STARTER UNIT

I am (not) DO (not / don’t) Have (not / haven’t)

YOU Are (not/ aren’t) DO (not / don’t) Have (not / haven’t)

HE Is (not / isn’t) DOES (not / doesn’t) Has (not / hasn’t)

SHE Is (not / isn’t) DOES (not / doesn’t) Has (not / hasn’t)

IT Is (not / isn’t) DOES (not / doesn’t) Has (not / hasn’t)

YOU Are (not/ aren’t) DO (not / don’t) Have (not / haven’t)

WE Are (not/ aren’t) DO (not / don’t) Have (not / haven’t)

THEY Are (not/ aren’t) DO (not / don’t) Have (not / haven’t)

PRESENT SIMPLE

CLU everyday/ sometimes/ twice a week/ rarely/ always/ never/ often/ at nights/ hardly ever/...
ES
USE: habits and routines.
FORM: subject + infinitive
➕ I wake up at 7 am. / He/she/it wakes up at 7 am.

➖ I don’t wake up at 7 am. / She doesn’t wake up at 7

am.

❔ Do you wake up at 7 am? / Does she wake up at 7

am?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

CLU at the moment/ now/ right now/

ES today/...

USE: actions at the moment/ near futures.

FORM: subject + to be + -ing
➕ I am playing football.

➖ You aren’t playing football.

❔ Are you playing football?

PAST SIMPLE

CLU yesterday/ last Saturday, week, month.../ ten, eleven, two… years ago/ when I was a
ES child.../ in 1994, 1975, 2005...

USE: action in the past that has ended/ things in the past which happened frequently/ past
states.
FORM: subject + infinitive + -ed.
➕ She phoned me last night.

➖ She didn’t phone me last night.

❔ Did you phone him last night?

PAST CONTINUOUS

CLU at nine o’clock,.../ all day, night,.../ last day, Monday, week,.../
ES while/ as...

USE: an action in progress at a specific moment in the past/ past action interrupted by
another.
FROM: subject + was/were + -ing
➕ They were playing computer
games.

➖ She wasn’t waiting for him.

❔ Were we playing computer

games?

STATIVE VERBS
USE: we never use the continuous form.
● Verbs to express thought and opinions: believe, know, understand, remember, forget,
think.
○ I understand what you’re saying.
● Verbs that express preferences: like, love, prefer, hate.
○ She loves rock music.
● Verbs that express a state or possession: be, have (got), own.
○ He hasn’t got a car.

SUBJECT & OBJECT QUESTIONS

● Who does Joe love? Joe loves Bella.
○ (Where Joe is the subject of the verb)
● Who loves Joe? Bella loves Joe.
 ○ (Where who is the subject of the verb, and Joe is the object)

GRAMMAR REVISION B

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

CLU just/ already/ ever/ never/ still / yet/ for/

ES since

USE: recent finished past action/ to talk about actions that began in the past have continued
up to the present/ to talk about a past action that has some influence in the present.
FROM: subject + have/has + -ed/3rd column.
➕ I have bought a lot of new books.

➖ I haven’t bought a lot of new

books.

❔ Have you bought a lot of new

books?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

CLU since/ for/ only/ lately/ all day/...

ES
USE: finished or not finished actions, (we don’t know)/ it focuses on the time, (how long?)
FORM: subject + have/has been+ -ing
➕ I have been eating a lot of Italian
food.

➖ I haven’t been eating a lot of Italian

food.

❔ Has she been eating a lot of Italian

food?

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

CLU
ES
USE: an action that happened before another action in the past
FORM: subject + had + -ed or 3rd column
➕ I had walked
 ➖ I hadn’t walked

❔ Had you walked?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

CLU
ES
USE: focusing on the duration of an action that happened before another action in the past.
FORM: subject + had been + -ing
➕ I had been walking.

➖ I hadn’t been walking.

❔ Had you been walking?

USED TO

CLU
ES
USE: repeated actions in the past. Past states which are no true now
FORM: subject + used to + verb infinitive
➕ I used to walk.

➖ I didn’t used to walk.

❔ Did you used to walk?

WOULD + INFINITIVE

CLU
ES
USE: repeated actions in the past, but not past states
FORM: subject + would+ verb infinitive
➕ I would walk.

➖ I wouldn’t walk.

❔ Would you walk?

WILL

CLU
ES
USE: predictions, promises, offers, warnings, decisions at the moment
FORM: subject + will+ verb inifinitive
➕ I will walk.

➖ I won’t walk.

❔ Will you walk?

BE GOING TO

CLU
ES
USE: plans, intentions, predictions with evidence
FORM: subject + be going to + verb infinitive
➕ I am going to walk.

➖ I am not going to walk.

❔ Are you going to walk?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

CLU
ES
USE: actions or events that will be in progress in the future
FORM: subject + will be + -ing
➕ I will be walking.

➖ I won’t be walking.

❔ Will you be walking?

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

CLU
ES
USE: actions or events that will be complete by a certain time in the future
FORM: subject + will have + -ed/ 3rd column
➕ I will have walked.

➖ I won’t have walked.

❔ Will you have walked?

EVER & NEVER, FOR & SINCE

● EVER OR NEVER + -ED/ 3RD COLUMN
○ Ever means ‘at any time’ and is generally used in questions.
■ Have you ever been to the Prado museum?
○ The opposite of ever is never, which means ‘at no time’.
■ No, I have never been to the Prado.
● FOR OR SINCE + -ED/3RD COLUMN
○ We can use for and since to answer ‘How long…?’
■ How long have you lived here?
■ I’ve lived here for six months.
○ We use for to discuss how long something has continued.
■ We’ve known her for two years.
○ We use since to state when something began.
■ She’s worked here since last Christmas

STILL, YET, ALREADY, JUST

● We use STILL in negative sentences. (between the subject and the auxiliary verb
have)
○ It’s 11 p.m. and the film still hasn’t started!
● We use YET in questions to ask whether an action has been completed. (end of a
sentence)
○ Have you watched the DVD yet?
● YET at the end of a negative sentence.
○ I haven’t saved enough money yet.
● We use ALREADY to emphasize that an action has happened. (between the subject
and the auxiliary verb have)
○ I’ve already seen that film. It’s rubbish!
● We use JUST to discuss an action that happened very recently (between the subject
and the auxiliary verb have)
○ I’ve just read the final Hunger Games book.
GRAMMAR REVISION C

NONE, BOTH, ALL, NEITHER

● We use BOTH or ALL after be or modal verbs.
○ We could all go dancing this weekend.
● We use BOTH or ALL before other verbs.
○ They both bought new trainers for the gym.
● We use BOTH, NEITHER, and ALL with OF before articles and pronouns.
○ Neither of you can afford the festival tickets.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
● -body or -one to refer to people:
○ someone/ somebody, anyone/ anybody, no one/ nobody, everyone/ everybody.
● -thing to refer to things:
○ something, anything, nothing, everything.
● -where to refer to places:
○ somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere.

COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

one syllable ending in -e adjective + -r the + adjective + -st

nice nicer the nicest

one syllable ending in adjective (with final the + adjective (with final
consonant+ vowel+ consonant doubled) + -er consonant doubled) + -est
consonant bigger the biggest
big

two syllables ending in -y adjective (without -y) + -ier the + adjective (without -y)
funny funnier + -iest
the funniest

other adjectives with one or adjective + -er the + adjective + -es

two syllables cleverer the cleverest
clever

three or more syllables more + adjective the most + adjective

expensive more expensive the most expensive
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

GOOD BETTER THE BEST

BAD WORSE THE WORST

FAR FURTHER THE FURTHEST

(NOT) AS...AS, LESS & LEAST

● AS + adjective + AS
○ to compare two equal things.
■ The sequel was as good as the first film.
● NOT AS + adjective + AS / AS LESS + adjective + THAN
○ to express unequality.
■ The second exam wasn’t as difficult as the first.
● LESS + adjective + THAN / MORE + adjective + THAN
○ less is the opposite of more.
■ Gold is more expensive than silver.
■ Silver is less expensive than gold.