VIRGEN MILAGROSA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Martin P. Posadas Ave., San Carlos City, Pangasinan

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER USING RESONANT

INDUCTIVE COUPLING FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE
CHARGING

__________________________________________________

A Capstone Project Proposal Presented to the Faculty of

Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation San Carlos City,
Pangasinan In Partial Fulfilment of Requirements for the
Subject Research Methods

__________________________________________________

Presented By:

Diaz, Glen Philip Z.

Layacan, Airol John E.
Nacar, Mhike S.
Ramos, John Aldrian O.
Rosario, Neil

BSEE

______________________________________________________________________

Presented To:

Engr. Daimler C. Fontanosa

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CHAPTER I

1.1 Background of the Study

In the present day, electricity plays a vital role in our daily lives. It has become an

indispensable part of our world, as nearly all aspects of modern life rely on it. An array

of electrical and electronic devices has become integral to our routines, with many of

them requiring charging to function efficiently. For instance, mobile phones, cameras,

Bluetooth headsets, and even car phone charging systems are prime examples of these

essential gadgets. The availability and reliability of electricity have transformed the way

we live and interact with the world around us.

Furthermore, wireless power transfer systems have garnered significant attention.

The electrification of power transformation has been a subject of interest for numerous

years, driven by environmental and energy-related concerns, among others. According

to Olvitz (2012), inductive coupling stands as the prevailing and widely adopted

technique for energy conversion. Inductive power transfer, a remarkable technological

advancement, refers to the wireless transmission of electrical energy across

considerable distances. This innovation has found diverse applications, including

wireless charging and the provision of power to implanted electronic devices, medical

equipment, mobile electronics, implantable medical devices, and electric vehicles

powered by radio waves (Ahn and Hong, 2013).

In line with this, the increasing emphasis on sustainability worldwide, many

industries are now turning to electrification as a viable solution. This shift towards
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electrification provides traditionally high-polluting sectors with the chance to transition to

more sustainable energy sources. While the automotive industry is leading this charge,

it encounters substantial obstacles in the widespread adoption of electric vehicles

(EVs). Fortunately, wireless power transfer (WPT) technology emerges as a promising

solution to address challenges related to EVs, such as limited range-per-charge and

extended charging times. The study of Okasili et al. (2022) offers a comprehensive

analysis of wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for electric vehicle (EV) battery

charging, with a specific focus on inductive power transfer. It categorizes, describes,

and critically compares compensation schemes, converter topologies, control methods,

and coil structures. Key findings of this study reveal that WPT faces strong competition

from standard wired charging, which currently dominates the EV charging landscape.

Furthermore, the paper highlights the emergence of battery swapping stations as an

alternative approach to extend EV range, mitigating range anxiety. However, this

method faces challenges related to scalability, infrastructure costs, and interoperability.

The study underscores the importance of soft switching in power electronics for

efficiency and the ongoing focus on achieving a WPT system that provides constant

voltage, resonant operation, and zero-voltage switching. Despite some changes, the

overall converter architecture has remained largely consistent over time.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to create efficient and reliable charging of Electrical Vehicle using WPT
system. The study aims to have the following: Safety, to be convenient, compatibility,
Environmental Benefits, Scalability, and the Cost effectiveness.
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The purpose of this study is to develop a WPT system for safe and dependable
electrical vehicle charging. The following topics are the focus of the research: the effects
of WPT on the economy and environment when used on a larger scale to charge
electric vehicles; safety concerns with wireless power transfer for electrical vehicles;
and the effectiveness of WPT via resonant inductive coupling in comparison to
traditional wired charging techniques.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

To enable efficient and convenient charging of electric vehicles without the need for

physical cables. This technology aims to provide a wireless and safe method for

transferring electrical energy to EVs, making electric vehicle charging more user-friendly

and promoting the widespread adoption of electric vehicles by overcoming some of the

limitations associated with traditional plug-in charging methods. Specifically, this aims to

answer the following research questions.

1. How to design the resonant inductive coupling, considering:

 Efficiency

 Dynamic Power Control

 Geometry Optimization

2. Cost-Benefit

3. Evaluation of charging time

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1.4 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Theoretical Framework

The study “Wireless Power Transfer using Resonant Inductive Coupling for Electric

Vehicle Charging” aims to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of wireless power

transfer technology for electric vehicle charging. This research is anchored on several

theories and concepts put forth by notable authors in the field of wireless power transfer

and electric vehicle charging

Theory 1: Resonant Inductive Coupling

One of the key theoretical foundations of this study is the concept of resonant

inductive coupling. Resonant inductive coupling is a wireless power transfer technique

that utilizes resonant magnetic fields to efficiently transfer power between two

magnetically coupled coils. This concept was first introduced and extensively studied by

Marin Soljacic et al. in their influential paper titled “Resonant Magnetic Fields for

Wireless Power Transfer” (2007). Soljacic et al. demonstrated that resonant inductive

coupling can provide efficient power transfer over long distances, making it suitable for

electric vehicle charging applications.

Theory 2: Electromagnetic Field Theory

Another important theoretical framework for this study is based on electromagnetic field

theory. James Clerk Maxwell’s equations, as presented in his seminal work “A

Dynamical Theory of the

Electromagnetic Field” (1865), provide the fundamental principles that govern the
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behavior of electromagnetic fields. This theory explains the concept of electromagnetic

waves and how they can be harnessed for wireless power transfer. By relying on

Maxwell’s equations, researchers can analyze and quantify the electromagnetic fields

involved in wireless power transfer systems, allowing for a better understanding of the

underlying physics.

Theory 3: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

In addition to the theories specific to wireless power transfer, this study is also anchored

on the theoretical framework surrounding electric vehicle charging infrastructure.

Authoritative figures in this field, such as S.M. Lukic et al., in their paper titled “Wireless

Electric Vehicle Charging: The State of the Art, Key Challenges, and Trends,” provide

insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with establishing efficient and

reliable charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. This theoretical framework guides

the study in understanding the existing landscape of electric vehicle charging and how

wireless power transfer can offer potential solutions to the limitations of conventional

wired charging systems.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study is expressed in the following schematic

diagram using Input-Process-Output model.

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Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study is expressed in the following schematic

diagram using Input-Process-Output model.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Explanation of the
resonant inductive
coupling mechanism.
Efficiency
System Parameters
Analysis of how
Environmental resonance enhances
Factors power transfer efficiency. Charging time
Regulatory
Considerations Consideration of different
resonant coupling Cost-Benefit
techniques (series,
parallel, or hybrid).

1.5 Significance of the Study

The proposed research on "Wireless Power Transfer using Resonant Inductive Coupling

for Electric Vehicle Charging" holds significant importance regarding innovation and

caters to a broader adoption. This study is beneficial to the following:

Manufacturer - It benefits the manufacturer since it reduces the amount of materials

needed to construct and to build the traditional way of charging.

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Environmental Endeavors - Using wireless power transfer, it potentially eliminates

pollution because it caters to a lot of electric vehicles. And catering to a large number

means the possibility of switching from a gas vehicle to an electric vehicle.

Future Researchers - This research will help future researchers understand how to

conduct research. This will function as a reference and guidance for them in the near

future if they have trouble conducting research of the same sort as the study.

1.6 Operational Definition of Terms

Alignment Precision - The degree of accuracy required for the positioning of the

charging pad and the receiving coil on the EV to achieve optimal power transfer

efficiency. It is typically measured in terms of the acceptable deviation from the ideal

alignment position.

Charging Efficiency - The ratio of the energy successfully delivered to the EV's battery
to the total energy supplied by the charging station, expressed as a percentage.

Charging Time - The duration required to recharge the EV's battery to a specific level,
often expressed in hours or minutes. It is a critical factor in determining the practicality
and convenience of the charging process for EV owners.

Electric Vehicle - A vehicle that operates, either partially or entirely, on electric power
stored in batteries. EVs can include battery electric vehicles (BEVs) that solely rely on
electric power, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) that combine electric power with
internal combustion engines, and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) that use hydrogen
fuel cells to generate electric power.
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Electromagnetic Field Exposure - The level of exposure to electromagnetic fields

generated during the wireless charging process. It is often measured in terms of the
strength of the electromagnetic fields and their potential health implications for both the
EV and the users.

Grid-Friendly Features - Integrated functionalities within the WPT-RIC system that

facilitate efficient energy management, reducing peak power demand and supporting
grid stability, such as load balancing and demand response capabilities.

Resonant Inductive Coupling - A wireless energy transfer technique that relies on the
resonant coupling between two coils with matched resonant frequencies. In the context
of EV charging, RIC involves the use of resonant circuits to efficiently transfer power
between the charging pad on the ground and the receiving coil on the EV.

Safety Standards and Regulations - The set of guidelines, protocols, and legal
requirements established by regulatory authorities to ensure the safe operation of EV
charging systems, addressing concerns related to electrical safety, fire hazards, and
electromagnetic interference.

Wireless Power Transfer - The transmission of electrical energy from a stationary

charging station to an electric vehicle (EV) without the use of physical connectors or
cables, utilizing resonant inductive coupling technology.
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CHAPTER II : METHODOLOGY

This section includes a thorough and detailed description of the research design and
how the procedures will address the research problem.
This section describes the research process or the path that the researcher needs to
undertake to conduct the research.

2.2 Research Design

The researchers’ project design was constructed based on what could make it better.
The researcher’s used quantitative data method. Depicts the base components of a
WPT system for EV charging. It consists of two prime sub-systems, one of which is
existing underneath the road surface and the second is found into the vehicle under-
body. The first subsystem includes the source of energy, rectifier and high frequency
inverter, primary compensation network and the primary/transmitter coil (Tx). The built
subsystem in EVs, has the secondary/receiving coil (Rx) and secondary compensation
network composes a resonance circuit that supplies into a high frequency rectifier, filter
and the battery.

Figure 2.1

In figure 2.1, it shows how the prototype will work. We can see that the sub-systems are
separated by an air gap. The distance between the two systems depends on the type of
vehicle, ground clearance and road conditions such as pavement thickness. Usually the
air gap is smaller than 0.4 meter. Additionally, both sub-systems share information via a
communication link.
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2.3 Instrumentation
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) using Resonant Inductive Coupling (RIC) shows great
potential for charging electric vehicles (EVs). This innovative concept involves
transmitting electricity between coils that are tuned to the same frequency, resulting in
maximum efficiency. In the case of EV charging, the system typically includes a primary
coil embedded in a charging pad on the ground and a secondary coil integrated into the
vehicle. These resonating coils enable the transfer of energy over a short distance
without the need for physical connections. The successful implementation of a WPT
system requires precise control and monitoring mechanisms. In order to achieve optimal
power transfer, advanced power electronics are utilized to dynamically adjust the
resonant frequency. This level of instrumentation and technology ensures efficient and
effective charging for EVs through wireless power transfer.

In order to ensure a safe and efficient charging process, feedback loops and sensors
are essential for monitoring key parameters such as coil alignment, power levels, and
temperature. These vital components work together to facilitate communication between
the charging pad and the vehicle, utilizing advanced control algorithms and protocols to
make instantaneous adjustments and optimize the transfer of energy.
For the purpose of safety regulations and address potential health risks, the
management of electromagnetic fields is a top priority. By utilizing RIC technology in the
design of WPT for electric vehicle charging, advanced control, monitoring, and safety
measures are integrated to produce a dependable and accessible solution for the
increasingly popular electric vehicle market.

The integration of advanced control, monitoring, and safety features in WPT with RIC
for EV charging results in a highly reliable and user-friendly solution catered towards the
expanding electric vehicle market.
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2.4 Data Gathering Procedure

When charging an EV there is no need for a charging cable, with the vehicle charged
just by parking at a predetermined location. This system frees an electric vehicle (EV) of
the need for a cable when charging, further advancing the convenience of EVs for
charging at home or work.

Figure 2.2

In figure 2.2, it shows how the magnetic flux is generated vertically from the ground
when electricity passes through the Ground Transmission Unit’s primary coil, which is
installed on the surface of the parking place. Electrical pressure is generated by
overlapping with the secondary coil in the Vehicle Receiver Unit in the vehicle, and
electricity is supplied from the first coil to the second one (electromagnetic induction).
The unique technology achieves a charging efficiency of 80-90%, equivalent to that of
cable charging.
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Figure 2.3: Block Diagram

In figure 2.3, it shows the block diagram of the Power flow in WPT system
becomes as shown in RF inverter converts the frequency of the power. Typically,
RF inverter also converts the voltage of the power. Considering that the power is
P = VI and the impedance is Z = V/I, the RF inverter also converts the
impedance of the power. The rectifier in Rx side also changes the frequency of
the power.

Figure 2.4: Schematic Diagram

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2.5 Ethical Consideration

As technology continues to advance, particularly in the domain of wireless power
transfer (WPT) for electric vehicle (EV) charging, it is imperative to acknowledge and
address various ethical considerations associated with the deployment and use of such
systems. Ethical considerations not only ensure responsible and sustainable
technological development but also safeguard the interests and well-being of
individuals, communities, and the environment. The following are key ethical
considerations for wireless power transfer in the context of electric vehicle charging:

Environmental Impact:

Resource Utilization and Sustainability

Consideration should be given to the environmental impact of manufacturing, operating,

and disposing of wireless power transfer systems. Ethical development involves
minimizing the ecological footprint and optimizing resource utilization to ensure
sustainability throughout the lifecycle of the technology.

End-of-Life Recycling

Ethical practices should involve designing systems with end-of-life considerations,

facilitating the recycling and proper disposal of components to minimize electronic
waste and environmental degradation.

Safety and Health:

Potential Health Impacts

Ethical deployment of wireless power transfer should involve rigorous assessments of

potential health impacts associated with electromagnetic fields. It is crucial to prioritize
human safety and conduct thorough studies to understand any long-term health effects
on individuals exposed to wireless charging systems.
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Mitigation of Risks

Ethical responsibility lies in the continuous development and implementation of safety

measures to mitigate risks, such as foreign object detection, power limitations, and fail-
safe mechanisms. These measures are essential to prevent accidents or harm to
individuals in the vicinity of charging systems.

Education and Awareness:

Public Awareness

Ethical considerations include promoting public awareness and understanding of

wireless power transfer technology. Transparent communication about the technology,
its benefits, risks, and safety features is essential to foster trust and informed decision-
making among users and communities.

Training and Education

Training programs and educational initiatives should be established to ensure that

users, technicians, and relevant stakeholders are adequately informed about the safe
and responsible use of wireless power transfer systems

2.6 Treatment of Data

The research focuses on the advancements in wireless power transfer (WPT)

technologies for charging electric vehicles (EVs). With the growing demand for
sustainable transportation, WPT offers a promising solution to enhance the convenience
and efficiency of EV charging. This data treatment outlines the methodologies employed
in collecting, cleaning, and analyzing data to understand the key factors influencing the
effectiveness of WPT systems. Data for this study was collected through a combination
of literature reviews, field experiments, and simulations. Information on various WPT
systems, including their power levels, efficiency, and charging protocols, was gathered
from reputable journals, conferences, and industry reports. To ensure the reliability of
the collected data, a rigorous cleaning process was undertaken. This involved
identifying and rectifying inconsistencies, outliers, and missing values in the dataset.
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Additionally, efforts were made to standardize units and formats to facilitate seamless
integration and analysis. The raw data underwent transformation processes to enhance
its suitability for analysis. Normalization techniques were applied to standardize power
levels, and categorical variables were encoded to facilitate statistical analyses. These
transformations aimed to provide a more robust and interpretable dataset for
subsequent analysis. Acknowledging the limitations of this study is crucial. Limitations
include the availability of comprehensive data for certain WPT technologies, variations
in experimental conditions, and potential biases in the literature. These constraints
highlight areas for future research and refinement of data collection methods.
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