22 Kirchhoff’s Laws November 13,2014 _55 Example 2-4: Applying KCL IE Vg, the voltage across the 4.0 resistor in Fig. 2-11, is 8 V, determine fy and ba wal Figure 2-11 Circuit for Example 2-4 Solution: The designated direction of sis such that it enters the negative (—) terminal of V4, whereas according to Ohm’s law, the current should enter through the positive (+) terminal of the voltage across a resistor. Hence, in the present case, we should include a negative sign in the relationship between I> and Vs, namely ‘Thus, the true direction ofthe current flowing through the 4 resistor is opposite ofthat of /. Using the KCL convention that defines a current as positive if tis leaving a node and negative if itis entering it, at node 2: 10-h+h=0, which leads to 2.2.2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) ‘The voltage across an element represents the amount of energy expended in moving positive charge from the negative terminal (© the positive terminal, thereby establishing a potential energy difference between those terminals. The law of conservation of energy mandates that if we move electric ‘charge around a closed loop, starting and ending at exactly the same location, the net gain or loss of energy must be zero. Since voltage isa surrogate for potential energy > The algebraic sum of the voltages around a closed loop ‘must always be zero. ‘This statement defines Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL). In ‘equation form, KVL is given by ¥ Yw=0 (KVL, ean where WV is the total number of branches in the loop and v, is the nth voltage across the nth branch. Application of Eq. (2.11) requires the specification of @ sign convention to use with it, OF those used in circuit analysis, the sign ‘convention we chose to use in this book consists of two steps. Sign Convention ‘© Add up the voltages in a systematic clockwise movement around the loop. + Assian a postive sign t0 the voltage across an clement the C+ side ofthat voltage is encountered first, and assign negative sign i the (~) side is encountered fist. Hence, for the loop in Fig, 2-12, starting at the negative terminal of the 4 V voltage source, application of Eg. (2.11) yields —44V; Vs 6+V5—V4=0. 12) > An alternative statement of KVL is that the toral voltage rise around a closed loop must equal the total voltage drop around the loop. 4 Recalling that a voltage rise is realized by moving from the () voltage terminal to the (+) terminal across the element,56__ November 13, 2014 ~Vas Ry RSH . RSV @) - +N Ry Figure 2-12 One-toop circuit. and voltage drop is the converse of that, the clockwi ‘movement around the loop in Fig, 2-12 gives 44 VeFO+V=N HM, 2.13) which mathematically conveys the same information con- tained in Eq. (2.12). ‘Table 2-4 provides a summary of KCL statements and KVL ‘Table 2-4 Equally valid, multiple statements of Kirchhof?'s Current Law (KCL) and Kirehhof?'s Voltage Law (KVL). ‘© Sum of all curents entering a node = 0 [/="+" if entering; i="—" if leaving) Sum ofall eureats leaving @ node KCL f=" ieavings =" if emering) + Total of curents entering =Total of curents veaving ‘© Sum of voltages around closed loop = 0 [v= "+7 f+ side encountered frst in clockwise direction] © Toval voltage rise = Total voltage drop KVL CHAPTER 2 _ RESISTIVE CIRCUITS Concept Question 2-5: Explain why KCL is (in essence) statement ofthe law of conservation of charge: Concept Question 2-6: Explain why KVL is a state- ‘ment of conservation of energy. What sign convention is used with KVL? Example 2-5: Applying KVL Determine the value of current /in the circuit of Fig. 2-13(a), 10a 200 nv(*) 300 (a) Circuit for Example 2-5 7 Mint Y2=201 aj te te 109 200 + + Rv 3023 ¥3= 301 (b) After labeling voltages across resistors Figure 2-13 Circuit for Example 2-5 before and after labeling voltages across the three resistors with polatites consistent with Ohm's la22 Kirchhoff’s Laws Solution: For the specified direction of I, we designate voltages Vj, V2, and V3 across the three resistors, as shown in Fig. 2-13(b). In each case, the positive polarity of the voltage ‘across a resistor is placed at the terminal at which the current enters the resistor, Starting at the negative terminal ofthe 12 V voltage source and moving clockwise around the loop, KVL gives 124M +Ve Vs =0. By Obm’s law, Vj = 10, V2 =20/, and Vs = 307. Hence, 12-4 107+ 201-4-307=0, which leads to 601 = 12, or Db Baoan, 0 KCL/KVL Solution Recipe # Use KCL, KVL, and Ohm's law to develop as many independent equations as the number of unknowns (N) (a) Write as many KVL loop equations as you can, picking up at least one additional circuit element for each loop. Let M be the number of such loop equations. Exclude loops that zo through current () Write (—Af) KCL equations, making sure each node picks up an additional current. ‘© Write the equations in standard form (see Eq, (B.2) in Appendix B), ‘© Cast the standard-form equations in matrix form, as in Eqs. (B.19) and (B.20) of Appendix B. ‘¢ Apply matrix inversion to compute the values of the citeuit unknowns (Appendix B), Example 2-6: Matrix Inversion of KVLIKCL. Equations For the circuit in Fig. 2-14(a): (a) identify all N unknown November 13,2014 _57 RR Ry R R31) (a) Original cireuit Kok BL eos ) Figure 2-14 Circuit for Example 2.6 branch currents and assign them preliminary directions, (b) develop M KVL loop equations through all possible (@ Given circuit 60 ee nf T= 6h hs a nag 42 b Node 1 }——ww+—*—__ w+ + Node 2 Be aa "tl teas hea Hy 303 K=3h ka Ly "yay iG) > (b) After assigning currents at nodes | and 2 Pa wp ma Rn . segey av nv ) > (6) After completing solution igure 2-15 Cireuit for Example 2-7. Equations (2. 15a), (2.15b), and (2.16) constitute 3 equations in 3 unknowns. We can solve for 1 to fy either by the substitution method or by matrix inversion (Appendix B). To apply the latte, we need to cast the three equations in standard form: 3h +6, 12, —6h+61; ho bob 36 0] fh 12 0-6 6] |h}=| 0 1-1-1] |b 0 Matrix inversion, as outlined in Appendix B, leads to In matrix form: N=-2A, b=-1A, B=-1A Hence, the true directions of the three currents are exactly ‘opposite those we supposed , and so are the polarities of the voltages across the resistors, Incorporating both the calculated ‘magnitudes and signs of /; to J; leads to the diagram shown, in Fig, 2-15(c). To calculate Vay, we start at node b and move clockwise towards node a in loop 1, while keeping track of voltage rises and drops. From node b to the (+) terminal of the 12 V source isa voltage rise of 12 V, from there to node 1 isa voltage rise of 6 V, and from node 1 to node b is a third voltage rise of 2 V. Hence Vay = 12-46+2=20V. Alternatively, we ean calculate Vay by moving from node b to node a counterclockwise through node 2. In that case Vp =24—4=209, which is identical wit the earlier result, Example 2-8: Circuit with Dependent Source ‘The circuit in Fig. 2-16 includes a current-dependent voltage source. Apply KVL and KCL to determine the amount of power consumed by the 12 © resistor Solution: We start by assigning currents fz and Js at node 1, and using those currents to designate the voltages across the