Yr 12 Term 1 Revision [52 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ1.2

What is a difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A. Cell walls are found only in prokaryotes.

B. Naked DNA with histones is found only in prokaryotes.

C. Compartmentalization is found only in eukaryotes.

D. Cilia and flagella are found only in prokaryotes. [1]

2. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ1.5

What is evidence for the endosymbiotic theory in eukaryotic cells?

A. Mitochondrion with DNA

B. Golgi complex in cytoplasm

C. Single nuclear membrane

D. Ribosomes in cytoplasm [1]

3. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ1.8
The table shows the approximate energy stores in a man with an average mass.

Available energy / kJ
Organ or tissue Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
Brain 30 0 0
Liver 1700 2000 1700
Adipose tissue 330 560 000 170 ​
[Source: Reprinted from Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 5(2),
Cahill Jr., G.F., Starvation in Man, Copyright (1976), with permission from Elsevier.]

What can be concluded from the data?

A. The brain contains no short-term stored energy.

B. The liver contains less long-term than short-term stored energy.

C. The adipose tissue provides for most of the long-term energy storage.

D. Carbohydrates provide more energy per gram than lipids or proteins. [1]
4. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ1.7
Which molecular diagram shows part of a cellulose molecule?

[1]
5. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ2.2
What cell component is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?

A. Mitochondria for respiration

B. DNA containing genetic information

C. Ribosomes for protein synthesis

D. Cell wall to maintain shape [1]

6. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ2.7

The image shows a molecule of oleic acid.

What describes oleic acid?

A. Cis polyunsaturated

B. Cis monounsaturated

C. Trans polyunsaturated

D. Trans monounsaturated [1]

7. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ2.6
Which drawing represents beta-D-glucose?

[1]
8. [Maximum mark: 6] [Link].TZ1.4
The diagram shows water molecules as they might be arranged in liquid water and the interactions between
them.

(a.i) State how many water molecules are shown in the diagram. [1]

([Link]) Identify the interactions that are shown between the water molecules. [1]

(b.i) With reference to the diagram, explain how water in sweat evaporates. [2]
([Link]) Outline the reasons for secretion of sweat in humans. [2]
9. [Maximum mark: 7] [Link].TZ2.7
Eukaryotes are classified into kingdoms, one of which is the animal kingdom.

(a) Describe the organelles and other structures in animal cells that are visible in electron
micrographs. [7]
10. [Maximum mark: 5] [Link].TZ1.2
The diagram shows a section through the melatonin receptor, with melatonin attached to its binding site.
Darker grey areas show the surface of the protein and paler areas are internal. The membrane in which this
receptor is located is also shown.

[Source: Material from: Stauch, B., Johansson, L.C., McCorvy, J.D., et al., Structural basis of ligand recognition
at the human MT1 melatonin receptor, published 2019, Nature, reproduced with permission of SNCSC.]

(a) Draw one phospholipid molecule on the diagram to show a possible position in the
membrane. [2]

(b) The receptor contains seven alpha helices and one other secondary structure. Deduce what
this other secondary structure is. [1]
(c) Discuss briefly whether amino acids on the surface of the protein are likely to be polar or non-
polar. [2]
11. [Maximum mark: 12] [Link].TZ2.7
Proteins are an extraordinarily diverse group of carbon compounds that have a wide range of roles in cells.

(a) Describe the structure of proteins, including features that are common to all proteins and
features that vary. [7]

(b) Explain the roles of proteins in the movement of substances across membranes. [5]
12. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ0.1
The diagram shows a prokaryotic cell.

[Source: © Rice University. 1999–2023 Figure 4.5 Prokaryotic cell. [image online] Available at:
[Link]
[Accessed 13 January 2023].]

What are the structures labelled Y and Z?

[1]
13. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ0.6
What is the arrangement of subunits in a DNA nucleotide?

A. sugar – base – phosphate

B. sugar – phosphate – base

C. phosphate – sugar – base

D. sugar – phosphate – base – base – phosphate – sugar [1]

14. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ0.8
The diagram shows water molecules.

Which property of water is not illustrated?

A. Cohesion

B. Dipolarity

C. Hydrogen bonding

D. Adhesion [1]
15. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ0.7
What is the arrangement of the components of nucleotides in a single DNA strand?

[1]

16. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ0.9

What describes the structure of glycogen?

A. Unbranched polymer of alpha-D-glucose linked by 1,4 glycosidic linkages

B. Branched polymer of alpha-D-glucose linked by 1,6 glycosidic linkages with branches linked by 1,4
glycosidic linkages

C. Unbranched polymer of alpha-D-glucose linked by 1,6 glycosidic linkages

D. Branched polymer of alpha-D-glucose linked by 1,4 glycosidic linkages with branches linked by 1,6
glycosidic linkages [1]
17. [Maximum mark: 5] [Link].TZ0.2
The image shows a phospholipid bilayer that is a component of the cell membrane.

[Source: Boundless Learning. Course Hero. Phospholipids. [diagram online] Available at:
[Link] [Accessed 1 November 2021].]

(a) Annotate the diagram to illustrate the amphipathic nature of phospholipids. [2]

(b) Outline a function of cholesterol in cell membranes. [1]

(c) Describe two pieces of evidence that show that eukaryotic cells originated by endosymbiosis. [2]
18. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ0.3
The diagram shows the molecular structure of the amino acid leucine.

(a) Draw a circle on the diagram to enclose the carboxyl group. [1]

19. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ1.4

Which cell component arose first during the formation of the earliest cells?

A. Chloroplast

B. Plasma membrane

C. Mitochondria

D. Cell wall [1]

20. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ1.9
A molecule of DNA is found to contain 200 guanine bases, representing 25 % of the total number of
bases. How many phosphate groups does this molecule of DNA contain?

A. 50

B. 200

C. 800

D. 1000 [1]
21. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ2.2
The images of the radiolarian, a single-celled marine organism, were produced using a light
microscope (left) and a scanning electron microscope (right).

[Source: Munir,S.;Sun,J.;Morton, S.L. The First Record and Classification of Planktonic Radiolarian
(Phylum Retaria) and Phaeodarian (Phylum Cercozoa) in the Eastern Indian Ocean. Biology 2021, 10, 202.
[Link] Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. This article is an open
access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)
license ([Link]

What is a reason for the difference in quality of these images?

A. Light cannot pass through the specimen.

B. Higher magnification can be achieved with the electron microscope.

C. The resolution of the electron microscope is higher.

D. Samples are stained with methylene blue when viewed with the light microscope. [1]
22. [Maximum mark: 1] [Link].TZ2.4
Pasteur used swan-necked flasks and a nutrient broth to demonstrate that spontaneous generation of
organisms does not occur on Earth. Some students performed a similar experiment using two swan-
necked flasks, one containing broth which had been previously boiled and another containing broth
which had not been boiled.

The flasks were left in the school laboratory and observed after one week. What is the evidence
against the spontaneous generation theory?

A. Microorganisms died in flask F due to high temperatures.

B. No microorganisms grew in either flask.

C. Microorganisms grew in flask G.

D. No microorganisms grew in flask F but many grew in flask G. [1]

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