STABILITY |1
Question: What is power system stability? Write down the types of stability
and necessity of stability.
Answer:
Power system stability: The ability of a system to reach a normal or stable
condition after being disturbed is called stability. The stability problem is
concerned with the behavior of synchronous machines after a disturbance.
Under stable conditions the system stays in synchronism.
Types of stability:
Synchronous stability may be divided into two main categories depending upon
the magnitude of the disturbance:
1. Steady state stability: Steady state stability refers to the ability of the
power system to regain synchronism after small or slow disturbance such
as gradual power changes.
2. Transient stability: The transient stability is the ability of the system to
regain synchronism after a large disturbance. Large disturbance can
occur due to sudden changes in application or removal of large loads,
line switching operations, fault on the system, sudden outage of a line or
loss of excitation
Steady state stability is subdivided into static stability and dynamic stability.
1. Static stability: Static stability refers to inherent stability that prevails
without the aid of automatic control devices such as governors and
voltage regulators.
2. Dynamic stability: Dynamic stability denotes artificial stability given to
an inherently unstable system by automatic control devices. Dynamic
stability is concerned with small disturbances lasting for times of the
order of 10 to 30 seconds with the inclusion of automatic control devices.
Necessity of Stability:
Stability studies are helpful for the following purposes:
1. Determination of critical clearing time of circuit breakers.
2. Investigation of schemes of protective relaying.
3. Determination of voltage levels.
4. Transfer capability between systems.
Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz (533)
Power System II (EEE 607)
STABILITY |2
Question: Derive swing equation.
Answer:
Swing equation: Under normal condition, the position of the rotor and stator
magnetic field is fixed and the angle between them is load angle or torque angle
δ. The larger the load, the larger the angle δ and vice versa. For load
changes the rotor is said to be swinging with respect to stator field. The
equation giving the relation between δ and stator field with respect to time
is called swing equation.
Derivation: Let angular displacement be ‘ϴs’ with reference to synchronously
rotating reference axis and ‘δ’ be the load angle.
∴ Total angle, θ = θs+δ
or, θ = ωst+δ ------------ (i)
where, ωs = synchronous angular speed.
Differentiating the above equation,
ωs +
Again,
If angular acceleration is α then,
α= = elec. rad/s2 ------------ (ii)
If damping is neglected then, where, TA = Acceleration torque
TS = Shaft torque
TA = TS TE
TE = Electrical torque
So, PA = PS PE ------------------ (iii)
Again, PA = TA.ωs = Iα.ωs where, PS = Shaft power
PE = Electrical power
PA = Mα [∵ M = Iωs]
Putting the value of PA in equation (iii),
Mα = PS PE
Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz (533)
Power System II (EEE 607)
STABILITY |3
𝐸𝑉
⇒ M = PS PE ------------------ (iv) Here, PE = 𝑋 sinδ
𝐸𝑉
∴ PEmax = [∵ sinδ(=90o)=1]
𝑋
⇒ M = PS PEmax. sinδ ------------ (v) ∴ PE = PEmaxsinδ
Equation (iv) is called the swing equation of power system.
Here, PE = PEmaxsinδ is called power angle equation.
Question: Define M and H constant.
Answer:
M Constant:
We know, kinetic energy stored in the rotor,
W = Iω2
Where, I = moment of inertia of the rotor in kg-m2
ω = synchronous speed of the rotor in rad/s
Now, I = mr2
Where, m = mass of the rotor in kg
and M = Iω =
here, M = angular momentum of the rotor in Js/rad
α = angular acceleration of the rotor
P = power in watts
Again we know, ω = 2πf rad/s = 360f elec. deg/s
and T = Iα
∴ P = ωT = ωIα = Mα
⇒M=
Thus, M constant may be defined as the power in MW required to produce unit
angular acceleration.
H Constant:
Stored kinetic energy in the rotor,
W = ½ Iω2 = ½ Mω [∵ M = Iω]
Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz (533)
Power System II (EEE 607)
STABILITY |4
Now, the per unit inertia constant H is defined as the kinetic energy stored in
rotating parts of the machine at synchronous speed per nit megavolt amperes
(MVA) of the machine. Thus
H=
∴ Stored energy = G.H
∴ G.H = ½ Mω = ½ M.360f
or, 2πMf = 2G.H
or, M= MJs/elec. deg
or, M= MJs/elec. deg
Question: Derive the mathematical expression for equal area criterion of
stability.
Answer: The equal area criterion is used to determine the maximum additional
power PS which can be applied for stability to be maintained. It is used to access
the transient stability of a system.
From the swing equation we get,
M = PS PE = PS PEmax. sinδ
Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz (533)
Power System II (EEE 607)
STABILITY |5
Multiplying both sides by 2 ,
⇒ M 2. . = 2. (PS PE)
⇒ 2.M ( ) = 2. (PS PE)
⇒ 2. ( ) = (PS PE)
⇒ ( ) = (PS PE)
⇒ d( ) = (PS PE)dt
⇒ d( ) = (PS PE) dδ
Integrating both sides we get,
( ) =∫ (PS PE) dδ
⇒ = √∫
Before disturbance, the machine was rotating at synchronous speed; rotor and
the stator poles were magnetically locked. Then = 0.
After disturbance, to maintain transient stability should be zero.
∴ = √∫ =0
⇒ ∫ =0
Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz (533)
Power System II (EEE 607)
STABILITY |6
⇒ ∫ =0
⇒ ∫ =∫
⇒ A 1 = A2
A1 and A2 is possible only when alternator has equal accelerating and
decelerating power. Area A1 represents kinetic energy stored during
accelerating and A2 is the kinetic energy given up during decelerating and
retardation.
Question: Write down the method of improving transient stability.
Answer: The methods of improving transient stability are given below:
1. Improving switching system.
2. Reduction of series reactance xL by using parallel line.
3. Using high speed circuit breaker and relays.
4. Use of series capacitors, HVDC transmission etc.
5. Use of system damping resister.
6. Load-shedding is helpful for improving transient stability.
7. The use of generators with high inertia and low reactance.
Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz (533)
Power System II (EEE 607)
