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ABSTRACT :

Nanotechnology is being harbingered as the next enabling technology that will redesign the future of
several technologies, products and markets. The nanotechnology industry is heralding a new world
order. Nations are focusing on this emerging technology in particular and serious researches as well as
industry efforts are being made. It is described as an enabling technology that will pave the way for
novelty in every stream of technology. The number of sectors that are involved are many, due to the
multi-disciplinary nature of the technology, offering scope for numerous opportunities. In this paper we
are going to discuss about nano technology, why there is so much interest in such technology,
approaches in nano technology, road map of nano technology, and 13 developments of nano
technology such as nano d-ram chips, nano dot storage, nano technology in sports, smallest nano tube
transistor, nano to speed up the internet, storage punch card, applications and future of this tiny
technology which commands the future era.

NANO TECHNOLOGY

The “nano” in nanotechnology comes from the Greek word nanos, which means dwarf. Scientists use
this prefix to indicate 10 -9 or one-billionth. Thus a nanosecond is one-billionth of one second; a
nanometer is one-billionth of one meter, [Link] that can be classified as having something to do
with nanotechnology are larger than atoms but much smaller than we can perceive directly with our
senses. One way to look at this size scale is that one nanometer (nm) is about 100,000 times smaller
than the diameter of a single human hair. The following figure may also help to put this size scale in
context. Why a particular size scale should be the basis for so much federal funding, research activity
and media attention will become apparent soon

Fig: objects of approximate size from 10 3 m to 10 -9 m

HISTORY

It all began on 29 December, 1959 when the American Physicist and later on Nobel Prize Winner,
Richard P. Feynman, spoke at the American Physical Society. In his presentation ‘There is plenty of
room at the bottom', he described a vision, the production of the tiniest systems ever, using techniques
in the nano cosmos, on a scale within millionth's of a millimeter. Today's advances in research and
development indicate that nanotechnology will form the future of technological quantum leaps – from
material sciences to electronics, from analytics to biosciences.

Nanotechnology is not new – nano products are already in the marketplace, such as stain resistant and
wrinkle-free textiles. Given its fuzzy definition, there is also an element of traditional products under
the nanotechnology banner. However, because nanotechnology is ubiquitous but also far-reaching, it
has real potential to transform the way we live. There are very significant economic, social and
environmental implications from this technology. To quote The Economist (January 2005):
‘Nanotechnology will indeed affect every industry through improvements to existing materials and
products, as well as allowing the creation of entirely new materials' [and] ‘produce important advances
in areas such as electronics, energy and biomedicine'.

Developments of this nature will undoubtedly bring significant risks and rewards, as well as raise social
and ethical issues. For these reasons, the current level of interest surrounding nanotechnology would
seem to be warranted.

APPROACHES IN NANO

TECHNOLOGY :

There are 2 principal approaches within nanotechnology ‘top down' in physics and ‘bottom up' in both
physics and chemistry.

The top down approach focuses on the miniaturization of structures and micro technological processes.
Examples

here include semiconductor electronics.90 % of these elements contain nanostructures.

A model example for the bottom up approach is the use of molecular modeling to design and produce
liquid crystals. Using these methods, liquid crystals in nano dimensions with unique optical
characteristics can be realized.

roadmap of Nano technology:

Fig: Nano technology road map

The Roadmap extends from 1980 to 2020 and represents the evolution of nanotechnology in three
stages.

The first stage, extending from 1980 to 2000, recognizes the emergence of a mature and largely
consolidated nano tools sector and the existence of a nascent nano materials sector.

The second stage, extending from 1990 to 2010, reflects the emergence of a mature and largely
consolidated nano materials sector and the marketing of a growing number of nano tools and nano
materials enabled products and processes.

The third stage, extending from 2000 to 2020, foresees the use of nano tools and nano materials
becoming widespread in many sectors, leading to the commercialization of new and improved products
and processes enabled by the incorporation of nano devices and nano systems.

Does cryonics actually preserve life or identity? C ellular life, yes, without a doubt. Skin, corneas and
human embryos and routinely frozen in LN_2, thawed and transplanted. More other individual tissues
can be treated this way, resulting in viable cells. But today's resuscitation methods are not yet

entirely successful on whole organs or animals. However, since the frozen individuals are not changing
further, they can afford to wait until better thawing procedures and cell repair treatments (through
nanotechnology) are available in the future.

Two major questions exist: Do today's cryonic suspension procedures reliably preserve memories and
the identity of the frozen individual? If so, will the repair capability of nanotechnology be up to the task
of reviving these patients? Unfortunately, current science lacks the knowledge to answer these
questions with certainty. Neuroscience cannot yet show us what specific structures in the brain encode
memory or identity (or even provide us with a decent working definition of identity), so we can't
examine brain tissue to look for the presence of those structures. And the basic principles of
nanotechnology are still so new that we don't have a firm understanding of its technical and practical
limitations.

DEVELOPMENTS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY :-

Now-a-days there is a large development of nanotechnology in various fields, such as:

1. SMALLEST NANOTUBE TRANSISTOR:

Researchers at Infineon Technologies have made the world's smallest nano tube transistor . With
a channel length of only 18 nm, the new transistor is only one – fourth the size of the most advanced
transistors currently in production. It can deliver currents in excess of 15 micro amperes at a supply
voltage of only 0.4 V as against the current norm of 0.7 V.

2. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN SPORTS:-

Nanotechnology is finding its way into sports as well. A company called Nano Dynamics has come up
with a golf ball that can correct its own flight path, so it can fly straighter than conventional balls. The
ball won't shift 45 degrees in mid air, but the design of the ball – and the materials it's made of –
serves to better channel the energy received from the club head and thus correct a wobble or slight
drift. Expected

to hit the market this year, the ball would cost Rs 320 to Rs 366 ($7 to $8) a piece. Another company
called Easton Sports is developing bike components made from carbon nano tubes that would be
stronger and lighter than conventional parts. Some companies have developed nano tennis balls
that doesn't lose air and golf shafts constructed with nano materials. Pennsylvania 's Nano – Horizons
has developed socks containing silver and gold nano particles that kill foot odour and bacteria.

3. NANODOT STORAGE:-

Ashutosh Tiwari and Jagdish Narayan at North C arolina State University have created 5nm diameter
nickel nano dots that could be used to store terabytes (TB) of data in a computer chip . A nano dot
is a discrete ball of several hundred nickel atoms that can have one or two magnetic states, which
allows it to hold a single bit of information as a ‘1' or ‘0'. Nano dots allow bits to be packed densely as
dots and are discrete units. They can arrange themselves at a density that would, theoretically, allow
about five terabytes of data to be packed into a computer drive roughly the size of a postage stamp.
On the other hand, in conventional computer hard drives, information is stored on a disk coated with a
magnetic material, and bits must be far enough apart not to interfere with each other.

4. NANO DRAM CHIPS:-

Samsung Electronics has begun mass producing memory chips based on the 90-nanotechnology. The
nanotechnology enables churning out of 512 MB double data – rate dynamic random access memory
( DDR DRAM ) chips more quickly, improving the productivity up to 40 %.

5. NANO TO SPEED UP THE INTERNET:-

Nanotechnology can pave the way to super – fast Internet based entirely on light according to
researchers at the University of Toronto . chemistry professor Wayne Wang and colleague C onnie
Kuang at the C arleton University have designed a material by combining nanometer sized spherical
particles known as ‘ buckyballs ' (molecules of carbon atoms resembling soccer balls ) with a design
class of polymer. The polymer and buckyball combination created a clear, smooth film designed to
make light particles pick up each other's patterns. The new hybrid material can carry information
across a set of wavelengths used for communications. According to researchers, future fiber optic
communication systems using this material could relay signals with picoseconds switching times,
resulting in 100 times faster Internet .

6. NANO BREAKTHROUGH SHRINKS CELLPHONES:-

IBM researchers have developed a tiny computer memory device by combining the ability of molecules
to arrange themselves into tiny particles, called self – assembly , with standard making tools. The
device functions just like a flash memory , retaining recent information when the electronic gadget is
switched off. This nanotechnology advancement would allow manufacture of smaller, better –
performing microchips for cell phones, computers and other electronic gadgets.

7. 65 nm SRAM CHIPS:-

Intel has built fully – functional Static Random Access Memory (SRAM ) chips using 65 nm
technologies – its next generation high volume semiconductor manufacturing process. The 65 nm
semiconductor devices were manufactured at Intel's 300 mm development fab (called DID) in
Hillsboro , Oregon . the 65 nm process combines higher performance but less power consuming
transistors, a second – generation version of Intel's strained silicon, high – speed copper interconnects
and a low – K dielectric material. Building chips using this process will allow Intel to double the number
of transistors it can build on a single chip today. Transistors could be made as small as 35 nm in gate
length.

8. NANOPARTICLES TO BOOST SOLAR POWER :-

Imagine your shirt recharges your cell phone, your camera takes pictures in the dark and your rooftop
shingles power your home. This can be made possible by nano particles developed by Professor Ted
Sargent and his team at University of Toronto which will make it easy, and cheap, to see in the dark.
The particles can detect infrared light, unseen by humans because of its long wavelengths. And like a
solar panel, they can channel the energy to beneficial purposes.

9. STORAGE ‘PUNCH CARD':-

IBM has developed a storage chip that holds up to a trillion bits of information or about 25 million
textbook pages in a postage stamp-size area. The prototype, part of an ongoing nanotechnology –
research project codenamed Millipede, contains more than 1000 heated spikes that can make, or read,
tiny indentations in a polymer film. It is 20 times more densely packed with information than current
hard drives. With this, cell phones could hold up to 10 GB of data.

10. NANO BOOSTS DVD STORAGE: -

The US patent and Trademark office (USPTO) has issued two patents to Iomega for its work on
nanotechnology and optical data storage, and external storage media.

The first patent covers a novel technology of encoding data on the surface of a DVD by using reflective
nanostructures. This technology, termed articulated optical – digital versatile disk (AO – DVD), allows
more data to be stored on a DVD and could allow future optical disks to hold 40 to 100 times more
information with data transfer rates 5 to 30 times faster than today's DVDs, and that too at low costs.

11. ODOUR – FIGHTING NANO PARTIC LES:-

Nano Horizons, based in Pennsylvania , hopes to use nano particles to create less – stinky socks. It
has come up with metallic nano particles that are compatible with polymer manufacturing process. This
means silver, gold and other metals that kill bacteria and odour – causing microbes can be
incorporated into shoes, athletic equipment and other plastic or nylon products.

12. SELF – C ORREC TING GOLF BALLS:-

Nano Dynamics has made a golf ball that can correct its own flight path so it flies straighter than
conventional balls. The design of the ball and the nano materials it's made of serve to better channel
the energy received from the stroke and thus corrects a wobble or slight drift.

13. C HIP IMPLANTS TO READ MIND:-

Some day, we may have a chip implanted in our head to help us remember where we put the car keys
or some other object. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Germany have
devised a specially designed chip that can stimulate or monitor brain tissue when placed under it. A
synapse fires, and a corresponding spike in voltage occurs in the adjacent chip. Alternatively,
electricity courses through the chip, and chemical synapses fire in the brain tissue.

The technology creates the possibility that the movements of mind can be mapped (or guided) by
computers.

Fig: developments of nano technology

APPLIC ATIONS:

C ONC ULSION

The nanotechnology industry is heralding a new world order. The number of sectors that are involved
are many, due to the multi-disciplinary nature of the technology, offering scope for numerous
opportunities. Nanotechnology is heavily intertwined with biotechnology and information technology,
making its scope very wide. Generous funding from governments and venture funds is helping initiate
new ventures. Looking at worldwide developments in recent years, it is time India forges a
nanotechnology policy in tune with the specific needs of the country and its existing strengths.

It is in our hands to make the best utilization of nano technology in the present and upcoming days.

REFERENC ES:

1 ELEC RONIC S FOR YOU

2 ELEC TRONIC S TODAY MAGAZINE

3 WORLDS BEST NETWORK-- INTERNET

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