CHAPTER > 07

Structural
Organisation
in Animals
NEET KEY NOTES

Å In multicellular animals, a group of similar cells having the Å Epithelial tissue is broadly classified into two categories
same origin and performing a specific function form an n
Simple epithelium composed of single layer of cells,
organisation called tissue. which lines body cavities, ducts and tubes.
Å Cells, tissues, organs and organ system exhibit division of n
Compound epithelium composed of two or more layers
labour and contribute to the survival of an organism. of cell, which is protective in function.
Based on structural modifications, simple epithelium is
Animal Tissues
Å

further divided into the following types

The structure of cells vary according to their functions. n
Squamous epithelium is formed of single thin layer of
Therefore, animal tissues can be classified broadly as
flat cells with irregular boundaries. It forms diffusion
Animal Tissues boundaries in the air sacs of lungs and the walls of blood
vessels.
Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue
n
Cuboidal epithelium is composed of a single layer of
cube-like cells. It performs secretion and absorption in
Simple epithelium Loose connective tissue tubular portion of nephron and glandular ducts. The
Dense connective tissue cuboidal epithelium of Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Compound epithelium
Specialised connective tissue (PCT) of nephron in the kidney has microvilli.
Reticular connective tissue n
Columnar epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall
Pigmented connective tissue and slender cells with nuclei located at the base and
Mucoid connective tissue microvilli at the free surface and is called brush bordered
columnar epithelium. It helps in absorption and secretion
Muscular Tissue Neural / Nervous Tissue
in stomach and intestine.
Striated muscle n
Ciliated epithelium is derived from columnar or
Non-striated muscle
cuboidal cells which bear cilia on the free surface. Its
Cardiac muscle
function is to move particles or mucus in a specific
direction over the epithelium. It is found in the inner
Epithelial Tissue surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and Fallopian
Å It possesses free surface and its cells are compactly packed tubes.
with little intercellular matrix. It lines the body surfaces n
Glandular epithelium is formed by the modification of
facing lumen, cavities, ducts, etc. columnar or cuboidal cells, which become specialised for
 secretion. Cells are mainly of two types, unicellular (e.g. n
Adipose tissue located mainly beneath the skin and
goblet cells) and multicellular (e.g. salivary gland). Based is specialised to store fats.
on the mode of pouring of secretions, glands are either 2. Dense connective tissue contains compactly packed
exocrine (pour secretions into ducts) or endocrine fibres and fibroblasts. It also contain two sub-types
(ductless glands pour secretions directly into the fluid n
Dense regular tissue in which collagen fibres are
bathing glands).
found in rows between parallel bundles of fibres,
n
Pseudostratified epithelium It is one cell thick, yet it e.g. tendons (attach skeletal muscles to bones) and
appears to be multilayered. It is of two types, i.e. ligaments (attach one bone to another).
pseudostratified columnar epithelium (in the large ducts n
Dense irregular tissue in which collagen fibres and
of parotid glands) and pseudostratified columnar fibroblasts are oriented differently, e.g. in deeper
ciliated epithelium (in the large bronchi and trachea). skin layers and sclera of eyes.
Å Based on structural modifications, compound epithelium is 3. Specialised connective tissue comprises of cartilage,
of following types bones and blood.
n
Stratified squamous epithelium its cells in the deepest n
Cartilage Intercellular material is solid and pliable.
layer are columnar or cuboidal with oval nuclei. It is of The cells, chondrocytes are enclosed in small cavities.
two types, i.e. keratinised stratified squamous Cartilage is found in nose tip, outer ear joints and
epithelium (in skin epidermis) and non-keratinised between adjacent bones of vertebral column.
stratified squamous epithelium (in pharynx, vagina, n
Bones have a hard and non-pliable ground
etc.) substance, rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres.
n
Stratified cuboidal epithelium its outer cells are cuboidal The osteoblasts (bone forming cells), osteocytes
and basal cells are columnar. It lines the sweat gland (bone maintaining cells and osteoclasts (bone
ducts and large salivary ducts. cleaning cells) are found in lacunae. The Osteon or
n
Stratified columnar epithelium has columnar cells in Haversian system is the cylindrical functional unit
both superficial and basal layer. It lines mammary consisting of lamellae that surrounds the Haversian
glands, ducts and parts of urethra. canal. Bone marrow in some long bones is the site of
blood cell production.
n
Stratified ciliated columnar epithelium whose outer
layer has ciliated columnar cells and the basal layer
n
Blood is a fluid connective tissue, consisting of
consists of columnar cells. It lines the larynx and upper plasma, RBCs, WBCs and platelets. It is the main
part of the soft palate. circulating fluid which enables transport of various
substances.
n
Transitional epithelium appears stratified and consists of
fewer layers of less flattened surface cells with remarkable Muscle Tissue
flexibility. It is found in ureters, urinary bladder and
It is made up of fibres which are composed of myofibrils.
urethra.
The three types of muscles are
Å Epithelium cells are structurally and functionally linked
Å Skeletal muscles are striated in appearance, voluntary in
through cell junctions. The three types of cell junctions are
action and are closely attached to the skeletal bones.
n
Tight junctions stop leakage of substances across a tissue. Å Smooth muscles are non-striated, involuntary muscles,
n
Adhering junctions cement the neighbouring cells found in the wall of internal organs such as blood
together. vessels, stomach and intestine.
n
Gap junctions facilitate the cells to communicate by Å Cardiac muscles are contractile tissues present only in
connecting cytoplasm of adjoining cells. the heart. The cell junctions of cardiac muscle cells fuse
the plasma membrane and make them stick together.
Connective Tissue Intercalated discs act as the communication junctions
It is the most abundant tissue and it helps in binding or linking, allowing the cells to contract as a unit.
supporting and protecting other tissues in the body.
Å The three types of connective tissues are
Nervous/Neural Tissue
It exerts the greatest control over body’s response to
1. Loose connective tissue contains loosely arranged cells various stimuli. Neurons the basic unit of neural tissue, are
and fibres in a semi-fluid ground substance. It consists of excitable cells that show conductivity. There are also
two sub-types neuroglial cells that support the neurons structurally. Each
n
Areolar tissue contains fibroblast, macrophages and mast neuron consists of cyton (cell body), dendrites and axon
cells. It supports the epithelium and is present beneath (processes of neuron).
the skin.
Organ and Organ System
Å The basic tissues organise to form organs which then associate to form organ system in multicellular organisms.
Å Morphology (study of externally visible features) and anatomy (study of morphology of internal organs) of earthworm,
cockroach and frog are discussed below in brief.
Earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) Frog (Rana tigrina)
Colour Glistening reddish brown Brown/Black Olive green with dark irreugular spots
Body ˜
Metamerically segmented, first body ˜
Externally segmented into head, thorax ˜
Divisible into head and trunk (neck and
segment is peristomium and prostomium and abdomen. tail are absent).
overhangs upon it dorsally. ˜
Mouth parts consist of labrum (upper lip), ˜
Cold-blooded or Poikilothermous;
˜
Clitellum (glandular tissue) present in a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, a become metabolically inactive during
14th-16th segments, divides the body in labium (lower lip) and the hypopharynx. summer sleep (aestivation) and winter
3 regions, i.e. preclitellar, clitellar and ˜
Thorax consists of prothorax, mesothorax sleep (hibernation).
post-clitellar segments. and metathorax.
˜
Abdomen in both males and females
consists of 10 segments enclosed by four
sclerites, i.e. one dorsal tergum, one
ventral sternum and two lateral pleura.
˜
Chitinous exoskeleton covers the body.
Body wall ˜
4-layered (i.e. cuticle, epidermis, muscle ˜
3-layered (i.e. cuticle, hypodermis and ˜
Smooth moist and scaleless, 2-layered
layer and parietal or coelomic layer). basement membrane). (epidermis and dermis) skin.
Locomotion ˜
Rows of S-shaped setae found in each ˜
Two pairs of wings, mesothoracic and ˜
Four digits in forelimbs and five digits in
segment except at first, last and metathoracic, the latter help in flight. hindlimbs, help in swimming, walking,
clitellum, help in locomotion. leaping and burrowing.
Sexual ˜
Hermaphrodite, protandrous animal with ˜
Dioecious, 7th sternum of female is ˜
Dioecious, males possess vocal sacs, and
dimorphism cross-fertilisation. boat-shaped and together with 8th and 9th copulatory pad on the first digit of
sterna, forms a genital pouch, males forelimb.
possesses anal styles and absent in females.
Digestive ˜
Alimentary canal is complete. ˜
Alimentary canal is subdivided into ˜
Complete alimentary canal opens into
system foregut, midgut and hindgut. cloaca.
˜
Main grinding organ is the muscular
gizzard (8th-9th segments).
˜
Crop serves for food storage. ˜
The main digestive glands are liver and
˜
Typhosole (a median fold of dorsal wall)
˜
Gizzard contains 6 chitinous plates called pancreas.
in intestine increases absorptive surface teeth, which enable grinding of food
(26th segment onwards). particle.
˜
Hepatic caeca secrete digestive enzyme
1
and is present at the junction of foregut
2
3 Mouth and midgut.
4
5
Pharynx
˜
Calciferous glands present in the stomach,
6
7 neutralise the humic acid present in humus.
8 Pharynx
9
10 Salivary gland Heart Oesophagus
11 Oesophagus
12 Salivary
13 Gizzard reservoir
14
15 Stomach Gall
16 Oesophagus bladder Liver
17
18
19 Pre-typhlosolar Crop
20
21 part of intestine Lung
22 Gizzard Stomach
23 Fat bodies
24 Intestinal caecum
25 Hepatic caeca
26 Kidney
27
Lymph gland
28
Typhlosolar part Mesenteron Ureter
29
30 of intestine or Midgut Urinary
31 bladder
32 Malpighian
33 Intestinal lumen tubules Cloaca
34
Typhlosole IIeum Intestine
Cloacal aperture
Colon Rectum Rectum
Digestive system of earthworm Digestive system of cockroach Digestive system of frog
 Earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) Frog (Rana tigrina)
Respiratory ˜
Cutaneous (through moist skin) ˜
Tracheal (opening through 10 pairs of ˜
Cutaneous (skin), buccopharyngeal and
system spiracles). pulmonary (lungs).

Circulatory ˜
Closed with heart and valves, blood ˜
Open, with an open space, haemocoel ˜
Closed, with single circulation, well-
system glands present on the 4th-6th segments, containing haemolymph; pumping of heart developed hepatic and renal portal
phagocytic blood cells are present. is assisted by alary muscles. system.

Excretory Through nephridia ˜

Uricotelic, excretion through Malpighian ˜
Through well-developed excretory
system ˜
Septal nephridia (15th to last segment), tubules, fat body, nephrocytes and urecose system (kidneys, ureters, a urinary
enteronephric glands. bladder and cloaca).
˜
Integumentary nephridia (3rd to last
segment).
˜
Pharyngeal nephridia (4th to 6th
segment), enteronephric

Nervous ˜
Ganglia arranged segmentwise on ˜
Fused, segmentally arranged ganglia; ˜
Well-defined CNS, PNS and ANS.
system ventral paired nerve cord. three lie in the thorax and six in the ˜
Ten pairs of cranial nerves arising from
˜
Nerve cord bifurcates in the anterior abdomen. Ganglia joined by paired the brain; brain divided into forebrain,
region, laterally encircling the pharynx longitudinal connectives on the ventral midbrain and hindbrain.
and joins the cerebral ganglia dorsally to side.
form nerve ring.
Sense organs Three sensory receptors, i.e. ˜
Photoreceptors (light) in compound eye ˜
Tangoreceptors (touch)
˜
Epidermal (touch) containing ommatidia ˜
Gustatoreceptors
˜
Chemoreceptors (taste)
˜
Thigmoreceptors (touch) on antennae ˜
Olfactoreceptors
˜
Photoreceptors (light).
˜
Chemoreceptors (taste) in mouthparts ˜
Organs of vision and hearing
˜
Auditory receptors (sound). (tympanum).

Reproductive 1
2 Oviduct
system 3
4
5 Spermathecae
Testis
6 Ovary
Spermiducal Phallic gland
7 Small tubules Ova
funnels
Long tubules
8 Testis sac
Seminal vesicle
9 with testes Ureter
Vas deferens
10 Testes Ejaculatory duct
Right phallomere
11 Seminal Ventral phallomere
vesicles Anal cercus
12 Cloaca
Caudal style
Ovary
Left phallomere Pseudopenis Cloacal aperture
13
Titillator Urinary bladder
Ovarian
14 (a)
funnel Reproductive system of female frog
Clitellum

Reproductive system of male cockroach

15
Oviduct Vasa efferentia
16
Vasa Fat
17
Accessory glands

deferentia bodies
Testis
18 Kidney
Spermatheca

Ovary
Oviduct Adrenal
19
gland
Prostate Common oviduct
20 gland or Vagina
Urinogenital
Collaterial glands Rectum duct
Genital chamber Cloaca
Common prostatic Gonapophyses
and spermatic duct (b) Vestibulum Urinary Cloacal
bladder aperture
Reproductive system of earthworm Reproductive system of female cockroach Reproductive system of male frog
 Earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) Frog (Rana tigrina)
Testis and ˜
Two pairs of testis present in the 10-11th ˜
Paired testes on lateral sides in the ˜
Male reproductive system consists of a pair
ovaries segments; male genital pores on the 4th-6th abdominal segments. testes, vasa efferentia (which opens into
ventro-lateral side of the 18th segment. ˜
Ovaries lying laterally in the 2nd-6th Bidder’s canal), urinogenital duct and cloaca.
˜
One pair of ovaries at the segment. ˜
Female reproductive system consists of a pair
inter-segmental septum of the 12th and ˜
Accessory reproductive glands called of ovaries, oviduct and cloaca.
13th segments, female genital pore on mushroom glands in males in 6-7th
14th segment. abdominal segments.
˜
Four pairs of spermathecae are located in
6-9th segments.
Fertilisation ˜
External (in a cocoon) ˜
Internal (within genital pouch) ˜
External (in water)
Development ˜
Direct, i.e. without any larval stage. ˜
Paurometabolous, i.e. development ˜
Indirect (through metamorphosis of tadpole to
through nymphal stage inside the ootheca adult frog).
(egg case).
Economic ˜
Process of increasing fertility of soil by ˜
Considered as pests and transmit a variety ˜
Maintains ecological balance, i.e. serve as an
importance earthworms (vermicomposting) make the of bacterial diseases. important link of food chain and food web in
soil porous hence, earthworms are called the ecosystem.
‘Friends of Farmers’.

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Animal Tissues

1 Tissue is 5 Lining of body cavities, ducts and tubes are made up of

(a) a group of similar cells together with their intercellular (a) compound epithelium
substances, which perform a specific function (b) simple epithelium
(b) a single specialised cell with specified functions (c) cuboidal epithelium
(c) composed of a single layer of cuboidal cells (d) keratinised epithelium
(d) Both (a) and (c)
6 Which of the following is not a function of
2 In a tissue, the structure of cells varies according to epithelium?
their (a) Protection
(a) origin (b) function (b) Connection
(c) gene content (d) None of these (c) Secretion or Excretion
3 Which of the following tissues provide a covering (d) Absorption
layer for some of the body parts? 7 The cells of squamous epithelium are
(a) Connective tissue (b) Muscular tissue (a) multilayered and thick
(c) Epithelial tissue (d) Neural tissue (b) flat and thick
4 Which one of the following options is associated with (c) thin with rigid boundaries
epithelium? (d) flat with irregular boundaries
(a) Cells are compactly packed with little intercellular 8 The endothelium of blood vessels is made up of simple
matrix (a) cuboidal epithelium
(b) Cells are loosely packed with large intercellular matrix (b) squamous epithelium
(c) It is highly vascularised (c) columnar epithelium
(d) It is a supporting tissue (d) non-ciliated columnar epithelium
 9 The cavities of alveoli of human lungs are lined by 18 Categorisation of secretory glands can be done on the
(a) cuboidal epithelium basis of
(b) columnar epithelium (a) mode of pouring of their secretion
(c) stratified cuboidal epithelium (b) mode of breaking down of molecules
(d) squamous epithelium (c) mode of segregation of products
10 Choose the correctly matched pair. CBSE-AIPMT 2014 (d) None of the above
(a) Inner lining of salivary ducts – Ciliated epithelium 19 Which of the following secretions are released
(b) Moist surface of buccal cavity – Glandular epithelium through ducts in human body ?
(c) Tubular parts of nephrons – Cuboidal epithelium (a) Oil and milk (b) Mucus and ear wax
(d) Inner surface of bronchioles – Squamous epithelium (c) Digestive enzymes (d) All of these
11 Identify the given diagram of tissue performing the 20 In humans, compound squamous epithelium is found in
functions like secretion and absorption. AIIMS 2019 (a) stomach (b) intestine
(c) trachea (d) pharynx
21 Compound epithelium
(a) plays major role in secretion and absorption
(b) provides protection against chemical and mechanical
Cube-like cell
stresses
(c) covers only dry surface of skin
(a) Simple cuboidal epithelium (d) All of the above
(b) Simple columnar epithelium 22 Cell junctions are formed by
(c) Stratified cuboidal epithelium (a) epithelial tissue (b) connective tissue
(d) Stratified columnar epithelium (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) muscular tissue
12 The columnar epithelium in human body is found in 23 The function of adhering junction is to
(a) stomach (b) lungs (a) prevent leakage of substances across tissues
(c) kidney (d) Fallopian tube (b) connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
13 Which of the following epithelium types helps in the (c) diffuse small ions across tissues
secretion and absorption of nutrients? (d) cement the neighbouring cells together
(a) Cuboidal (b) Stratified squamous 24 The function of the gap junction is to NEET 2016
(c) Squamous (d) Columnar (a) perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells together
14 The type of tissue lining in the nasal passage and the (b) facilitate communication between adjoining cells by
bronchioles is connecting the cytoplasm for rapid transfer of ions,
(a) columnar ciliated epithelium small molecules and some large molecules
(b) cuboidal epithelium (c) separate two cells from each other
(c) neurosensory epithelium (d) stop substance from leaking across a tissue
(d) germinal epithelium 25 A, B and C in given figures and choose the correct
15 The ciliated epithelial cells are required to move combination of option.
particles or mucus in a specific direction. In humans,
these cells are mainly present in NEET 2019
(a) Fallopian tubes and pancreatic duct
(b) eustachian tube and salivary duct A B
(c) bronchioles and Fallopian tubes
(d) bile duct and bronchioles
16 The tissue, which forms the glands in humans is
(a) muscular tissue
(b) nervous tissue
(c) epithelial tissue C
(d) connective tissue
17 Goblet cells of alimentary canal are a type of (a) A–Ciliated columnar, B–Squamous, C–Cuboidal
(a) intercellular gland (b) multicellular gland (b) A–Cuboidal, B–Squamous, C–Ciliated columnar
(c) A–Squamous, B–Ciliated columnar, C–Cuboidal
(c) unicellular gland (d) None of these
(d) A–Ciliated columnar, B–Cuboidal, C–Squamous
26 Identify A, B and C in given figures and choose the Part A Part B Part C Part D
correct combination of options. (a) Macrophage Fibroblast Collagen Mast cell
fibres
(b) Mast cell Macrophage Fibroblast Collagen fibres
(c) Macrophage Collagen Fibroblast Mast cell
A fibres
(d) Mast cell Collagen Fibroblast Macrophage
B fibres

31 Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in animal

body is
(a) epithelium tissue (b) connective tissue
C (c) skeletal muscle tissue (d) smooth muscle tissue
32 Examples of specialised connective tissue is/are
(a) bone (b) cartilage (c) blood (d) All of these
(a) A–Unicellular gland, B–Multicellular glands,
C–Pseudocolumnar cells 33 Which of the following cells is/are contained in
(b) A–Multicellular gland, B–Unicellular glands, areolar connective tissue?
C–Squamous epithelium (a) Mast cells (b) Fibroblasts
(c) A–Unicellular gland, B–Multicellular glands, (c) Macrophages (d) All of these
C–Multilayered cells
34 Cells of areolar tissues that produce or secrete fibres
(d) A–Flattened cell, B–Multilayered cells,
C–Transitional epithelium
are called
(a) fibroblasts (b) mast cells
27 Which of the following tissues performs the function (c) macrophages (d) adipocytes
of linking and supporting other tissues of the body?
(a) Epithelial tissue (b) Muscular tissue
35 Adipose tissue is a type of
(c) Connective tissue (d) Nervous tissue (a) loose connective tissue
(b) dense connective tissue
28 Find the incorrect match between columns I and II. (c) specialised connective tissue
Column I Column II (d) None of the above
(a) Minimum regeneration power – Nervous tissue 36 Adipose tissue performs which of the following
(b) Keratinised epithelial tissue – Pharynx, vagina, functions?
urethra
(a) Producing fat (b) Dissolving fat
(c) Galea and lacinia are part of maxilla – Periplaneta (c) Storing fat (d) All of these
(d) Plasma cells – Produce antibodies
37 Identify A, B and C in the given diagram of adipose
29 Choose the correctly matched pair. CBSE-AIPMT 2014 tissue.
(a) Tendon – Specialised connective tissue (a) A–Cytoplasm, B–Nucleus,
(b) Adipose tissue – Dense connective tissue C–Cell wall
A
(c) Areolar tissue – Loose connective tissue (b) A–Fat storage area, B–Mast cell,
(d) Cartilage – Loose connective tissue C–Plasma membrane B
(c) A–Cell fluid, B–Collagen fibres,
30 Given below is the diagrammatic sketch of a certain C–Plasmalemma C
type of connective tissue. Identify the parts labelled (d) A–Fat storage area, B–Nucleus,
A, B, C and D and select the right option about them. C–Plasma membrane
CBSE-AIPMT 2012
38 Tendon is an example of which of the following
A connective tissue?
(a) Loose connective tissue
B (b) Dense connective tissue
(c) Specialised connective tissue
C (d) All of the above
39 Tendons help in connecting
(a) muscles to bones (b) bone to bone
(c) bone to cartilage (d) cartilage to muscle
D
40 Matrix secreting cells of cartilage are known as 48 Each muscle is made up of long, cylindrical fibres
(a) chondrocytes (b) osteoblasts arranged in parallel arrays. These fibres are composed
(c) fibroblasts (d) mast cells of numerous fine fibrils called
41 Which of the following type of connective tissues is (a) myofibrils (b) microfilament
present at the tip of human nose? (c) fibroblast (d) None of these
(a) Cartilage (b) Bone 49 Examine the following figures, identify A, B and C
(c) Adipose tissue (d) None of these and choose the correct option.
Smooth muscle
42 In the given diagram of TS of fibres
cartilage, identify A and B. Striations
Striations
(a) A–Collagen; B–Chondrocyte A
(b) A–Osteocyte; B–Collagen Nucleus
B
(c) A–Microtubule; B–Osteocyte Junction
(d) A–Chondrocyte; B–Collagen Nucleus between
adjacent
43 In humans, the cartilage cells
(a) contains solid and pliable intercellular material
(b) in vertebrate embryo gets replaced by bones in adults A B C
(c) is found in between the bones of vertebral coloumn (a) A–Skeletal muscle, B–Voluntary muscle, C–Cardiac
(d) All of the above muscle
44 Cells, which help in the formation of bones are called (b) A–Skeletal muscle, B–Smooth muscle, C–Cardiac
(a) chondroblasts (b) osteoblasts muscle
(c) A–Cardiac muscle, B–Skeletal muscle, C–Smooth
(c) osteoclasts (d) chondroclasts
muscle
45 In the given diagram of TS of bone, identify A, B, C (d) A–Smooth muscle, B–Cardiac muscle, C–Skeletal
and D. muscle
B 50 Skeletal muscles are found in
(a) heart (b) blood vessels
(c) biceps (d) intestine
D 51 Smooth muscles are NEET 2016
A (a) involuntary, fusiform, non-striated
(b) voluntary, multinucleate, cylindrical
(c) involuntary, cylindrical, striated
(d) voluntary, spindle-shaped, uninucleate
C 52 Which type of tissue correctly matches with its
(a) A–Haversian canal, B–Interstitial lamella, location? NEET 2016
C–Endosteum, D–Osteocytes Tissue Location
(b) A–Interstitial lamella, B–Haversian canal, (a) Areolar tissue Tendons
C–Osteocytes, D–Endosteum
(b) Transitional epithelium Tip of nose
(c) A–Haversian canal, B–Canaliculi, C–Periosteum,
D–Osteocytes (c) Cuboidal epithelium Lining of stomach
(d) A–Interstitial lamella, B–Endosteum, C–Canaliculi, (d) Smooth muscle Wall of intestine
D–Osteocytes
53 In the cardiac muscles,
46 Bone marrow of long bones is the sites of (a) cell junctions fuse the plasma membrane of adjacent
(a) production of WBCs cells
(b) production of RBCs (b) contraction of one cell does not affect the other cells
(c) production of blood cells (c) intercalated discs prevent the communication among
(d) breakdown of RBCs cardiac cells
(d) All of the above
47 Bones in human body perform all the listed functions
except 54 What is the function of neuroglial cells ?
(a) weight-bearing function (a) Formation of neurons
(b) destruction of worn-out blood cells (b) Destruction of neurons
(c) provide site for the attachment of skeletal muscles (c) Protection of neurons
(d) protect soft tissues and organs (d) Transmission of impulse along the neurons
164 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

TOPIC 2 ~ Earthworm
55 Earthworm lives in the burrows made by boring and 63 Which of the following intersegmental grooves
swallowing the soil to/for contains four pairs of spermathecal apertures on the
(a) uptake food (b) get moisture ventrolateral sides of the earthworm?
(c) procreation (d) avoid opponents (a) 4th-8 th (b) 5 th-9 th
56 Faecal deposits of earthworm are known as (c) 6 th-10 th (d) 7 th-11th
(a) organic matter (b) castings 64 In earthworm, a single female genital pore is present
(c) dung (d) manure in the midventral line of the segment number
57 The body of earthworm is divided into (a) 14th (b) 16 th
(a) 100-120 metamers (b) 150-200 metamers (c) 15th (d) 17th
(c) 250-300 metamers (d) 300-350 metamers 65 In earthworm, a pair of male genital pores is present
58 The ventral surface of the body of earthworm is on the ventrolateral side of the segment
distinguished by (a) 20 th (b) 19 th
(a) blood vessels (b) mouth (c) 18 th (d) 17 th
(c) genital pores (d) segment size 66 Numerous minute pores open on the surface of the
59 The dorsal surface of the earthworm's body is marked body of earthworm are called
by (a) setae (b) nephridiopores
(a) genital pores (b) mouth (c) spermatospore (d) None of these
(c) heart (d) blood vessel 67 Which of the following segments in the earthworm's
60 The first segment of earthworm's body, which body have no setae?
contains mouth is called (a) First (b) Last
(a) prostomium (b) peristomium (c) Clitellum (d) All of these
(c) coelom (d) protractor 68 The principal role of setae in earthworm is
61 In earthworm Pheretima, a prominent dark band of (a) respiration (b) excretion
glandular tissue (clitellum) is present in the segment (c) locomotion (d) assimilation
numbers 69 The body wall of the earthworm is covered by which
(a) 10, 11 and 12 (b) 13, 14 and 15 of the following layers (externally-internally)?
(c) 14, 15 and 16 (d) 15, 16 and 17 (a) Epidermis, cuticle, coelomic epithelium, longitudinal
62 Given below is the diagram of the ventral view of muscle, circular muscles
earthworm's body. Identify A-F and choose the (b) Cuticle, epidermis, circular muscles, coelomic
correct combination of options. epithelium, longitudinal muscles
(c) Non-cellular cuticle, epidermis, circular muscles,
A
longitudinal muscles, coelomic epithelium
E (d) Coelomic epithelium, epidermis, cuticle, circular
B
D C
muscles, longitudinal muscles
70 Which is the outermost layer in earthworm's body?
(a) Cuticle
F
(b) Epidermis
(c) Muscles
(d) Epithelium
71 Epidermis of the earthworm's body is made up of a
single layer of
(a) cuboidal epithelium
(a) A–Setae, B–Female genital aperture, C–Male genital
(b) columnar epithelium
aperture, D–Genital papillae, E–Clitellum, F–Anus
(c) squamous epithelium
(b) A–Anus, B–Setae, C–Male genital aperture, D–Female
genital aperture, E–Genital papillae, F–Clitellum (d) compound epithelium
(c) A–Setae, B–Male genital aperture, C–Female genital 72 In earthworms, secretory gland cells are present on
aperture, D–Genital papillae, E–Clitellum, F–Anus (a) epidermis (b) nephridiopores
(d) A–Nephridiopores, B–Setae, C–Nuclei, D–Metamers, (c) metamers (d) clitellum
E–Prostomium, F–Anus
73 Observe the following figure of alimentary canal of 77 The function of typhlosole in earthworm is
earthworm and identify A, B, C, D, E and F. (a) grinding soil particles (b) increasing absorptive area
(c) purifying blood (d) storing fats
1 78 On which segment of earthworm, a pair of short and
2 Mouth
3
4 conical caeca projects from the intestine?
5 A
6 (a) 28th (b) 30th (c) 20th (d) 26th
7
79 The blood vascular system of earthworm is
8
B (a) portal (b) closed
9
10
C (c) open (d) double circulatory
11
12 80 Blood vascular system of Pheretima consists of
13 D
(a) vessels, capillaries and heart
14
15 (b) nerves, veins and heart
16 (c) lymphs, heart and blood
17 Pre-typhlosolar
18 part of intestine (d) visceral organ, lymph and blood
19
20 81 Blood glands are present on which segments of the
21 earthworm?
22
23 E (a) 4th, 5th and 6th (b) 3rd, 4th and 5th
24
25
(c) 2nd, 3rd and 4th (d) 5th, 6th and 7th
26 82 Which of the following metalloproteins is found in
F
27
28 the blood of earthworm?
29 (a) Haemoglobin (b) Haemerythrin
30 Intestinal lumen
31 (c) Haemocyanin (d) Myoglobin
32
33 83 Blood cells of the earthworm are …… in nature.
34 (a) exocytotic (b) endocytotic
(c) phagocytotic (d) osmotic
The correct option is 84 Observe the given figure of closed circulatory system
(a) A–Oesophagus, B–Pharynx, C–Stomach, D–Gizzard, of earthworm and identify A, B, C and D.
E–Typhlosole, F–Intestine Lateral oesophageal
(b) A–Pharynx, B–Oesophagus, C–Gizzard, D–Stomach, A Lateral hearts hearts
E–Intestinal caecum, F–Lymph gland 14 15 16
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
(c) A–Gizzard, B–Pharynx, C–Oesophagus, D–Lymph 2 3 B
gland, E–Stomach, F–Typhlosole 1

(d) A–Typhlosole, B–Gizzard, C–Pharynx, D–Typhlosole,

E–Lymph gland, F–Stomach
C
74 Earthworm feeds upon
(a) small animals
Lateral oesophageal D Anterior loops
(b) small plants vessel
(c) organic matter and decaying leaves
(a) A–Ventral vessel, B–Subneural vessel, C–Commissural
(d) All of the above
vessel, D–Dorsal vessel
75 Gizzard in earthworm helps in (b) A–Subneural vessel, B–Ventral vessel, C–Dorsal
(a) emulsifying fat vessel, D–Commissural vessel
(b) releasing digestive juice (c) A–Dorsal vessel, B–Commissural vessel, C–Subneural
(c) crushing or grinding food vessel, D–Ventral vessel
(d) excretion of waste material (d) A–Commissural vessel, B–Dorsal vessel, C–Ventral
vessel, D–Subneural vessel
76 The main role of calciferous glands present in
85 Find out the pair in reference to the earthworm, which
stomach of earthworm is
is not correctly matched.
(a) secreting mucus
(b) breaking food particles (a) Clitellum — Secretes cocoon
(b) Blood plasma — Contains haemoglobin
(c) absorption of nutrients
(c) Blood glands — Filter blood
(d) neutralising the humic acid present in humus
(d) Typhlosole — Absorption
86 In which of the following segments of earthworm, (c) A–Ducts of pharyngeal nephridia, B–Tufts of
septal nephridia is present? pharyngeal nephridia, C–Integumentary nephridia,
D–Forests of integumentary nephridia, E–Septal
(a) 15-last (b) 8-15 (c) 18-last (d) 15-17
nephridia, F–Blood glands
87 Septal nephridia of earthworm open into the (d) A–Blood vessels, B–Blood gland, C–Septal nephridia,
(a) stomach (b) lining of body wall D–Dorsal nephridia, E–Pharyngeal nephridia,
(c) intestine (d) coelomic chamber F–Integumentary nephridia
88 Which of the following nephridia in earthworm 94 In earthworm, a nerve cord is
remains attached to the lining of the body wall of (a) single, spongy and posterior
segment 3 to the last? (b) paired, solid and ventral
(a) Integumentary (b) Pharyngeal (c) paired, hollow and dorsal
(c) Septal (d) Dorsal (d) single, solid and ventral
89 In earthworm, pharyngeal nephridia are present as 95 Which of the following segments in the body of
three paired tufts in the segments earthworms is the cerebral ganglion present?
(a) 3rd, 4th and 5th (b) 4th, 5th and 6th (a) 7th (b) 5th (c) 6th (d) 3rd
(c) 5th, 6th and 7th (d) 6th, 7th and 8th 96 In which part of the earthworm, sense organs are most
90 Which of the following organs regulates the volume concentrated?
and composition of the body fluids of earthworm? (a) Posterior part (b) Anterior part
(a) Stomach (b) Nephridia (c) Heart (d) Intestine (c) Middle part (d) None of these
91 In earthworm, nephridium collects the excess of fluid 97 Earthworm can distinguish the light intensities and
from the feel the vibration in the ground through
(a) septal chamber (b) nephridial chamber (a) eyes (b) mechanical receptor
(c) coelomic chamber (d) gizzard chamber (c) receptor cells (d) chemoreceptors
92 The waste collected by nephridium is poured into 98 How many pairs of testis are present in earthworm?
(a) anus (b) clitellum (a) Five (b) Two (c) Three (d) Four
(c) digestive tube (d) pharynx 99 In earthworm, the testes are present in the segments
93 Examine the given figure of nephridial system in (a) 10th-11th (b) 11th-12th
earthworm and identify A, B, C, D, E and F. (c) 12th-13th (d) 13th-14th
Mouth 100 Up to which body segment, vasa deferentia run after
Buccal cavity
being emerged from the testis of earthworm ?
A (a) 17th segement (b) 18th segement
Pharynx (c) 19th segement (d) 20th segement
F B 101 Which one of the following is the function of the
spermathecae in the earthworm?
(a) They receive eggs during copulation
(b) They receive and store spermatozoa during copulation
C (c) They help in the formation of sperms
(d) They receive spermatogonia for maturation
102 In female earthworms,
D (a) one pair of ovary is present
(b) ovary is attached at intersegmental septum of 8th-9th
E segment
(c) ovarian funnels are present instead of ovary
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(a) A–Tufts of pharyngeal nephridia, B–Forest of
integumentary nephridia, C–Septal nephridia, 103 In Pheretima, cocoon is produced by the gland cells of
D–Integumentary nephridia, E–Blood glands, F–Ducts (a) stomach (b) clitellum
of pharyngeal nephridia (c) prostate gland (d) spermatophores
(b) A–Forest of integumentary nephridia, B–Septal 104 Fertilisation and development in earthworms occur
nephridia, C–Integumentary nephridia, D–Blood within the
glands, E–Ducts of pharyngeal nephridia, F–Tufts of (a) spermathecae (b) cocoon
pharyngeal nephridia
(c) prostate gland (d) seminal vesicles
105 Go through the given figure of reproductive system of (a) A–Ovary, B–Spermathecae, C–Spermiducal funnels,
earthworm and label A-G. D–Prostate gland, E–Accessory gland, F– Ovarian
2
1 funnel, G– Seminal vesicles
3
5
4 (b) A–Spermathecae, B–Testes, C–Seminal vesicles,
6 D–Ovary, E–Ovarian funnel, F–Accessory gland,
7 A G–Prostate gland
8
(c) A–Ovarian funnel, B–Ovary, C–Spermathecae,
9 Testes sac with testes D–Seminal vesicles, E–Prostate gland, F–Spermiducal
10 B funnel, G–Accessory gland
11
12 C (d) A–Seminal vesicles, B–Ovarian funnel, C–Ovaries,
13 D
D–Accessory gland, E–Spermiducal funnel, F–Prostate
gland, G–Spermathecae
14 E
15 Vasa differentia 106 The process of increasing fertility of the soil by the
16 F earthworms is known as
17 Common prostatic (a) composting
18 and spermatic duct (b) vermicomposting
19 G (c) manuring
20 (d) green manuring

TOPIC 3 ~ Cockroach
107 Cockroaches are 114 A complete set of the mouthparts of the cockroach
(a) diurnal and carnivores (b) nocturnal and herbivores consists of
(c) diurnal and herbivores (d) nocturnal and omnivores (a) labrum and labium
108 The body of the cockroach is segmented and divisible (b) labium, labrum and tongue
into (c) labrum, mandibles, maxillae and labium
(a) head and tail (b) head and thorax (d) labrum, maxillae and labium
(c) head and abdomen (d) head, thorax and abdomen 115 Hypopharynx of the cockroach acts as
109 The entire body of the cockroach is covered by (a) mouth (b) lips
(a) skin (c) tongue (d) jaws
(b) shell 116 The given figure is related to the head region of
(c) hard chitinous exoskeleton cockroach. Identify A to F with the correct
(d) keratin combination of options.
110 In the exoskeleton of the cockroach, sclerites are
joined to each other by A
B
(a) ossicles (b) arthrodial membrane
(c) amino acids (d) chitin
111 The head of the cockroach shows great mobility in all
C
the directions due to
(a) flexible neck (b) absence of neck F
(c) small size of head (d) arthrodial membrane E

112 The head capsule of the cockroach bears D

(a) no eyes (b) one eye (a) A–Maxilla, B–Compound eye, C–Ocellus, D–Labrum,
(c) two eyes (d) many eyes E–Labium, F–Mandible
113 The mouthparts of a cockroach are said to be (b) A–Ocellus, B–Compound eye, C–Maxilla, D–Labium,
(a) absorbing type E–Labrum, F–Mandible
(b) biting and absorbing type (c) A–Ocellus, B–Compound eye, C–Maxilla, D–Labrum,
E–Labium, F–Mandible
(c) biting and chewing type
(d) A–Mandible, B–Compound eye, C–Maxilla,
(d) biting and sucking type D–Ocellus, E–Labrum, F–Labium
117 Identify A, B, C, D and E in the given figure related 121 The number of abdominal segments in male and
with mouthparts of the cockroach. famale cockroach is
(a) 9 and 10, respectively (b) 10 and 9, respectively
(c) 10 in both (d) 9 in both
122 The given figure represents posterior region of male
cockroach. Identify the parts labelled as A, B, C
A B C and D.

A
B
C
D

A B C D
(a) 9th sternum Anal style 10th tergum Anal cercus
(b) Anal style Anal cercus 10th tergum 9th sternum
D E
(c) 9th sternum Anal cercus 10th tergum Anal style
(a) A–Mandible, B–Labium, C–Labrum, D–Maxilla, (d) 9th sternum Anal style 10th tergum Anal cercus
E–Hypopharynx
(b) A–Labium, B–Labrum, C–Mandible, D–Hypopharynx, 123 In female cockroach, shape of the 7th sternum is
E–Maxilla (a) oval (b) circular
(c) A–Labrum, B–Mandible, C–Hypopharynx, D–Maxilla, (c) boat-shaped (d) spiral
E–Labium
(d) A–Hypopharynx, B–Maxilla, C–Labium, D–Labrum, 124 In female cockroach, the 7th sternum together with
E–Mandible the 8th and 9th sterna forms a
(a) collaterial gland (b) gonopore
118 Observe the following figure of leg of a cockroach
(c) genital pouch (d) anal cerci
and identify A, B, C, D and E.
125 In female cockroach, anterior part of the genital
D E pouch contains
(a) gonopore (b) spermathecal pores
A (c) collaterial glands (d) All of these
B 126 In both the sexes of cockroaches, the 10th segment
bears a pair of jointed filamentous structure called
(a) anal style (b) anal cerci
C
(c) gonapophysis (d) spermathecal pores
127 Which of the following features is used to identify a
A B C D E male cockroach from a female cockroach ? NEET 2018
(a) Forewings with darker tegmina
(a) Femur Tibia Trochenter Torsus Coxa
(b) Presence of caudal styles
(b) Coxa Femur Trochenter Torsus Tibia (c) Presence of a boat-shaped sternum on the 9th
(c) Trochenter Tibia Torsus Coxa Femur abdominal segment
(d) Tibia Femur Trochenter Torsus Coxa (d) Presence of anal cerci
128 Which of the following parts of the alimentary canal
119 The first and second pair of wings in cockroach arises of cockroach is used for storing food?
from (a) Crop (b) Gastric caeca
(a) prothorax and mesothorax, respectively (c) Gizzard (d) Oesophagus
(b) mesothorax and metathorax, respectively
129 In the digestive system of cockroach, gastric caeca is
(c) metathorax and mesothorax, respectively
present at the junction of
(d) mesothorax and prothorax, respectively
(a) midgut and hindgut
120 Forewings of the cockroach are known as (b) hindgut and foregut
(a) tegmina (b) spiracles (c) foregut and mouth
(c) tergia (d) coxa (d) foregut and midgut
130 Given below is the figure of alimentary canal of 134 Given below is the figure of open circulatory system
cockroach. Identify A to E and choose the correct of cockroach. Identify A, B, C and choose the correct
combination of A to E. option.
Pharynx B
A C
A
Salivary reservoir
Oesophagus

C
Hepatic caeca (a) A–Lateral aorta, B–Ciliary muscles, C–Chambers of
heart
Mesenteron or midgut (b) A–Internal aorta, B–Alary muscles, C–Chambers of
heart
D
(c) A–Anterior aorta, B–Alary muscles, C–Chambers of
Rectum heart
E
(d) A–Posterior aorta, B–Fibrous muscles, C–Chambers of
Colon heart
(a) A–Salivary gland, B–Gizzard, C–Crop, D–Villi, 135 Blood of a cockroach contains
E–Caecum (a) plasma and haemocytes
(b) A–Salivary gland, B–Crop, C–Gizzard, D–Malpighian (b) erythrocytes and plasma
tubules, E–Ileum (c) erythrocytes and platelets
(c) A–Salivary gland, B–Gizzard, C–Malpighian tubule, (d) All of the above
D–Cilia, E–Ileum
(d) A–Salivary gland, B–Crop, C–Malpighian tubule,
136 The respiratory system of the cockroach consists of
D–Gizzard, E–Ileum (a) a pair of lungs
(b) a pair of bronchioles
131 Select the correct sequence of organs in the
(c) a network of trachea
alimentary canal of cockroach starting from mouth (d) a network of alveoli
NEET 2019
(a) Pharynx → Oesophagus → Gizzard → Crop → Ileum 137 The number of spiracles present in cockroaches are
→ Colon → Rectum (a) 9 pairs (b) 10 pairs
(b) Pharynx → Oesophagus → Gizzard → Ileum → Crop (c) 12 pairs (d) 14 pairs
→ Colon → Rectum 138 Exchange of gases takes place in cockroaches by the
(c) Pharynx → Oesophagus → Ileum → Crop → Gizzard process of
→ Colon → Rectum (a) diffusion (b) osmosis
(d) Pharynx → Oesophagus → Crop → Gizzard → Ileum (c) expiration (d) None of these
→ Colon → Rectum
139 Malpighian tubules in the cockroach are lined by
132 Thin Malpighian tubules in cockroach are present at
(a) glandular and ciliated cells
the junction of
(b) cuboidal and ciliated cells
(a) foregut and midgut
(c) columnar and glandular cells
(b) midgut and hindgut (d) glandular and cuboidal cells
(c) foregut and hindgut
140 In addition to the Malpighian tubules, excretion of
(d) midgut and gizzard
waste products in cockroach occurs by
133 Which of the following parts of the cockroach helps (a) fat bodies (b) nephrocytes
in the removal of excretory products from the (c) urecose glands (d) All of these
haemolymph? 141 The body cells in cockroach discharge their
(a) Rectum
nitrogenous waste in the haemolymph mainly in the
(b) Malpighian tubules
form of CBSE-AIPMT 2015
(c) Ileum
(a) ammonia (b) potassium urate
(d) Cloaca
(c) urea (d) calcium carbonate
142 In the head region of the cockroach, brain is 152 In a cockroach, spermatheca is present in the
represented by (a) 7th segment (b) 6th segment
(a) supraoesophageal ganglion (c) 5th segment (d) 4th segment
(b) ganglia 153 Characteristic of female cockroach is AIIMS 2019
(c) nerve cord (a) presence of anal style
(d) sub-oesophageal ganglion (b) each ovary is made up of ‘6’ ovarioles
143 Which of the following is a sense organ pair in (c) one pair of spermatheca present in the 6th segment and
cockroach? open in genital chamber
(a) Antennae and eyes (d) genital pouch is made up of 9th, 10th tergum and 9th
(b) Maxillary palp and labial palps sternum
(c) Antennae and anal cerci 154 In cockroach, fertilised eggs are stored in
(d) All of the above (a) oothecae (b) cocoon
(c) genital pouch of female (d) gonapophysis
144 The position of compound eyes of cockroaches with
respect to head is 155 How many fertilised eggs are present in the oothecae
(a) dorsal (b) ventral of cockroach?
(c) lateral (d) dorso-lateral (a) 14 - 16 (b) 19 - 24
(c) 20 - 25 (d) 25 - 30
145 The compound eyes of cockroaches consist of about
(a) 200 hexagonal ommatidia 156 The development of Periplaneta americana is
(b) 2000 hexagonal ommatidia (a) holometabolous
(c) 20 hexagonal ommatidia (b) paurometabolous
(d) 20000 hexagonal ommatidia (c) ametabolous
(d) hemimetabolous
146 The vision of cockroach is
(a) more sensitive with less resolution 157 The number of moultings in which the nymphs of
(b) very poor during night cockroaches reach the adult form is
(c) less sensitive with high resolution (a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 13
(d) high resolution during night 158 What external changes are visible after the last moult
147 Mushroom glands are of a cockroach nymph? NEET 2013
(a) accessory glands in 6-7th abdominal segments of male (a) Mandibles become harder
cockroach (b) Anal cerci develop
(b) helpful in storing sperms (c) Both forewings and hindwings develop
(c) glands which secrete chemicals to make egg capsules, (d) Labium develops
i.e. oothecae 159 Identify A to E in the given diagram of female
(d) non-functional glands in 8-9th segments of female reproductive system of cockroach.
cockroach
148 The external genitalia of cockroach is
(a) gonapophysis
(b) pseudopenis
(c) spermatophore Ovary
(d) rudimentary penis Oviduct
D
149 In male cockroaches, sperms are stored in which part Common oviduct
of the reproductive system? NEET 2016 or Vagina
(a) Seminal vesicles (b) Mushroom glands A
(c) Testes (d) Vas deferens E B
C
150 The female reproductive system of the cockroach
(a) A–Collaterial glands, B–Vestibulum, C–Genital
consists of
chamber D–Spermatheca, E–Gonapophysis
(a) two large ovaries (b) three large ovaries
(b) A–Vestibulum, B–Collaterial gland, C–Gonapophysis,
(c) one large ovary (d) four large ovaries D–Spermatheca, E–Genital chamber
151 In the female reproductive system of cockroach, (c) A–Collaterial gland, B–Genital chamber,
ovaries are located in which of the following C–Vestibulum, D–Spermatheca E–Gonapophysis
abdominal segments? (d) A–Genital chamber, B–Spermatheca, C–Collaterial
(a) 2nd-6th (b) 4th-8th (c) 6th-12th (d) 1st-2nd gland, D–Gonapophysis, E–Vestibulum
CHAPTER 07 > Structural Organisation in Animals 171

TOPIC 4~ Frog
160 Rana tigrina displays all of the following habits except 170 Given below is the diagram of internal organs of frog.
(a) camouflage (b) aestivation Identify A to F.
(c) hibernation (d) endothermy
Heart Oesophagus
161 The frogs have the ability to change its colour to hide
them from their enemies. This protective colouration Liver
is called A
(a) hibernation (b) aestivation
B
(c) mimicry (d) camouflage Stomach
C
162 The skin of frog is slippery and smooth due to the
presence of D
(a) mucus (b) gelatin
Ureter Intestine
(c) waxy skin (d) mucilage
163 Body of a frog is divisible into F E
(a) head and trunk (b) head, neck and trunk Cloaca
(c) trunk and tail (d) head, neck, trunk and tail
Cloacal aperture
164 The forelimbs and hindlimbs of frogs are
(a) four digits (a) A–Gall bladder, B–Lungs, C–Testis, D–Kidney,
E–Urethra, F–Urinary bladder
(b) five digits
(b) A–Gall bladder, B–Lungs, C–Fat bodies, D–Kidney,
(c) four and five digits, respectively
E–Rectum, F–Urinary bladder
(d) five and four digits, respectively
(c) A–Gall bladder, B–Lungs, C–Ovary, D–Kidney,
165 Male frog can be distinguished from female frog by E–Ileum, F–Urinary bladder
the presence of (d) A–Gall bladder, B–Lungs, C–Fat bodies, D–Kidney,
(a) vocal sacs and copulatory pad on the first digit of the E–Colon, F–Urinary bladder
forelimb 171 The respiration by lungs in frog is called
(b) a neck and tail is absent
(a) pulmonary respiration (b) pericardial respiration
(c) the hindlimb ends in the five digits
(c) alveolar respiration (d) None of these
(d) eyes are bulged and covered by the nictitating membrane
172 During aestivation and hibernation in frogs, gaseous
166 The alimentary canal of frog is short because frogs exchange takes place through
are (a) skin (b) nose (c) lungs (d) scales
(a) herbivores (b) carnivores
(c) omnivores (d) heterotrophs 173 The vascular system of the frog is
(a) open type (b) closed type
167 In frog, excess of the bile juice secreted by the liver is
(c) double circulatory (d) portal
stored in
(a) intestine (b) pancreas 174 The blood vascular system of the frog consists of
(c) gall bladder (d) rectum (a) heart, blood vessels and blood without haemoglobin
(b) blood vessels, capillaries and neurogenic heart
168 In frog, for the digestion of food, walls of the stomach
(c) haemolymph, blood vessels and heart
secrete (d) arteries, veins, capillaries, heart and blood containing
(a) pepsin and renin RBCs and WBCs
(b) amylase and tryptophanase
175 Three-chambered heart of the frog contains
(c) HCl and gastric juices
(a) two ventricles and one atrium
(d) HCl and pepsin (b) two atria and one ventricle
169 In frogs, digested food is absorbed by (c) one auricle and two ventricles
(a) villi and microvilli in intestine (d) one auricle, one ventricle and one atrium
(b) villi in cloaca 176 Heart of the frog is covered by a membrane called
(c) microvilli in cloaca (a) pericardium (b) plasma membrane
(d) villi and microvilli in stomach and intestine (c) pleuromembrane (d) duramater
177 The lymph of frog lacks 189 In frogs, sensory papillae, taste buds and nasal
(a) plasma proteins only (b) WBCs and RBCs epithelium are ……, while eyes and internal ears are
(c) RBCs and few proteins (d) RBCs, WBCs and proteins well-organised structures.
178 In male frog, ureters act as (a) cellular aggregations around muscular tissue
(a) urinogenital ducts (b) cloaca (b) cellular aggregations around nerve endings
(c) urinary bladder (d) genital ducts (c) cellular aggregations around fatty tissue
(d) cellular aggregations around heart
179 Which of the following is the structural and
functional unit of kidney in the frog? 190 The number of vasa efferentia that arises from testes
(a) Ureters (b) Cloaca
in frog’s male reproductive system is
(a) 9 - 12
(c) Nephrons (d) Bidder’s canal
(b) 10 - 12
180 In frogs, cloaca is an opening of (c) 13 - 16
(a) excretory ducts (b) reproductive ducts (d) 16 - 19
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
191 In male frogs, cloaca is a small median chamber that
181 The frog is a/an is used to pass
(a) ureotelic animal (b) ammonotelic animal
(a) sperms
(c) uricotelic animal (d) None of these
(b) urine
182 Excretory system of the frog consists of (c) faecal matter
(a) pair of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, cloaca (d) All of the above
(b) single kidney, urinary bladder and cloaca
192 Select the correct route for the passage of sperms in
(c) kidney and cloaca
male frogs. NEET 2017
(d) urethra and cloaca
(a) Testes → Bidder’s canal → Kidney → Vasa efferentia
183 The system for control and coordination in frogs → Urinogenital duct → Cloaca
comprises (b) Testes → Vasa efferentia → Kidney → Seminal vesicle
(a) highly evolved neural system and endocrine glands → Urinogenital duct → Cloaca
(b) highly evolved exocrine glands and least developed
(c) Testes → Vasa efferentia → Bidder’s canal → Ureter
nervous system
→ Cloaca
(c) least developed endocrine system and nervous system
(d) endocrine and exocrine glands (d) Testes → Vasa efferentia → Kidney → Bidder’s canal
→ Urinogenital duct → Cloaca
184 The number of pairs of cranial nerves arising from the
brain of frog is 193 Identify A, B, C and D in the given figure of male
(a) 10 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 7 reproductive system of frog.
185 The forebrain of frog consists of A
(a) optic and olfactory lobes
D
(b) paired diencephalon
(c) olfactory lobes and unpaired diencephalon B
(d) Both (a) and (b) E
186 The midbrain of the frog is characterised by a pair of
C
(a) cerebral hemisphere (b) cerebellum
(c) optic lobes (d) olfactory lobes Urinogenital duct

187 Hindbrain of a frog consists of Rectum

(a) cerebellum and medulla oblongata Cloaca
(b) olfactory lobes and cerebral hemispheres Urinary bladder Cloacal aperture
(c) a pair of optic lobes
(d) cerebrum and cranium
(a) A–Fat bodies, B–Testis, C–Ureters, D–Vasa efferentia,
188 Find out the pair in reference to the frog which is not E–Kidney
correctly matched. (b) A–Nephrons, B–Testis, C–Ureters, D–Villi, E–Kidney
(a) Hearing – Tympanum with external ears (c) A–Vasa efferentia, B–Testis, C–Adrenal gland, D–Fat
(b) Touch – Sensory papillae bodies, E–Kidney
(c) Smell – Nasal epithelium (d) A–Mesorchium, B–Testis, C–Adrenal gland, D–Fat
(d) Vision – Simple eyes bodies, E–Kidney
194 Observe the following figure of female reproductive (a) A–Urinary duct, B–Ova, C–Ovary,
system of earthworm and identify A to D. D–Cloaca, E–Urethra
(b) A–Oviduct, B–Ovary, C–Ova, D–Cloaca, E–Urinary
A bladder
(c) A–Oviduct, B–Ovary, C–Ova, D–Rectum, E–Adrenal
B gland
C (d) A–Urinogenital duct, B–Ovary, C–Ovum, D–Coelom,
E–Urethra
Ureter 195 In female frogs,
(a) ovaries are absent
(b) ovaries are functionally connected with kidneys
D
(c) ovaries are not connected with kidney functionally
Cloacal aperture
E (d) ovaries and oviducts are rudimentary

NEET
SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS
I. Assertion and Reason 201 Assertion (A) Earthworm moves by crawling.
Direction (Q. No. 196-208) In each of the following Reason (R) Crawling in earthworm occurs by the
questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed muscular contraction and extension of the body.
by corresponding statement of Reason (R).
202 Assertion (A) Earthworms are known as ‘friends of
Of the statements, mark the correct answer as
farmers’.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A. Reason (R) These help in increasing soil fertility by
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct the process of vermicomposting.
explanation of A. 203 Assertion (A) Respiratory gaseous exchange in
(c) If A is true, but R is false. earthworm occurs through the moist body surfaces
(d) If A is false, but R is true. into their bloodstream.
196 Assertion (A) Columnar epithelium is also known as Reason (R) Earthworms lack specialised breathing
glandular epithelium. structures.
Reason (R) Cells of columnar epithelium form the 204 Assertion (A) Blood of the earthworm is red in colour.
lining of the stomach. Reason (R) Earthworm contains haemoglobin
197 Assertion (A) Compound epithelium plays major role dissolved in the plasma.
in absorption, secretion and excretion. 205 Assertion (A) Earthworm is a hermaphrodite.
Reason (R) Compound epithelium is not found in the Reason (R) Hermaphroditism compensates for the
stomach lining. lack of asexual reproduction by increasing the rate of
198 Assertion (A) Bone is the hardest tissue of the body. multiplication.
Reason (R) Hardness of the bone is due to the 206 Assertion (A) If the head of a cockroach is cut off, it
calcification of its matrix. will remain alive for as long as one week.
199 Assertion (A) Adipose tissues are specialised to store Reason (R) The head of cockroach holds only a bit of
fats. nervous system.
Reason (R) The extra nutrients, which are not used 207 Assertion (A) In frog’s vascular system, the
immediately by the body get converted into fats. composition of lymph is same as that of the blood.
200 Assertion (A) Cardiac muscle tissue is a contractile Reason (R) In frog, lymph lacks RBCs and few
tissue present only in heart. proteins.
Reason (R) Cardiac muscle tissue provides rhythmic 208 Assertion (A) Frogs have webbed feets.
contraction to the heart. Reason (R) Degree of webbing is directly proportional
to the amount of time they spend in water.
 (b) A mushroom-shaped glands is present in the 6th-7th
II. Statement Based Questions abdominal segments of male cockroach
209 Which of the following statements is incorrect about (c) A pair of spermatheca is present in the 6th segments of
squamous epithelium? female cockroach
(a) It consists of a single thin layer of flattened cells with (d) Female cockroach possesses sixteen ovarioles in the
irregular boundaries ovaries
(b) It is present on secretory and absorptive surfaces 216 Which of the following statements is incorrect about
(c) It is found on the walls of the kidney Periplaneta americana?
(d) It is involved in many functions like forming a diffusion (a) They are nocturnal omnivores that live in the damp
boundary
places
210 Which of the following statements is incorrect with (b) Its body is segmented and divisible in two regions, i.e.
reference to the columnar epithelium? head and abdomen
(a) It is composed of single layer of tall and slender cells (c) Antennae have sensory receptor to monitor the
(b) Nucleus of the cell is located at its base environment
(c) Free surface may have microvilli (d) Head can move in all directions due to the presence of
(d) It is commonly found in kidneys of mammals movable neck
211 Which of the following statements is incorrect? 217 Which of the following statements are incorrect
(a) Cells are compactly packed in the epithelial tissues with regarding ciliated epithelium?
little intercellular matrix I. Cells possess cilia on their free surface.
(b) The cells secrete fibres of structural protein in all the II. They bear microvilli at the free ends to increase surface
connective tissues
area of the organ.
(c) Neuroglia is made up of more than one half the volume
of neural tissue in our body III. Mucus spreads over the epithelium as a thin layer.
(d) Muscles are made up of fibres IV. It is found only in the lining of the small intestine.
(a) I and III (b) I and II (c) II and IV (d) III and IV
212 Which of the following statements is incorrect with
reference to earthworm? 218 Choose the incorrect statements about skeletal
(a) Nephridia are segmentally arranged coiled tubule muscles.
(b) Nephridia regulate the volume and composition of the I. Tissues are closely attached to bones.
body fluids II. A sheath of tough connective tissue encloses several
(c) There are three types of nephridia found in the bundles of muscle fibres.
earthworm III. These are involuntary in their action.
(d) Pharyngeal nephridia are present as three paired tufts in
the 3rd, 5th and 6th segments IV. These are present in the blood vessels.
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) III and IV (d) I and IV
213 Which of the following statements is incorrect
regarding cockroach (Periplaneta americana)? 219 Which of the following statements(s) is/are incorrect
(a) Cockroaches belong to the phylum– Arthropoda
with reference to the blood vascular system of the
(b) Cockroaches are nocturnal animals earthworm?
(c) Cockroaches are carnivorous animals I. Blood vascular system is of open type.
(d) Cockroaches have long antenna and legs II. Smaller blood vessels supply the gut , nerve cord and
214 Select the correct statement from the given below the body wall.
with respect to Periplaneta americana. III. Blood glands are present on 6th, 7th and 8th segments.
CBSE-AIPMT 2012 IV. Blood cells are phagocytotic in nature.
(a) Nervous system located dorsally, consists of (a) Only I (b) I and IV
segmentally arranged ganglia joined by a pair of (c) I and III (d) II and III
longitudinal connectives
220 Consider the following statements.
(b) Males bear a pair of short thread-like anal styles
(c) There are 16 very long Malpighian tubules present at the
I. The thorax of cockroach contains 6 ganglia, while
junctions of midgut and hindgut abdomen contains 3 ganglia.
(d) Grinding of food is carried out only by the mouth parts II. The next to last nymphal stage of cockroach possess
wings.
215 Which of the following statements is incorrect ?
Select the correct option.
NEET (Odisha) 2019
(a) I is true, II is false (b) I is false, II is true
(a) Cockroaches exhibit mosaic vision with less sensitivity
and more resolution (c) Both I and II are true (d) Both I and II are false
221 Consider the following statements. 226 Read the given statements about blood vascular
I. The RBCs, WBCs and platelets are nucleated in frogs. system of cockroach.
II. In frogs, there is a special venous connection between I. Circulatory system of cockroach is of closed type.
liver and intestine called hepatic portal system. II. There are 12 pairs of alary muscles connected to heart.
Select the correct option. III. Heart is 6-chambered, lies along mid-dorsal line of
(a) I is true, II is false (b) Both I and II are true thorax and abdomen.
(c) I is false, II is true (d) Both I and II are false IV. The haemolymph is composed of colourless plasma
222 Given below are the statements depicting functions of and haemocytes.
different parts of the alimentary canal of cockroach. Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
Correlate these functions with their respective organs. incorrect?
I. Grinding of food particles. (a) Only I (b) I, II, and III
II. Secretion of digestive juices. (c) I and III (d) Only IV
III. Clearing of haemolymph. 227 Consider the following statements.
The correct set of organs is I. Malpighian tubules help in the removal of excretory
(a) I. Malpighian tubule II. Proventriculus products from the haemolymph in cockroach.
III. Hepatic caeca II. Female cockroach bears mushroom glands, while male
(b) I. Gizzard II. Gastric caeca cockroach bears collaterial glands.
III. Malpighian tubule Select the correct option.
(c) I. Gastric caeca II. Gizzard (a) Both I and II are true
III. Malpighian tubule (b) I is true, II is false
(d) I. Gizzard II. Crop (c) Both I and II are false
III. Malpighian tubule (d) I is false, II is true
223 Consider the following statements. 228 Which of the following statements are correct in
I. External ears are absent in frog, only tympanum with reference with the frog?
internal ears aids in hearing . I. Eyes are bulged and covered by nictitating
II. The eyes of frog possess single unit hence, are simple. membrane.
Select the correct option. II. Membranous tympanum receives the sound signals.
(a) Both I and II are true (b) I is true, II is false III. The frog never drinks water.
(c) Both I and II are false (d) I is false, II is true IV. Heart possesses sinus venosus.
224 Consider the following statements about the hind (a) I and II (b) III and IV
wings of cockroach. (c) I and IV (d) I, II, III and IV
I. They are broad and thin. 229 Consider the following statements about frog.
II. They are not used in flying. I. Skin acts as a respiratory organ only in water.
III. They are also known as mesothoracic wings. II. Development is indirect through tadpole larva.
IV. They are transparent and delicate. III. Bidder canal is present in kidneys into which vasa
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are incorrect? efferentia opens in male frog.
(a) Only I (b) II and III IV. They possess well- developed renal portal system.
(c) I and IV (d) I,II, III and IV Which of the statements given above is/are incorrect?
225 Read the given statements in reference to the (a) Only I (b) I and III
digestive system of cockroach. (c) I, II, and III (d) II and IV
I. Except foregut entire alimentary canal is lined by 230 Frog's heart when taken out of the body continues to
cuticle. beat for some time.
II. Oesophagus opens into a sac-like structure called crop. Select the option containing the correct statements.
III. The hindgut is broader than midgut. I. Frog is not a poikilotherm.
IV. The gizzard possesses 6 cuticular teeth. II. Frog does not have any coronary circulation.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are III. Heart is ‘myogenic’ in nature.
incorrect? IV. Heart is autoexcitable.
(a) I and IV (b) II and III (a) Only III (b) Only IV
(c) III and IV (d) Only I (c) I and II (d) III and IV
231 Consider the following statements. 235 Match the following columns.
I. All connective tissues except blood contain cells Column I Column II
which secrete fibres of collagen or elastin. (Connective tissues) (Location)
II. The matrix of connective tissues in formed by the A. Smooth muscles 1. Biceps
modified polysaccharides. B. Cardiac muscles 2. Gall bladder
Select the correct option. C. Skeletal muscles 3. Osseous tissue
(a) I is true, II is false
D. Bones 4. Myocardium
(b) I is false, II is true
(c) Both I and II are true Codes
(d) Both I and II are false A B C D A B C D
232 Consider the following statements. (a) 2 4 1 3 (b) 3 4 2 1
(c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 4 3 2 1
I. The prostomium is the first body segment in
earthworm and it is sensory in function. 236 Match the following columns with reference to
II. Earthworm possesses two pairs of accessory glands, earthworm.
one pair each in 17th and 19th segments. Column I Column II
Select the correct option. (Body parts of earthworm) (Position in the body)
(a) I is true, II is false A. Buccal cavity 1. 9th-14th segments
(b) I is false, II is true B. Oesophagus 2. 8th-9th segments
(c) Both I and II are true
C. Gizzard 3. 5th-7th segments
(d) Both I and II are false
D. Stomach 4. 1st-3th segments
III. Matching Type Questions Codes
233 Match the following columns. A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 1 2 3 4
Column I Column II (c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 1 3 2 4
(Tissues) (Location)
237 Match the following columns.
A. Squamous epithelium 1. Presents in bronchioles
B. Cuboidal epithelium 2. Presents in lungs Column I Column II
(Body parts of earthworm) (Location)
C. Columnar epithelium 3. Presents in stomach
A. Clitellar region 1. Intestine
D. Ciliated epithelium 4. Presents in kidneys
B. Septal nephridia 2. Ectodermal
Codes
C. Origin of nephridia 3. 13 segments
A B C D
D. Dorsal blood vessel 4. Forest of nephridia
(a) 2 4 3 1
(b) 4 3 2 1 Codes
(c) 3 2 1 4 A B C D A B C D
(d) 1 2 3 4 (a) 4 1 2 3 (b) 1 2 3 4
234 Match the following columns. (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 3 2 1 4
Column I Column II 238 Match the following columns.
(Tissues) (Composition)
Column I
Column II
A. Areolar tissue 1. Fat cells (Parts of reproductive system of
(Respective segments)
earthworm)
B. Adipose tissue 2. Osteocytes
A. Testes 1. 10th-11th segments
C. Ligament 3. Loose connective tissue
B. Seminal vesicles 2. 11th-12th segments
D. Bone 4. Dense regular connective tissue
C. Accessory gland 3. 17th-19th segments
Codes D. Spermathecae 4. 6th-9th segments
A B C D
Codes
(a) 3 1 4 2
A B C D A B C D
(b) 1 2 3 4
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 4 3 2 1 (c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 2 4 1 3
(d) 2 1 4 3
239 With reference to cockroach, match the following 241 Match the following cell structures with their
columns. characteristic features. NEET (Odisha) 2019

Column I Column II Column I Column II

(Body parts of cockroach) (Location in the body)
A. Tight junctions 1. Cement neighbouring cells together to
A. Anal cerci 1. 4th and 6th segments form sheet
B. Tegmina 2. 10th segment
B. Adhering 2. Transmit information through
C. Testes 3. Forewings junctions chemical to another cells
D. Ommatidia 4. Sclerites C. Gap junctions 3. Establish a barrier to prevent leakage
E. Exoskeleton 5. Visual unit of fluid across epithelial cells

Codes D. Synaptic 4. Cytoplasmic channels to facilitate

junctions communication between adjacent cells
A B C D E
(a) 2 3 1 5 4 Codes
(b) 4 3 2 5 1 A B C D A B C D
(c) 3 4 5 2 1 (a) 2 4 1 3 (b) 4 2 1 3
(d) 5 4 3 2 1 (c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 4 3 1 2
240 Match the following columns with reference to frog. 242 Match the following with reference to cockroach and
Column I Column II choose the correct option.
(Body parts in frog) (Location in the body)
Column I Column II
A. Respiratory organ 1. Endocrine gland (Body parts of cockroach) (Position in the body)
B. Excretory system 2. Skin
A. Mushroom gland 1. 6 in number
C. Thymus 3. Cloaca
B. Abdominal ganglion 2. 9th sternum
D. Brain box 4. Cranium
C. Phallomeres 3. 6th -7th segment
E. Nasal epithelium 5. Smell
D. Total abdominal segments 4. 10th segments
Codes
A B C D E Codes
(a) 2 3 1 4 5 A B C D A B C D
(b) 1 2 3 4 5 (a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 3 1 2 4
(c) 5 4 3 2 1 (c) 4 2 1 3 (d) 1 2 3 4
(d) 4 3 2 1 5

NCERT Exemplar
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
243 Which one of the following types of cells is involved 247 Which one of the following statements is true for
in making of the inner walls of large blood vessels? cockroach?
(a) Cuboidal epithelium (b) Columnar epithelium (a) The number of ovarioles in each ovary are ten
(c) Squamous epithelium (d) Stratified epithelium (b) The larval stage is called caterpillar
(c) Anal styles are absent in females
244 Which one of the following categories does adipose (d) They are ureotelic
tissue belong?
248 Match the following columns.
(a) Epithelial (b) Connective
(c) Muscular (d) Neural Column I Column II
A. Adipose tissue 1. Nose
245 Which one of the following is not a connective tissue?
(a) Bone (b) Cartilage (c) Blood (d) Muscles B. Stratified epithelium 2. Blood
C. Hyaline cartilage 3. Skin
246 Setae help in locomotion in earthworm, but are not
uniformly present in all the segments. They are D. Fluid connective tissue 4. Fat storage
present in Codes
(a) 1st segment (b) last segment A B C D A B C D
(c) clitellar segment (d) 20th - 22nd segments (a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 2 1 4 3
249 Match the following columns with reference to Codes
earthworm. A B C D
(a) 3 4 2 1
Column I Column II
(b) 4 3 2 1
A. Hermaphrodite 1. Produces blood cells and (c) 4 2 3 1
haemoglobin
(d) 2 4 3 1
B. Direct development 2. Testis and ovary in the
same animal 251 Match the following columns with reference to frog.
C. Chemoreceptor 3. Larval form absent Column I Column II
D. Blood gland in 4. Sense chemical stimuli
earthworm A. Touch 1. Nasal epithelium

Codes B. Smell 2. Foramen magnum

A B C D A B C D
C. Cranial nerves 3. Sensory papillae
(a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 3 2 4 1
(c) 1 3 2 4 (d) 2 4 3 1 D. Medulla oblongata 4. Peripheral nervous
system
250 Match the following with reference to cockroach and
choose the correct option. Codes
Column I Column II A B C D
A. Phallomere 1. Chain of developing ova (a) 3 1 2 4
B. Gonopore 2. Bundles of sperm (b) 2 1 4 3
C. Spermatophore 3. Opening of the ejaculatory duct (c) 3 4 2 1
D. Ovarioles 4. The external genitalia (d) 3 1 4 2

Answers
> Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5 (b) 6 (b) 7 (d) 8 (b) 9 (d) 10 (c)
11 (a) 12 (a) 13 (d) 14 (a) 15 (c) 16 (c) 17 (c) 18 (a) 19 (d) 20 (d)
21 (b) 22 (a) 23 (d) 24 (b) 25 (b) 26 (c) 27 (c) 28 (b) 29 (c) 30 (a)
31 (b) 32 (d) 33 (d) 34 (a) 35 (a) 36 (c) 37 (d) 38 (b) 39 (a) 40 (a)
41 (a) 42 (a) 43 (d) 44 (b) 45 (a) 46 (c) 47 (b) 48 (a) 49 (b) 50 (c)
51 (a) 52 (d) 53 (a) 54 (c) 55 (a) 56 (b) 57 (a) 58 (c) 59 (d) 60 (b)
61 (c) 62 (a) 63 (b) 64 (a) 65 (c) 66 (b) 67 (d) 68 (c) 69 (c) 70 (a)
71 (b) 72 (a) 73 (b) 74 (c) 75 (c) 76 (d) 77 (b) 78 (d) 79 (b) 80 (a)
81 (a) 82 (a) 83 (c) 84 (c) 85 (c) 86 (a) 87 (c) 88 (a) 89 (b) 90 (b)
91 (c) 92 (c) 93 (c) 94 (b) 95 (d) 96 (b) 97 (c) 98 (b) 99 (a) 100 (b)
101 (b) 102 (a) 103 (b) 104 (b) 105 (b) 106 (b) 107 (d) 108 (d) 109 (c) 110 (b)
111 (a) 112 (c) 113 (c) 114 (c) 115 (c) 116 (b) 117 (c) 118 (c) 119 (b) 120 (a)
121 (c) 122 (c) 123 (c) 124 (c) 125 (d) 126 (b) 127 (b) 128 (a) 129 (d) 130 (b)
131 (d) 132 (b) 133 (b) 134 (c) 135 (a) 136 (c) 137 (b) 138 (a) 139 (a) 140 (d)
141 (b) 142 (a) 143 (d) 144 (a) 145 (b) 146 (a) 147 (a) 148 (a) 149 (a) 150 (a)
151 (a) 152 (b) 153 (c) 154 (a) 155 (a) 156 (b) 157 (d) 158 (c) 159 (c) 160 (d)
161 (c) 162 (a) 163 (a) 164 (c) 165 (a) 166 (b) 167 (c) 168 (c) 169 (a) 170 (b)
171 (a) 172 (a) 173 (b) 174 (d) 175 (b) 176 (a) 177 (c) 178 (a) 179 (c) 180 (c)
181 (a) 182 (a) 183 (a) 184 (a) 185 (c) 186 (c) 187 (a) 188 (a) 189 (b) 190 (b)
191 (d) 192 (d) 193 (c) 194 (b) 195 (c)

> NEET Special Types Questions

196 (b) 197 (d) 198 (a) 199 (b) 200 (a) 201 (b) 202 (a) 203 (a) 204 (a) 205 (b)
206 (a) 207 (d) 208 (b) 209 (c) 210 (d) 211 (b) 212 (d) 213 (c) 214 (b) 215 (a)
216 (b) 217 (c) 218 (c) 219 (c) 220 (d) 221 (b) 222 (b) 223 (a) 224 (b) 225 (d)
226 (c) 227 (b) 228 (d) 229 (a) 230 (d) 231 (c) 232 (b) 233 (a) 234 (a) 235 (a)
236 (a) 237 (a) 238 (a) 239 (a) 240 (a) 241 (c) 242 (b)

> NCERT Exemplar Questions

243 (c) 244 (b) 245 (d) 246 (d) 247 (c) 248 (b) 249 (a) 250 (b) 251 (d)
CHAPTER 07 > Structural Organisation in Animals 179

Answers & Explanations

2 (b) The structure of the cells varies according to their 15 (c) In humans, ciliated epithelial cells are present in the
function. Based on their functional activity, tissues are bronchioles and Fallopian tubes. In bronchioles, these
broadly classified into four types, i.e. epithelial, cells help in the movement of mucus and in Fallopian
connective, muscular and neural. tube, these help to move the egg or ovum towards the
3 (c) Epithelial tissue has a free surface, which faces uterus.
either inside the body, in vicinity with body fluid or the 17 (c) Goblet cells are a type of unicellular gland. Some of
outside environment. Thus, it provides a covering layer the columnar or cuboidal cells get specialised for
for some parts of the body. secretion and are called glandular epithelium. They may
be unicellular, e.g. goblet cells of alimentary canal or
5 (b) Simple epithelium is composed of a single layer of
multicellular, e.g. salivary glands.
cells and it forms the lining of the body cavities, ducts
and tubes. 18 (a) On the basis of pouring of secretions, glands are
classified into two categories, i.e. endocrine and
6 (b) Providing connection between adjacent cells is not
exocrine. Endocrine glands do not have ducts and their
the function of epithelium tissue. It is the function of products called hormones are secreted directly into the
connective tissue. fluid bathing the gland. Exocrine glands release their
7 (d) The squamous epithelium is made up of single, thin products through ducts or tubes.
layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries. 19 (d) Exocrine glands release their products through
8 (b) The simple squamous epithelium is present at the ducts or tubes. The secretions of exocrine glands
pericardial, perineural and peritoneal cavities, terminal include ear wax, mucus, saliva, oil, milk, digestive
bronchioles, air sacs, etc. In cavities like blood vessels enzymes, etc.
and lymph vessels, it is called endothelium. 20 (d) Compound squamous epithelium is made up of
Thus, the endothelium of blood vessels is made up of multilayered cells and their main function is to provide
simple squamous epithelium. protection against chemical and mechanical stresses.
9 (d) The cavities of alveoli of human lungs are lined by This epithelium is found in pharynx, mouth, oesophagus
squamous epithelium. This epithelium is involved in and vagina.
functions like excretion, gaseous exchange and 24 (b) Gap junctions enable communication between
secretion by forming a diffusion boundary. neighbouring or adjoining cells by joining the
10 (c) The pair in option (c) is correctly matched. cytoplasm of the two adjacent cells, thereby, allowing
the exchange or transfer of ions, small molecules and
Other pairs are incorrect and can be corrected as some large molecules.
l
Inner lining of salivary ducts is lined by compound
27 (c) Connective tissues are the most abundant and
epithelium.
widely distributed tissues in the body. These perform
l
Moist surface of buccal cavity is lined by compound the function of linking and supporting other
epithelium. tissues/organs of the body. These range from soft
l
Inner surface of bronchioles is lined by ciliated connective tissues to specialised types, which include
epithelium. cartilage, bone, adipose and blood.
11 (a) The given diagram is that of simple cuboidal 28 (b) Option (b) represents the incorrect match. It can be
epithelium as it has a free surface and is composed of a corrected as
single layer of cube-like cells resting on the basement Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium is
membrane. These are compactly packed with little present in the pharynx and vagina. Pseudostratified
intercellular spaces. epithelium is present in the urethra.
12 (a) The columnar epithelium is composed of a single Rest of the options contain correct matches.
layer of tall and slender cells which possess microvilli 29 (c) Option (c) represents the correctly matched pair.
on their free surfaces. These are found in the lining of Areolar tissue is a type of loose connective tissue which
the stomach and intestine and help in secretion and provides flexibility and cushioning to organs.
absorption.
Rest of the pairs are incorrect and can be corrected as
14 (a) Columnar ciliated epithelium comprises of l
Adipose tissue is also loose connective tissue.
columnar cells, which have cilia on the free surfaces.
This epithelium lines most of the respiratory tract like
l
Tendon is a dense connective tissue, which connects
nasal passage and bronchioles and Fallopian tubes the muscles with the bone.
(oviducts). It also lines the ventricles of the brain and l
Cartilage is composed of specialised cells called
the central canal of the spinal cord. It is also present in chondrocytes that produce a large amount of
tympanic cavity of the middle ear and auditory tube. extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibre.
30 (a) The figure represents areolar tissue. It is a loose These do not exhibit any striation and are smooth in
connective tissue comprising of the following parts appearance. Their activities are under autonomic and
Macrophage labelled by A, Collagen fibres labelled by C, hormonal control and thus, these are also known as
involuntary muscles.
Fibroblast labelled by B, Mast cells labelled by D.
52 (d) Option (d) contains the correct match. The other
33 (d) Areolar tissue is present beneath the skin and serves
pairs are incorrect and can be corrected as
as a support framework for the epithelium. It contains
fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells.
l
Columnar epithelium is present in the lining of stomach.
34 (a) Fibroblasts are the principal cells of the areolar
l
Tendon is dense connective tissue which connects
tissue. These are large, flat, stellate cells with long muscle to bone.
processes and oval nucleus. These secrete matrix and the l
Tip of nose consists of elastic cartilage.
material of which the fibres are formed. l
Areolar tissue is present beneath the skin. Cuboidal
35 (a) Adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue epithelium is present in ducts of glands and tubular
located mainly beneath the skin. The cells of this tissue parts in nephrons of kidneys. Transitional epithelium
are specialised to store fats. occurs in walls of urinary bladder, ducts of gall
36 (c) The cells of adipose tissue are specialised to store bladder, etc.
fats. The excess of nutrients, which are not used 54 (c) Neuroglia or Neuroglial cells are specialised cells
immediately by the body are converted into fats and get found in the brain and spinal cord, which support the
stored in this tissue. neurons and their fibres. These cells come in different
shapes and help to protect the neurons.
38 (b) Tendons are the example of dense regular
connective tissue which attach muscles to bones. In this, 56 (b) The worm feeds on soil. The organic particles of
collagen fibres are present in rows between many the soil are used up and the undigested matter along
parallel bundles of fibres. with soil is passed out as small pills, called ‘worm
castings’. Thus, the faecal deposits of earthworm is
40 (a) Cartilage is solid pliable and resists compression.
known as castings.
Intercellular material cells, i.e. chondrocytes are
enclosed in small cavities within the matrix secreted by 57 (a) Earthworms have long cylindrical body. The body
them. Thus, matrix secreting cells of cartilage are known is divided into more than hundred short and similar
as chondrocytes. segments (metamers) about 100-120 in number.
41 (a) Cartilage is the specialised connective tissue, 58 (c) The ventral and dorsal surface of earthworm can be
which is solid, pliable and resists compression. It is distinguished morphologically. The ventral surface is
found at the tip of human nose. Outer ear joints, marked by the presence of genital pores. The dorsal
between adjacent bones of the vertebral column, limbs surface of the body is marked by a dark median
and hands in adults. mid-dorsal line, which appears due to the presence of
44 (b) Osteoblasts are the cells which help in the formation dorsal blood vessels along the longitudinal axis of the
of bones and are present in the spaces called lacunae. body.
46 (c) The bone morrow is present in the bone marrow 60 (b) The first body segment of earthworms is called the
cavity of long bones. It is the site of production of blood peristomium (buccal segment), which contains the
cells, i.e. red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles mouth. The mouth is covered by the sensory
(monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils) and prostomium.
platelets. 61 (c) In Pheretima, a prominent dark band of glandular
47 (b) Bones in the human body perform weight bearing tissue called clitellum is present in the segment
function, provide site for the attachment of skeletal numbers 14, 15 and 16. The gland cells of clitellum
muscles, protect soft tissues and organs, but is not produce cocoons during breeding season.
involved in the destruction of worn-out blood cells. 63 (b) Four pairs of spermathecal apertures are situated on
Instead, bone marrow in some bones serves as the site of the ventrolateral sides of the intersegmental grooves,
production of blood cells. Spleen is the organ where i.e. the 5th-9th segments, or 5/6, 6/7, 7/8 and 8/9
worn-out blood cells are destroyed.
segments. These lead into the spermathecae and help to
48 (a) Muscles are composed of many long, cylindrical receive the sperms from another worm during
fibres arranged in parallel arrays. These fibres are copulation.
composed of numerous fine fibrils called myofibrils.
Muscles play an important role in the movement and 64 (a) A single female genital pore is present in the
locomotion of the body. midventral line of 14th segment in the body of a female
earthworm.
51 (a) Smooth muscles are involuntary, fusiform (taped at
both ends) and non-striated. These muscles are located 65 (c) A pair of male genital pores is present on the
in the inner walls of hollow visceral organs of the body ventrolateral sides of the 18th segment. These serve for
like alimentary canal, reproductive tract, etc. the exit of the sperms during copulation.
66 (b) Numerous minute pores called nephridiopores open intestine via septal excretory ducts and supraintestinal
on the surface of the earthworm's body. These are excretory duct. Thus, these are enteronephric in nature.
scattered, occurring irregularly in all the segments, 88 (a) In excretory system of the earthworms,
except the first two. integumentary nephridia are found attached to the
67 (d) Each body segment, except the first, last and the lining of the body wall from the 3rd segment to the last.
clitellum, bears rows of small chitinous S-shaped These open on the body surface discharge body waste
bristles called setae. These helps in locomotion. to the exterior by nephridiopores.
68 (c) The principal role of setae in earthworm is 89 (b) Pharyngeal nephridia are present as three paired
locomotion. These are S-shaped structures, which tufts in the segments 4th, 5th and 6th. The ducts of 4th
remain embedded in the epidermal pits in the middle of and 5th nephridia open into pharynx, while that of 6th
each segment except first, last and clitellum. nephridia open into buccal cavity.
69 (c) The body wall of the earthworm is covered by a thin 92 (c) A nephridium begins as a funnel that collects excess
non-cellular cuticle which is the epidermis, two muscle fluid from the coelomic chamber. This funnel connects
layers which are the circular and longitudinal muscles with the tubular part of the nephridium, which delivers
and the innermost coelomic epithelium.
the wastes through a pore into the digestive tube. This
71 (b) The epidermis of the earthworm is made up of a is how the nephridium regulates the volume and the
single layer of columnar epithelial cells, which contain composition of body fluids.
secretory glands.
95 (d) Nervous system of the earthworms comprises of a
74 (c) The food of the earthworm is decaying leaves and pair of cerebral ganglia, located on the pharynx in the
organic matter mixed with the soil. 3rd segment.
75 (c) Gizzard is a muscular oval sac present in the 8-9 96 (b) The sense organs of the earthworms are most
segments of the body of the earthworm. It helps in concentrated at the anterior part of its body. They do
crushing or grinding the soil particles and decaying not have eyes, but possess the light and touch sensitive
leaves, which the earthworm consumes. organs to distinguish the light intensities and feel the
76 (d) The main role of calciferous glands, present in the vibrations on the ground. Worms also have specialised
stomach in earthworms is to neutralise the humic acid chemoreceptors which react to chemical stimuli.
present in humus. These glands secrete calcium and 100 (b) From the testis of earthworms, vasa deferentia run
carbon dioxide. Calcium neutralises acidic food and up to the 18th segment, where they join the prostatic
CO2 combines with calcium to form calcite which duct.
gets excreted out with the humus through the anus.
102 (a) In female earthworms, one pair of ovaries is found
77 (b) Typhlosole is present as internal median folds on the attached at intersegmental septum of 12th and 13th
dorsal wall of the small intestine between the 26th-35th segements. Ovarian funnels are present beneath the
segments. These folds increase the effective area of ovaries which continue into the oviduct join together
absorption in the intestine.
and open on the ventral side as a single female genital
78 (d) Earthworm's intestine starts from the 15th segment pore on the 14th segment.
and continues till the last segment. A pair of short
103 (b) In Pheretima, the gland cells of the clitellum form
conical intestinal caeca project from the intestine on the
cocoon in which the mature sperms, egg cells and
26th segment.
nutritive fluid get deposited.
79 (b) Pheretima (earthworm) exhibits closed type of
104 (b) Fertilisation and development in earthworms occur
vascular system, consisting of blood vessels, capillaries
within the cocoon. These are hard shell-like structures
and heart. Due to the circulatory system being closed,
containing mature sperms, egg cells and nutritive fluid.
blood is confined to the heart and blood vessels.
These structures develope due to hardening of clitellar
81 (a) Blood glands are present on the 4th, 5th and 6th secretions.
segments of the earthworm. These produce blood cells The ova (eggs) are fertilised by the sperm cells within
and haemoglobin, which are dissolved in blood plasma.
the cocoon, which then slips off the worm and gets
82 (a) Haemoglobin is the metalloprotein found in the deposited on the soil. These cocoons hold the worm
blood of earthworm. It is dissolved in the blood plasma embryo. After three weeks, each cocoon produces two
in which blood cells are also suspended. to twenty baby worms with an average of four.
85 (c) The pair in the option (c) is not correctly matched 106 (b) Earthworms are also known as ‘friends of farmers’
with reference to the earthworm. It can be corrected as because they make burrows in the soil and make it
Blood glands are the production of blood cells. porous.
Rest pairs are correctly matched. It helps in the respiration and penetration of the roots of
87 (c) Septal nephridia occur on the posterior and anterior developing plants. This process of increasing the
surfaces of all the septa behind the segment 15 and open fertility of the soil by using earthworm is called
into the intestine. These discharge waste matter into the vermicomposting.
109 (c) The entire body of a cockroach is covered by a 131 (d) The correct sequence of organs in the alimentary canal
hard chitinous exoskeleton or cuticle, which is brown of cockroach starting from mouth is
in colour. The main function of the exoskeleton is to Pharynx → Oesophagus → Crop → Gizzard → Ileum →
prevent the loss of water from the body and provide Colon → Rectum.
protection from predators. In a cockroach, the mouth opens into the short tubular
110 (b) In the exoskeleton of the cockroach, sclerites pharynx which leads to the narrow tubular passage,
(tergites dorsally and sternites ventrally) are joined to oesophagus. This opens into the sac-like crop which stores
each other by the arthrodial membrane. It is a thin the food. It is followed by gizzard. Both crop and gizzard
and flexible articular membrane. are structures of the foregut. At the junction of foregut and
111 (a) The head of a cockroach shows great mobility in midgut hepatic caeca is present. Malpighian tubules occur
all the directions due to the presence of a flexible at the junction of midgut and hindgut. The food then
neck. The neck is slender, flexible and articulats the moves into the hindgut, which is differentiated to ileum,
head with the thorax. It is supported by a few colon and rectum.
ring-like sclerites. 132 (b) Thin Malpighian tubules in cockroaches are present at
112 (c) The head capsule of a cockroach bears a pair of the junction of midgut and hindgut. These are 100-150
compound eyes. These are a pair of large, black, yellow coloured thin filamentous tubules which help in the
kidney-shaped organs situated dorsolaterally on the removal of excretory products from the haemolymph.
head, with one on either side of the head. 136 (c) In the respiratory system of cockroach, trachea is a
113 (c) The mouthparts of a cockroach are of biting and network of tubules which opens through 10 pairs of small
chewing type because they are used for masticating holes called spiracles present on the lateral side of the
the food. The mouthparts consist of labrum, a pair of body. Thin branching tubes (tracheal tubes subdivided into
mandibles, a pair of maxillae and a labium. tracheoles) carry oxygen from the air to all the parts.
Hypopharynx which acts as the tongue, lies within 138 (a) In cockroach exchange of gases occurs at tracheoles by
the cavity enclosed by the mouthparts. diffusion. Trachea comprises a network of white, shining
119 (b) The first pair of wings of a cockroach arises tubes called trachea, which opens out by
from the mesothorax and the second pair from 10 pairs of small holes called spiracles, which are present
metathorax. The mesothoracic wings or forewing on the lateral sides of the body.
(also called tegmina) are opaque and leathery, while 139 (a) Malpighian tubules in the cockroaches are lined by
metathoracic wings or hindwings are transparent and glandular and ciliated cells. These absorb nitrogenous
membranous. The forewings cover the hindwings waste products and convert them into uric acid.
when at rest, while the hindwings are used for flight. 140 (d) Fat bodies, nephrocytes and uricose glands are the
123 (c) In female cockroach, the 7th sternum is additional structures alongwith the Malpighian tubules in
boat-shaped and together with 8th and 9th sterna, it cockroach. Which enable excretion of nitrogenous wastes.
forms the genital pouch, whose anterior part contains Nephrocytes are present in the lateral wall of heart, fat
female gonopore, spermathecal pores and collateral bodies are found in the hemocoel and uricose glands are
glands. found in male cockroaches on the periphery of mushroom
126 (b) In both the sexes of cockroaches, the 10th glands.
segment bears a pair of jointed filamentous structure 141 (b) The body cells in cockroach discharge their
called anal [Link] structure is sensory in function. nitrogenous waste in the haemolymph mainly in the form
127 (b) In male cockroach, the 9th sternite bears a pair of potassium urate and also sodium urate. These crystals
of small, spine-like free caudal or anal styles which are first converted into uric acid and are then eliminated
are absent in female cockroach. The anal styles are with faecal matter as cockroaches are uricotelic.
believed to function as motion detector. Thus, the 142 (a) In the head region of cockroach, brain is represented
presence of caudal styles differentiates a male by supraoesophageal ganglion, which supplies the nerves
cockroach from a female one. to the antennae and compound eyes.
The other three characters, i.e. anal cerci, 144 (a) The compound eyes of cockroaches are situated at the
boat-shaped sternum on 9th abdominal segment and dorsal surface of the head. These contain several ommatidia.
forewings with darker tegmina are found in both
male and female cockroaches. 145 (b) Ommatidia of cockroach are the visual units. Each eye
consists of about 2000 hexagonal ommatidia with the help
128 (a) Crop is a sac-like structure present in the of which, a cockroach can receive several images of an
alimentary canal of cockroaches and is used for object.
storing food.
146 (a) Cockroach vision is very sensitive, but provides less
129 (d) In the digestive system of a cockroach, a ring of resolution. Such vision is called mosaic vision and is
6-8 blind tubules called gastric caeca is present at the common during night (hence also termed as nocturnal
junction of foregut and midgut, which secrete vision).
digestive juices, to aid digestion of food.
149 (a) In male cockroaches, sperms are stored in the 168 (c) In frogs, digestion of the food takes place by the
seminal vesicles of the reproductive system. These are action of HCl and gastric juices secreted from the walls
small sacs present on the ventral surface of the anterior of the stomach. Then, the partially digested food is
of the ejaculatory duct. passed from the stomach to the first part of intestine.
The seminal vesicles in male and the seminal 169 (a) In frogs, the final stage of digestion is accomplished
receptacles in females are the organs of sperm storage in in the intestine. The digested food is absorbed by
cockroaches. numerous finger-like folds, i.e. villi and microvilli,
150 (a) The female reproductive system of cockroach found in the inner wall of intestine.
consists of two large ovaries, which are present laterally 172 (a) Since, frogs are poikilotherms, in winters, the body
in the 2nd-6th abdominal segments. Each ovary is temperature of frog falls considerably.
formed of a group of eight ovarian tubules or ovarioles. This makes the frog inactive and may cause its death.
152 (b) In the reproductive system of a female cockroach, a To avoid this, during the winter period frogs do not
pair of spermatheca is present in the 6th segment, which show any movement and respire through their skin. This
opens into the genital pouch. winter sleep is called hibernation.
153 (c) Option (c) represents the correct characteristic of a In hot summers, frog burries itself in the mud at the
female cockroach. bottom of ponds and respires through skin. This summer
Other options can be corrected as sleep is called aestivation. When water recollects in the
l
Presence of anal style is the characteristic feature of a
pond, frogs again become active.
male cockroach. Thus, during both hibernation and aestivation, frogs
l
Each ovary in a female cockroach is made up of ‘8’
respire through their skin.
ovarioles or ovarian tubules. 173 (b) The vascular system of a frog is well-developed and
l
Genital pouch is a large boat-shaped structure formed of closed type. The blood vascular system comprises of
by 7th sternum with 8th and 9th sterna. the heart, blood vessels and blood containing
haemoglobin. Frogs also have a lymphatic system and
154 (a) In cockroach, fertilised eggs are stored in the dark heart is myogenic type.
reddish to blackish-brown capsule, about 3/8" (8 mm
long) called oothecae. On an average, female produces 178 (a) In male frogs, ureters act as urinogenital duct
9-10 oothecae, each containing 14-16 eggs. because it carries urine as well as spermatozoa. This
urinogenital duct opens into the cloaca.
156 (b) The development of Periplaneta americana is
paurometabolous, which means that in cockroaches, 179 (c) The elimination of nitrogenous wastes in frog is
development is through nymphal stage. The nymphs carried out by a well-developed excretory system. The
look very much like adults and grow by moulting about excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, ureters,
13 times to reach the adult form. cloaca and urinary bladder. Each kidney is composed of
several structural and functional units called nephrons
158 (c) In cockroach, development is paurometabolous. The or uriniferous tubules.
nymph grows by moulting about 13 times to reach the
adult form. The next to last nymphal stage has wing 180 (c) In frogs, the cloaca is a single opening of both the
pads, but only adult cockroaches have wings. Thus, the excretory and reproductive ducts. The undigested solid
external changes visible after the last moult of a waste moves into the rectum and passes out through
cockroach nymph is the development of both forewings cloaca. Further, the two ureters which emerge from the
and hindwings. kidneys act as urinogenital duct and also open into the
cloaca.
160 (d) Frogs are not endotherms, i.e. they cannot regulate
their body temperature, and as such are called cold 181 (a) The frog is a ureotelic animal because it excretes
blooded or poikilotherms. urea. The excretory wastes in frogs are carried by blood
into the kidney, where it is separated and excreted out
162 (a) The skin of frog is naked, i.e. without scales or through cloaca.
feathers, smooth and slippery due to the presence of
sac-like mucus gland that discharges slimy mucus onto 185 (c) The forebrain of frog comprises of olfactory lobes,
the epidermis. paired cerebral hemispheres and unpaired
diencephalon.
165 (a) Frog exhibits sexual dimorphism. Male frog can be
187 (a) The hindbrain of a frog consists of a cerebellum and
distinguished by the presence of sound producing vocal
sacs and a copulatory pad which is present on the first medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata passes out
digit of the forelimbs. These two structural features are through the foramen magnum and continues into the
absent in female frogs. spinal cord, which is enclosed by vertebral column.
188 (a) Pair in option (a) is not correctly matched. It can be
166 (b) The alimentary canal of frogs is short because they
are carnivores and hence, the length of the intestine is corrected as
reduced. Hearing in frogs is associated with tympanum with
internal ears. External ear is absent in frogs and only
167 (c) A small spherical gall bladder lies between the two tympanum can be seen externally. Rest of the options
main lobes of the liver. It stores the bile juice secreted contain correctly matched pairs.
by the liver before releasing it into the duodenum.
190 (b) The number of vasa efferentia that arise from the 199 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
testes in the reproductive system of a male frog is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
10-12. These enter the kidneys and open into the The adipose tissue is a fat storing loose connective
Bidder's canal and finally communicate with the tissue. It is mainly located beneath the skin. The cells of
urinogenital duct that comes out of the kidneys and this tissue are specialised to store fats. The excess of
opens into the cloaca. nutrients, which are not used immediately by the body
191 (d) In male frogs, cloaca is a small median chamber gets converted into fats and are stored in this tissue.
that is used to pass sperms, faecal matter and urine to 200 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
the exterior. the correct explanation of Assertion.
Therefore, the term urinogenital system is used, so as to Cardiac muscle tissue is a contractile tissue present only
represent a connection between the kidneys and the in the heart. Cell junctions present in the plasma
genital system. membranes of cardiac muscle cells get fused and make
192 (d) In male frogs, germinal epithelium of seminiferous them stick together. Communication junctions or
tubules in the testes produce sperms, which are intercalated discs at some points allow the cells to
transferred to kidney via vasa efferentia, from the contract as a unit, i.e. when one cell receives a signal to
kidney, these enter into Bidder’s canal from where the contract, its neighbours are also stimulated.
sperms are carried to the transverse collecting tubules, 201 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
longitudinal collecting tubules and then to the not the correct explanation of Assertion.
urinogenital duct. The sperms are further carried to the Earthworm moves by crawling (creeping) as they lack
seminal vesicle where they are stored temporarily. special locomotary appendages. Crawling occurs by the
From here, sperms are carried to cloaca and then these muscular contraction and extension of the body, aided
shed into water. by chitinous bristles, called setae of the skin.
Thus, the correct route of the passage of sperms in
202 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
frogs is
the correct explanation of Assertion.
Testes → Vasa efferentia → Kidney Earthworms improve the soil by dragging leaf fragments
 down into their burrows and thus, add organic matter to
↓ the soil. This organic matter (vermi compost) forms the
Cloaca ← Urinogenital duct ← Bidder’s canal humus and increases the soil fertility. This process is
195 (c) In female frogs, the ovaries are not functionally called vermicomposting.
concerned with kidneys. The oviducts arise from Vermicompost is an excellent nutrient rich organic
ovaries and open into cloaca separately unlike in male fertiliser and soil conditioner. This activity makes the
frogs where a common urinogenital duct open into earthworm ‘friends of farmers’.
cloaca. 203 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
196 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason the correct explanation of Assertion.
is not the correct explanation of Assertion. Earthworms lack specialised breathing devices. Thus,
Columnar epithelium is also known as glandular exchange of the respiratory gases in earthworm occurs
epithelium because some of the columnar cells get through the body surface.
specialised to perform the functions of secretion. They The skin of the earthworm is thin, moist and highly
are of two types, i.e. unicellular and multicellular. vascular. It is kept moist by the moisture of the soil, the
Cells of columnar epithelium form lining of the mucus secreted by the gland cells of the epidermis and
stomach and help in the secretion and absorption of the coelomic fluid oozing out of the dorsal pores.
nutrients. Oxygen from the air dissolves in these fluids and then
diffuses into the blood through the thin skin of
197 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
earthworm.
be corrected as
Compound epithelium provides protection against 204 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
chemical and mechanical stresses as it is a multilayered the correct explanation of Assertion.
tissue. Thus, it has limited role in absorption, secretion Blood of the earthworm is red in colour as it has
and excretion. This epithelium is found in the moist haemoglobin dissolved in the plasma. It contains
surface of buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining of duct leucocytes only.
of salivary glands, but not in stomach lining. 205 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason
198 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
the correct explanation of Assertion. Earthworm is hermaphrodite (bisexual), as both the
Bone is the hardest tissue in the body. Its hardness is testes and the ovaries are present within the same
due to the calcification of its matrix. It has hard and individual.
non-pliable ground substances rich in calcium salts and Hermaphroditism compensates for the lack of asexual
collagen fibres, which give strength to the bones. reproduction by increasing the rate of multiplication.
206 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is 214 (b) Statement in option (c) is correct.
the correct explanation of Assertion. Rest statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
The nervous system of the cockroach is spread l
Nervous system of cockroach is present on the ventral
throughout the body. The head holds a bit of nervous side.
system, while rest is situated along the ventral parts of l
Malpighian tubules are around 100-150 in number.
its body. Thus, if the head region of the cockroach is cut l
Grinding of food in cockroach is carried out by gizzard.
off, it will still survive for as long as one week.
215 (a) Statement in option (a) is incorrect. Its correct
207 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
explanation is as follows
be corrected as
Cockroach exhibits mosaic vision with high sensitivity
In frog‘s vascular system, the composition of lymph is
and less resolution.
different from that of blood. Blood consists of fluid,
plasma and three types of corpuscles (RBCs, WBCs and Rest of the statements are correct.
platelets) dissolved in it. 216 (b) Statement in option (b) is incorrect about
However, lymph is a fluid filtered out from the blood Periplaneta americana. It can be corrected as
through capillaries and does not contain RBCs and The body of Periplaneta americana is segmented and
some proteins. Thus, it differs from blood in divisible into three distinct regions, i.e. head, thorax
composition. and abdomen.
208 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is Rest of the statements are correct.
the correct explanation of Assertion. 217 (c) Statements II and IV are incorrect. Their corrected
Frogs have webbed feet as it helps in swimming. The forms are as follows
degree of webbing is directly proportional to the amount l
Ciliated epithelium consists of the cells that bear cilia
of time a frog spends in water, e.g. the completely on their free surface . Their function is to move the
aquatic African dwarf frog (Hymenochirus sp.) has fully particles or mucus over the epithelium in a specific
webbed toes, whereas those of white tree frogs (Litoria direction.
cairulea), arboreal species, have quarterly webbed toes. l
They are mainly found in the inner surface of the
209 (c) Statement in option (c) is incorrect. It can be hollow organs like bronchioles and Fallopian tubes.
corrected as Rest of the statements are correct.
Squamous epithelium is found on the walls of lungs, 218 (c) Statements III and IV are incorrect. Their corrected
and it helps in diffusion of gases. forms are as follows
Rest of the statements are correct. l
Skeletal muscles are voluntary in their action.
210 (d) Statement in option (d) is incorrect about columnar l
Walls of the blood vessels are lined by smooth muscles
epithelium. It can be corrected as and not skeletal muscles.
Columnar epithelium is found in the lining of stomach Rest of the statements are correct.
and intestine, where it helps in the secretion and
219 (c) Statements I and III are incorrect. Their corrected
absorption of nutrients.
Rest of the statements are correct. forms are as follows
l
Blood vascular system of the earthworm is of closed
211 (b) Statement in option (b) is incorrect. It can be
type, consisting of blood vessels, capillaries and heart.
corrected as
l
Blood glands are present on the 4th, 5th and 6th
The cells secrete fibres of structural proteins called
segments of earthworm.
collagen or elastin in all connective tissues except
blood. The fibres provide strength, elasticity and Rest of the statements are correct.
flexibility to the tissue. 220 (d) Both statements I and II are false. Their corrected
Rest of the statements are correct. forms are as follows
212 (d) Statement in option (d) is incorrect. It can be l
The thorax of cockroach contains 3 ganglia, while the
corrected as abdomen contains 6 ganglia.
Pharyngeal nephridia are present as three paired tufts in l
No nymphal stage of cockroach bear wings. These are
the 4th, 5th and 6th segment. present only in adults. Next to last nymphal stage bear
Rest of the statements are correct. wing pads.
213 (c) Statement in option (c) is incorrect regarding 224 (b) Statements II and III are incorrect regarding hind
cockroach (Periplaneta americana). It can be wings of cockroach. The correct information is as
corrected as follows
Cockroaches are omnivorous animals. They feed on In cockroach, hindwings form the real organs of flight
almost all kinds of food matter including human food, and are used for flying. These are also known as
paper, leather and prefer starch containing food. metathoracic wings.
Rest of the statements are correct. Rest of the statements are correct.
225 (d) Statement I is incorrect in reference to the digestive 232 (b) Statement I is false, but II is true. The corrrect
system of cockroach. It can be corrected as information about statement I is as follows
The entire foregut is lined by cuticle. The first segment of earthworm is known as
Rest of the statements are correct. peristomium which contains mouth covered by
prostomium. The latter is sensory in function. It also
226 (c) Statements I and III are incorrect regarding blood
helps to crack open the soil during burrowing.
varcular system of cockroach. These can be corrected as
243 (c) Being thin, squamous epithelium permits easy
l
The circulatory system of the cockroach is of open type.
diffusion of substances across its surface. Thus, it is
l
Heart of the cockroach is 13-chambered. involved in making of the inner walls of large blood
Rest of the statements are correct. vessels and in such case it is called endothelium.
227 (b) Statement I is true and II is false. The correct 244 (b) Adipose tissue is a type of loose connective
information about statement II is as follows Cockroaches tissue. It forms a protective covering around organs
are dioecious and both sexes have well-developed such as kidneys and eyeball, where it acts as a shock
reproductive organs and accessory glands. Female bears absorber.
collaterial glands, while mushroom glands are present in
245 (d) Muscle is not a connective tissue, but it is
males.
composed of long, cylindrical, numerous fine fibrils
229 (a) Statement I is incorrect about frog. It can be called myofibrils. Muscles form the muscular tissue.
corrected as Rest of the given tissues are all connective tissues.
Frog respires on land and in water differently. In water,
246 (d) Setae help in locomotion in earthworm, but are
skin acts as respiratory organs. On land, inspite of skin, the
not uniformly present in all the segments. These are
buccal cavity and lungs majorly act as respiratory organs.
present in each segment, except for the lst, last and
Pulmonary respiration occurs on land through lungs.
the clitellar segment.
Rest of the statements are correct.
247 (c) The statement in option (c) is correct about
230 (d) Statements III and IV are true. cockroach. Rest statements are incorrect and can be
Statements I and II are are incorrect and can be corrected as follows
corrected as l
The number of ovarioles in each ovary are eight.
l
Frogs are poikilotherms or cold-blooded. l
The larval stage is called nymph.
l
Frogs possess coronary circulation. l
Cockroaches are uricotelic.