity
as Director. They shaped and honed the talents of generations of Filipino actors
and actresses who have themselves attained recognition.

Repertory Philippines has produced blockbuster shows that include well – known
musicals such as:

1. Les Misérables
2. Evita
3. Jack and the Beanstalk the Musical
4. The Producers
5. Alice in Wonderland

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
NEW VOICE COMPANY (NVC)

- The NEW VOICE COMPANY is one of the Philippine's premiere theatre companies and
was established in 1994 by acclaimed actress and director Monique Wilson. The
company has since gained an exceptional reputation for innovative, socially
provocative theatre - and has made its' mark as the most political, social, and
feminist theatre group in the country - dealing with contemporary political and
social issues.

- Internationally acclaimed theater artist Monique Wilson founded the New

Voice Company (NVC) to help expose Philippine audiences to an awareness
of the many social and political concerns in the country through theater arts.

- The company became famous when it produced THE VAGINA MONOLOGUES abroad and in
the Philippines since 2001 to help change the laws on sex trafficking and domestic
violence in the country. Today, NVC continues to be one of Asia’s leading theater
companies producing diverse shows – from a theatrical piece on the plight of street
children to activism, to revolution, and to nationhood. Its production of The Male
Voice, an innovative musical exploring the roots of violence n Filipino men, was
its most recent contribution to the Philippine contemporary theater.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TRUMPETS

- As Asia’s first professional gospel theater group, Trumpets is known for

wholesome family entertainment musicals such as The Little Mermaid, Joseph the
Dreamer, and The Blue Bird. Unlike other English theater companies who get their
performing rights from Broadway materials, Trumpets create new musicals for
emerging Filipino talents whose passion is to make their dreams of performing for
hundreds and thousands of people come true.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The BLUE BIRD

- is Trumpets’ adaptation from a musical play with books and lyric by JAMIE DEL
MUNDO and music by RONY FORTICH. It is about the magical adventures of two children
and their quest for real happiness

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
LOCAL PERFORMING GROUPS

WHAT ARE LOCAL PERFORMING GROUPS?

- In the Philippine, non – professional theater has also helped keep the legitimate
stage alive and strong. With the commercial theater centered in Metro Manila and
few shows undertaking tours or closer to home, theater lovers have found an outlet
in the local or little – theater movement. Here, small groups of amateurs produced
plays largely for the benefit of small, congenial audiences with their production.
Perhaps someday you will belong to one.

- The school theater is an example of theater regarded in the non – professional

field.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ROLES IN STAGE PRODUCTION

* Most visible on stage in a theater production are the actors and actresses
playing their roles. However, behind the scenes is an entire team whose work begins
months in advance of the actual performance. It is they who support the actors and
enable them truly bring the play to life. While the members of this team may vary
depending on how complex or simple the production is, below are the basic roles
that most plays require:

FILM CREW

PRODUCER

- In a professional stage production, this is the person who takes the play from a
mere concept to an actual finished presentation. He or she chooses all the team
members and assigns them their functions and oversees the casting of the actors and
actresses for the different roles. He or she also decides on major logistical
matters like when and where the play will be staged, the production schedule, and
in most cases either finances all the production costs or else sources the funds
needed.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DIRECTOR

- The director is the overall artistic coordination of the entire [Link] a

conductor of an orchestra,he or she has a vision of the desired total effect and
impact of the [Link] the play’s script serving as a “musical score”,the
director ensures that each one in the production “hits all the rights notes” to
create a cohesive,seamless performance that will engage the audience.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PLAYWRIGHT

- For a script intended for stage performance,the writer of the script is more
specifically called a [Link] initial concept or plot may be original,and
then developed into a play [Link] it may be based on an exisiting story or
another play which the playwright will then adapt to present in a new way.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SET DESIGNER

- The concept and creation of the physical stage set up is the task of the set
[Link] or she builds the set (or sets) that will simulate the world that the
play’s characters are supposed to live in. The set may be realistic and filled with
authentic details;or it may be minimalist,merely suggesting the setting with a few
pieces of furniture or props and a simple [Link] either case,the set designer
ensures that the set will enable the actors to move about easily and naturally to
make their roles believable,and will truly provide the ambience on stage that the
director and the playwright intend.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
LIGHTING DESIGNER

- Coordinating closely with the set designer is the lighting [Link] is

critical in creating the mood of each scene in the play,highlighting a dramatic
moment,signalling the entrance of a character,focusing attention on a specific spot
on stage,or even providing the blanket of darkness for set and prop [Link]
lights or filters may be used,as well a special effects such as gradual dimming or
brightening,a speckled effect like sunlight through leaves,or flickering [Link]
lighting designer plans all these and adds detailed notes on the script for the
lighting crew to follow during rehearsals and the actual performance.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
COSTUME DESIGNER

- The actors and actresses must look believablein their roles,and much of this is
owed to the costume [Link] or she studies the general setting (time and place)
that the play is meant to take place in,as well as each character in the [Link]
or she then decides what attire will not only give the audience a clear sense of
the setting,but will also express each character’s personality and distinct
qualities.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SOUND DESIGNER

- Similar to the lighting designer,the sound designer serves a vital role in

creating and enhancing the atmosphere of the performance. Sound,in this
case,includes music both on stage and as background, which the sound designer may
need to source to suit the general time and place of the play,as well as particular
[Link] involved are special sound effects like thunder,birds chirping,rushing
water, gunfire,passing cars,approaching footsteps,and the [Link] sound designer
works with all these to support the action and interaction taking place on [Link]
or she adds detailed notes to the script to serve as a guide for the sound crew
during rehearsals and the actual performance.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PRODUCTION MANAGER

- Coordinating all the complex behind-the-scenes details of staging a play is the

production [Link] or she is tasked with overseeing the crews for the sets and
props,the sound and music,the lighting,and the [Link] includes ensuring that
all the needed elements, facilities,and equipment are not only available but are in
good working order,properly catalogued and labeled,and safely stored from one
rehearsal to the next,up until the time of the performance.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TECHNICAL DIRECTOR

- The technical director shadows the play’s director throughout the entire
production [Link] the time the director presents his or her vision for the
play and issues instructions at every rehearsal,the technical director carefully
notes how each actor and every member of the stage,sound,lighting,and costumes
crews need to be coordinated to bring the director’s vision rk life ---ensuring
that every instruction is properly executed.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CHOREOGRAPHER

- In cases where a play involves dance in certain scenes,a choreographer is

included in the production [Link] or she not only plans out all the dance steps to
suit the music but also rehearses the actors until they are able to perform the
dance skillfully while remaining “in character”on [Link] the play happen to
involve fight scenes,the choreographer will likewise program the moves of the
opposing sides so these can be executed not only believable,but safely as well.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MAKEUP DESIGNER

- As the costume designer deliberates on the characters’ main attire, the makeup
designer is brought in to plan the hairstyles and makeup to complement the
[Link] work of the makeup designer may be as simple as making the actors look
natural for their respective roles – based on their characters’ age and
personality,and the time and place of the [Link] it may also be far more
challenging,such as transforming the actors into mythical creatures,animals,a
different nationality,or futuristic beings.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ROLES IN A THEATER PRODUCTION

What are the roles in a theater production?

- Play production offers many opportunities that you may well find more stimulating
and exciting than acting. All the activities involved in the design and
construction of sets and costumes, the handling of lighting equipment, and the
managing of affairs backstage and in the front are of absorbing interest when a
play gets underway.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Who is a DIRECTOR?

- The key figure in theater production is the director. His or her principal ai is
to reproduce the playwright’s intentions as faithfully as he or she can. The
director must discover the values and meanings of the play. Then he or she must
work to bring out the story through the actors, the choreographer, stage manager,
light and set designers, and other resources at his or her disposal. Ideally, he or
she should be an excellent actor, scenic artist, and stage “TECHIE”, able to handle
technology equipment, and human beings with equal skill.

- The director is the person whom the success or failure of the production most
largely depends. He or she is responsible for the unification of all production
elements. He or she must be able to delegate authority – to
the backstage crew for example, to be out front during rehearsals and the
performance. He or she is also responsible for the morale of the people in the
production and must help them work together for the success of the play.

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Who is a Stage Manager? What are set, lighting, and sound design?

- The stage manager is the architect of the performing arts. The tasks are about
structuring lights, structuring a look. It is also about coordination. The Stage
manager’s role is a marriage of all the elements needed, while satisfying all the
requirements of the production.

Fortunately, this control is divided into many departments, under the direction of
the Stage manager, and each has certain responsibilities as enumerated in the
following:

1. SET Designer/ Production Designer

- A production of a play largely depends on the set that a set designer and
production designer have prepared. The set includes all the sceneries, furniture,
and props that the audience sees on stage. It is the responsibility of both the set
designer and production designer to provide the following:

• To give the audience an idea about the concept of the production.

• To provide the space that will fulfill the requirement of the script.
• To ensure a safe workplace for actors and crew.

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2. Costume, mask, and accessories designer

- Costume design is also a visual element of theater. Costumes aid in creating

visually pleasing and effective performances. They help create atmosphere and
define character for actors and actresses so that their performances would seem
real for their audiences.

- For instance, in the Newport Performing Arts Theater’s all – Filipino production
of THE KING and I, the costume and accessories worn by the cast were researched
firsts for appropriateness, authenticity, and accuracy. Prior to cutting, sewing,
and assembling, the costumes were also studied
for functionality, practicality, and visual impact. Were the costumes and masks
able to facilitate or hinder ease of movement and acting on stage? The number of
times the costumes were designed and redesigned, measured and adjusted, or fitted
and refitted by the cast themselves took time,
money, and effort to accomplish.
- In a way, the costume designer is a sociologist. He or she must know costumes,
customs, manners – to know what are being dealt with in terms of materials and
fabrics and colors for a particular period in a particular location at a particular
time of year. The tasks cannot be completed with a
vague idea. The role needs specific training and knowledge.

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3. Makeup Artist

- Makeup has several functions. It accentuates normal features so that they can be
clearly projected to the audience, and it helps to create a character. It also
counteracts the undesirable effects of artificial illumination. Amateurs are also
often more comfortable on stage if they can lose their own identity under face
paint or makeup.

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What are the elements of art as applied to an original performance?

ELEMENTS OF ART AS APPLIED TO AN ORIGINAL PERFORMANCE

A theater production incorporates a wide range of art elements. Our experience of

them comes in different ways and through different senses. The following are the
basic elements:

1. THEME

- The Theme is the central idea of the production. It can be clearly stated through
dialogue, bodily movements, and gestures or kinesthetic movements (dance), songs,
or can be inferred after watching the entire performance. It may touch on any
aspect of life. It may concern itself with love, courage, and nationalism,
politics, greed, myth, legends, and one’s search for happiness. Usually, the better
the theme. The better is the presentation.

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2. PLOT

- The plot is the story line. It is what is happening. SANDOSENANG SAPATOS tells
the story of a differently abled girl, SUSIE, born with no feet. Every year, on the
night before her birthday, the SHOE FAIRY arrives in her dreams and gives her legs
and a pair of shoes, allowing her to dance at least for a night. But when her
shoemaker father became sick, SUSIE demands that the shoe fairy give her a pair of
feet to fulfill her father’s wish seeing her become a ballerina. The rest of the
story is about her discovery of life.

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3. CHARACTERS

- The actors and actresses are the various characters interwoven with the plot of
the play. Each character has a personality of its own and has a responsibility of
bringing the character he or she is playing to life. Many people imprint a special
feeling about these performers on the stage and look up to them as someone
wonderful. It is they, the actors, and actresses, who are most likely to be
remembered by the audience.

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4. SCRIPT OR LIBRETTO

- The story of any play is taken forward by means of the libretto or script. The
story is narrated, danced around, or sang through this important element. The
success of the play depends hugely on how well the librettist or scriptwriter wrote
the dialogue, and on the quality of the delivery of the
same by the actors or actresses.

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5. MUSIC OR SOUND

There are three basic kinds of sound for plays: natural sounds, music, and
dialogue:

• Natural sounds give a scene in a play a feeling of authenticity. The audience

picks up these sounds as they occur. When the scene shows two performers entering a
room, the audience hears voices, a distant dialogue, then the creaking sound the
rickety door makes as they open it, o perhaps the barking of a dog that one of them
is carrying – all these sounds are natural to bring realism to the play.

• When music is added to a performance, a new dimension occurs – the music is both
real and unreal. It adds to the realism because it affects our emotions, involving
us more deeply. However, it is unreal, because life episodes or situations, as they
happen are not accompanied by any music.

• Music composers and lyricists collaborate to compose music that will go with the
dialogue of the play. A play’s dialogue impacts better with the audience if it is
accompanied by a suitable piece of music.

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BUSINESS MATH

TRADE DISCOUNT

Terms related in Trade Discount

List Price

– this is the manufacturer’s recommended price by which the retailer should sell
the item. It is sometimes called the retail price. The list price is the headline
price a company offers to buyers without discounts

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Net Purchase Price or Net price

- is the amount of item to be paid by the retailer to the manufacturer. The net
price is the actual price a customer pays after deducting any trade discounts

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Trade Discount

- refers to the reduction in list price known as a discount, allowed by a supplier

to the consumer while selling the product generally in bulk quantities

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Cash Discount

- It is a reduction in the price if you pay with cash immediately or within a

certain specified period of time

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THREE METHODS OF CASH DISCOUNT
1. Ordinary Dating
2. Receipt of Goods ( ROG )
3. End of Month ( EOM )

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When the Clock Starts

1. Invoice Date
2. Receipt Date
3. End of SOME Month

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