CURRENT ELECTRICITY Drift OF electrons ANd thé "la a iove origin oF resisinay © O97. oyea under = S aS curve iwet vas BF e lings ag m . Olt where C= relay aon Hme . mee dissipated ane N = number glensity He — i v Firat egs units emu where N= number OF a or blot or ay charged parrndlel ae ampere “OQ ‘ 7 e qa i vas 1p (ab Ve volun 1 i0 amp) et: NWA Ohm's 1a v=12 Re pe A where P= spetifre resivtance = mobility current density and electric Fitld in % emperorure dependence OF onere ie eurcent density (rerictivity ana’ resistance! - Tp areg it Finite, te yy [a= fsealA ef ef €- if equivalent of gf 7 onml law wnere O= conaucbriy conduttor T remi condu cf OF ivi sulettor seeping volume of mare oe conductor cons Font, R= tee ped . pm ™ atdRP | | | | | | | UK DooK 200k T — rupercondu Cher | c_ 9 Rg Ly RtaR Ttat aR aa xk where Xp= ermal coerPi cient of resirhance ie LPR ot (oe «er Up RitR, ff Reg doesnot depend on temperature, Rye —of, Rr e iz conductor and Yn ipo ondutter anotner it semi ¢ or insulator, ae, + G2,=0 eur Akh itt, ~Req> Bi th Peq= — Teme" is ¢ eet a % Req Pi Ry wuere ‘x= thermal coe ficient of linear @x pansion + DR= RAT Q,- QiCit &p OD (ae Pe f= CIF epat) 2h er Qi R Cie oT) RP, = Cithet) ( pos sy DR R-R A eq Ary Ax wR OR. Rr-Ro galt Rok » working priv ciple of plahinum resistance tuermomerer t= RE-Po ylOO°E Riow Pou Cleciricar energy, Power A 4u= Ua- VA =-d@V =-tvpbt Aus py Dwe 1VvoT Pe DWw_ =VE =e Ttps yr Br KR Power lots intranimistion lines: Pe=atRee PRE = Vv. where p> power of olevice Pe> power elisripotred in connechng wires + Pparailel ye Preries where ns number of resirbolr Re SG) “f) YAN cells, emeé, internal resistance Pp FR Cele ctrolytre cell) \ discharging Ve €-16r i. Rer = £R Retr tmay when R=90 veteer C rtorage cell) G charging (cellsin) verter & Paranet Series: e Bi oy fs eeoqs 2 &, th feq= Sth th, tdent*cal Celly parailel VW fr o4y I, — a oo & xs lens as feye antean ff oa: Tat ee z py, 4 teas = i celly teq roof n feq 5 a & Teq neechpers, thermionie valyt limitations OF Ohm's 14W. ( don? follow! gases, crys lal r t V ceases lo be prop orh'onal V, Q 2. diode oO forward a(mA) diay vivo ye Cen reverse a(eAS bilay 3: More than one value of potenka) for same curremb 09° Gol AS LuMh) (arpoperesivtor 2 | ~ tore- firs 1wo deimdl rance vignifi lank yulH~ figures plier oF resistance dohm) colour [nun Miter [tolerances black 0 ! brown ! 19' red 2 10* orange | 3 10? yellow | Y tou green 5 lor blue 6 lo* Viole | % 1o* grav 9 tof white g le? {gold to! S filver | to-2 10 Wofour 20Aww Ve-Vaz IR 2 ¢€ p & raf — 9» Hi, r Vp- Ve eRe. Vp-Wne taly fez DitD, tIptty + power dissipated from load resistance will be maximum when FoR R Power delivered by banery =Almax oip verter connected celle shorted with lve are polarity fq B Hf 8 VAVe =O & i € vp-Ve =m — . Je AAp—} pv ¢ . ff tora) cellsen and m cells are connected opposihe y= exam v1 oe 3 ety terfes: PrP oP» SRVBAR, > Wt iV + in Sporaiel fee atin pet thet 2 T TRE R, RB : : 7 & € e€ iyi - ee et & Lp ab -- fie er a g pawn “ ‘ in Mm fows, neensinferres, feq= ar - a- Or | Ey = ME mrating of bulb: Ppar = OP Phar s nb pseries Prot samen Poth amoundy wot Fer L,I v v He PT He Ay verfes: | 2 t * TPo tetitt 4) 1 Vv pardijel: pwr ok al Ey cl- v Wheartstone bridge Ry Ra other dessgns:-neler bridge Ray Rae ANY —F 2 g yar, Ree known reviebance Runs unknown resiy touace Runs Re gi Simpre Recircuiy ~L/RO « g> ee (I-@ Cswiteh on) just swite on C t=0) qz EC Qe) where C= relaxahon rune tooo (aprer long tiene) a=qe Cie ted ce OVE of ote R ue $ ec Ver 2 Cire Wee GE at re) otime olf which curred or charge of copatilon b Sov. of maximur ERC And poreniiomerer J} Re 1 Va o e (potenral gradrentt Ey € " ale ecomey =Average current Using integrations 1 ared below tov= G 62 Tvse4 araph Rody aime imtervar Juperconauctiviry P when switch Ds ope, normal conductor f= 92, during charging, @1 Aistharginy, 0 ye RLG-Rd @¢ Mr, T= a Capprory more cbener curren) sig Way eo 2 ee l= Mel € OF. E (approx) ws + if in series , grouping oP cell, if ai ore Foverred. Eeq = M-wWMDJE foq=Mir \= M-2any€ R+eyr eit rede, l= EQ (Approx) - if vor, m MME approx.) YTunctrom cu Ww NS” Tuncton uu T; cay a § 2 ° 8 < 2 s + Oc en ev «neutral temp) temp: oF. inversion @= celcius CO wes €CO- Od TE BO?-OO where es tnermo emf. oC, PR = constants Cfor olifferent metal Gece temp. at cold juncrion ge temp. at Mob juuciton. a 2 thermo electric power:- gs GE = ot PO ao eC eee S N s ab oj, ©79 Gi = 2On © poltier coerficient CA) zou ag «Thomson coe Fticient( og) =at do mere o= kelvin CW Veepeck eerect in tue rerultofy (peltier and thomysa erpece A mot cold : B > porter emf at enneeee cord juncrio r emf 4) Gave penie ‘ jun chron for ey Thom 1940 omf iv conducror A > 1? Coomauctor B) On (Tr To) og CT-Ts)Ney MF ( reebok emt, a AAs). - Awe)to t Poror ome G-TeX on Op UCN ent Tnornson ©