03-Oct-20
Chapter 1
BASIC CONCEPTS
AND LAWS
Contents
1.1 Limit and scope of application of the circuit
problems
1.2 Circuit elements
1.3 Capacity and energy
1.4 Classification of circuits
1.5 Basic laws & equivalent transformations
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Limit & scope of application of the circuit problems
Objectives: Analysis of physical
phenomena (electromagnetic process)
The common problem types:
Circuit model: the model only depends on time
X (t). Relatively simple model.
Field model: the model depends on spatial
variables X (x, y, z, t). This model is relatively
accurate but complex in terms of calculation
Location of course
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1.2 Elements of electrical circuits
Circuit: is a system of
electrical and electronic
devices that are
connected by wires to a
closed loop in which
the processes of
transmitting,
transforming energy or
electromagnetic signals
occur.
Clectrical circuit structure
Circuit include :
Elements (phần tử mạch)
Wires (Dây nối)
Elements : have 2 types
Properties : source elements and load elements
Structures : depending on the number of poles of the
circuit element
Components of an electrical circuit
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[Link] source: generating (supplying) electricity
2. Line: Conducting (transmitting) electricity
3. Transformer device: Transform voltage,
current, frequency, ...
4. Electricity loading: Receiving (consuming)
electricity
Circuit element structure
2-pole element: R, L, C,…
3-pole element: BJT, FET…
4-pole element: transformer
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Mode parameters of 1 element
[Link] (immediate) is defined
Conventional direction (CDOC)
amperage through the element i = i(t)
i>0 actual direction is the same of CDOC
i<0 actual direction is opposite of CDOC
2. Voltage (immediate) is defined
Conventional direction of voltage (CDOV) (+ -)
Voltage through the element: u = u(t)
u>0 Voltage of positive side (+) > Voltage of
negative side (–)
u<0 Voltage of positive side (+) < Voltage of
negative side (–)
Resistance (Điện trở)
Characterized for power losses in circuits.
Ohm law: u(t) = R.i(t)
R : resistor, Ohm unit (Ω)
G = 1/R
Symbol in diagram
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Inductance (Điện cảm)
Characterized for the store and release of
magnetic energy.
Voltage current relationship on linear inductance:
L : inductance Henry unit (H)
Symbol in circuit diagram:
Capacitance (Điện dung)
Characterized for the store and release of electric
field energy.
Voltage current relationship on linear capacitance
C : capacitance Fara unit (F)
Symbol in diagram:
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Summary
Mutual – Inductor (Hỗ cảm)
The phenomenon of
magnetic field in a coil is
caused by the current
flowing in another coil
Mutual – inductor factor:
Mức ghép giữa 2 cuộn dây
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Mutual inductor (Hỗ cảm)
Voltage source
Independent voltage source
Relationship: u(t) = e(t)
Where u do not depend on the current i supply from
the main source and the equal electromotive force of
the source
Voltage dependent
U(t) dependency according to voltage or current on
another branch
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Current source
Independent Current source
relationship: i(t) = j(t)
Where i(t) is not depend on u(t)
Current source dependent
i (t) dependency according to voltage or current on
another branch
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Capacity and Energy (công suất và năng lượng)
Capacity:
Instant capacity:
p(t): instant capacity, unit Watt [W]
U(t): instant voltage, unit Volt [V]
i(t): instant current, unit Ampere [A]
P(t)>0: The element receives power at the time of
review
P(t)<0: The element generate power at the time of
review
Evarage capacity:
Capacity and Energy
Energy:
The amount of energy absorbed by the element in the
small time is defined by
Energy is absorbed by circuit in during from t 0 to t0+∆t
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Capacity and energy
Elements Everage capacity Energy
Resistance PR = RI2
Capacitance PC = 0
Conductance PL = 0
Mutual inductor PM = 0
Electrical circuit classification
Parameters: concentration - distribution.
State: stationary - non stationary
Circuit element: linear - non-linear
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The basic laws
The terminology
Stimulation, impact: voltage source, current, input signals ...
Response: current, voltage across branches, output signal.
Branches: a collection of connected circuit elements with
the same current flowing.
Node: A node is a point were two or more circuit elements
meet. A node where only two elements join is called simple
node (conventional in the circuit problem of intersection of
3 or more branches).
Ring: gathering many consecutive branches into a closed
loop.
Mesh: is the smallest ring containing no other rings inside
it.
Examples: Nodes, branches, meshes, loops
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Examples
Motivation
If you are given the following circuit, how can
we determine (1) the voltage across each
resistor, (2) current through each resistor. (3)
power generated by each current source, etc.
What are the things which we need to know in
order to determine the answers?
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Motivation
Things we need to know in solving any resistive
circuit with current and voltage sources only:
Kirchhoff’s Current Laws (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Laws (KVL)
Ohm’s Law
How should we apply these laws to determine
the answers?
Kirchoff Laws
Kirchoff’s Law 1:
Kirchoff’s current law
(KCL)
State:
Convention:
Current in put node
which is positive
Current output node
which is negative
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KCL example
Practical considerations on KCL
For any circuit with N nodes we can derive only
N-1 independent current equations
Elements forming a simple node are always
traversed by the same current (there is no need to
apply KCL on a simple node)
When two or more elements are traversed by the
same current they are said to be connected in
series
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Kirchoff Laws
Kirchoff law 2: Kirchoff’s
voltage law (KVL)
State:
Convention:
Voltage is positive if the
same direction with loop
Voltage is negative if
invert direction with loop
Examples
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Example
Practical consideration on KVL
For any circuit with N essential nodes and B
essential branches we can derive only B-(N-1)
independent voltage equations
Elements connected to the same two node are
subjected to the same voltage (there is no need to
apply KVL)
When two or more elements are subjected to the
same voltage they are said to be connected in
parallel
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Branch current equation system
Examples:
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Examples
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Equations
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Some transformations
Ideal voltage source in series
Some transformations
Ideal current source in parallel
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Some transformations
real source transformation
Series and parallel connections
Two or more elements are said to be connected
in series if they carry the same current
Two or more elements are said to be connected
in parallel if they are subjected to the same
voltage
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Series resistors transformation
Parallel resistors transformation
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Node method
It allows to find out all unknown node voltages in
a circuit by using the essensial nodes of the circuit
Step 1: label all essential nodes
Step 2: select one of essential node as reference
Step 3: apply KLC to each labeled node (except
the reference node) but with the currents
expressed in terms of node voltages
Step 4: solve the resulting set of NE – 1
simultaneous equations for unknown node
voltages
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Example
Example
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Mesh method
Step 1: select a set of BE – (NE -1) meshes, such
that at least one mesh pass through each branch
Step 2: label each mesh with the corresponding
mesh current
Step 3: apply KVL around each leabeled mesh,
but with each voltage expressed in terms of the
corresponding mesh current
Step 4: solve the resulting simultaneous
equations for unknown mesh currents
Example
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